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Chinese Privatization: Between Plan and Market
CHINESE PRIVATIZATION: BETWEEN PLAN AND MARKET LAN CAO* I INTRODUCTION Since 1978, when China adopted its open-door policy and allowed its economy to be exposed to the international market, it has adhered to what Deng Xiaoping called "socialism with Chinese characteristics."1 As a result, it has produced an economy with one of the most rapid growth rates in the world by steadfastly embarking on a developmental strategy of gradual, market-oriented measures while simultaneously remaining nominally socialistic. As I discuss in this article, this strategy of reformthe mere adoption of a market economy while retaining a socialist ownership baseshould similarly be characterized as "privatization with Chinese characteristics,"2 even though it departs markedly from the more orthodox strategy most commonly associated with the term "privatization," at least as that term has been conventionally understood in the context of emerging market or transitional economies. The Russian experience of privatization, for example, represents the more dominant and more favored approach to privatizationcertainly from the point of view of the West and its advisersand is characterized by immediate privatization of the state sector, including the swift and unequivocal transfer of assets from the publicly owned state enterprises to private hands. On the other hand, "privatization with Chinese characteristics" emphasizes not the immediate privatization of the state sector but rather the retention of the state sector with the Copyright © 2001 by Lan Cao This article is also available at http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/63LCPCao. * Professor of Law, College of William and Mary Marshall-Wythe School of Law. At the time the article was written, the author was Professor of Law at Brooklyn Law School. -
Library Trends V.55, No.3 Winter 2007
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and... Badly Wanted, but Not for Reading: The Unending Odyssey of The Complete Library of Four Treasures of the Wensu Library Chengzhi Wang Abstract The Chinese book project Siku Quanshu (The Complete Library of Four Treasures) was conducted at the Emperor Qianlong’s command start- ing in 1772. Thirteen thousand two hundred fifty-four books were collected nationwide and thousands of scholars were involved; 3,462 books were selected to make up the Siku Quanshu proper. Over 4 million pages were transcribed by thousands of copyists. Out of the seven copies made, only three copies survived the dramatic histori- cal changes of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries almost intact. This article traces the odyssey of the Wenshu Ge copy, particularly in the rapidly changing sociopolitical and economic contexts of the twentieth century. The emphasis of the article is placed on the de- scription and analysis of its relocation in the early 1920s soon after China was transformed into a republic; in the 1960s at the height of the Cold War when China split from and confronted the USSR; and in particular, in the new era of reform and opening up for economic development since the late 1970s. After the turn of the century, the two-decade competition between Liaoning Province and Gansu Province for physically keeping the copy has become increasingly intense at the national, provincial, and local levels, and the competi- tion has created significant impacts on library building and cultural development in the two provinces and beyond. -
Life, Thought and Image of Wang Zheng, a Confucian-Christian in Late Ming China
Life, Thought and Image of Wang Zheng, a Confucian-Christian in Late Ming China Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn vorgelegt von Ruizhong Ding aus Qishan, VR. China Bonn, 2019 Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Zusammensetzung der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. Dr. Manfred Hutter, Institut für Orient- und Asienwissenschaften (Vorsitzender) Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Kubin, Institut für Orient- und Asienwissenschaften (Betreuer und Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Ralph Kauz, Institut für Orient- und Asienwissenschaften (Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Veronika Veit, Institut für Orient- und Asienwissenschaften (weiteres prüfungsberechtigtes Mitglied) Tag der mündlichen Prüfung:22.07.2019 Acknowledgements Currently, when this dissertation is finished, I look out of the window with joyfulness and I would like to express many words to all of you who helped me. Prof. Wolfgang Kubin accepted me as his Ph.D student and in these years he warmly helped me a lot, not only with my research but also with my life. In every meeting, I am impressed by his personality and erudition deeply. I remember one time in his seminar he pointed out my minor errors in the speech paper frankly and patiently. I am indulged in his beautiful German and brilliant poetry. His translations are full of insightful wisdom. Every time when I meet him, I hope it is a long time. I am so grateful that Prof. Ralph Kauz in the past years gave me unlimited help. In his seminars, his academic methods and sights opened my horizons. Usually, he supported and encouraged me to study more fields of research. -
