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Index

Note: page numbers of plates and maps are given in italics.

  • 9/11, 291
  • Ahlen programme, 120

Abgrenzung, 174, 246 Abitur, 193, 196 air force, inThird Reich, 74 air raids

  • Abyssinia, 75
  • on Britain, 82

  • academics
  • on Germany, 85, 101

emigration, 64 post war issues, 128 acculturation, 291 alienation theory, 186–187, 204

Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund

(ADGB), 43, 71
Ackermann, Anton
(1905–73), 157 action theory, 231
Alliance for Germany, 274 Allies, 26, 102, 103, 107, 108, 109,
149, 150, 173, 273–274, 309, 314 democratization of Germany,
117–122
Adenauer, Konrad (1876–1967), 120,
228, 250, 283, 297, 309, 313 period of office, 138–139, 147–148,
149, 150, 151–157, 163, 163, 164–165

ADGB (Allgemeiner Deutscher
Gewerkschaftsbund), 43, 71

Adorno,Theodor (1903–69), 33, 229 Afghanistan, 291 Soviet invasion, 181, 224 agrarian bolshevism, 54 agricultural protectionism, 47 agriculture, 60, 72, 128–129, 184 collectivization, 132, 162 reorganization, 178 denazification and re-education,
122–129, 190 division of Germany, 136–141 economic transformation of Germany, 129, 131, 133–136, 154 evacuation of Rhineland, 32 and political framework, 113–117 see also Britain; Soviet Union; United States of America (USA)
Alsace, 232 Alsace-Lorraine, 26, 92 Aly, Götz (1947– ), 101 Andersch, Alfred (1914–80), 242

A History of Germany 1918–2014:The Divided Nation, Fourth Edition. Mary Fulbrook.

© 2015 JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2015 by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd.

346 Index

Anderson, Sascha (1953– ), 240 Angestellten (white-collar workers),
16, 45, 54, 184, 187, 209
Anschluss of Austria, 76–77 anti-Americanism, 248 anti-colonial revolts, 19 anti-communism, 45–46, 84, 124, 131,
134, 136–138, 141, 150, 154–155, 224, 307
Austria, 2, 3, 137, 140 Anschluss with Germany, 76–77 anti-Semitism, 76–77 army barracks, 95 attempted coup by Austrian Nazis (1934), 75 banking crisis (1931), 51 border with Hungary opened, 263 concentration camps, 248 exclusion from ‘small Germany’
(1871), 3, 77 anti-fascist organizations, 118–119, 135 anti-Nazism, 134

  • anti-Semitism
  • national identity, 237

Austria, 76–77 eliminationist, 102, 296 FRG, 234 andTreaty ofVersailles, 26 autarky, 69, 70, 178 authoritarianism, 46, 108, 194,

  • 219, 253, 257, 307
  • GDR, 226

Hitler’s, 45, 46, 51, 72, 73, 89, 96–101 Third Reich, 73–74 consultative, 206, 207 autobahns, 70, 167

see also Holocaust; Jews

anti-socialist laws, 18
Axel Springer Press, 230, 241 Axis Powers, 75 anti-terrorism measures, 232 APO (Extra-Parliamentary
Opposition), 167–168, 230 apoliticism, 4, 252, 307 architecture, 34, 64, 246 Ardennes, 82
Baader, Andreas (1943–77), 175,
231, 232
Baader–Meinhof gang see Red Army
Faction (RAF)
Baden, Prince Max von (1867–1929),

  • 21–22
  • Armistice, 23

  • army
  • Baden-Württemberg, 229

Bad Godesberg Programme (1959),
155, 164
FRG, 149, 213–214, 228, 309–310 GDR, 212–214, 310

  • history, 246
  • Bahro, Rudolf (1935–97), 260, 314

The Alternative in Eastern Europe

(1977), 220–221
Imperial Germany, 20 NurembergTrials (1945–6), 123 Third Reich, 57, 61, 75–76,
101–102, 295–297 andTreaty ofVersailles, 26 Weimar Republic, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27,
29, 43–44, 51, 56
Balkan conflicts, 291 Baltic States, 78, 80, 83, 116 banking, 133, 135, 170 banking crisis (1931), 51 Barschel, Uwe (1944–87), 177 bartering, 130, 134 Barzel, Rainer (1924–2006), 173 Basic Law (Grundgesetz), 138, 142,
173, 208, 213, 251 amendments, 213 Article 23, 275, 277 Article 131, 127 Article 146, 275 see also Red Army;WorldWarTwo
(1939–45)
Aryan Germans, 45, 190 Aryanization, 73, 101, 102, 156 atrocities, 19, 86, 123–124, 295–296, 316 Attlee, Clement (1883–1967), 117 Auschwitz, 89–90, 93, 95–96,
103, 291, 316

