Downloaded by [New York University] at 00:16 07 August 2016 The East Asian War, 1592–1598 As East Asia regains its historical position as a world centre, information on the history of regional relations becomes ever more critical. Astonishingly, Northeast Asia enjoyed fi ve centuries of international peace from 1400 to 1894, broken only by one major international war – the invasion of Korea in the 1590s by Japan’s ruler Hideyoshi. This war involved Koreans, Japanese, Chinese, Southeast Asians, and Europeans; it saw the largest overseas landing in world history up to that time and devastated Korea. It also highlighted the nature of the strategic balance in the region, presenting China’s Ming dynasty with a serious threat that perhaps foreshadowed the dynasty’s subsequent overthrow by the Manchus, played a major part in the establishment of the Tokugawa regime with its policy of peace and controlled access to seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Japan, and demonstrated the importance for regional stability of the subtle relationship of Korea to both China and Japan. This book presents a comprehensive analysis of the war and its aftermath in all its aspects – military, political, social, economic, and cultural. As such it deepens understanding of East Asian international relations and provides important insights into the strategic concerns that continue to operate in the region at present. James B. Lewis is the University Lecturer in Korean History at the University of Oxford, UK. Downloaded by [New York University] at 00:16 07 August 2016 Asian States and Empires Edited by Peter Lorge , Vanderbilt University The importance of Asia will continue to grow in the twenty-fi rst century, but remarkably little is available in English on the history of the polities that constitute this critical area. Most current work on Asia is hindered by the extremely limited state of knowledge of the Asian past in general and the history of Asian states and empires in particular. Asian States and Empires is a book series that will provide detailed accounts of the history of states and empires across Asia from earliest times to the present. It aims to explain and describe the formation, maintenance and collapse of Asian states and empires, and the means by which this was accomplished, making available the history of more than half the world’s population at a level of detail comparable to the history of Western polities. In so doing, it will demonstrate that Asian peoples and civilizations had their own histories apart from the West and provide the basis for understanding contemporary Asia in terms of its actual histories, rather than broad generalizations informed by Western categories of knowledge. 1. The Third Chinese Revolutionary 6. Rethinking the Decline of Civil War, 1945–49 China’s Qing Dynasty An analysis of Communist Imperial activism and strategy and leadership borderland management at the Christopher R. Lew turn of the nineteenth century Daniel McMahon 2. China’s Southern Tang Dynasty, 937–976 7. Civil–Military Relations in Johannes L. Kurz Chinese History From Ancient China to the 3. War, Culture and Society in Early Communist takeover Modern South Asia, 1740–1849 Edited by Kai Filipiak Downloaded by [New York University] at 00:16 07 August 2016 Kaushik Roy 8. Chinese and Indian Warfare – 4. The Military Collapse of China’s From the Classical Age to 1870 Ming Dynasty, 1618–44 Edited by Kaushik Roy and Kenneth M. Swope Peter Lorge 5. China’s Second Capital – Nanjing 9. The East Asian War, 1592–1598 under the Ming, 1368–1644 International relations, violence, Jun Fang and memory Edited by James B. Lewis The East Asian War, 1592–1598 International relations, violence, and memory Edited by James B. Lewis Downloaded by [New York University] at 00:16 07 August 2016 First published 2015 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2015 selection and editorial material, James B. Lewis; individual chapters, the contributors The right of James B. Lewis to be identifi ed as author of the editorial material, and of the individual authors as authors of their contributions, has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data A catalog record for this book has been requested. ISBN: 978-1-138-78663-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-76720-8 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman Downloaded by [New York University] at 00:16 07 August 