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Home , Dong Zhuo, Emperor Wu of Han, Huang Zu, Liu Bei, Liu Biao, Liu Qi (Liu Biao's son)

JCC: Romance of the 三國演義 Court of Bei 劉備法院

Crisis Directors: Matthew Owens, Charles Miller Emails: [email protected], [email protected] ​ ​ ​

Chair: Isis Mosqueda Email: [email protected] ​

Single-Delegate: Maximum 20 Positions

Table of Contents: 1. Title Page (Page 1) 2. Table of Contents (Page 2) 3. Chair Introduction Page (Page 3) 4. Crisis Director Introduction Pages (Pages 4-5) 5. Intro to JCC: Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Pages 6-9) 6. Intro to (Pages 10-11) 7. Topic History: Province (Pages 12-14) 8. Perspective (Pages 15-16) 9. Current Situation (Pages 17-19) 10. Maps of the Middle Kingdom / (Pages 20-21) 11. Liu Bei’s Domain Statistics (Page 22) 12. Guiding Questions (Pages 22-23) 13. Resources for Further Research (Page 23) 14. Works Cited (Pages 24-)

Dear delegates,

I am honored to welcome you all to the Twenty Ninth Mid-Atlantic Simulation of the

United Nations Conference, and I am pleased to welcome you to JCC: Romance of the Three

Kingdoms. Everyone at MASUN XXIX have been working hard to ensure that this committee and this conference will be successful for you, and we will continue to do so all weekend.

My name is Isis Mosqueda and I am recent George Mason Alumna. I am also a former

GMU Model United Nations president, treasurer and member, as well as a former MASUN

Director General. I graduated last May with a B.A. in Government and International politics with a minor in Legal Studies. I am currently an academic intern for the Smithsonian Institution, working for the National Air and Space Museum’s Education Department, and a substitute teacher for Loudoun County Public Schools. If you have any questions about college or post-graduation life I’d be happy to share the bits of advice I’ve learned so far. You can also feel free to ask me about my take on the latests TV hits since I, like many of us, am a Netflix (and other streaming services) enthusiast.

The background guide below will help you prepare for the conference, but if at anytime you have questions feel free to contact me. I hope you are excited for this committee, and I will be seeing you all very soon. Thank you for joining the Court of Liu Bei.

Kind regards,

Isis Mosqueda

Chair, JCC: The Romance of Three Kingdoms: Court of Liu Bei [email protected]

Greetings, Delegates!

你好! 我叫朱思龙! My name is Matthew Owens, and it is my absolute honor to be ​ ​ ​ serving as your Crisis Director for MASUN XXIX! I am a junior at George Mason University majoring in Mathematics with a concentration in Mathematical Statistics with minors in both

Economics and Global Affairs. I have been involved with Model UN since my sophomore year at Langley High School here in Fairfax County, Virginia, and I have been passionate about MUN ever since. Outside of MUN, I am also involved with College Republicans, a policy advocacy group called Roosevelt @ Mason, and a part of GMU Student Government called the Elections and Disputes Commission: an organization similar to the US Supreme Court. Other hobbies include playing chess and even talking about the newest Total War game by Creative Assembly.

As both an individual with passions in history, economics, and international relations and as your Crisis Director, I hope that I not only make this committee a fun experience, but also make an experience where you learn a bit of history or what not. I personally found the Romance of the Three Kingdoms YouTube podcast to be exceptionally useful for my research! I also implore you to look at the other background guides and dossiers should you have the time to know your opponents. If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or if you just want to talk about Chinese history, please feel free to email me using the link below. Thanks, I wish you all the best of luck and I hope you have a fantastic time in committee!

Sincerely,

Matthew Owens

Crisis Director, JCC: Romance of the Three Kingdoms [email protected] Greetings, Delegates!

My name is Charles Miller, and I am so excited to be serving as your Crisis Director for

MASUN XXIX! I am currently a sophomore majoring in Economics at George Mason

University, and have been involved with Model UN since my freshman year at Midlothian High

School in Chesterfield County, Virginia. While MUN is my passion, I’m also involved in GMU

Student Government within the Student Senate as well as the GMU Democrats. Otherwise you can usually find me reading about history, playing board or video games, or talking about cars.

