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Kajian Potensi Lanskap Untuk Pengembangan Wisata Sejarah Kota Medan

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Kajian Potensi Lanskap Untuk Pengembangan Wisata Sejarah Kota Medan doi : 10.29244/jli.11.1.2019.48-54 KAJIAN POTENSI LANSKAP UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN WISATA SEJARAH KOTA MEDAN Study of Potential Landscape for ABSTRACT Historical Tourism Medan City Medan is capital city of North Sumatera that established since 1590. Medan City has six historical area which there are many historical objects and landscapes. The six historical area are Kesawan, Maimun Palace, Polonia, Kampung Madras, Pulo Brayan, and Labuhan Deli Old City. The objectives of this study are to produce historical landscapes distribution map and to assess potential of historical tourism in the six Fariz Harindra Syam historical area. This study used old map of Medan City (year 1913 and 1945) in order Program Studi Arsitektur Lanskap, to assess for the distribution of historical objects/landscapes that still exist. The value of Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian potential historical tourism obtained from total of authenticity, uniqueness, and Bogor Email: [email protected] tourism supporting factors. The results of the study show that Kesawan area has the most amount of historical objects/landscapes (19) with character of Netherland-Indische Nurhayati Colonial and China Town. Kesawan area also has the highest value of potential Departemen Arsitektur Lanskap, Fakultas historical tourism. Besides that, Maimun Palace area and Polonia area also has high Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor value of authenticity and uniqueness. Maimun Palace has strong character of Melayu Email: [email protected] Deli Sultanate and Polonia has strong character of Colonial. Location of this two areas are also adjacent with Kesawan area. Therefore, the Maimun Palace and Polonia area Hadi Susilo Arifin has high potential to be developed as historical tourism area. Departemen Arsitektur Lanskap, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor Keywords: authenticity and uniqueness assessment, heritage city, historical mapping, Email: [email protected] historical value Diajukan: 13 Agustus 2018 Diterima: 19 September 2019 PENDAHULUAN KCB dalam pusat pelayanan Kota Medan adalah Kawasan Kesawan, Kawasan Istana Maimun, Kawasan Polonia, dan Kota Medan merupakan ibukota Provinsi Sumatera Utara Kawasan Kampung Madras. Pada tahun 2014, terdapat yang terletak di pesisir timur Sumatera Utara. Cikal bakal sekitar 1.225 obyek warisan sejarah di Kota Medan, yang Kota Medan sudah ada sejak tahun 1590 (Bappeda Kota kebanyakan adalah obyek tak bergerak (Fitri et al 2017). Medan, 2011). Dalam perkembangannya, Kota Medan Upaya perlindungan terhadap obyek bersejarah di Kota mengalami perubahan masa pemerintahan, dari masa Medan sudah dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Kota Medan pemerintahan Kesultanan Melayu Deli, Kolonial Hindia- dengan menerbitkan Perda Nomor 6 Tahun 1988 tentang Belanda, hingga saat ini menjadi bagian dari Republik Pelestarian Bangunan dan Lingkungan yang Bernilai Indonesia. Peninggalan dari masa-masa pemerintahan Sejarah, Arsitektur, Kepurbakalaan, serta Penghijauan tersebut banyak tersebar di Kota Medan. Tren dalam Daerah Kota Medan. Kelestarian objek bersejarah pembangunan, perubahan iklim global, globalisasi sebagai bukti sejarah dan modal budaya tersebut memiliki ekonomi, serta modernisasi saat ini dapat berdampak potensi besar dalam kecenderungan persaingan tertekannya lanskap sejarah dan budaya (Hasibuan et al pariwisata global. Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini bertujuan 2014; Awalia et al 2017). Keberadaan lanskap sejarah dan untuk memetakan kondisi dan karakter lanskap budaya dapat menjaga keaslian dan keunikan karakter bersejarah di Kota Medan dan mendapatkan nilai potensi suatu lanskap. Pelestarian lanskap sejarah dan budaya wisata sejarah di kawasan bersejarah Kota Medan. kota dapat dilakukan dengan cara memetakan karakter lanskap dan menelusuri nilai-nilai keunikan dan keaslian METODE PENELITIAN lanskap sejarah tersebut. Lokasi dan Waktu Penelitian Kini Kota Medan adalah salah satu kota yang dibina untuk menjadi Kota Pusaka di Indonesia oleh Kementerian Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada kawasan bersejarah di Pekerjaan Umum melalui Program Penataan dan pusat Kota Medan, Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Sebaran Pelestarian Kota Pusaka (P3KP). Program Kota Pusaka ini kawasan bersejarah pada penelitian ini berdasarkan KCB yakni mewujudkan ruang kota yang aman, nyaman, yang disebutkan Peraturan Daerah Kota Medan Nomor 13 produktif dan berkelanjutan berbasis rencana tata ruang, Tahun 2011 yang terbagi menjadi enam kawasan. bercirikan nilai-nilai pusaka, melalui transformasi upaya- Kawasan bersejarah tersebut yaitu Kawasan Kesawan, upaya pelestarian menuju urban (heritage) development Kawasan Istana Maimun, Kawasan