Dugu Ji (725-777) Leben Und Werk

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Dugu Ji (725-777) Leben Und Werk Sinologie und Ostasienkunde Dugu Ji (725-777) Leben und Werk Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philologischen Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität zu Münster (Westf.) vorgelegt von Soon-Chim Jung aus Cheju shi/Süd-Korea 2005 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 17. August 2005 Dekan: Prof. Dr. Dr. W. Woyke 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Reinhard Emmerich 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Raoul David Findeisen Vorwort Ich möchte mich hiermit für die Unterstützung von allen, die mir all die Jahre mit Rat und Tat zur Seite gestanden haben, bedanken. Besonderer Dank gilt meinem Lehrer, Herrn Prof. Dr. Reinhard Emmerich, der mir ein ständiger Ansporn war und für seine fachliche Betreuung. Ohne diese wäre die Fertigstellung dieser Arbeit nicht zustande gekommen. Auch ist mir bewußt, daß mein verstorbener Vater, Du-Chil Jung, und meine verstorbene Schwester, Hwa-Ja Jung, mich während der ganzen Zeit im Geiste begleitet und mir die benötigte Kraft gegeben haben. Mein Mutter, Cho-Gang Kang, hat ihrerseits unablässig meine Studien unterstützt. Zuletzt möchte ich meiner Schwester Sun-Il Jung-Drissen und besonders auch meinem Schwager Markus Drissen danken. Durch ihr frisches Gemüt und durch die Fragen, die ich mir selbst nie gestellt hätte, haben sie einen großen Anteil bei der Entstehung dieser Arbeit geleistet und dies nicht nur bezogen auf die finanzielle Unterstützung die sie mir haben zukommen lassen. Es haben bei weitem noch viele andere Personen ihren Anteil am Zustandekommen dieser Arbeit. Auch ihnen sei hier mein herzlicher Dank für ihre endlose Geduld und ihre Zusprache ausgedrückt. Und so möchte ich zum Schluß sagen, daß trotz der unterschiedlichen Arten der Unterstützung letztendlich alle verbliebenen Fehler und Mängel ausschließlich meine eigenen sind. INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. EINLEITUNG 1 1.1 Forschungsstand 1 1.2 Historischer Hintergrund 10 1.2.1 Gründung der Tang-Dynastie 10 1.2.2 Das Tang-Reich bis zur Mitte des 8. Jahrhunderts 13 1.2.3 Der Aufstand des An Lushan 20 1.2.4 Versuche des Wiederaufbaus des Landes während der Daizong- und Dezong-Zeit 22 1.3 Jiu Tangshu und Xin Tangshu 24 2. HAUPTTEIL 32 2.1 Die Person Dugu Ji 32 2.1.1 Herkunft 32 2.1.2 Ausbildung 41 2.1.3 Staatsprüfung 51 2.1.4 Beamtenlaufbahn 66 2.1.4.1 Zeit in den Provinzen: Huayin und Jiang-Regionen 66 2.1.4.2 Wirken in der Hauptstadt Chang’an 73 2.1.4.3 Tätigkeit in den Provinzen Haozhou, Shuzhou und Changzhou 78 2.1.5 Vorläufer der Wiederbelebung des Alten-Prosastils bzw. der Rückkehr zum Altertum 87 2.1.6 Der Tod 98 2.2 Schriften des Dugu Ji 103 2.2.1 Wu Jizizha lun 103 2.2.2 Remonstration für die Reformen bei der Regierung Daizong’s 112 2.2.3 Argumentation über die Verleihung posthumer Namen 122 2.2.3.1 Fall des Lu Yi 126 2.2.3.2 Fall des Miao Jinqing 130 2.2.3.3 Fall des Lü Yin 134 2.2.3.4 Fall des Guo Zhiyun 141 2.2.4 Chi yu tufan zanpu shu 149 2.2.5 Fuzhou dudufu xinxue beiming 159 2.2.6 Riten 172 2.2.6.1 Staatsriten 172 2.2.6.2 Himmelsopfer 181 2.2.6.3 Ahnenopfer 191 2.2.6.4 Jing huangdi pei haotian shangdi yi 199 2.2.6.5 Taizu