While the background guides and dossiers and other provided information is very useful, there’s lots of stuff in classical China that can grant you a better understanding of the strengths, weaknesses and situation in the Three Kingdoms Period. I think it’s great if you have the time to explore the time period and the people who shaped it, both for its own sake and for the committees.

I hope that I and the rest of the crisis team can bring to everyone a fun and educational experience! There’s so much to learn about the period and the characters and it is a great story, and I have to recommend the Romance of the Three Kingdom’s YouTube podcast that my fellow

Crisis Director mentioned as a very useful source for research. If you have any further questions, concerns, queries, or comments feel free to reach out to me using my email shown below!

Thanks for coming, and I hope you have an amazing time on committee!

Sincerely,

Charles Miller

Crisis Director, JCC: Romance of the Three Kingdoms [email protected] Introduction to JCC: Romance of the Three Kingdoms: ​ The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a historical novel written by Luo during the 14th century that covers the period of Chinese history from the decline of the Han

Dynasty in the CE to the reunification of China- also known as the Middle Kingdom- under the in 280 CE (“Romance of the Three Kingdoms”). The novel is a mix between myth, legend, and history that seeks to romanticize the great heroes of the age. As such, the tale of this crisis committee would be accompanied by important figures from the Records of the

Three Kingdoms: a Chinese historical text written in the about the same period

(“Records of the Three Kingdoms”). While the Romance of the Three Kingdoms would be set as the primary source for this committee and the source delegates should be focusing on the most, the Records of the Three Kingdoms also provide historical information that would be valuable for both the delegate and the crisis staffer.

As would be seen, this committee focuses on crisis updates regarding both internal affairs- such as rebellions and court intrigue- and external affairs- the three vying for control of the entirety of China. Should any crisis update require a military solution, it is important to note that- like with other non-military crises- such a solution requires descriptiveness and strategy. China is the home to one of the greatest military treatises of all time- the Art of War by Tzu- and if the battles of the Three Kingdoms period shows us anything, it is that numbers alone do not win generals battles. Such insight would be applied for any battles within this simulation, and thus it would be wise to think about descriptive strategies and tactics that could be used against your opponents both on and off the battlefield. However, it need not be the only solution for this band of brilliant strategists, invulnerable champions, cunning governors and administrators, and court officials.

There are multiple differences between crisis committees and more traditional committees within Model UN. Crisis committees are faster in their pace, require delegates to be able to quickly think of solutions to both short-term and long-term crisis updates, and allows the delegate to have multiple ways to impact a committee. Since this committee is a Joint Crisis

Committee, the delegates would not only have to communicate and deal with crisis updates from the crisis staffers, but from delegates in the other two committees. The multiple ways that a delegate can solve or create a crisis include the following below.

Public Directives: Similar to resolutions from a traditional MUN committee, a public ​ directive require at least one sponsor and one-third of the committee to either be sponsors or signatories in order to create a public solution to a crisis update. Sponsors are responsible for both writing the directive and contributing actions that would affect the crisis arc. Signatories on ​ the other hand do not necessarily need to be involved in the execution of the directive or even do not need to be in favor of the directive. Signatories only need to be interested in seeing the directive being discussed and debated. The events of a public directive go as follows:

1. A directive is written by at least one sponsor 2. At least one-third of the committee either become sponsors who contribute to the directive or signatories interested in seeing the directive debated 3. A motion is made to introduce the directive. (Requires a Simple Majority) 4. Debate on the directive ensues. The directive could be amended at this time with either a friendly amendment or unfriendly amendment. A friendly amendment requires unanimous approval by the sponsors of the directive while an unfriendly amendment requires two-thirds approval by the entire committee. 5. A motion is made to vote on the directive (Requires a Simple Majority) 6. The committee votes on the directive (Requires a Simple Majority) ​ Ex: “Sun would deploy 10,000 troops along the border of Liu Bei’s territory.” ​ If an agreement that affects more than one committee is to be enacted such as establishing a trade agreement or a military alliance or engaging in peace negotiations, all of the committees affected would need to write and pass separate public directives enacting said agreement. A majority in each committee will have to pass their own directive on the issue.

