Index

Note: page numbers of plates and maps are given in italics.

9/11, 291 Ahlen programme, 120 Abgrenzung, 174, 246 air force, in Third Reich, 74 Abitur, 193, 196 air raids Abyssinia, 75 on Britain, 82 academics on Germany, 85, 101 emigration, 64 alienation theory, 186–187, 204 post war issues, 128 Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund acculturation, 291 (ADGB), 43, 71 Ackermann, Anton Alliance for Germany, 274 (1905–73), 157 Allies, 26, 102, 103, 107, 108, 109, action theory, 231 149, 150, 173, 273–274, 309, 314 Adenauer, Konrad (1876–1967), 120, democratization of Germany, 228, 250, 283, 297, 309, 313 117–122 period of office, 138–139, 147–148, denazification and re-education, 149, 150, 151–157, 163, 163, 122–129, 190 164–165 division of Germany, 136–141 ADGB (Allgemeiner Deutscher economic transformation of Ger- Gewerkschaftsbund), 43, 71 many, 129, 131, 133–136, 154 Adorno, Theodor (1903–69), 33, 229 evacuation of Rhineland, 32 Afghanistan, 291 and political framework, 113–117 Soviet invasion, 181, 224 see also Britain; Soviet Union; agrarian bolshevism,COPYRIGHTED 54 United States MATERIAL of America (USA) agricultural protectionism, 47 Alsace, 232 agriculture, 60, 72, 128–129, 184 Alsace-Lorraine, 26, 92 collectivization, 132, 162 Aly, Götz (1947– ), 101 reorganization, 178 Andersch, Alfred (1914–80), 242

A History of Germany 1918–2014: The Divided Nation, Fourth Edition. Mary Fulbrook. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Anderson, Sascha (1953– ), 240 Austria, 2, 3, 137, 140 Angestellten (white-collar workers), Anschluss with Germany, 76–77 16, 45, 54, 184, 187, 209 anti-Semitism, 76–77 Anschluss of Austria, 76–77 army barracks, 95 anti-Americanism, 248 attempted coup by Austrian anti-colonial revolts, 19 Nazis (1934), 75 anti-communism, 45–46, 84, 124, 131, banking crisis (1931), 51 134, 136–138, 141, 150, 154–155, border with Hungary opened, 263 224, 307 concentration camps, 248 anti-fascist organizations, 118–119, 135 exclusion from ‘small Germany’ anti-Nazism, 134 (1871), 3, 77 anti-Semitism national identity, 237 Austria, 76–77 and Treaty of Versailles, 26 eliminationist, 102, 296 autarky, 69, 70, 178 FRG, 234 authoritarianism, 46, 108, 194, GDR, 226 219, 253, 257, 307 Hitler’s, 45, 46, 51, 72, 73, 89, 96–101 consultative, 206, 207 Third Reich, 73–74 autobahns, 70, 167 see also Holocaust; Jews Axel Springer Press, 230, 241 anti-socialist laws, 18 Axis Powers, 75 anti-terrorism measures, 232 APO (Extra-Parliamentary Baader, Andreas (1943–77), 175, Opposition), 167–168, 230 231, 232 apoliticism, 4, 252, 307 Baader–Meinhof gang see Red Army architecture, 34, 64, 246 Faction (RAF) Ardennes, 82 Baden, Prince Max von (1867–1929), Armistice, 23 21–22 army Baden-Württemberg, 229 FRG, 149, 213–214, 228, 309–310 Bad Godesberg Programme (1959), GDR, 212–214, 310 155, 164 history, 246 Bahro, Rudolf (1935–97), 260, 314 Imperial Germany, 20 The Alternative in Eastern Europe Nuremberg Trials (1945–6), 123 (1977), 220–221 Third Reich, 57, 61, 75–76, Balkan conflicts, 291 101–102, 295–297 Baltic States, 78, 80, 83, 116 and Treaty of