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Soon2019.Pdf (1.681Mb) This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Diverse Theological Approaches to a Divided Land: A Critical Assessment of Liberal and Conservative South Korean Protestant Thinking on the Problem of a Divided Korea Song, Hoon A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Divinity, The University of Edinburgh 2019 Declaration I declare that, I, Hoon Song, have composed this thesis, that it is entirely my own work, and that it has not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification. i Table of Contents Declaration ..................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ ii Notes on Romanisation and Translation............................ .............................. ............ v Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. vi Glossary of Korean Terms ......................................................................................... vii Abstract ..................................................................................................................... viii Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1. Anti-Communism in South Korea and the Churches’ Engagement in Unification Movement ...................................................................................... 1 2. Research Questions ........................................................................................... 8 3. Literature Review ............................................................................................. 9 4. Methodology ................................................................................................... 17 5. Contributions of the study ............................................................................. 20 Chapter 1 South Korean Anti-communism and the Origin of Minjung Theology among South Korean Protestant Churches ........................................................................................ 22 1. 1. The Age of Political Turmoil and People’s Demand for Democracy .......... 22 1. 2. Developing a National Ideology: Anti-Communism (Bangong) ................. 26 1. 3. Anti-Communism, Memory and Identity in South Korea ........................... 30 1. 4. Protestant Churches’ Industrial Mission and Democratic Movement Based on Minjung Theology ................................................................................. 35 Chapter 2 South Korean Liberal Churches’ Involvement in the Unification Movement and ‘The Declaration of the Churches of Korea on National Unification and Peace’ ............... 41 2. 1. Foreign-residing South Korean Immigrant Christians’ Influence over the Christian Dialogue for Unification with North Korean Christians ............... 43 2. 2. Dialogues between North and South Korean Christians and Involvement of the World Council of Churches in the Unification Discussions of Korean Christians ...................................................................................................... 46 2. 3. The NCCK Declaration of Korean Churches on the National Unification. and Peace’ and Its Influence ......................................................................... 55 2. 4. Minjung Theology and the 88 Declaration .................................................. 63 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 69 ii Chapter 3 Humanitarian Work and Missions To North Korean People Led by the Conservative Churches of South Korea ............................................................................................ 76 3. 1. Anti-Communism and the South Korean Conservative Churches .............. 76 3. 2. Seung-gong Discourse and the Churches’ Message of Earthly Blessings ... 82 3. 3. The 88 Declaration of NCCK and the Response of the Conservative Churches ....................................................................................................... 86 3. 4. Establishment of the CCK (Christian Council of Korea) and Their Approaches toward Unification .................................................................... 90 3. 5. Conservative-Liberal Churches’ Alliance for Unification Movement ....... 98 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 102 Chapter 4 From Nationalism and Minjung Theology to Unification Theology in South Korea: The Contributions of Moon Ik-Hwan and Park Soon-Kyung ................................... 104 4. 1. Development of Minjung Theology and Minjung Theologians’ Various Reflections on the Unification of Korea ..................................................... 105 4. 2. Moon Ik-Hwan's Minjung-Driven Unification Movement and His Visit to North Korea ................................................................................................ 107 4. 3. Park Soon-Kyung and the Reworking of Korean Nationalism, Christian Socialism, and Feminist Theology into Unification Theology ................... 118 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 128 Chapter 5 Critical Assessment of the Theological Approaches of Conservative Christian Thinkers and Activists to the Unification of Korea, Focusing on Han Kyung-Chik and Kim Young-Han ................................................................................................. 132 5. 1. Han Kyung-Chik and His Hope for Unification ........................................ 133 5. 1. 1. Korean Nationalism under Japanese Occupation and Han Kyung Chik’s Vision of a State of Freedom ............................................................. 134 5. 1. 2. Han Kyung-Chik and His Anti-Communism ................................. 136 5. 1. 3. Han Kyung-Chik’s Thoughts on the Unification of Korea ............. 139 5. 1. 4. Evaluation ....................................................................................... 144 5. 2. Kim Young-Han’s Approaches toward Unification by an Advanced Country ....................................................................................................... 145 iii 5. 2. 1. Reformed Theology and Unification .............................................. 146 5. 2. 2. God’s Providence in the History of the Korean People .................. 149 5. 2. 3. Ideologies in the Korean Peninsula and Search for the Third Way; the Gospel of God ......................................................................................... 151 5. 2. 4. The Unification Led by Educated Citizens ..................................... 153 5. 2. 5. Evaluation ....................................................................................... 158 Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 160 Chapter 6 New Christian Perspectives on the Problems of Divide Land: From Minjok and Minjung to Simin in Search for More Practical and Public Discourses of Peace in the Korean Peninsula ..................................................................................................... 163 6. 1. Locally-Driven Christian Mission for Peace and the Unification of Korea .................................................................................................................... 166 6. 2. From Minjung to Citizens: The Changing Subjectivity of Unification Discourse and Christians’ Responsibility for Peace and the Unification of Korea as Citizens ........................................................................................ 169 6. 3. Christian Anti-Nuclear Discourse–Chang Yoon-Jae and Noh Jong-Sun .. 181 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 186 Chapter 7 Memory, Justice and Reconciliation in the Divided Land ........................................ 189 7. 1. Memories of the Korean War and the Division of the Korean Peninsula . 190 7. 1. 1. Anti-communism: Manipulating the Memory of the South Korean People ............................................................................................................ 191 7. 1. 2. Manipulation of the Memory of North Korean Defectors .............. 196 7. 2. Truthful Memory and Justice in the Korean Peninsula ............................. 199 7. 3. Seeking for Reconciliation in the Divided Korea .....................................
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