Private Directives: While public directives are automatically public and require ​ one-third of the committee to be either sponsors or signatories, private directives require no signatories and are only public if the sponsor wishes it to be or if a crisis update regarding that directive is announced in committee. Private directives are directly sent to Crisis staff with no vote, introduction, or debate necessary. While private directives could be used for more divisive than private directives, the sponsor can only use his/her OWN PORTFOLIO POWERS and cannot work with any other delegate. Each delegate’s portfolio powers would be explained within the dossier later in the background guide.

Ex: “Sun Kuang wishes to defect to Cao.” ​ Press Releases: Press releases serve as a way to sway public opinion. Press Releases- ​ whether they be public or private- include a ‘headline’ or title for the Press Release, the content of the Press Release, and the audience intended for this Press Release. Public Press Releases would be voted on by the committee similarly to a public directive while a private Press Release is similar to a private directive. There are multiple ways that a delegate or a committee can use press releases strategically to their benefit. For instance, a Press Release could be sent to the other two committees stating that your forces are moving to some location in an attempt to deceive your opponent into an ambush. Keep in mind that Press Release may not always reach the intended audience due to a Crisis Update or may even reach unintended audiences and have unintended consequences. Because of this, delegates need to handle Press Releases with care in a delicate manner. Nonetheless, Press Releases serve as a viable asset delegates can use to deceive their opponents.

Ex: “Sun Kuang and Sun Ben have met outside of the of Wuchang to ​ reaffirm their relationship as family. With Guotai as overseer and moderator, the two participants performed a blood ceremony as to “reassure heaven that they would never betray their clan or their nor turn on each other” to the cheers of thousands of troops. Truly, such oaths would make the whole world tremble!”

Crisis Notes: Crisis Notes are a means to privately communicate with Crisis Staff or an ​ important individual either represented by Crisis or by an individual in another committee. The purpose of the crisis note and the individual who is receiving the communique should be clear enough so that Crisis can give a clear response to the delegate.

Ex: “To Crisis, How many troops do I have at my disposal and where are they stationed? ​ Are the troops bordering Jing Province ready for a military offensive? -Sun Kuang”

Finally, Position Papers are NOT Required for delegates in order to win awards! ​ ​ That being said, it is the delegate’s responsibility to use the background guide, the dossier, and any other sources for research. As such, technology such as Computers and Cell Phones are ​ NOT ALLOWED at any time during committee at MASUN. In addition, the Chinese ​ characters as seen throughout the background guide are purely for aesthetic purposes. Like all other committees at MASUN, English would be the only language used during this committee. ​ ​

Introduction to Liu Bei: ​ Liu Bei was born in Zhuo in 161 CE into a poor family forced to sell shoes and straw hats to make ends meet, despite being a distant relative of the Han as a member of the Liu clan (Theobald). Nevertheless, Liu Bei used his ambitions, talents, and lineage to the imperial family to rise to become an officer in the where he rallied volunteers such as and Fei. Over time, these three individuals sworn an Oath of the Garden to become sworn brothers, to die on the same day, month, and year, and to protect the from tyrannical rulers such as in 190 CE and now

Cao Cao who seeks to manipulate the of Han for his own malicious purposes (Luo

Guanzhong).

While Liu Bei increased his power with some assistance by during the campaign against Dong Zhuo in 190 CE and when Lu Bu seized control of Xu Province from Liu Bei in

198 CE, Cao Cao’s cruel actions towards the Emperor such as the execution of the latter’s

Consort Dong has led Liu Bei to become a member of a failed rebellion against Cao Cao and flee to Jing Province under the protection of : the governor of Jing Province (Luo

Guanzhong). Nonetheless, his character as an honest and respectful man of the people has attracted the support of characters such as Yun, Liang, and Liu . However, with

Liu Biao’s death in 208 CE, Cao Cao swept aside all opposition in Jing Province, Liu Bei fought to protect his people at Changban and made an alliance with Sun to face Cao Cao’s force of over 800,000 soldiers at the Red Cliffs (“Battle of Changban”). With ’s superior navy, ’s ritualistic prayers for an eastern wind, the cunning strategies of both Zhuge

Liang and , and the use of deception and fire ships filled with reeds, oil, and other combustible materials, Cao Cao’s navy was burned in the River and he was forced out of Jing Province (“Battle of the Red Cliffs”).