Versailles, 26 banking, 133, 135, 170 Weimar Republic, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, banking crisis (1931), 51 29, 43–44, 51, 56 Barschel, Uwe (1944–87), 177 see also Red Army; World War Two bartering, 130, 134 (1939–45) Barzel, Rainer (1924–2006), 173 Aryan Germans, 45, 190 Basic Law (Grundgesetz), 138, 142, Aryanization, 73, 101, 102, 156 173, 208, 213, 251 atrocities, 19, 86, 123–124, 295–296, 316 amendments, 213 Attlee, Clement (1883–1967), 117 Article 23, 275, 277 Auschwitz, 89–90, 93, 95–96, Article 131, 127 103, 291, 316 Article 146, 275 Aussenlager, 62, 90–91 Basic Treaty (1972), 174

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Battle of Britain (1940), 82 Four-Power Accord, 173 Bauer, Gustav (1870–1944), 26 Gastarbeiter, 176–177, 271 Bauhaus, 34, 36 memorials and exhibitions, 248, 250, Bausoldaten, 185, 212, 224 294, 297, 298, 299 Bavaria, 45, 60, 120, 144, 228–229, 317 modernization, 16, 34 coup, 27 under Nazis, 63, 87, 106, newspapers, 244 107, 108, 109 Republic, 22, 27, 30 occupation, 114, 134–135, 138, 144 resistance groups, 118 Olympic Games (1936), 73 rural society, 16 uprisings, 24, 27, 30 social differences, 17, 255 see also Berlin Republic; Berlin Wall; uprisings, 27, 30 ‘Rome–Berlin Axis’ Bavarian People’s Party (BVP), 58–59 Berlin Appeal (1982), 224 BayerischeFreiheitsbewegung (BFB), 118 Berlin Blockade (1948), 134–135, 138 Baylis, T., 206 Berlin Republic, 278, 283–300, BDA (Bundesvereinigung der deutschen 286, 317–318 Arbeitgeberverbände), 209 and GDR identity, 292–294 BDI (Bundesverband der deutschen international context, 290–292 Industrie), 209 and Nazi legacy, 295–300 BDM (Bund Deutscher Mädel), 65 social and political transformation, Beamten (civil servants), 16, 18, 23, 51, 284–289 54, 59, 121, 127, 156, 209, 215, 228 Berlin Treaty (1926), 31–32 Beauty of Work (Schönheit der Arbeit), 67 Berlin University, 193 Becher, Johannes (1891–1958), 238 Berlin Wall, 170, 173, 301 Beck, Ludwig (1880–1944), 76 breaching of, 264 Becker, Jurek (1937–97), 240 circumventing, 269 Becker, Wolfgang (1954– ), 293 construction, 142, 148, 163, 166, 168 Beer Hall Putsch (1923), 30, 81 fall of, 1, 279 Behrens, Fritz (1909–80), 160, 168 mementoes, 270, 270 Belgium, 29, 31, 82 remnants, 294 Belsen, 102, 250 see also Iron Curtain Bełżec, 94 Berufsbildungsgesetz, 191–192 Benary, Arne (1929–71), 160, 168 Berufsschulen, 191 Benjamin, Walter (1892–1940), 33 Berufsverbot, 186 Berchtesgaden, 60 see also Decree Concerning Bergen-Belsen, 102 Radicals (1972) Berghahn, Volker, 71 Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald Beria, Lawrenti Pawlowitsch von (1856–1921), 20, 192 (1899–1953), 158, 160 Bezirke, 145 Berlin, 22, 23, 193, 213, 214, 219, 223, BFB (Bayerische Freiheitsbewegung), 118 229, 272, 273 Bielefeld School, 249 culture, 34, 35, 36–37, 223, 225, Biermann, Wolf (1936– ), 180, 238, 240, 246, 250, 317 239–240, 260 demonstrations, 159–160, 167–168, Bildungsrat, 192 230, 233, 266, 268, 269, 279, 285, Bild-Zeitung, 241 286, 301 birth control, 37, 38, 66–67, 86–87, 95, elections, 235 197, 227, 279, 311