2016 by Out of House Publishing Contents List of illustrations viii List of contributors ix Acknowledgments xi Maps xii Introduction 1 P A R T I International and domestic background 9 1 Japanese–Korean and Japanese–Chinese relations in the sixteenth century 11 SAEKI K Ō JI 2 Korea’s pre-war domestic situation and relations with Japan 22 HAN MOON JONG 3 Violence, trade, and impostors in Korean–Japanese relations, 1510–1609 42 KENNETH R. ROBINSON PART II War 71 Downloaded by [New York University] at 00:16 07 August 2016 4 The Imjin Waeran: contrasting the fi rst and the second invasions of Korea 73 KITAJIMA MANJI 5 Hideyoshi’s view of Chos ŏ n Korea and Japan–Ming negotiations 93 SAJIMA AKIKO vi Contents 6 Post-war domain source material on Hideyoshi’s invasion of Korea: the wartime memoirs of Shimazu soldiers 108 MURAI SH Ō SUKE 7 The role of the Chos ŏ n navy and major naval battles during the Imjin Waeran 120 YI MIN’UNG 8 Righteous army activity in the Imjin War 141 NUKII MASAYUKI 9 Ming grand strategy and the intervention in Korea 163 KENNETH M. SWOPE 10 Wanli China versus Hideyoshi’s Japan: rethinking China’s involvement in the Imjin Waeran 197 HARRIET T. ZURNDORFER 11 The celestial warriors: Ming military aid and abuse during the Korean War, 1592–8 236 NAM-LIN HUR 12 International relations and the Imjin War 256 JAMES B. LEWIS PART III Impact and memory 275 13 “The inestimable benevolence of saving a country on the brink of ruin”: Chos ŏ n–Ming and Chos ŏ n–Later Jin relations in the seventeenth century 277 HAN MYUNG-GI 14 Chos ŏ n Korea and Ming China after the Imjin Waeran: state rituals in the Later Chos ŏ n period 294 KUWANO EIJI Downloaded by [New York University] at 00:16 07 August 2016 15 War and cultural exchange 323 HA WOO BONG 16 The Imjin Waeran in Korean and Japanese literature 340 CHOI GWAN Contents vii 17 Fashioning womanly Confucian virtue: the virtuous woman in post-war literary discourse 357 MICHAEL J. PETTID Conclusion 378 Glossary and index 380 Downloaded by [New York University] at 00:16 07 August 2016 Illustrations Maps 1 East Asia c .1592 xii 2 First invasion xiii 3 Naval war xiv 4 Guerrilla war xv 5 Second invasion xvi Tables 2.1 Korean and Japanese embassies 27 2.2 Embassies from the king of Japan to Chos ŏ n (1510–92) 29 4.1 Province, production level, and daikan assignments 77 7.1 Sea battles of 1592 124 Figures 17.1 Maiden Ch’oe 362 17.2 Two wives 363 17.3 K ŭ nshim 364 Downloaded by [New York University] at 00:16 07 August 2016 Contributors Choi Gwan ( 崔 官), Professor of Japanese Studies, Korea University, South Korea. Ha Woo Bong ( 河宇鳳), Professor of History, Ch ŏ nbuk National University South Korea. Han Moon Jong ( 韓文鍾), Associate Professor of History, Ch ŏ nbuk National University South Korea. Han Myung-gi ( 䞲ⳛ₆), Professor of History, Department of History, Myongji University, South Korea. Nam-lin Hur , Professor of Asian Studies, University of British Columbia, Canada. Kitajima Manji ( 北島万次), Professor of International Studies, Faculty of International Studies, Ky ō ritsu Women’s University, Japan. Kuwano Eiji ( 桑野栄治), Professor of History, Department of Intercultural Studies, Kurume University, Japan. James B. Lewis , University Lecturer in Korean History, University of Oxford. Murai Shō suke ( 村井章介), Professor of Japanese History, Graduate School of Humanities and Sociology, Faculty of Letters, University of T ō ky ō , Japan. Nukii Masayuki 貫井正之 ( ), Lecturer, Nagoya University of Foreign Studies Downloaded by [New York University] at 00:16 07 August 2016 and Nihon Fukushi University, Japan. Michael J. Pettid , Professor of Premodern Korean Studies, Binghamton University (SUNY), USA. Kenneth R. Robinson , Research Fellow, Institute of Asian Cultural Studies, International Christian University, Japan. Saeki Kō ji ( 佐伯弘次), Professor of Japanese History, Department of History, Ky ū sh ū University, Japan. x List of contributors Sajima Akiko ( 佐島顕子), Associate Professor of History, Fukuoka Jo Gakuin University, Japan. Kenneth M. Swope , Professor of History, University of Southern Mississippi, USA. Yi Min’ung ( 蝗敏雄), Professor of History, Republic of Korea Naval Academy, South Korea. Harriet T. Zurndorfer , Faculty of Humanities, Leiden University, The Netherlands. Downloaded by [New York University] at 00:16 07 August 2016 Acknowledgments The origin of the present volume goes back to an international conference held in Oxford in 2001.