Li Shangyin: the Poetry of Allusion
LI SHANGYIN: THE POETRY OF ALLUSION By TERESA YEE-WAH YU B.A., The University of Hong Kong, 1973 M.A., The University of British Columbia, 1977 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Asicin Studies) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 1990 (o) Teresa Yee-wah Yu, 1990 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. 1 further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date DE-6 (2/88) ABSTRACT A major poet of the Tang period, Li Shangyin is highly regarded yet criticized because his work is densely allusive. Dazzling and rich in meaning, it is also difficult and obscure because of its pervasive allusiveness. Chapter I reviews critical opinion of Li's use of allusion. Many traditional critics see allusion as an ornamental rhetorical device and consider Li's profuse allusiveness an idiosyncrasy to be tolerated in an esteemed poet. Chapter II studies allusion broadly and precisely as a literary concept: generally, allusion is a "connector" of texts, a link between a poet's work and his literary heritage; specifi• cally, it is a linguistic device serving metaphorical functions. -
Designing Heaven's Will: the Job Assignment in the Chinese Imperial
DESIGNING HEAVEN'S WILL: THE JOB ASSIGNMENT IN THE CHINESE IMPERIAL CIVIL SERVICE INACIO´ BO´ AND LI CHEN Abstract. We provide an original analysis of historical documents to describe the as- signment procedures used to allocate entry-level civil service jobs in China from the tenth to the early twentieth century. The procedures tried to take different objectives into account through trial and error. By constructing a formal model that combines these procedures into a common framework, we compare their effectiveness in minimizing un- filled jobs and prioritizing high-level posts. We show that the problem was inherently complex such that changes made to improve the outcome could have the opposite effect. Based on a small modification of the last procedure used, we provide a new mechanism for producing maximum matchings under constraints in a transparent and public way. Keywords: Civil service assignment; Matching; Market design; History of civil service JEL: D73; J45; C78; D47; N15 arXiv:2105.02457v2 [econ.TH] 6 Sep 2021 B´o: China Center for Behavioral Economics and Finance, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China; email: [email protected]. Chen: Department of Economics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; email: [email protected]. Date: August, 2021. We thank Andrea Br´eard,Rustamdjan Hakimov, Philipp Heller, Yuan Ju, Dongwoo Lee, Herv´eMoulin, Luigi Pascali, Marek Pycia, Nadja Stroh-Maraun, and Utku Unver¨ for helpful comments. Special thanks to Rui Magone for assistance in our historical research of the Chinese civil service system. Financial support from the Anniversary Foundation of the School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg, is gratefully acknowledged. -
The Local in the Imperial Vision: Landscape, Topography, and Geography in Southern Song Map Guides and Gazetteers
The Local in the Imperial Vision: Landscape, Topography, and Geography in Southern Song Map Guides and Gazetteers Fan Lin, Leiden University Abstract This article examines the generation of topographic maps and geographical writings about local regions of the Southern Song (1127–1279). It identifies two distinct yet interrelated models in the making of local regions in maps and writings: first, map guides (tujing ), which were produced and updated regularly at different tiers of local government for administrative purposes; second, a growing number of monographs, some of them also named “map guides” (tujing) and others “gazetteers” (zhi or difang zhi ), which were compiled by local literati scholars. Upon close examination of these two models, one finds that the local consciousness and identity voiced by the provincial elite were congruous with centralist sentiment and discourse at this time. Specifically, the literati described features of local topographies within an imperial context and in the language of the authorities. Moreover, the wide circulation of these writings also contributed to the collective imagining of a Song Empire in the daily life of the society. In sum, this article argues that there was a close relationship between cartographic discourse and the production of empire at the local level. On the one hand, the state of the Southern Song, traditionally thought to have lost momentum in local control, still proactively maintained regular checks on local geography through mapmaking. On the other hand, local literati strived to establish ties with the central state in various ways while documenting their communities in gazetteers. Keywords: Song dynasty, map guide, tujing, gazetteer, difang zhi, geography, topography Introduction Map guides (tujing , literally “map and treatise”) and gazetteers (difang zhi , literally “record of a local region”) were the two dominant genres of geographical writing in the Song dynasty (960–1279). -
Ming Dynasty What Proof Is There That the Ideas Practiced by the Dynasty Affected the Economic System?