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birth rates, 66, 184–185, 197 Britain, 4, 31, 64, 273, 303 Bismarck, Prince Otto von (1815–98), culture, 242, 244, 252 3, 16, 17, 18, 43, 77, 246 currency, 290 Bitburg Cemetery, 250 economy, 177 Bitterfield Conference (1959), 239 education, 191 Bizone, 134, 137, 138 and European Defence black market, 91, 130, 134, 141, 272 Community, 149, 150 blaue Reiter, Der, 34 and German foreign Blitzkrieg, 80, 84 policy, 74–75, 76, 78 Blomberg, Werner von (1878–1946), 76 and German reunification, blue-collar workers, 187 273–274, 290 Bohemia and Moravia, knowledge of Holocaust, Protectorate of, 78 102, 103–104 Bohley, Bärbel (1945–2010), 265 military presence in FRG, 214 Böhme, Ibrahim (1944–99), 264 newspapers, 244 Böll, Heinrich (1917–85), 66, 154 nuclear missiles, 176 Ansichteneines Clowns (1963), 242 occupation of Germany, 113–141 Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum social classes, 186 (1974), 233, 242 and terrorism, 233 Fürsorgliche Belagerung (1979), 242 in World War Two, 82, 83, 84, 85 Bolsheviks, 20, 21, 45, 61 Britain, Battle of (1940), 82 bolshevism Broszat, Martin (1926–89), 98 agrarian, 54 Browning, Christopher (1944– ), fear of, 155 100, 101 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich (1906–45), 68 Brücke, Die, 34 Bonn, 143, 144, 147, 150, 157, 277, 283 Brüning, Heinrich (1885–1970), books, burning of, 63 48–49, 50, 51, 52, 55–56 Borchardt, Knut (1929– ), 48 Brussig, Thomas (1965– ), 293 Borchert, Wolfgang (1921–47), brutalization, 101 Draussenvor der Tür (1947), 242 Buback, Siegfried (1920–77), 231 Bormann, Martin (1900–45), 123 Buchenwald, 199, 247, 297 Borsig, 95 Buna Chemical Plant, 95 bourgeoisie, 3–4, 16, 18, 19, 158 Bund der Evangelischen Kirchen (League see also middle classes of Protestant Churches), 222 Brandenburg, 125 Bund der Heimatvertriebenen und Brandenburg, Land, 286 Entrechteten, 121 Brandenburg Prison, 220 Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM), 65 Brandt, Willy (1913–1992), 164, 165, Bundesenquêtekommissionen, 292 172–174, 175, 250 see also Parliamentary Committees Brauchitsch, Walther von of Inquiry (1881–1948), 76 Bundesrat, 144, 145, 208 Braun, Eva (1912–45), 109 Bundestag, 144, 145, 167, 208 Brecht, Bertolt (1898–1956), 34, 64, 238 Bundesverband der Bremen, 127, 190 deutschenIndustrie (BDI), 209 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918), 20 Bundesvereinigung der deutschen Breuer, Marcel (1902–1981), 34 Arbeitgeberverbände Brezhnev doctrine, 262 (BDA), 209

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Bund-Länder-Kommission für GDR, 145, 202–203, 204, 268, Bildungsplanung, 192 274, 275 Burrin, Philippe (1952– ), 100 united Germany, 280, 286–288, Bush, George Herbert Walker 289, 289 (1924– ), 291 see also Christian Social Union (CSU) Bush, George Walker (1946– ), 291 Christianity, 17, 255–256 BVP (Bavarian People’s Party), 58–59 GDR, 158, 161, 171, 181, 204, Byrnes, James (1879–1972), 134, 137 222–224, 311 and Marxism, 207 Cabinet of Dr.Caligari, The and Nazism, 59, 68, 127 (1920) (film), 35 see also Catholics; Protestants Canaris, Wilhelm (1887–1945), 80 