Aussenlager, 62, 90–91

BasicTreaty (1972), 174

Index 347

Battle of Britain (1940), 82 Bauer, Gustav (1870–1944), 26 Bauhaus, 34, 36

Bausoldaten, 185, 212, 224

Bavaria, 45, 60, 120, 144, 228–229, 317 coup, 27
Four-Power Accord, 173

Gastarbeiter, 176–177, 271

memorials and exhibitions, 248, 250,

294, 297, 298, 299

modernization, 16, 34 under Nazis, 63, 87, 106,

  • 107, 108, 109
  • newspapers, 244

Republic, 22, 27, 30 resistance groups, 118 rural society, 16 occupation, 114, 134–135, 138, 144 Olympic Games (1936), 73 uprisings, 24, 27, 30 social differences, 17, 255 uprisings, 27, 30 see also Berlin Republic; BerlinWall;
‘Rome–Berlin Axis’
Bavarian People’s Party (BVP), 58–59

BayerischeFreiheitsbewegung (BFB), 118

Baylis,T., 206

BDA (Bundesvereinigung der deutschen
Arbeitgeberverbände), 209
BDI (Bundesverband der deutschen
Industrie), 209

Berlin Appeal (1982), 224 Berlin Blockade (1948), 134–135, 138 Berlin Republic, 278, 283–300,

286, 317–318

and GDR identity, 292–294 international context, 290–292 and Nazi legacy, 295–300 social and political transformation,
284–289

BDM (Bund Deutscher Mädel), 65

Beamten (civil servants), 16, 18, 23, 51,
54, 59, 121, 127, 156, 209, 215, 228 BerlinTreaty (1926), 31–32

Beauty ofWork (Schönheit der Arbeit), 67

Becher, Johannes (1891–1958), 238 Beck, Ludwig (1880–1944), 76 Becker, Jurek (1937–97), 240 Becker,Wolfgang (1954– ), 293 Beer Hall Putsch (1923), 30, 81 Behrens, Fritz (1909–80), 160, 168 Belgium, 29, 31, 82
Berlin University, 193 BerlinWall, 170, 173, 301 breaching of, 264 circumventing, 269 construction, 142, 148, 163, 166, 168 fall of, 1, 279 mementoes, 270, 270 remnants, 294
Belsen, 102, 250

see also Iron Curtain

Bełżec, 94

Berufsbildungsgesetz, 191–192 Berufsschulen, 191 Berufsverbot, 186 see also Decree Concerning

Radicals (1972)
Benary, Arne (1929–71), 160, 168 Benjamin,Walter (1892–1940), 33 Berchtesgaden, 60 Bergen-Belsen, 102 Berghahn,Volker, 71 Beria, Lawrenti Pawlowitsch
(1899–1953), 158, 160
Bethmann-Hollweg,Theobald von (1856–1921), 20, 192

Bezirke, 145

Berlin, 22, 23, 193, 213, 214, 219, 223,
229, 272, 273 culture, 34, 35, 36–37, 223, 225,
238, 240, 246, 250, 317

BFB (Bayerische Freiheitsbewegung), 118

Bielefeld School, 249 Biermann,Wolf (1936– ), 180,
239–240, 260 demonstrations, 159–160, 167–168,
230, 233, 266, 268, 269, 279, 285,

286, 301
Bildungsrat, 192 Bild-Zeitung, 241

birth control, 37, 38, 66–67, 86–87, 95,
197, 227, 279, 311 elections, 235

348 Index

birth rates, 66, 184–185, 197 Bismarck, Prince Otto von (1815–98),
3, 16, 17, 18, 43, 77, 246
Bitburg Cemetery, 250
Britain, 4, 31, 64, 273, 303 culture, 242, 244, 252 currency, 290 economy, 177
Bitterfield Conference (1959), 239 Bizone, 134, 137, 138 black market, 91, 130, 134, 141, 272 blaue Reiter, Der, 34

Blitzkrieg, 80, 84

Blomberg,Werner von (1878–1946), 76 blue-collar workers, 187 education, 191 and European Defence Community, 149, 150 and German foreign policy, 74–75, 76, 78 and German reunification,
273–274, 290

  • Bohemia and Moravia,
  • knowledge of Holocaust,

  • 102, 103–104
  • Protectorate of, 78

Bohley, Bärbel (1945–2010), 265 Böhme, Ibrahim (1944–99), 264 Böll, Heinrich (1917–85), 66, 154

Ansichteneines Clowns (1963), 242 Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum

(1974), 233, 242 military presence in FRG, 214 newspapers, 244 nuclear missiles, 176 occupation of Germany, 113–141 social classes, 186 and terrorism, 233

Fürsorgliche Belagerung (1979), 242

Bolsheviks, 20, 21, 45, 61 bolshevism agrarian, 54 fear of, 155 inWorldWarTwo, 82, 83, 84, 85 Britain, Battle of (1940), 82 Broszat, Martin (1926–89), 98 Browning, Christopher (1944– ),
100, 101