After the Battle of the Red Cliffs, Liu Bei seized a golden opportunity to retake control of northern Jing Province without suffering many casualties (). While this has caused some animosity with Sun Quan- whose forces suffered dearly fighting against Cao Cao’s troops for control of -, Liu Bei nonetheless has found a strong and populous foothold by which he can achieve his noble goals. Liu Bei’s position may be precarious with not having as populous of a domain as Cao Cao or Sun Quan, not having the largest military, and not having the strongest diplomatic ties with his ally over desires for Jing Province. However, with the assistance of talented generals, brilliant strategists, and skilled administrators, Liu Bei shall truly still have a role to play in the future of the Middle Kingdom and the restoration of the Han

Dynasty! Topic History: Jing Province

In the current age- when the Han Dynasty has fallen into chaos- the ultimate objective of our lord is to reunite all of the Middle Kingdom under under one ruler: whether it be through fulfilling imperial ambitions or truly restoring the reign of the Han Dynasty. One region in particular is crucial for the reunification of China. Jing Province was created as an administrative region of the Western Han Dynasty during the reign of : also known as Liu

Che who reigned from 141 to 87 BCE (“Liu Che Bibliography”). However at that time, it was only an unofficial administrative region in name with no provincial capital. By 188 CE, Jing

Province was an official administrative region including many commanderies- subdivision administrative regions within a province- with important cities such as : the provincial capital of Jingzhou (“Jingzhou (Ancient China)”).

By 190 CE, Liu Biao administered Jingzhou as the Inspector of Jing Province and was compelled to defend his province from external threats (Theobald). When Sun - Sun Quan’s father- secretly kept the Imperial Seal for himself, a conflict ensued between and Liu

Biao: a conflict in which the former was killed in an ambush at Xiangyang in 191 CE (Luo

Guanzhong). While the Imperial Seal was handed off to another , Sun Jian’s children-

Sun Ce and Sun Quan- continued to cause trouble for Liu Biao. While their anger was aimed at

Huang Zu- Liu Biao’s subordinate who led the attack at Xiangyang-, anger over their father’s death could easily become ambitions to take over the province: a region highly coveted for its strategic position that the Sun Clan claims to be rightfully theirs.

Liu Biao was often uninvolved in conflicts outside of Jing Province: staying neutral during the decisive Battle of Guandu in 200 CE between Cao Cao and Shao (“Battle of Guandu”). Nevertheless, tensions still remained in Jing Province. In Spring of 208 CE, Sun Quan used a conflict in Jiangxia Commandery in Jing Province to kill Zu and seize the region for himself. Additionally, after a minor lord called Liu Bei was forced out of Xu Province after rebelling against Cao Cao, Liu Biao granted him protection for seven years. Liu Bei used this time to build personal connections with the administration and of Jing Province and expand his influence. Such connections included Liu Biao’s oldest son- - which only expanded a political rift between two of Liu Biao’s sons (Luo Guanzhong). The oldest was supported by Liu Bei while the youngest- Liu Cong- was supported by Liu Biao’s wife- Lady

Cai- and her family.

Such internal tensions reached a climax with Liu Biao’s death in 208 CE. Sensing an opportunity, Cao Cao mustered an overwhelming force of over 800,000 soldiers including infantry, , , artillerymen, and sailors to overcome Liu Biao’s successor: Liu Cong

(“Red Cliffs Order of Battle”). Outnumbered, Liu Cong- under the advice of Lady and her clan- surrendered the province to Cao Cao (Luo Guanzhong). Despite a transition from Governor of Jing Province to Inspector of Qing Province, Liu Cong and his mother in law were mysteriously killed on the route to Qingzhou.

While Liu Cong submitted to Cao Cao, Liu Qi supported Liu Bei in his of need and ferried him to safety (Luo Guanzhong). An alliance formed between Liu Bei and Sun Quan- with a force consisting of 30,000 loyal to Sun Quan and 20,000 loyal to Liu Bei and Liu Qi- decisively defeated Cao Cao at the Red Cliffs and ultimately drove Cao Cao out of most of Jing

Province during the following campaign (“Red Cliffs Order of Battle”). During this campaign, it was clear that both alliance members vied for control over Jing Province: either for restoring the Han or for their own personal gains. Nevertheless, fear that his rival would seize Jing Province led to Zhou Yu- Sun Quan’s main commander- fighting against Cao Cao’s armies, losing many soldiers, and granting Liu Bei an opportunity to seize Xiangyang and most of Northern Jing (Luo

Guanzhong). Such actions on Liu Bei’s part have led to strained relations and increased tensions between the two allies: tensions that could perhaps be exploited by Cao Cao. All the while, various warlords in commanderies in Southern Jing Province such as Guiyang, Lingling, Wuling, and remain relatively independent but are open to being subjugated by Liu Bei to the north or Sun Quan to the east either willingly or through military force.