Christian Social Union (CSU), 144, capital goods, 161 151, 165, 172, 173, 174, 176, 208, capitalism, 20, 37 230, 234, 235, 250, 274 FRG, 136, 140 formation, 120 GDR, 273, 285, 292 united Germany, 287, 288 and Nazis, 46, 51 see also Christian Democratic theories, 204, 210, 220, 247 Union (CDU) carbon monoxide poisoning, 93 Churchill, Winston (1874–1965), Catholic Centre Party (Zentrum), 82, 114, 117, 136, 137 17, 49, 52, 53, 59, 119 church–state relationships, 207, coalition, 24 222–224, 261, 311 dissolution, 60 cinema, 34–35, 64, 241, 242, 248, Catholics 293, 294, 299 FRG, 120, 192, 208, 227–228, 255, 311 citizenship, 174, 179, 247, 269 GDR, 218, 222, 225, 227 categories, 73 post Reformation Germany, 17 laws, 17, 89, 166, 290–291 Third Reich, 49, 59, 65, 67, 68, 242 civil servants (Beamten), 16, 18, 23, Weimar Republic, 37 51, 54, 59, 121, 127, 156, 209, CDU see Christian Democratic 215, 228 Union (CDU) class structure, 16–18, 21, 39, 46, Central Office of Land Justice 53–54, 186–187, 193, 255 Departments, 123 see also bourgeoisie; Junkers; middle Central State Planning Commission, 169 classes; working classes Chamberlain, Neville (1869–1940), Clay, Lucius (1897–1978), 117, 126 78, 82 co-determination (Mitbestimmung), 154 Checkpoint Charlie, 294 coercion, in GDR, 201, 202, 207 Chełmno (Kulmhof), 93–94 Cold War, 1, 5–6, 7, 62, 101, 134, Chernobyl, 224 136, 137–138, 147, 176, 180, child-care, 189, 197–198, 212, 277–278 200, 284, 305, 314 Childers, Thomas, 53 and anti-communism, 124, 154–155 China, 266, 288 and division of Germany, 136–141 Christian Democratic Union (CDU), 289 end of, 277, 283 formation, 119, 120 ideology, 205 FRG, 138, 147, 150, 151–152, 155, new, 224 164, 165, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, tourist attractions, 294 208, 227, 230, 235, 250, 274, 275 collective consumption, 189

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collective guilt, Germans, 102, Conference on Security and 124, 133, 248, 292, 297, Cooperation in Europe 300, 308, 316 (CSCE), 273, 277, 279 collectives, 162 Confessing Church collectivism, 306 (Bekennende Kirche), 68 vs. individualism, 254 conscientious objectors, 214 collectivization, agriculture, 132, 162 conscription, 71, 74, 149–150, Cologne, 232 172, 212, 213 COMECON (Council for Mutual conservatism, 37, 114, 129, Economic Aid), 151, 162, 187 157, 193, 194 Commerzbank, 135 conservative nationalists, and Commissar Order, 84 Nazis, 32, 52, 55, 56, 72, 75, 76 communications media, in Weimar constitutional patriotism, 292 Republic, 34–35 constitutions and political framework communicative competence, FRG, 142–144 theory of, 231 GDR, 144–147 communism, 55, 90, 138 consultative authoritarianism, 206, 207 collapse of, 211, 290 consumerism, 8, 155, 161, 178, GDR, 148, 158, 168, 201–207, 188–189, 207, 219, 221, 229, 239, 238, 245, 259 260–261, 271, 272, 284, 312, 315 humanistic, 119, 148, 161, 218 consumption, collective, 189 Polish, 260 Control Commission, 114 Robert Havemann, 220 corporatism, 60, 167, 310 see also anti-communism corruption, 108, 165, 173, 177, 272 Communist Party, 7, 201, 206, Council of Europe, 