  • Bonhoeffer, Dietrich (1906–45), 68
  • Brücke, Die, 34

Bonn, 143, 144, 147, 150, 157, 277, 283 Brüning, Heinrich (1885–1970),

  • books, burning of, 63
  • 48–49, 50, 51, 52, 55–56

Brussig,Thomas (1965– ), 293 brutalization, 101 Buback, Siegfried (1920–77), 231 Buchenwald, 199, 247, 297 Buna Chemical Plant, 95
Borchardt, Knut (1929– ), 48 Borchert,Wolfgang (1921–47),

Draussenvor de r T ü r (1947), 242

Bormann, Martin (1900–45), 123 Borsig, 95 bourgeoisie, 3–4, 16, 18, 19, 158

see also middle classes

Brandenburg, 125 Brandenburg, Land, 286 Brandenburg Prison, 220 Brandt,Willy (1913–1992), 164, 165,
172–174, 175, 250
Brauchitsch,Walther von
(1881–1948), 76

Bund der Evangelischen Kirchen (League

of Protestant Churches), 222

Bund der Heimatvertriebenen und
Entrechteten, 121

Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM), 65

Bundesenquêtekommissionen, 292

see also Parliamentary Committees of Inquiry

Bundesrat, 144, 145, 208

  • Braun, Eva (1912–45), 109
  • Bundestag, 144, 145, 167, 208

Brecht, Bertolt (1898–1956), 34, 64, 238 Bundesverband der Bremen, 127, 190

deutschenIndustrie (BDI), 209

Brest-Litovsk,Treaty of (1918), 20 Breuer, Marcel (1902–1981), 34 Brezhnev doctrine, 262

Bundesvereinigung der deutschen
Arbeitgeberverbände

(BDA), 209

Index 349

Bund-Länder-Kommission für
Bildungsplanung, 192

GDR, 145, 202–203, 204, 268,
274, 275
Burrin, Philippe (1952– ), 100 Bush, George HerbertWalker
(1924– ), 291
Bush, GeorgeWalker (1946– ), 291 BVP (Bavarian People’s Party), 58–59 Byrnes, James (1879–1972), 134, 137 united Germany, 280, 286–288,

289, 289

see also Christian Social Union (CSU) Christianity, 17, 255–256 GDR, 158, 161, 171, 181, 204,
222–224, 311 and Marxism, 207

Cabinet of Dr.Caligari,The

(1920) (film), 35
Canaris,Wilhelm (1887–1945), 80 capital goods, 161 capitalism, 20, 37 FRG, 136, 140 and Nazism, 59, 68, 127 see also Catholics; Protestants Christian Social Union (CSU), 144,
151, 165, 172, 173, 174, 176, 208, 230, 234, 235, 250, 274 formation, 120
GDR, 273, 285, 292 and Nazis, 46, 51 united Germany, 287, 288 see also Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
Churchill,Winston (1874–1965),
82, 114, 117, 136, 137 church–state relationships, 207,
222–224, 261, 311 theories, 204, 210, 220, 247 carbon monoxide poisoning, 93 Catholic Centre Party (Zentrum),
17, 49, 52, 53, 59, 119 coalition, 24 dissolution, 60 Catholics cinema, 34–35, 64, 241, 242, 248,
293, 294, 299
FRG, 120, 192, 208, 227–228, 255, 311 citizenship, 174, 179, 247, 269 GDR, 218, 222, 225, 227 post Reformation Germany, 17 Third Reich, 49, 59, 65, 67, 68, 242 Weimar Republic, 37 CDU see Christian Democratic
Union (CDU)
Central Office of Land Justice
Departments, 123
Central State Planning Commission, 169 Chamberlain, Neville (1869–1940),
78, 82
Checkpoint Charlie, 294 Chełmno (Kulmhof), 93–94 Chernobyl, 224 child-care, 189, 197–198, 212, 277–278 Childers,Thomas, 53 China, 266, 288 categories, 73 laws, 17, 89, 166, 290–291 civil servants (Beamten), 16, 18, 23,
51, 54, 59, 121, 127, 156, 209, 215, 228 class structure, 16–18, 21, 39, 46,
53–54, 186–187, 193, 255 see also bourgeoisie; Junkers; middle classes; working classes
Clay, Lucius (1897–1978), 117, 126 co-determination (Mitbestimmung), 154 coercion, in GDR, 201, 202, 207 ColdWar, 1, 5–6, 7, 62, 101, 134,
136, 137–138, 147, 176, 180, 200, 284, 305, 314 and anti-communism, 124, 154–155 and division of Germany, 136–141

  • end of, 277, 283
  • Christian Democratic Union (CDU), 289

  • formation, 119, 120
  • ideology, 205

FRG, 138, 147, 150, 151–152, 155,
164, 165, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 208, 227, 230, 235, 250, 274, 275 new, 224 tourist attractions, 294 collective consumption, 189