“How can this 'I' be said to have any being other than as a pattern of movement in Heaven and Earth's unfolding union.” -Douglas J. Penick ― Douglas J. Penick, Journey of the North Star Ming Dynasty What proof is there that the ideas practiced by the dynasty affected the economic system? What are the main points of this dynasty? The feudal society began to slowly disappear at the end of the dynasty, and capitalism (like America's government). What types of jobs did people have? People had many types of jobs such as handicraft industry,painting,music industry,poetry (such as book publishing) constriction for the Forbidden City. Where and what did they trade? The Ming Dynasty had many goods but wanted more so they would trade with Portuguese and get sliver. They would trade with The Spanish and also get sliver. Although China did not want to trade with Europe, Europe wanted to get things from China such as spices,teas,and porcelain. What technology achievements did the dynasty achieve? The Ming dynasty achieved many such as Hooching Gun, woodblocks,color printing,Yongle Encyclopedia (wide subjects of art),bristle toothbrush, ship rudders (steering for large ships), and Grand Canale. What did people buy and sell? People would buy things such as silk,alcohol,porcelain,tobacco,crops,vegetables, and fruits. Bibliography "Ming Dynasty" (n.d.). Retrieved from travelchinaguide.com "The Ming Dynasty's Effect on Trade" (n.d.). Retrieved from sites.google,com "Ming Dynasty Economy" (2014). Retrieved from themingdynasty.org Lexi What are the levels of society: -The families of Ming Dynasty -Important people such as emperors -Rich families -People who work for the different levels of society How gov. -
An Introductory Study on China's Cultural Transformation in Recent
China Academic Library Yunzhi Geng An Introductory Study on China’s Cultural Transformation in Recent Times China Academic Library Academic Advisory Board: Researcher Geng, Yunzhi, Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Professor Han, Zhen, Beijing Foreign Studies University, China Researcher Hao, Shiyuan, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Professor Li, Xueqin, Department of History, Tsinghua University, China Professor Li, Yining, Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, China Researcher Lu, Xueyi, Institute of Sociology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Professor Tang, Yijie, Department of Philosophy, Peking University, China ProfessorWong, Young-tsu, Department of History, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA Professor Yu, Keping, Central Compilation and Translation Bureau, China Professor Yue, Daiyun, Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Peking University, China Zhu, Yinghuang, China Daily Press, China Series Coordinators: Zitong Wu, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, China Yan Li, Springer More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11562 Yunzhi Geng An Introductory Study on China’s Cultural Transformation in Recent Times Yunzhi Geng Chinese Academy of Social Sciences & Institute of Modern History Beijing China Sponsored by Chinese Fund for the Humanities and Social Sciences (本书中华社会科学基 金资助) ISSN 2195-1853 ISSN 2195-1861 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-662-44589-1 ISBN 978-3-662-44590-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-44590-7 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014952659 © Foreign Language Teaching and Research Publishing Co., Ltd and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 This work is subject to copyright. -
Bibliography
BIBLIOGRAPHY Chen Zhengxiang. Cultural Geography of China. Beijing: Joint Publishing Co., 1983. Collected by the Garden Bureau of Beijing Dongcheng District. General Investigations of Beijing Fair Documents. Beijing: Beijing Yanshan Publishing House, 2002. E. Saarineen. City: Its Development, Declining and Future, translated by Gu Qiyuan. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 1986. Feng Tianyu, etc. Cultural History of China. Shanghai: People’s Publishing House, 1991. Feng Youlan. A Newly Compiled History of Chinese Philosophy. Shanghai: People’s Publishing House, 1986. Franz Boas. Primitive Art. Shanghai: Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House, 1989. Fu Chonglan. Cities Along the Great Wall. Hong Kong: Oriental Press, 1990. Fu Chonglan. Qufu City and Chinese Confucianism. Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House, 2003. Fu Chonglan. The History of Lhasa. Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House, 1994. Fu Chonglan. Urban Individual Character. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2003. Fu Chonglan. Urban Planning Construction at the Turn of the Centuries. Beijing: Science Press, 1991. Fu Chonglan, Chen Guangting & Dong Liming. Problem Report of Chinese Urban Development. Beijing: China Social Sciences Publishing House, 2003. Gu Yanwu (Qing dynasty). Notes on the Residence of the Capital Throughout the Past Dynasties. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1984. © Social Sciences Academic Press 2019 361 C. Fu and W. Cao, Introduction to the Urban History of China, China Connections, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8207-9 362 BIBLIOGRAPHY Gu Zhun. The Greek System of City State. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 1979. H. Blij. Geography: Realms, Regions and Concepts, 7th edition. New York: Wiley, 1994. He Yeju. Chinese History of Ancient Urban Planning. -