Kampung Madras, dengan dukungan dan pengelolaan yang baik serta Kawasan Polonia, Kawasan Eks Kompleks Kereta Api penyediaan infrastruktur yang tepat. Hal ini berdasarkan Pulo Brayan, dan Kawasan Kota Lama Labuhan Deli. UU Cagar Budaya Nomor 11 Tahun 2010 dan UU Penelitian dilaksanakan bulan Januari - Mei 2016. Penataan Ruang Nomor 26 Tahun 2007. Saat ini, terdapat Alat dan Bahan banyak objek sejarah di pusat Kota Medan, namun tidak banyak yang diketahui oleh masyarakat dan wisatawan. Peralatan yang digunakan meliputi kamera digital, Berdasarkan Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Kota Medan seperangkat komputer, Global Positioning System (GPS), tahun 2011-2021, Kota Medan memiliki 6 Kawasan Cagar serta berbagai software seperti ArcMap 10.4, Google Earth, Budaya (KCB), empat di antaranya berada dalam Adobe Photoshop, Microsoft Word 2013, dan Microsoft Excel kawasan pusat pelayanan Kota Medan. 2013. Bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah JURNAL LANSKAP INDONESIA | VOL 11 NO 2 2019 48 doi : 10.29244/jli.11.1.2019.48-54 peta Kota Medan tahun 1913 dan 1945 serta foto-foto tua (Tabel 1). Kondisi objek dan lanskap Sejarah adalah terkait objek/lanskap bersejarah di Kota Medan. dengan pemeliharaan fisik objek dan lanskap tersebut. Hal ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi fisik objek/ Pengumpulan Data lanskap sejarah. Secara umum objek/lanskap sejarah di Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan beberapa tahapan. masing-masing kawasan masih terpelihara dengan baik. Tahap pertama adalah studi pustaka pendahuluan. Studi Objek/lanskap tersebut masih terpelihara dengan baik pustaka ini dimaksudkan untuk memperoleh informasi karena masih dipergunakan sebagai gedung kantor, terkait dengan sebaran bangunan dan lanskap bersejarah museum, sekolah, dan tempat ibadah (Tabel 2). di Kota Medan. Tahap kedua yaitu penelusuran elemen Penilaian Potensi Wisata Sejarah bangunan dan lanskap bersejarah dengan menggunakan referensi peta Kota Medan tahun 1913 dan 1945. Pada Nilai Keaslian dan Keunikan Lanskap Sejarah tahap kedua ini dilakukan perekaman kondisi elemen Nilai potensi wisata didapatkan melalui penilaian kondisi bangunan dan lanskap bersejarah di Kota Medan dengan objek/lanskap yaitu terkait keaslian dan keunikan obyek cara pengambilan foto dan video menggunakan kamera. dalam kawasan. Nilai keaslian lanskap sejarah Tahap ketiga adalah wawancara dengan pihak pengelola dipengaruhi oleh perubahan pola tata guna lahan, keaslian di lokasi elemen lanskap bersejarah. Wawancara ini bangunan, dan pola sirkulasi. Hasil penilaian keaslian dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui kondisi fisik dari elemen lanskap sejarah menunjukkan Kawasan Kesawan lanskap bersejarah tersebut. memiliki nilai keaslian lanskap sejarah yang paling tinggi Prosedur Analisis Data di antara enam kawasan bersejarah tersebut (Tabel 3). Hal ini Kawasan Kesawan memiliki lebih dari lima bangunan Pemetaan Sebaran dan Kondisi Lanskap Sejarah yang mewakili gaya masa lalu dan berumur lebih dari 50 Pemetaan sebaran dilakukan dengan mengolah titik-titik tahun. Pola penggunaan lahan di Kawasan Kesawan juga elemen lanskap sejarah yang telah diperoleh dari hanya berubah 20-50% dari pola penggunaan lahan pengumpulan data. Titik-titik lokasi tersebut kemudian sebelumnya. Pola sirkulasi di Kawasan Kesawan juga diolah menggunakan Google Earth untuk menghasilkan hanya mengalami penambahan ruas dan tidak merubah peta sebaran lanskap bersejarah di Kota Medan. karakter sirkulasinya. Kemudian kondisi lanskap sejarah disajikan secara Selain nilai keaslian, lanskap sejarah juga dinilai deskriptif berdasarkan dari hasil wawancara dengan keunikannya. Nilai keunikan lanskap sejarah terdiri dari pengelola lanskap sejarah dan literatur yang didapatkan. empat komponen penilaian yaitu asosiasi kesejarahan, Penilaian Potensi Wisata Sejarah integritas, keragaman yang berbeda dari biasanya, dan estetika lanskap (Mulya et al 2016; Syahadat et al 2014). Potensi wisata sejarah dapat dipengaruhi oleh faktor- Nilai keunikan lanskap tertinggi terdapat pada Kawasan faktor yaitu obyek daya tarik wisata sejarah, aspek Kesawan (Tabel 3). Kawasan Kesawan memiliki nilai penunjang wisata, dan pengunjung. Obyek dan daya tarik tertinggi dalam tiga aspek yaitu aspek integritas, wisata sejarah adalah terkait keaslian dan keunikan keragaman elemen/lanskap sejarah, dan kualitas estetika. lanskap sejarah tersebut. Keaslian Lanskap sejarah dan keunikan lanskap sejarah tersebut dinilai dengan Penilaian Faktor Pendukung Wisata memberikan derajat 1 sampai 3 menggunakan kriteria Faktor pendukung wisata terdiri dari aspek fasilitas Harris dan Dines (1988) (Mulya et al, 2016; Syahadat et al, pendukung wisata, ketersediaan transportasi, kemudahan 2014). Selain obyek lanskap sejarah, penilaian potensi akses ke obyek wisata, dan ketersediaan informasi. Hasil wisata sejarah juga mempertimbangkan aspek fasilitas penilaian aspek wisata menunjukkan bahwa Kawasan pendukung,
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