350 Index

collective guilt, Germans, 102,
124, 133, 248, 292, 297, 300, 308, 316
Conference on Security and
Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 273, 277, 279

  • collectives, 162
  • Confessing Church

collectivism, 306

(Bekennende Kirche), 68

vs. individualism, 254 collectivization, agriculture, 132, 162 Cologne, 232 conscientious objectors, 214 conscription, 71, 74, 149–150,
172, 212, 213
COMECON (Council for Mutual
Economic Aid), 151, 162, 187
Commerzbank, 135 Commissar Order, 84 communications media, inWeimar
Republic, 34–35 conservatism, 37, 114, 129,
157, 193, 194 conservative nationalists, and
Nazis, 32, 52, 55, 56, 72, 75, 76 constitutional patriotism, 292 constitutions and political framework

  • FRG, 142–144
  • communicative competence,

  • theory of, 231
  • GDR, 144–147

communism, 55, 90, 138 collapse of, 211, 290 GDR, 148, 158, 168, 201–207,
238, 245, 259 humanistic, 119, 148, 161, 218 Polish, 260 Robert Havemann, 220

see also anti-communism

Communist Party, 7, 201, 206,
260, 272, 310 consultative authoritarianism, 206, 207 consumerism, 8, 155, 161, 178,
188–189, 207, 219, 221, 229, 239, 260–261, 271, 272, 284, 312, 315 consumption, collective, 189 Control Commission, 114 corporatism, 60, 167, 310 corruption, 108, 165, 173, 177, 272 Council of Europe, 149 Council for Mutual Economic Aid

  • (COMECON), 151, 162, 187
  • see also German Communist Party

(KPD); Socialist Unity Party (SED) Coventry, 82
Communist Party of the Soviet
Union, 160 crèches, 197–198 Crimea, 318 community programmes, 67 comradeship, 19, 65 concentration camps, 74, 82, 85,
90–91, 93–96, 102, 103, 108, 128, 173, 199, 250, 291, 316 criminals as staff, 104
CriticalTheory, 33, 229 CSCE (Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe), 273, 277, 279
CSU see Christian Social Union (CSU) cultural intelligentsia, 206, 241, 260,

  • 310, 311
  • destruction of, 248

establishment, 62 as historical exhibits, 247, 248, 297

locations, 94

cultural liberalization, 172, 180, 239 cultural talent, emigration, 33, 64,
180, 226, 238, 311 political dissidents, 105 see also extermination camps

Concerted Action (Konzertierte Aktion),

166
Confederation of Free GermanTrade
Unions (FDGB), 145, 159, 195, 203, 204, 252, 254, 268, 272 culture FRG, 241–244, 243 GDR, 238–241 Third Reich, 63–68, 73 Weimar Republic, 17, 19, 33–39 cumulative radicalization, 98, 297 Cuno,Wilhelm (1876–1933), 29

Index 351

  • currency reform, 30
  • deindustrialization, 133–134

1948, 134, 138, 141 1990, 276, 277–278 demilitarization, 26, 114, 115, 211 democracy

see also monetary union

comparisons of, 4, 5, 7, 8 FRG, 142–143, 144, 147–148, 150,
151–157, 167, 175–176, 208–209, 211, 216, 310–311, 313
Customs Union (Zollverein), 3 Czechoslovakia, 31, 115–116, 139, 181,
207, 248, 266, 268, 269 communism, 169, 171, 206, 221, 309 concentration camps, 96 German invasion of, 77–78 post-revolutionary, 274, 278 Prague Spring (1968), 170, 220,
230, 260, 262
Hungary, 263 Marxist–Leninist interpretation, 120 occupied Germany, 121–122, 129,
135, 306–307 opposition to, 217, 220, 227,
228, 229, 231, 232–233, 234,

  • 235, 236, 285
  • revolutions, 148, 259

  • Soviet invasion, 170, 219
  • ‘ThirdWay’, 114, 136, 148, 161, 218,

220, 273, 275–276
Dachau, 62, 82, 102 Dada, 34 DA (Democratic Awakening), 265,
274, 275
Weimar Republic, 15, 23, 24, 25,
27–28, 30, 32–33, 36, 37, 39, 40–56, 142–143, 308–309
Democracy Now, 265
DAF (German Labour Front), 60,
71, 306
Democratic Awakening (DA), 265,
274, 275

DAG (Deutsche

democratic centralism, 120, 142,
146, 204

Angestelltengewerkschaft), 209

Dahrendorf, Ralf (1929–2009),
303–304
Democratic Farmers’ Party of Germany (DBD), 119, 145, 203
DemocraticWomen’s League of Germany (DFD), 203 democratization, 114, 115, 117–122,
160, 171, 181, 265–266