versus Gaozu: Beurteilung des Jiu Tangshu und Xin Tangshu 207 3. AUSWERTUNG UND AUSBLICK 215 4. ANHÄNGE 218 4.1 Titelverzeichnis der Schriften von Dugu Ji 218 4.2 Herrscher-Chronologie und Regierungsdevisen der Tang-Dynastie 241 4.3 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 253 4.4 Bibliographie 255 1. Einleitung 1.1 Forschungsstand In den Publikationen zur Tang 唐-Zeit (618-907) über das literarische, politische und soziale Leben der Gelehrten und deren Beiträge zur Entwicklung der Tang- Gesellschaft im Rahmen der Institutionen, Religionen, rituellen Verfahren und Erziehungs- und Prüfungssysteme stößt man häufig auf den Namen Dugu Ji 獨孤 及 (725-777), der mit dem Bestehen der Prüfung im Jahre 754 seine Amtslaufbahn begann. Seine wesentliche Amtszeit absolvierte er während der Daizong 代宗-Ära (762-779). Besonders intensiv hat sich die Forschung bisher mit dem Beitrag Dugu Ji’s zur „Bewegung des Alten Stils“ ( guwen yundong 古文運動) beschäftigt. 1 Wesentlich für die guwen -Bewegung war die Wiederbelebung des klassischen Ideals in der Literatur. Die guwen -Bewegung war eine kulturelle Bewegung, in welcher einige Literaten, die größtenteils vor der Rebellion (755-763) des An Lushan 安祿山 (693-757) ihr literarisches und politisches Leben begonnen hatten, nach dem 1 Guwen yundong ist eines der immer wieder behandelten Themen in bezug auf die Tang-Zeit. Einige hervorragende Analysen über die Geistesgeschichte der Gelehrten sind: Edwin Pulleyblank, “Neo-Confucianism and Neo-Legalism in T'ang Intellectual Life, 775-805”, in Arthur F. Wright (ed.) The Confucian Persuasion . Stanford, California: Stanford Univ. Press, 1960, S.77-114; D. L. McMullen, “Historical and literary theory in the mid-eighth century” in Arthur F. Wright, Denis Twitchett (ed.) Perspectives on the T'ang . New Haven: Yale University Press 1973, S. 307-42 und State und Scholars in T'ang China . Cambridge/New York/Melbourn: Cambridge University Press, 1988; Peter K. Bol, This Culture of Ours. Intellectual Transitions in T’ang and Sung China . Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992; HAYASHIDA Shinnosuke 林田慎之助, “Tôdai kobun undô no keisei katei 唐代古代運動形成過程”, in Nippon Chûgokugakkai hô 日本中國學會報, 29 (October 1977), S. 106-123; Sun Ch’ang-wu 孫昌武, Han Liu i-ch'ien te ku-wen lun 韓柳以前 的古文論”, in Wen-hsüeh p'ing-lun ts'ung-k'an 文學評論叢刊, 16 (October 1982) S. 277-92. Über den literarischen Stil des Dugu Ji siehe Liu San-fou 劉三富, “Dokko Kyû no bungaku ni tsuite 獨 孤及 の 文學に ついて”, in Chûgoku bungaku ronshû 中國文學論集, 5 (March 1976), S. 15-22. 1 Aufstand den normlosen Zustand des Landes stark spürten. Sie erkannten, daß die Rückkehr zu klassischen Formen der Literatur als Integrationsmittel zur Änderung der gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse beitragen könnte. 2 In einem Aufsatz von 1960 „Neo-Confucianism and Neo-Legalism in T’ang Intellectual Life, 755-805“ hat schon Edwin Pulleyblank die Auseinandersetzungen unter den Gelehrten während der Daizong- und Dezong 德宗-Ära (779-805), die durch An Lushan’s Rebellion und deren Nachwirkung gekennzeichnet waren, betrachtet und die von ihnen präsentierten Konzepte zur Rettung des Staates analysiert. 