Yet, it is no wonder why Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Sun Quan, and others wish to control Jing

Province. It is a province in the center of China with a large population, many administrative commanderies, fertile farmlands, and easy access to the both the Southlands- Sun Quan’s core territory- and the Central Plains- Cao Cao’s core territory consisting of important cities such as

Xuchang, Cao Cao’s capital city, and , once the capital of the Han Dynasty- as well as

Jiao Province to the south and Yi Province to the west- a mountainous region also known as the

Riverlands or under the politically inept . In short, whoever controls Jing Province has a staging platform to recruit soldiers, to gather supplies, and to ultimately conquer the rest of the Middle Kingdom. As such, Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan would undeniably view Jing

Province as vital for any long-term strategy to reunify China. Given all the history and the strategic importance of the province, it is important for the advisors of the three dominant warlords to develop strategies that could either grant their lord control of the vital Jing Province or to exploit the political situation as to aid in the conquest and reunification of all of the Middle

Kingdom. Perspective:

Liu Bei was initially a man under the protection of Cao Cao after Liu Bei was forced from his capital of Xiapi by Lu Bu (“Battle of Xiapi”). However, while Cao Cao helped Liu Bei take back Xiapi, he soon became corrupted by power into a man who would manipulate the

Emperor and kill thousands of innocents to consolidate his own power. He is truly an evil scourge of the Middle Kingdom, no matter what his sycophantic supporters may say! After the failed attempt to fight against Cao Cao forced Liu Bei to flee from Xu Province in 200 CE, Liu

Bei was under the protection of Liu Biao where Liu Bei forged his partnerships with men like

Zhuge Liang and Liu Qi (Luo Guanzhong). However, with Liu Biao’s death, Liu Bei was forced to retreat once again from Cao Cao’s overwhelming invasion force. With an alliance with Sun

Quan, Liu Bei managed to defeat Cao Cao at the Red Cliffs and even force him out of most of

Jing Province.

After the Battle of the Red Cliffs, Liu Bei has managed to retake control of most of northern Jing Province with Liu Qi installed as the Inspector of Jing Province. Holding northern

Jing including the province’s capital- Xiangyang- is vital to our lord’s further plans to expand into the rest of Jing Province, to conquer Yi Province, and to gather enough strength to overthrow the villain Cao Cao and to restore the Han Dynasty to greatness. Conquering Jing

Province in particular would give Liu Bei a central position by which he can strengthen his military, gather resources, and expand to other regions including the Riverlands of Yi Province and the Central Plains including Luoyang and under Cao Cao’s control. However, with great opportunities come great dangers as well. With Cao Cao safely within his territory, he has the ability to muster all of the northern provinces under his control to raise another army: one able to sweep aside our own due to shear numbers alone should we not have the proper forces or strategies. All the while, Sun Quan also seeks control of Jing Province: seeing it as vital for the security of his domain and as compensation for the thousands of lives lost for Liu Bei to take

Jingzhou himself. Giving in to such demands is an unacceptable response should Liu Bei seek to fulfill his mission to restore the Han, but the current military alliance with Sun Quan is also a vital asset needed to resist Cao Cao. As such, Liu Bei would need to tread carefully to expand his territory to conquer the warlords of southern Jing Province, to resist any offensives by Cao Cao, and to maintain the alliance with Sun Quan without giving in to any of his ambitions to control all of Jing Province.