Dail y T e legraph, 103 Dallas (TV show), 241

Danzig (Gdansk) (Poland), 26, 78 DAP (GermanWorker’s Party), 30 Darré,Walther (1895–1953), 60, 70, 72 Dawes Plan, 31, 46 of education, 190–191, 194 of military, 213–214
Dawidowicz, Lucy (1915–90), 97 Day of Potsdam, 58

Demokratische Bewegung Deutschlands, 118

demonstrations

DBB (Deutscher Beamtenbund), 209

DBD (Democratic Farmers’ Party of
Germany), 119, 145, 203
D-Day, 108 DDP (German Democratic Party),
24, 29, 49
FRG, 167–168, 230, 301 GDR, 159–160, 225, 226, 264,
265–266, 267–268, 269, 279, 301 peace, 200, 214, 223, 224 united Germany, 286 Weimar Republic, 22, 23, 24, 27 see also revolutions; uprisings denazification, 105, 115, 122–129, 227,
228, 229, 232, 234, 245
Denmark, 82 decadence, 66 Weimar Republic, 36–37 decartelization, 135, 136, 154 decentralization, 2, 59, 160, 171, 310 Decree Concerning Radicals (1972),
208, 215, 232
Depression see Great Depression

détente, 173, 181

dehumanization, 92, 104 determinism, 4–5

352 Index

Deutsche Angestelltengewerkschaft

(DAG), 209

DVU (Deutsche V o lksunion), 235 Dynasty (TV show), 241

Deutsche Bank, 135

Deutscher Beamtenbund (DBB), 209 Deutscher Industrie- und Handels- T a g

(DIHT), 209

Deutsches Frauenwerk (DFW), 67 Deutsche V o lksunion (DVU), 235

Deutschkron, Inge (1922– ), 100

Deutschnationale-
Handlungsgehilfenverband, 45

devaluation, 134 DFD (DemocraticWomen’s League of Germany), 203
East Germany, see German Democratic
Republic (GDR)
Ebert, Friedrich (1871–1925), 22, 23,
24, 25, 41
Ebert–Groener pact, 23 EC (European Community), 141, 177,
187, 274, 276–277, 315
Eckart, Gabriele (1954– ), So sehe Ick die

Sache: Protokolleaus der DDR, 240
Economic Council (Wirtschaftsrat),

134, 138, 139

DFW (Deutsches Frauenwerk), 67

DGB (German Confederation ofTrade
Unions), 154, 209 economic recession (2008), 288, 317–318 Economic System of Socialism
(ESS), 171
D’Hondt voting system, 143 dictatorships, participatory, 202

DIHT (Deutscher Industrie- und
Handels- T a g), 209

disabled, extermination, 87 dissent and opposition, 8, 217–218,
221, 253, 313–314 economy, 4, 6, 16 Britain, 137, 149 FRG, 8, 11, 149, 152–154, 165–167,
176, 177, 183–184, 187 GDR, 11, 161–163, 168–171,
178–180, 181, 183–184, 187, 188–189, 261, 272, 310, 312–313 occupied Germany, 127, 128–136,
137, 139, 140, 313
FRG, 227–236 GDR, 218–227

  • divorce rates, 199
  • Third Reich, 68–72, 83

Dix, Otto (1891–1969), 36 DNVP (German National People’s
Party), 29, 42, 44, 49, 51, 58
Döblin, Alfred (1878–1957), 36 dock-workers, unemployed, 48 Dönitz, Karl (1891–1980), 109, 123

Doppelbelastung, 198

united Germany, 276–277, 290,
315–316 Weimar Republic, 19–20, 24,
29–30, 31, 46–51, 313
ECSC (European Coal and Steel
Community), 149
Edelweiss Pirates, 66

Downfall,The (2004) (film), 299

Dresden, 66, 131, 193, 266, 268 Dresdner Bank, 135
Eden, Sir Anthony (1897–1977), 149 Edinger, L., 209, 210 education
Drexler, Anton (1884–1942), 30 DSU (German Social Union), 274 Dubček, Alexander (1921–92), 220, 260 Duesterberg,Theodor (1875–1950), 52 Dunkirk, 82

durchherrschte Gesellschaft, 294

Düsseldorf Agreement (1955), 190 Düsseldorf Industry Club, 51 Dutschke, Rudi (1940–79), 230 DVP (German People’s Party),
29, 30, 44, 49
FRG, 144, 191, 192–193, 194,
198, 229, 254 GDR, 157–158, 169, 185–186,
190–191, 192, 193–194, 198, 212, 221, 224, 254, 279, 310, 311 Soviet zones of occupation, 126 Third Reich, 64, 65, 67, 73, 190 Weimar Republic, 37 western zones of occupation,
126, 128, 190 women, 196–197

Index 353

Education Act (1946), 190 EEC (European Economic
Community), 149, 179, 289
Eichhorn, Emil (1863–1925), 24