149 260, 272, 310 Council for Mutual Economic Aid see also German Communist Party (COMECON), 151, 162, 187 (KPD); Socialist Unity Party (SED) Coventry, 82 Communist Party of the Soviet crèches, 197–198 Union, 160 Crimea, 318 community programmes, 67 Critical Theory, 33, 229 comradeship, 19, 65 CSCE (Conference on Security concentration camps, 74, 82, 85, and Cooperation in Europe), 90–91, 93–96, 102, 103, 108, 128, 273, 277, 279 173, 199, 250, 291, 316 CSU see Christian Social Union (CSU) criminals as staff, 104 cultural intelligentsia, 206, 241, 260, destruction of, 248 310, 311 establishment, 62 cultural liberalization, 172, 180, 239 as historical exhibits, 247, 248, 297 cultural talent, emigration, 33, 64, locations, 94 180, 226, 238, 311 political dissidents, 105 culture see also extermination camps FRG, 241–244, 243 Concerted Action (Konzertierte Aktion), GDR, 238–241 166 Third Reich, 63–68, 73 Confederation of Free German Trade Weimar Republic, 17, 19, 33–39 Unions (FDGB), 145, 159, 195, cumulative radicalization, 98, 297 203, 204, 252, 254, 268, 272 Cuno, Wilhelm (1876–1933), 29

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currency reform, 30 deindustrialization, 133–134 1948, 134, 138, 141 demilitarization, 26, 114, 115, 211 1990, 276, 277–278 democracy see also monetary union comparisons of, 4, 5, 7, 8 Customs Union (Zollverein), 3 FRG, 142–143, 144, 147–148, 150, Czechoslovakia, 31, 115–116, 139, 181, 151–157, 167, 175–176, 208–209, 207, 248, 266, 268, 269 211, 216, 310–311, 313 communism, 169, 171, 206, 221, 309 Hungary, 263 concentration camps, 96 Marxist–Leninist interpretation, 120 German invasion of, 77–78 occupied Germany, 121–122, 129, post-revolutionary, 274, 278 135, 306–307 Prague Spring (1968), 170, 220, opposition to, 217, 220, 227, 230, 260, 262 228, 229, 231, 232–233, 234, revolutions, 148, 259 235, 236, 285 Soviet invasion, 170, 219 ‘Third Way’, 114, 136, 148, 161, 218, 220, 273, 275–276 Dachau, 62, 82, 102 Weimar Republic, 15, 23, 24, 25, Dada, 34 27–28, 30, 32–33, 36, 37, 39, DA (Democratic Awakening), 265, 40–56, 142–143, 308–309 274, 275 Democracy Now, 265 DAF (German Labour Front), 60, Democratic Awakening (DA), 265, 71, 306 274, 275 DAG (Deutsche democratic centralism, 120, 142, Angestelltengewerkschaft), 209 146, 204 Dahrendorf, Ralf (1929–2009), Democratic Farmers’ Party 303–304 of Germany (DBD), 119, 145, 203 Daily Telegraph, 103 Democratic Women’s League Dallas (TV show), 241 of Germany (DFD), 203 Danzig (Gdansk) (Poland), 26, 78 democratization, 114, 115, 117–122, DAP (German Worker’s Party), 30 160, 171, 181, 265–266 Darré, Walther (1895–1953), 60, 70, 72 of education, 190–191, 194 Dawes Plan, 31, 46 of military, 213–214 Dawidowicz, Lucy (1915–90), 97 Demokratische Bewegung Deutschlands, 118 Day of Potsdam, 58 demonstrations DBB (Deutscher Beamtenbund), 209 FRG, 167–168, 230, 301 DBD (Democratic Farmers’ Party of GDR, 159–160, 225, 226, 264, Germany), 119, 145, 203 265–266, 267–268, 269, 279, 301 D-Day, 108 peace, 200, 214, 223, 224 DDP (German Democratic Party), united Germany, 286 24, 29, 49 Weimar Republic, 22, 23, 24, 27 decadence, 66 see also revolutions; uprisings Weimar Republic, 36–37 denazification, 105, 115, 122–129, 227, decartelization, 135, 136, 154 228, 229, 232, 234, 245 decentralization, 2, 59, 160, 171, 310 Denmark, 82 Decree Concerning Radicals (1972), Depression see Great Depression 208, 215, 232 détente, 173, 181 dehumanization, 92, 104 determinism, 4–5