Current Situation:

The Battle of the Red Cliffs decisively thrashed Cao Cao’s ambitions of conquering

China and crushing all who oppose him. However, the following campaign would prove equally important for our lord. During the Battle of Jiangling, Cao Cao was forced out of nearly all of

Jing Province. Despite Sun Quan losing the most soldiers, it was Liu Bei who seized most of

Northern Jing Province including the provincial capital city of Xiangyang: Guan Yu having seized an undefended city after Dun left to reinforce Cao (Luo Guanzhong). This undoubtedly has the potential of causing a diplomatic rift between our lord and Sun Quan: a rift which best serves Cao Cao as it sees his enemies divided and open to being conquered one by one. Sun Quan has previously stated his desire to control Jing Province as to ensure the security of the Southlands, and yet Jing Province is vital for our lord’s own plan to expand his territory and restore the Han. As such, it is vital that Liu Bei’s followers find a solution that would allow our lord to ensure control of Jing Province while also maintaining the Liu Bei-Sun Quan alliance.

Yet, the current domains are only the beginning of a plan to expand Liu Bei’s territory: a plan known as the Plan created by Liu Bei’s trusted military advisor Zhuge Liang

(Luo Guanzhong). The first part of the Longzhong Plan is to secure the rest of Jing Province: currently ruled by various minor warlords (“Longzhong Plan”). For years, the Administrators of

Lingling, Guiyang, Wuling, and Changsha have ruled autonomously despite paying lip-service to

Liu Qi: the Inspector of Jing Province. The armies led by these minor warlords may be larger than those of Liu Bei’s, but our lord’s forces are well-trained and well-experienced after months of fighting against Cao Cao’s troops. Now, Liu Bei and his supporters have the opportunity incorporating all of these commanderies under Liu Bei and Liu Qi’s rule whether it be through violent or nonviolent means. While the unification of Jing Province under one ruler would provide Liu Bei a stronger base to recruit soldiers and gather supplies, Sun Quan may still eye southern Jing for himself. Thus, it is wise to be on guard of such infringements on restoring Jing

Province to the rule of the Liu clan: descendants of the Han Emperors. For the Administrators of southern Jing Province, they must ultimately decide between serving Liu Bei, submitting to Sun

Quan, or fighting against both: a decision that could lead to either retainment of their power, peace to their people, or utter destruction.

The second part of the Longzhong Plan is to secure Yi Province for additional manpower and resources. Yi Province is divided into two regions ruled by two warlords: the Riverlands or

Shu led by Liu Zhang and led by . Liu Zhang is indecisive by nature- more focused on painting court ladies and water lilies than expanding his domain- while Zhang Lu attempts to aggressively expand his territory into Yi Province (Luo Guanzhong). Yet, the province’s geography may prove to be a tougher challenge as our lord’s forces would be required to march hundreds of miles in rough, mountainous terrain in order to reach the capitals of

Hanzhong and Yizhou. Yi Province also contends with the : tribesmen loyal to a chieftain named and his wife- Lady Zhurong- who is descended from a fire goddess. These tribesmen may pose a threat by raiding villages and undefended territories, but could be overcome with the right strategy. Should Liu Bei’s forces manage to conquer that vital region and maintain the alliance with Sun Quan, our lord would be in an ideal position for the third step: conquer the Central Plain, overthrow Cao Cao, and restore the Han Dynasty. It is important to keep in mind, however, that Sun Quan would undeniably seek control of Jing Province, and it is important for the sake of the alliance to ensure that Sun Quan does not become a larger danger than Cao Cao.

However, seizing control of provinces by military force would not ensure stability.

Instead, stability requires the support of the people; not only through decreasing the burden of taxes or improving a town’s infrastructure, but through actions and improving morals and principles. Liu Bei has already proven himself a man of the people when his army protected

100,000 unarmed civilians from Cao Cao’s onslaught at the Battle of Changban in 208.

However, our lord knows that the loss of faith, morals, and principles among the common folk and the noblemen alike have caused the collapse of the Han Dynasty. After all, how could a coalition of nobles fight against a tyrant like Dong Zhuo when they are too busy fighting against each other over petty matters? In order for the Han Dynasty to be politically restored, Liu Bei and his supporters need to commit to efforts in order to improve the people’s trust in the Han.

Traditional morals such as , duty, honor, and righteousness would surely bring the people and the army to support our lord’s regime: especially if officers, administrators, and anyone in a position of power is held to those standards. With both moral and practical solutions, both for internal and external threats, it may still be possible for Liu Bei to overcome the current lack of manpower and resources, overthrow the evil tyrant Cao Cao, and finally restore the Han

Dynasty for the next thousand years under the benevolent and just guidance of Liu Bei!