Eigen-Sinn, 294 Einsatzgruppen, 80, 91–92, 100–101

Einstein, Albert (1879–1955), 64 Eisenhüttenstadt, 292–293 Eisner, Kurt (1867–1919), 22, 27 elections employment, 69–70, 71, 156, 175, 193,
215–216, 263, 275, 293 women, 37–38, 66, 71, 195, 199

see also unemployment

Enabling Law (1933), 58, 59 Engelmann, Bernt (1921–94), Grosses

Bundesverdienstkreuzmit Stern

(1974), 234
Engels, Friedrich (1820–95), 3, 221, 246 England, see Britain
Britain, 117 FRG, 152, 165, 172, 174, 175, 176,
177, 250 GDR, 119–120, 145, 203–204, 264,
273, 274–275
Ensslin, Gudrun (1940–77), 232 Entailed Farm Law, 72 environmentalism, 177, 210, 218–219,
225, 248, 265, 288

see also Green Party

Länder, 144, 228–229, 279 and racialism, 235

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  • Bstu / State Security. a Reader on the GDR

    Bstu / State Security. a Reader on the GDR

    Daniela Münkel (ed.) STATE SECURITY A READER ON THE GDR SECRET POLICE Daniela Münkel (ed.) STATE SECURITY A READER ON THE GDR SECRET POLICE Imprint Federal Commissioner for the Records of the State Security Service of the former German Democratic Republic Department of Education and Research 10106 Berlin [email protected] Photo editing: Heike Brusendorf, Roger Engelmann, Bernd Florath, Daniela Münkel, Christin Schwarz Layout: Pralle Sonne Originally published under title: Daniela Münkel (Hg.): Staatssicherheit. Ein Lesebuch zur DDR-Geheimpolizei. Berlin 2015 Translation: Miriamne Fields, Berlin A READER The opinions expressed in this publication reflect solely the views of the authors. Print and media use are permitted ON THE GDR SECRET POLICE only when the author and source are named and copyright law is respected. token fee: 5 euro 2nd edition, Berlin 2018 ISBN 978-3-946572-43-5 6 STATE SECURITY. A READER ON THE GDR SECRET POLICE CONTENTS 7 Contents 8 Roland Jahn 104 Arno Polzin Preface Postal Inspection, Telephone Surveillance and Signal Intelligence 10 Helge Heidemeyer The Ministry for State Security and its Relationship 113 Roger Engelmann to the SED The State Security and Criminal Justice 20 Daniela Münkel 122 Tobias Wunschik The Ministers for State Security Prisons in the GDR 29 Jens Gieseke 130 Daniela Münkel What did it Mean to be a Chekist? The State Security and the Border 40 Bernd Florath 139 Georg Herbstritt, Elke Stadelmann-Wenz The Unofficial Collaborators Work in the West 52 Christian Halbrock 152 Roger Engelmann
  • Nonviolent Struggle and the Revolution in East Germany

    Nonviolent Struggle and the Revolution in East Germany

    Nonviolent Struggle and the Revolution in East Germany Nonviolent Struggle and the Revolution in East Germany Roland Bleiker Monograph Series Number 6 The Albert Einstein Institution Copyright 01993 by Roland Bleiker Printed in the United States of America. Printed on Recycled Paper. The Albert Einstein Institution 1430 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 ISSN 1052-1054 ISBN 1-880813-07-6 CONTENTS Acknowledgments ................... .... ... .. .... ........... .. .. .................. .. .. ... vii Introduction ..............................................................................................1 Chapter 1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF DOMINATION, OPPOSITION, AND REVOLUTION IN EAST GERMANY .............................................. 5 Repression and Dissent before the 1980s...................................... 6 Mass Protests and the Revolution of 1989 .................................... 7 Chapter 2 THE POWER-DEVOLVING POTENTIAL OF NONVIOLENT S"I'RUGGLE................................................................ 10 Draining the System's Energy: The Role of "Exit" ...................... 10 Displaying the Will for Change: The Role of "Voice" ................ 13 Voluntary Servitude and the Power of Agency: Some Theoretical Reflections ..................................................15 Chapter 3 THE MEDIATION OF NONVIOLENT STRUGGLE: COMPLEX POWER RELATIONSHIPS AND THE ENGINEERING OF HEGEMONIC CONSENT ................................21 The Multiple Faces of the SED Power Base ..................................21 Defending Civil
  • Marking the 20Th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall Responsible Leadership in a Globalized World

    Marking the 20Th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall Responsible Leadership in a Globalized World

