An Introductory Study on China's Cultural Transformation in Recent

China Academic Library Yunzhi Geng An Introductory Study on China’s Cultural Transformation in Recent Times China Academic Library Academic Advisory Board: Researcher Geng, Yunzhi, Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Professor Han, Zhen, Beijing Foreign Studies University, China Researcher Hao, Shiyuan, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Professor Li, Xueqin, Department of History, Tsinghua University, China Professor Li, Yining, Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, China Researcher Lu, Xueyi, Institute of Sociology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Professor Tang, Yijie, Department of Philosophy, Peking University, China ProfessorWong, Young-tsu, Department of History, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA Professor Yu, Keping, Central Compilation and Translation Bureau, China Professor Yue, Daiyun, Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Peking University, China Zhu, Yinghuang, China Daily Press, China Series Coordinators: Zitong Wu, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, China Yan Li, Springer More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11562 Yunzhi Geng An Introductory Study on China’s Cultural Transformation in Recent Times Yunzhi Geng Chinese Academy of Social Sciences & Institute of Modern History Beijing China Sponsored by Chinese Fund for the Humanities and Social Sciences (本书中华社会科学基金资助) ISSN 2195-1853 ISSN 2195-1861 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-662-44589-1 ISBN 978-3-662-44590-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-44590-7 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014952659 © Foreign Language Teaching and Research Publishing Co., Ltd and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publishers, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Acknowledgements I extend my sincere gratitude to Wang Huimin, who did an excellent job translating this book from Chinese to English. My thanks also go to publishing editors and production editors from Springer Science and Business Media and Foreign Lan- guage Teaching and Research Press. I am very grateful to researchers Liu Zhiqin, Wang Fazhou and Cui Zhihai, assistant researcher Chen Yuwu and Dr. Wang Daili from the Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. This book would not be with you so quickly without their generous help. v ThiS is a FM Blank Page Contents 1 Introduction .......................................... 1 1.1 The Purport and Conception of the Studies in This Book . 1 1.2 Mutations and Shifts Within the Traditional Culture at the Juncture of the Ming and Qing Dynasties ................. 5 1.3 Evolutions in Qing Dynasty Ideology, Academics, and Culture Prior to the Opium Wars ............................. 15 References ............................................ 28 2 Evolution in Ideology and Culture After the Opium Wars and Up To the Westernization Movement .......................... 29 2.1 The Strange “Barbarians” . ........................... 30 2.2 Learning the Best of Foreign Skills . 33 2.3 The Culture of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom . 44 2.4 The Initial Foundations of Modern Culture . .............. 48 2.5 The Conceptual Framework of “Zhong Ti Xi Yong” ......... 62 References ............................................ 77 3 The Leading Roles of Reform and Revolution in the Sociocultural Trends of the Final Years of the Qing Dynasty ................ 79 3.1 The Acute Challenges Faced by “Zhong Ti” .............. 80 3.2 Politics Guide Cultural Trends ......................... 93 3.2.1 Translation and Writing of Books ................ 94 3.2.2 Newspapers . 96 3.2.3 Education ................................. 97 3.2.4 Industry and Commerce Serving the Country and the Movement to Recover Economic Rights . ........ 103 3.2.5 The Politicization of Literature as Represented by Novels . ................................ 110 References ............................................ 116 vii viii Contents 4 Initial Shaping of Social Public Cultural Spaces at the End of the Qing Dynasty ......................................... 117 4.1 Development of Modern Education Between 1898 and 1911 . 118 4.1.1 Before and After 1898 ........................ 118 4.1.2 Advances in New Education from 1902 to 1905 Prior to the Abolishing of the Imperial Examinations System . 119 4.2 Development of Modern Social Groups During the 1898–1911 Period . 125 4.3 The Establishment of a Modern Media System and Other Matters ......................................... 132 4.3.1 The Development of Modern Newspapers and a Modern Publishing Industry and Their Role in Society ....... 132 4.3.2 The Establishment of Other Social Public Culture Facilities .................................. 137 References ............................................ 138 5 Major Trends in Ideological and Cultural Transformation Toward the End of the Qing Dynasty ....................... 141 5.1 Major Transformations in Thinking and Concepts . ........ 141 5.1.1 From the “De-Reverencing of the Sons of Heaven” to the Negation of Monarchical Power .............. 141 5.1.2 The Shaking of the Exalted Position of Confucius and Confucianism . ......................... 148 5.2 The Trend Toward a Populist Culture . 158 5.3 Changing Customs and Habits in a Modern Secular Culture . 166 5.4 Initial Emergence of Globalization and Individuality . 178 References ............................................ 187 6 Political Disarray and Conflicts Between New and Old Ideology in the First Years of the Republic .......................... 189 6.1 Political Disarray in the Early Years of the Nationalist Republic ........................................ 190 6.1.1 The Stand-off Between North and South . 190 6.1.2 Repeated Internal Upheavals and External Coercion . 192 6.1.3 The “Second Revolution” . ..................... 194 6.1.4 A Parliament in Name Only . ........... 196 6.1.5 The Restoration Farce . 197 6.2 The Conflict Between Old and New Ideology . 200 6.2.1 The Controversy Over the Republican and Imperial Systems . ................................ 202 6.2.2 The Debate Over a Confucian Religion ............ 208 6.2.3 The Controversy About New and Old Morals . 221 Reference . ........................................... 225 Contents ix 7 Rise of the New Culture Movement ........................ 227 7.1 The Reflections of Forward-Looking Persons . 228 7.2 Rise of the New Culture Movement . ................... 234 7.3 Sharp Conflicts Between the New and Old Cultures . 245 7.4 The Social Foundations of the New Culture Movement ....... 260 References ............................................ 265 8 The Social Foundations of the New Culture Movement ......... 267 8.1 The Immense Impetus Given by the May Fourth Movement to the New Culture Movement ......................... 267 8.2 The Concrete Results of the New Culture Movement . 272 8.2.1 Concrete Results of the Literary Revolution . 272 8.2.2 Initial Successes of the Educational Reform and Increasing Maturity of the New Education . 277 8.2.3 The Awakening of a Generation of Young People and Their “Integration into Society” .............. 283 8.3 The Main Concepts of the New Culture . ................. 292 8.3.1 Populism . 292 8.3.2 Individuality ............................... 296 8.3.3 The Scientific Spirit . ....................... 301 8.3.4 The Open Culture Concept . .................... 306 8.3.5 The Program and Objectives of the New Culture Movement . 312 References ............................................ 314 9 From Cultural Movement to Political Movement .............. 315 9.1 The Debate over Problems and Isms .................... 316 9.1.1 What Were the Problems Raised by Hu Shih? . 317 9.1.2 How the Problems Raised by Lan Gongwu and Li

Load more