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Deutsche Angestelltengewerkschaft DVU (Deutsche Volksunion), 235 (DAG), 209 Dynasty (TV show), 241 Deutsche Bank, 135 Deutscher Beamtenbund (DBB), 209 East Germany, see German Democratic Deutscher Industrie- und Handels-Tag Republic (GDR) (DIHT), 209 Ebert, Friedrich (1871–1925), 22, 23, Deutsches Frauenwerk (DFW), 67 24, 25, 41 Deutsche Volksunion (DVU), 235 Ebert–Groener pact, 23 Deutschkron, Inge (1922– ), 100 EC (European Community), 141, 177, Deutschnationale- 187, 274, 276–277, 315 Handlungsgehilfenverband, 45 Eckart, Gabriele (1954– ), So sehe Ick die devaluation, 134 Sache: Protokolleaus der DDR, 240 DFD (Democratic Women’s League Economic Council (Wirtschaftsrat), of Germany), 203 134, 138, 139 DFW (Deutsches Frauenwerk), 67 economic recession (2008), 288, 317–318 DGB (German Confederation of Trade Economic System of Socialism Unions), 154, 209 (ESS), 171 D’Hondt voting system, 143 economy, 4, 6, 16 dictatorships, participatory, 202 Britain, 137, 149 DIHT (Deutscher Industrie- und FRG, 8, 11, 149, 152–154, 165–167, Handels-Tag), 209 176, 177, 183–184, 187 disabled, extermination, 87 GDR, 11, 161–163, 168–171, dissent and opposition, 8, 217–218, 178–180, 181, 183–184, 187, 221, 253, 313–314 188–189, 261, 272, 310, 312–313 FRG, 227–236 occupied Germany, 127, 128–136, GDR, 218–227 137, 139, 140, 313 divorce rates, 199 Third Reich, 68–72, 83 Dix, Otto (1891–1969), 36 united Germany, 276–277, 290, DNVP (German National People’s 315–316 Party), 29, 42, 44, 49, 51, 58 Weimar Republic, 19–20, 24, Döblin, Alfred (1878–1957), 36 29–30, 31, 46–51, 313 dock-workers, unemployed, 48 ECSC (European Coal and Steel Dönitz, Karl (1891–1980), 109, 123 Community), 149 Doppelbelastung, 198 Edelweiss Pirates, 66 Downfall, The (2004) (film), 299 Eden, Sir Anthony (1897–1977), 149 Dresden, 66, 131, 193, 266, 268 Edinger, L., 209, 210 Dresdner Bank, 135 education Drexler, Anton (1884–1942), 30 FRG, 144, 191, 192–193, 194, DSU (German Social Union), 274 198, 229, 254 Dubček, Alexander (1921–92), 220, 260 GDR, 157–158, 169, 185–186, Duesterberg, Theodor (1875–1950), 52 190–191, 192, 193–194, 198, 212, Dunkirk, 82 221, 224, 254, 279, 310, 311 durchherrschte Gesellschaft, 294 Soviet zones of occupation, 126 Düsseldorf Agreement (1955), 190 Third Reich, 64, 65, 67, 73, 190 Düsseldorf Industry Club, 51 Weimar Republic, 37 Dutschke, Rudi (1940–79), 230 western zones of occupation, DVP (German People’s Party), 126, 128, 190 29, 30, 44, 49 women, 196–197

