The Korean As Commodity Fetish a Dissertation SUBMITTED to THE
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Of Bodies and Things: The Korean as Commodity Fetish A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Na Lae Kim IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Timothy Brennan and Josephine Lee, advisors May 2016 © Na Lae Kim 2016 i Abstract This dissertation studies the intertwined construction of national subjects in both South Korea and the United States. Through a transnational examination of Korean and Korean American literature, I track how the impact of these overlapping structures in both nations’ remaking of national identity necessitated a re-thinking of the national subject. I propose that the construction of the national subject is embedded within a number of interrelated processes including 1) the neo-imperial entanglement of South Korea with the United States; 2) the modernization of the two nations as not only an economic but also a discursive project; and 3) the spread of neoliberalism and its bearing upon the racialization of Koreans and Korean Americans. Koreans were repeatedly re-imagined to befit the new social order. By exploring how the figure of Korean is re-situated as an ideal citizen along the axes of immigrants/emigrants and national/alien, I track the changing perception of the nation- state and different forms of national belonging. I suggest that the processes of constructing and reforming these modern subjectivities and of dismembering prior forms of selfhood and social order are rehearsed discursively in transnational Korean literature. In particular, I illustrate how unresolved contradictions and competing social structures are displaced and worked out in the realm of the literary. I contend that the colonial and postcolonial modernization of South Korea, as well as the socio-cultural suspicion that followed Korean immigrants as they entered the United States, produced distinctive styles of narrative inventiveness in subjects who had to negotiate multiple expectations and multilayered histories. I read this stylistic distinctiveness as an enactment of the overlapping histories of South Korea and the United States. Furthermore, my project ii questions generic practices of thinking and articulating racial, ethnic, and national identities. In particular, I demonstrate how the transnational Korean novel complicates the national form not only through a re-imagination of the contours of the nation but also through a re-invention of traditional novelistic genres, including the Bildungsroman, the picaresque, and the ethnic novel. I consider these traditional novelistic genres in relation to the possibility of co-determining generic conventions and national impositions by examining what might be seen as a singular ethno-racial group—namely, transnational Koreans—who may share this ethno-racial identification but not geographical and national positions. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction. 1 Chapter 1. 31 Sensing Stasis: Aestheticizing Post-War South Korea in Chŏng-hŭi O’s “The Chinese Street” Chapter 2. 87 Racial Bodies and Racial Things: The Ideal Neoliberal Subject in Yongsoo Park’s Boy Genius Chapter 3. 136 The Korean Effect: On Writing and Not Writing as Korean American Epilogue. 171 ‘Rescuing’ North Korea: Asian American Literature and the Limits of Empathy Bibliography 187 1 Introduction This dissertation investigates the intertwined construction of national subjects in both South Korea and the United States as well as the transnational Korean literary responses to that construction from the Cold War era to the present. It is a literary project that historically situates the processes of subject-formation and nation-building portrayed in transnational Korean writing. By closely analyzing a number of Korean and Korean American literature, I argue that reading these works together reveals a troubling interwoven history of South Korea and the U.S., whereby both nations learned from each other how to primarily envisage their citizenry through a utilitarian lens. Specifically, I argue that a neo-imperial exchange between the two nations reconceptualized national subjects through an economic calculus that traversed borders. I track pivotal moments from the Cold War period to the present as each nation moved away from desiring a stable ethno-racial populace, and instead began to imagine potential value in citizen- subjects who exhibited transnational sensibilities. This process, which I call the “transnationalization of national subjects,” positioned both Koreans and Korean Americans as flexible commodities, whose exchange could respectively drive South Korea’s unprecedented economic growth and further U.S. Cold War internationalism. This changing imagination of the national subject, I demonstrate, makes visible the impact of redrawing the shifting line between the citizen and the alien, the raced and the white, and the national and the global. To track the straddling of the national and the transnational in constructing the citizen-subject, my transnational approach reaffirms, 2 rather than negates, the significance of the national border in categorizing subjectivities and experiences. By exploring how the figure of the Korean is re-situated as an ideal citizen along the axes of immigrants/emigrants and national/alien, I examine the moments when the perception of the national border is transformed. With this, I consider how the conception of the transnational hinges on the national, and ask what the contemporary turn to the transnational approach means. For instance, transnational Korean migration has been occurring for hundreds of years. At which moments does it become legible as such? At which moments does it gain momentum? Also, when are the members of the Korean diaspora claimed by South Korea and the United States as their citizens? I propose that the construction of the national subject is embedded within a number of overlapping processes including 1) the neo-imperial entanglement of South Korea and the United States; 2) the modernization of the two nations as not only an economic but also a discursive project; and 3) the spread of neoliberalism and its bearing upon the racialization of Koreans and Korean Americans. These three are interrelated processes that cannot be neatly separated. In this dissertation, I explore how the effects of these overlapping structures on both nations’ remaking of national identity necessitated a re-thinking of the national subject. The Institutionalization of Literature in Transnational Korean History In this particular context, in which overlapping processes of modernization, industrialization, neo-imperialism, globalization, and neo-liberalism unfold simultaneously, Koreans were repeatedly re-imagined to befit the new social order. This process included presenting selected individuals as idealized figures representing in turn 3 the emergence of a modern Korean nation, a new breed of Americans, and/or symbols of American multiculturalism. I suggest that the processes of constructing and reforming these modern subjectivities and of dismembering prior forms of selfhood and social order are rehearsed discursively in transnational Korean literature. In particular, I illustrate how unresolved contradictions and competing social structures are displaced and worked out in the realm of the literary. Korean history shows the particularly prominent role of literature in forming the modern subject. This can be noted in the initial phase of Korean modernization that occurred during the Japanese colonial period—which is otherwise known as the era of colonial-modernity.1 By analyzing literary texts and essays on aesthetics in colonial Korea from 1915 to 1925, Jin-Kyung Lee argues that during this timeframe the traditional subject gave way to the new colonial-modern subject and that this change is closely connected to the institutionalization of modern literature (“Autonomous Aesthetics and Autonomous Subjectivity” 3). The construction of the modern subject entailed the extrication of Korean identity from the traditional forms of patriarchal, Confucian, and aristocratic values, in order to form the modern individual. This process unfolded within the context of what Lee calls “culturalized colonial modernization,” in which colonial Japan’s mediation of modern European notions of culture came to dominate the understanding of the aesthetic subject as having autonomy and interiority—some of the quintessential values attributed to the modern subject. Hence, Lee contends that “the aesthetic subject, an author and an artist, epitomizing the notions of voluntarism, interiority and autonomy of the Western-style individual, became the prototype of the colonial-modern subject” (“Autonomous Aesthetics and Autonomous Subjectivity” x). 4 As Lee reveals, due to the ascription of literature’s inherent properties (such as freedom, vision, and autonomy), the status and role of literature have been repeatedly renegotiated in critical moments in modern Korean history. It is not surprising, then, that the transnational Korean people’s national independence movement during the same era coalesced around texts. In particular, transnational Korean newspapers were central to the consolidation of various anti-colonial and nationalist movements, by tying Koreans in Korea and overseas together through a shared nationalist agenda. Three major transnational Korean newspapers were crucial in giving solidarity and a unified sense of Koreanness to various transnational Koreans who were involved in the Korean independence movement: Sinhan Minbo (the New