Image 1: Current Political Situation of the Middle Kingdom (209 CE) 中國目前的政治形勢 Image 2: Current Political Situation of the Middle Kingdom (209 CE)

中國目前的政治形勢

Liu Bei’s Domain Statistics: ​ Capital City: Xiangyang ​ Important Cities: Nanjun, Jiangling, Gongan, Yiling, , Zigui, Shangyong ​ Population: 3.6 million civilians (360,000 Recruitable) ​ Territories: Northern Jing Province ​ Army Size: 20,000 Soldiers ​ Navy Size: 1,000 Warships ​ Guiding Questions: ​ 1. What is the best way for Liu Bei to overthrow Cao Cao and reunite the Han Dynasty, and

how can your character best contribute to this cause?

2. How can Liu Bei best consolidate the lands under his control? Should the priority be

developing the state’s infrastructure, strengthening Liu Bei’s military, promoting lost

moral values, or something else entirely?

3. How can the alliance with Sun Quan be maintained while also keeping his aspirations of

controlling Jing Province in check and ensuring that Sun Quan does not grow to become

a more dangerous threat than Cao Cao?

4. Should Liu Bei make efforts to expand its borders or should it defend the current territory

under its control? Where should Liu Bei’s military force be concentrated for either

expansion or defence?

5. How can Liu Bei effectively take control of southern Jing Province and other territories

such as Yi Province while also gaining the trust of the people? If your character is or is loyal to a warlord of southern Jing, should your forces seek to resist Liu Bei’s offensive

or should you submit to Liu Bei’s or someone else’s rule?

6. What would be the short-term and long-term goals and plans that your character would

have to best serve Liu Bei and/or yourself?

Resources for Further Research: ​ https://suntzusaid.com/ https://www.ancient.eu/Chinese_Warfare/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Han_dynasty https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms http://www.threekingdoms.com/ (We begin at Chapter 52) ​ http://chinesewarstrategies.blogspot.com/2008/11/36-strategies-of-ancient-china-overview.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXT67XDPreE&list=PLyCSiQ2bdudslTQsgVgYyPV40ejr5t

Nmk http://www.3kingdomspodcast.com/subscribe-podcast/list-of-all-episodes/ (We begin at Episode

64)

Works Cited: ​ Battle of Changban. Retrieved August 18, 2018, from

http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Battle_of_Changban. ​ Battle of Guandu. Retrieved August 18, 2018, from

http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Battle_of_Guandu. ​ Battle of Jiangxia. Retrieved August 18, 2018, from

http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Battle_of_Jiangxia. ​ Battle of Xiapi. Retrieved August 18, 2018, from http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Battle_of_Xiapi. ​ ​ BlastfromthePast. (2015, August 15). Battle of the Red Cliffs - Three Kingdoms for China |

HISTORY OF CHINA. YouTube. Retrieved from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rp7KcaA6_Q4. ​ Campaign Against Dong Zhuo. Retrieved August 18, 2018, from

https://military.wikia.com/wiki/Campaign_against_Dong_Zhuo. ​ Lady Zhurong. Retrieved August 18, 2018, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Zhurong. ​ ​ Large Map of the Chinese during the Three Kingdoms Period [Digital image]. (n.d.).

Retrieved October 21, 2018, from

http://anthony.sogang.ac.kr/ThreeKingdoms/map2.htm. ​ Liu Che Bibliography: Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty (156-87 BC). (2011, December 6). Totally

History. Retrieved August 18, 2018, from http://totallyhistory.com/liu-che/. ​ ​ ​ Liu Zhang. Retrieved August 18, 2018, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Zhang_(warlord). ​ ​ Longzhong Plan. Retrieved August 18, 2018, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longzhong_Plan. ​ Jingzhou (Ancient China). Retrieved August 18, 2018, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingzhou_(ancient_China). ​ Meng Huo. Retrieved August 18, 2018, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meng_Huo. ​ ​ Records of the Three Kingdoms. Retrieved August 18, 2018, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms. ​ Red Cliffs Order of Battle. Retrieved August 18, 2018, from

http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Red_Cliffs_order_of_battle. ​ Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Retrieved August 18, 2018, from

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