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Education Act (1946), 190 employment, 69–70, 71, 156, 175, 193, EEC (European Economic 215–216, 263, 275, 293 Community), 149, 179, 289 women, 37–38, 66, 71, 195, 199 Eichhorn, Emil (1863–1925), 24 see also unemployment Eigen-Sinn, 294 Enabling Law (1933), 58, 59 Einsatzgruppen, 80, 91–92, 100–101 Engelmann, Bernt (1921–94), Grosses Einstein, Albert (1879–1955), 64 Bundesverdienstkreuzmit Stern Eisenhüttenstadt, 292–293 (1974), 234 Eisner, Kurt (1867–1919), 22, 27 Engels, Friedrich (1820–95), 3, 221, 246 elections England, see Britain Britain, 117 Ensslin, Gudrun (1940–77), 232 FRG, 152, 165, 172, 174, 175, 176, Entailed Farm Law, 72 177, 250 environmentalism, 177, 210, 218–219, GDR, 119–120, 145, 203–204, 264, 225, 248, 265, 288 273, 274–275 see also Green Party Länder, 144, 228–229, 279 EOS (Erweiterte Oberschulen), 191, 194 and racialism, 235 Epp, Franz Ritter von (1868–1946), 60 Third Reich, 57–59, 58 Equalization of Burdens Law (1952), 153 united Germany, 280, 287, 288–289 Erhard, Ludwig (1897–1977), Weimar Republic, 22, 24, 25, 28–29, 136, 152, 165 41–42, 44, 49–50, 52, 53–55 Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Electoral Law (1956), 143 Organization, 203 elites, 6, 7–8, 40, 200–201, 257–258, Erweiterte Oberschulen (EOS), 191, 194 308, 309–312, 314–315 ESS (Economic System FRG, 127, 167, 209, 210–211, 228, of Socialism), 171 252–253, 304 EU (European Union), 177, 287, 288, GDR, 126, 185, 186, 206, 207, 260 290 occupied Germany, 136, 139 Euro, introduction of, 177, 290 Polish, 80, 91 European Advisory Committee, 114 schools, 190, 192 European Coal and Steel Community Third Reich, 44, 51, 52, 55, 56, 60, (ECSC), 149 72, 75, 76, 83, 106, 305, 306, 309 European Community (EC), 141, 177, Weimar Republic, 18, 23, 24, 43, 47, 187, 274, 276–277, 315 54, 308–309 European Defence Community, Elser, Georg (1903–45), 81–82 149, 150 emancipation, women, 37–38, European Economic Community 195, 198 (EEC), 149, 179, 289 Emergency Laws (1968), 207–208 European Recovery Programme, see emigration Marshall Plan academics, 64 European Union (EU), 177, 287, 288, 290 cultural talent, 33, 64, 180, 226, Eurozone, 288, 317–318 238, 311 ‘euthanasia’ programme (1939–41), East–West, 160, 180, 181, 86–87, 93, 94, 100 263–264, 266 executions, 88 inner, 64, 147, 251, 306, 309 expressionism, 34 Jews, 92, 101 extermination camps, 62, 87, 89, political dissidents, 105 95, 99, 102 see also immigration; refugees see also concentration camps

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Extra-Parliamentary Opposition elites, 127, 167, 209, 210–211, 228, (APO), 167–168, 230 252–253, 304 extremism, 56, 229, 232–236, family, 194–199 255, 271, 313 foreign relations, 149–150 racist, 285, 318 formation, 136–141 Gastarbeiter, 166, 176–177, 186, 197, FAB (Freiheitsaktion Bayern), 118 234, 235, 236, 242, 271 Fachschulen, 191 middle classes, 154, 155, 186, 208, factory community, 67, 71 231, 242 family life missed opportunities, 147–148 comparisons between FRG national identity and historical and GDR, 194–199 consciousness, 237, 244–245, occupied Germany, 130 247–251 Third Reich, 66, 67 Nazis, 141, 155–157, 228, 234 farms, 38, 72, 85, 132, 162, 178 neo-Nazis, 165, 228–229, 230, fascism 235, 318 vs. communism, 46, 55, 84, 90 Ostpolitik, 172–175 Marxist interpretations, 71 police, 208, 