Dugu Ji (725-777) Leben Und Werk
Sinologie und Ostasienkunde Dugu Ji (725-777) Leben und Werk Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philologischen Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität zu Münster (Westf.) vorgelegt von Soon-Chim Jung aus Cheju shi/Süd-Korea 2005 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 17. August 2005 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Dr. W. Woyke 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Reinhard Emmerich 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Raoul David Findeisen Vorwort Ich möchte mich hiermit für die Unterstützung von allen, die mir all die Jahre mit Rat und Tat zur Seite gestanden haben, bedanken. Besonderer Dank gilt meinem Lehrer, Herrn Prof. Dr. Reinhard Emmerich, der mir ein ständiger Ansporn war und für seine fachliche Betreuung. Ohne diese wäre die Fertigstellung dieser Arbeit nicht zustande gekommen. Auch ist mir bewußt, daß mein verstorbener Vater, Du-Chil Jung, und meine verstorbene Schwester, Hwa-Ja Jung, mich während der ganzen Zeit im Geiste begleitet und mir die benötigte Kraft gegeben haben. Mein Mutter, Cho-Gang Kang, hat ihrerseits unablässig meine Studien unterstützt. Zuletzt möchte ich meiner Schwester Sun-Il Jung-Drissen und besonders auch meinem Schwager Markus Drissen danken. Durch ihr frisches Gemüt und durch die Fragen, die ich mir selbst nie gestellt hätte, haben sie einen großen Anteil bei der Entstehung dieser Arbeit geleistet und dies nicht nur bezogen auf die finanzielle Unterstützung die sie mir haben zukommen lassen. Es haben bei weitem noch viele andere Personen ihren Anteil am Zustandekommen dieser Arbeit. Auch ihnen sei hier mein herzlicher Dank für ihre endlose Geduld und ihre Zusprache ausgedrückt. Und so möchte ich zum Schluß sagen, daß trotz der unterschiedlichen Arten der Unterstützung letztendlich alle verbliebenen Fehler und Mängel ausschließlich meine eigenen sind. -
THE TANCI FICTION JING ZHONG ZHUAN by YU ZHANG A
THE FEMALE REWRITING OF GRAND HISTORY: THE TANCI FICTION JING ZHONG ZHUAN by YU ZHANG A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2013 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Yu Zhang Title: The Female Rewriting of Grand History: The Tanci Fiction Jing zhong zhuan This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures by: Maram Epstein Chairperson Tze-lan Sang Core Member Yugen Wang Core Member Bryna Goodman Institutional Representative and Kimberly Andrews Espy Vice President for Research and Innovation; Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2013 ii © 2013 Yu Zhang iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Yu Zhang Doctor of Philosophy Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures June 2013 Title: The Female Rewriting of Grand History: The Tanci Fiction Jing zhong zhuan This dissertation has examined the tanci fiction Jing zhong zhuan, or A Biography of Dedication and Loyalty, authored by a gentry woman writer Zhou Yingfang in the late nineteenth century. I argue that by adapting the well-known patriotic story of General Yue Fei in Chinese history, Zhou Yingfang suggests new directions in grand historical narrative in her own voice and from her own perspective. Negotiating the writing conventions of earlier legends, she turns the stereotyped masculine image of Yue Fei into a hero in both public and domestic settings. -
Research on the Illustrations of Chinese Local Gazetteers: Overview, Evaluation, and Potential Approach for Future Study1
Scientific Cooperations International Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences Vol 2, Issue 1, July 2016 RESEARCH ON THE ILLUSTRATIONS OF CHINESE LOCAL GAZETTEERS: OVERVIEW, EVALUATION, AND POTENTIAL APPROACH FOR FUTURE STUDY1 Qi Luo School of Architecture and Art Beijing Jiaotong University 3 Shangyuancun, Haidian District 100044 Beijing P. R. of China e-mail: [email protected] telephone: +086 010 5168 3913 Abstract In the Chinese context, local gazetteers (fangzhi 方志) are mostly official or quasi-official standardized compendia of comprehensive materials on given administrative units. Over the course of the last fifty years, research on gazetteer illustrations has grown in relation to the more dominant study of Chinese cartography, gradually becoming an independent subject of study. Though the study of gazetteer illustrations has undergone considerable development, the overall state of research is still far from satisfactory. The quantity of existing case studies is very small and these studies mainly focus on the older and fewer Song gazetteer illustrations, rather than the vast number of more recent Ming and Qing gazetteer ones. When discussed, gazetteer illustrations are usually categorized as “maps”. This paper argues that this is an unsatisfactory method of categorization – one that simply cannot account for the wide variety of gazetteers. Moreover, research on gazetteer maps is, in general, introductory rather than theoretical or analytical, and is usually approached from a cultural, social, or artistic angle rather than from the angle of space. In my conclusion, I give some suggestions about gazetteer illustration selection and then appeal to the study of space in the field of visual culture, suggesting that the theoretical developments of the “spatial turn” should be incorporated into the future interpretation of gazetteer illustrations.