    A publication of the Contributors include: President Barack Obama | James L. Jones Chuck Hagel | Horst Teltschik | Condoleezza Rice | Zbigniew Brzezinski [ Helmut Kohl | Colin Powell | Frederick Forsyth | Brent Scowcroft ] Freedom’s Challenge Marking the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall Responsible Leadership in a Globalized World The fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989, not only years, there have been differences in opinion on important led to the unifi cation of Germany, thus ending decades of issues, but the shared interests continue to predominate. division and immeasurable human suffering; it also ended It is important that, in the future, we do not forget what binds the division of Europe and changed the world. us together and that we defi ne our common interests and responsibilities. The deepening of personal relations between Today, twenty years after this event, we are in a position to young Germans and Americans in particular should be dear gauge which distance we have covered since. We are able to to our hearts. observe that in spite of continuing problems and justifi ed as well as unjustifi ed complaints, the unifi cation of Germany and For this reason the BMW Foundation accounts the Europe has been crowned with success. transatlantic relationship as a focus of its activity. The Transatlantic Forum for example is the “veteran“ of the It is being emphasized again and again, and rightly so, that it BMW Foundation’s Young Leaders Forums. The aim of was the people in the former GDR that started the peaceful these Young Leaders Forums is to establish a network, revolution.
  • Book Proposal

    Book Proposal

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Brunel University Research Archive Of ‘Raisins’ and ‘Yeast.’ Mobilisation and framing in the East German revolution of 1989 Gareth Dale (draft) There is no shortage of literature on the social movements that arose in East Germany in 1989. Numerous studies have shed light upon the nature, scale and dynamics of the uprising of that year. But on certain issues questions remain. No consensus exists, for example, on the relationship between the ‘civic groups’ (New Forum, Democratic Awakening, etc.) and the street protests of the autumn of 1989. Were these simply two facets of a single movement? Or are they better characterised as two distinct streams within the same movement delta? Did the street protests push the civic movement activists into the limelight? Or is it more accurate to say, with Reinfried Musch, that ‘the civic movement brought the people onto the streets’?1 This paper considers two contrasting interpretations of these issues, and finds both wanting. An alternative interpretation is offered, one that draws upon Marc Steinberg’s ‘dialogical’ development of frame theory. Did opposition activists play the role of ‘movement organisers’? The dominant viewpoint is that civic activists were central to the process of mobilisation in 1989. They created focal points at which resistance gathered. They ‘brought the people onto the streets.’ In Mary Fulbrook’s words, it was the ‘leaven of dissident groups’ which ‘began to raise the bread of the largely subordinate masses.’2 The civic groups were, according to Karsten Timmer, a ‘mobilising force,’ one that ‘offered many thousands of people the opportunity to get involved constructively, and tapping into the ubiquitous sentiment that something must be done.’3 Yet there are many who see the matter otherwise.
  • Eradicating the Soviet Police State Introduction

    Eradicating the Soviet Police State Introduction

    Eradicating the Soviet Police State Introduction The former Soviet republics can benefit from the democratization experiences in Germany, which underwent a comprehensive de-nazification process after 1945 and, in the eastern Linder, a far-reaching de-communization process; and from the Czech experience, where the "lustration" process---cleansing the Parliament and government of previous secret-police collaborators-has been very effective. These processes have not been without their difficulties, but contain valuable lessons for those committed to building democracy. Some of the most fundamental steps a society in transition must take to ensure that the most dangerous vestiges of totalitarianism will be erased are to dismantle the political police organs, break up the informant networks, and secure the archives so that abused citizens may inspect their secret files. No member of the Commonwealth of Independent States has taken any of these steps. In each CIS republic the former KGB remains intact, although each has made bureaucratic changes and (with the exception of Belarus) has gone through the charade of re-naming the state security organs to distance them from the dreaded chekisti. Meaningful civil control of those bodies and checks and balances are nonexistent. Likewise, the archives of the political police remain in the hands of those who carried out the systematic human rights abuses of the Soviet era. The potential for future abuse is immense. The following articles discuss efforts in the former East Germany and the Czech Republic to uproot the legacy of their Communist secret services, and efforts in Russia to place the secret services under the tale of law.
  • Manifesto Project Dataset List of Political Parties

    Manifesto Project Dataset List of Political Parties

    Manifesto Project Dataset List of Political Parties [email protected] Website: https://manifesto-project.wzb.eu/ Version 2020a from July 22, 2020 Manifesto Project Dataset - List of Political Parties Version 2020a 1 Coverage of the Dataset including Party Splits and Merges The following list documents the parties that were coded at a specific election. The list includes the name of the party or alliance in the original language and in English, the party/alliance abbreviation as well as the corresponding party identification number. In the case of an alliance, it also documents the member parties it comprises. Within the list of alliance members, parties are represented only by their id and abbreviation if they are also part of the general party list. If the composition of an alliance has changed between elections this change is reported as well. Furthermore, the list records renames of parties and alliances. It shows whether a party has split from another party or a number of parties has merged and indicates the name (and if existing the id) of this split or merger parties. In the past there have been a few cases where an alliance manifesto was coded instead of a party manifesto but without assigning the alliance a new party id. Instead, the alliance manifesto appeared under the party id of the main party within that alliance. In such cases the list displays the information for which election an alliance manifesto was coded as well as the name and members of this alliance. 2 Albania ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections
  • Revolution and Nation - 1989/90 in Historical Perspective