3 Pulleyblank sah in Dugu Ji einen der führenden Verfechter des „Alten Stils“ in der Prosa-Literatur, die als Vorläufer der eine Generation später während der Yuanhe 元和-Ära (805- 820) des Xianzong 憲宗 (reg. 805-20) aufkommenden sogenannten „Bewegung des Alten Stils“ ( guwen yundong ) betrachtet werden. Nach Ansicht von Pulleyblank war es Dugu Ji’s bester Schüler Liang Su 粱肅 (753-793), 4 der in der Geschichte der guwen (-Bewegung) eine führende Position vor Han Yu 翰愈 (768- 824) 5 einnahm. 6 2 Diese Literaten waren u.a. Li Hua, Xiao Yingshi, Jia Zhi, Yuan Zai, Yan Zhenqing, Dugu Ji und Liang Su. Siehe Bol, This Culture of Ours. Intellectual Transitions in T’ang and Sung China (1992), S. 108-110. 3 Pulleyblank, “Neo-Confucianism and Neo-Legalism in T'ang Intellectual Life, 775-805” (1960), S. 84. 4 Liang Su bestand ein Dekret Examen in 780. Er war Anhänger des Dugu Ji und blieb bei ihm im fernen Süd-Osten von 770 bis 777, während Dugu Ji in den Provinzen Dienst hatte; er war der Beaufsichtigende bei der jinshi -Prüfung, an der Han Yu erfolgreich teilnahm. Seine Biographie wurde unter dem Kapitel „Literaten“ neu ins Xin Tangshu aufgenommen. Ouyang Xiu 歐陽修 u.a., Xin Tangshu 新唐書 (im folgenden: XTS) (1975), 202/5774; Xu Song 徐松, Dengkejikao 登 科記考 (1984: Nachdruck) (im folgenden: DKJK), Bd. 1, S. 412. 5 Han Yu bestand das jinshi -Examen 792. Über seine Biographie siehe Liu Xu 劉昫 (888-947) u.a., Jiu Tangshu 舊唐書. (im folgenden: JTS) (1975), 160/4195-4204; XTS 176/5255-65; Xu Song, DKJK, Bd. 2, S. 467. 6 Pulleyblank, (1960), S. 88; Liu San-fou, „Dokko Kyû no bungaku ni tsuite“, in Chûgoku bungaku ronshû , 5 (March 1976), S. 15-22; Sun Ch’ang-wu. “Han Liu i-ch'ien te ku-wen lun”, in Wen-hsüeh p'ing-lun ts'ung-k'an 16 (October 1982), S. 277-92. 2 Die geistesgeschichtliche Entwicklung anhand ausgewählter Gelehrter von der mittleren Tang-Zeit bis zur Song 宋-Zeit (960-1279) 7 hat Peter Bol untersucht. 8 Er stellt heraus, daß die Tang-Gelehrten unter „dieser unseren Kultur“ ( siwen 斯文) die Tradition der rechten Formen im Schreiben, in der Verwaltung und in der Verhaltensweise, welche aus dem Altertum stammen und in Werken des Konfuzius tradiert und verfeinert wurden, verstanden. Nach seiner Analyse lebten sie in dieser Tradition; sie befolgten sie in der Praxis und verbesserten sie durch ihre Kenntnisse der Klassiker. Diese Verhaltensweisen, später guwen yundong genannt, blühten in der mittleren Tang-Zeit und wurden bis in die Song-Zeit fortgesetzt. 9 In seiner Forschung kommt Bol in bezug auf die literarische Tätigkeit Dugu Ji’s zu dem Ergebnis, daß nach Dugu Ji’s Überzeugung Sprache und literarische Formen als Ausdrucksmittel des Willens dienen sollten. 10 Seit den 70er Jahren des letzten Jahrhunderts befaßt sich David McMullen, einer der führenden Tang-Forscher, mit den rituellen und institutionellen Entwicklungen und dem Umfeld der Gelehrten der Tang-Zeit. In seinem Aufsatz „Historical and Literary Theory in the Mid-Eighth Century“ bewertet er Dugu Ji als eine der wichtigsten Personen der von ihm untersuchten Epoche. 11 In State and Scholars in T’ang China hat McMullen konfuzianisch geprägte Gelehrte und Beamte detailliert betrachtet. Nach seiner Analyse zeigten sie in ihren Schriften, daß sie nicht nur aus dem klassischen Schrifttum schöpften, sondern auch historische Beispiele der Han-Zeit heranzogen, um ihren Eingaben, Reformvorschlägen etc.
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