    Revolution and Nation - 1989/90 in Historical Perspective

    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Kocka, Jürgen Article Revolution and nation - 1989/90 in historical perspective The European studies journal Provided in Cooperation with: WZB Berlin Social Science Center Suggested Citation: Kocka, Jürgen (1993) : Revolution and nation - 1989/90 in historical perspective, The European studies journal, ISSN 0820-6244, University of Northern Iowa, Department of Modern Languages, Cedar Falls, Iowa, Vol. 10, Iss. 1/2, pp. 45-56 This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/122768 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu WZB-Open Access Digitalisate WZB-Open Access digital copies Das nachfolgende Dokument wurde zum Zweck der kostenfreien Onlinebereitstellung digitalisiert am Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH (WZB).

  • Bstu / Catalogue

    ACCESS TO SECRECY EXHIBITION ON THE STASI RECORDS ARCHIVE ACCESS TO SECRECY. EXHIBITION ON THE STASI RECORDS ARCHIVE RECORDS THE STASI EXHIBITION ON SECRECY. TO ACCESS This catalogue to the permanent exhibition “Access to Secrecy” sheds light on the bureaucratic information system, working methods and everyday tasks of the Stasi. It also offers insight into the current work of the Stasi Records Archive, which preserves for future generations the files left behind by the State Security, thereby assuring that they remain accessible to the people who were personally affected by the Stasi as well as to the broader public. The following pages provide an overview of all the t opics addressed in the exhibition, from the establishment of the Stasi Records Archive to the Stasi’s extensive indexing system and the vast and varied records it left behind. Furthermore, the single case of a person directly targeted by the Stasi is presented in the catalogue and demonstrates the effects of Stasi surveillance. In addition to historical photos showing the everyday work and surveillance measures of the Stasi, the catalogue also contains reprints of original documents from the Stasi Records Archive. All the exhibition objects, most of which are presented to the public for the first time, are listed in the catalogue appendix with detailed information on the sources and picture credits. The catalogue includes a preface addressing the origins and development of the exhibition concept, an epilogue on the history of the former Stasi headquarters site where the exhibition is presented, and photos providing an impression of the construction phase of the exhibition.
  • East Gernany the Contested Story

    East Gernany the Contested Story

    This appears in Andrews, Molly (2007) Shaping History: Narratives of Political Change Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 5: East Germany. The contested story The fact that in the one and only democratic election in the existence of the German Democratic Republic, citizens voted to dissolve their country is the stuff of classic tragedy. The revolution eats its children, we are told, and so it happened in East Germany in 1989. Sebastian Pflugbeil, a leading East German opposition activist, voiced the fallen hopes of many which followed in the wake of his country’s revolution: “We have helped give birth to a child that quickly turned into a rather ugly creature” (Philipsen 1993: 161). East Germany has been the subject of countless publications since its demise more than fifteen years ago; yet still there is no consensus on the meaning of the changes which occurred there in its ‘spring in winter’ (Reich 1990). In March, 1990 I heard Jens Reich give a lecture at Cambridge University on the upcoming elections in East Germany. The research questions which I pursued over the following few years directly stemmed from what I heard on that day. In the months preceding his talk, Reich had become a familiar face to many. He was one of the founding members of the East German political group Neus Forum (New Forum) which had spearheaded many of the changes of that momentous autumn. Reich was a microbiologist with an international reputation, and a well-known public figure in East Germany. With unusually eloquent English, and a long history of political struggle in his country, for Western media he embodied the voice of ‘the bloodless revolution’.
  • List of Political Parties

    List of Political Parties

    Manifesto Project Dataset List of Political Parties [email protected] Website: https://manifesto-project.wzb.eu/ Version 2017a from July 27, 2017 Manifesto Project Dataset - List of Political Parties Version 2017a 1 Coverage of the Dataset including Party Splits and Merges The following list documents the parties that were coded at a specific election. The list includes the name of the party or alliance in the original language and in English, the party/alliance abbreviation as well as the corresponding party identification number. In the case of an alliance, it also documents the member parties it comprises. Within the list of alliance members, parties are represented only by their id and abbreviation if they are also part of the general party list. If the composition of an alliance has changed between elections this change is reported as well. Furthermore, the list records renames of parties and alliances. It shows whether a party has split from another party or a number of parties has merged and indicates the name (and if existing the id) of this split or merger parties. In the past there have been a few cases where an alliance manifesto was coded instead of a party manifesto but without assigning the alliance a new party id. Instead, the alliance manifesto appeared under the party id of the main party within that alliance. In such cases the list displays the information for which election an alliance manifesto was coded as well as the name and members of this alliance. 2 Albania ID Covering Abbrev Parties No. Elections