215–216, 232, 285, 301 FDGB (Confederation of Free German political culture, 251, 252–253, 254, Trade Unions), 145, 159, 195, 255–258 203, 204, 252, 254, 268, 272 political systems, 142–143, 144, 151, FDJ (Free German Youth), 145, 199, 152, 154, 157, 165, 167, 200–201, 203, 293 207–211, 217–218, 227, 228, 230, FDP, see Free Democratic Party (FDP) 236, 310, 311, 314 Fechner, Max (1892–1973), 160 population, 184–185 federalism, 144, 208 Protestants, 150, 255, 256 Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) refugees, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, anti-Semitism, 234 166, 177, 235 army, 149, 213–214, 228, 309–310 standards of living, 187–188 capitalism, 136, 140 strikes, 152, 154, 209 Catholics, 120, 192, 208, 227–228, trade unions, 152, 154, 209 255, 311 unemployment, 154, 166, 176, 235, comparisons of society in GDR, 236, 271 183–187 working classes, 186, 190, 192, constitution and political framework, 193, 231 142–144 see also Adenauer, Konrad; Brandt, culture, 241–244, 243 Willy; Erhard, Ludwig; Kohl, democracy, 142–143, 144, 147–148, Helmut; Schmidt, Helmut 150, 151–157, 167, 175–176, federal system, abolition, 60 208–209, 211, 216, 310–311, 313 female participation, in labour force, 66 demonstrations, 167–168, 230 feminism, 37, 198, 242, 249 dissent and opposition, 227–236, 253 fifth columnism, 6 economy, 8, 11, 149, 152–154, Fighting League for German 165–167, 176, 177, 183–184, 187 Culture, 45 education, 144, 191, 192–193, 194, film industry, 241 198, 229, 232, 254 see also cinema elections, 152, 165, 172, 174, 175, ‘Final Solution’, see Holocaust 176, 177, 250 finance, international, 46

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Finland, 82, 84 Free German Youth (FDJ), 145, First World War, see World War 199, 203, 293 One (1914–18) free markets, 153 Fischer, Fritz (1908–99), 248 Freiheitsaktion Bayern (FAB), 118 Five Year Plan (1956–60), 162 Freisler, Roland (1893–1945), 107 Flakhelfergeneration, 307 Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939), 33 Fleming, Gerald (1921–2006), 97 Friedländer, Saul (1932– ), 100 Flick Affair, 177 Frings, Josef (1887–1978), 130 Flossenbürg, 248 fringsen, 130 food, 38, 60, 70, 72, 188, 276 Fritsch, Werner (1880–1939), 76 supplies, 20, 22, 116, 130, 131, Fritzsche, Hans (1900–53), 123 135, 161, 162 Führer myth, 45 food riots, 261, 313 Fukuyama, Francis (1952– ), 1 Fordism, 47 functionalist interpretations, of Third foreigners in FRG, see Gastarbeiter Reich, 96–99 foreign exchange, 70 fundamentalists (Fundis), 177 Foreign Ministers Conference Funder, Anna (1966–) Stasiland (1947), 138 (2003), 293 Four-Power Accord (1971), 173 Funk, Walther (1890–1960), 123 Four Year Plan, 70, 75 further education, 194 France, 32, 77 and Austrian banks, 51 Galen, Clemens August Count von bourgeois revolution, 4 (1878–1946), 87 cultural life, 242 gassing, 87, 89, 93–94, 95, 101, 103, and European Defence 105, 156 Community, 149 Gastarbeiter, 176–177, 186, 197, 242 and German reunification, 150, 273 citizenship laws, 166 and Jews, 92, 97 resentment towards, 234, 235, post-revolutionary, 2 236, 271 revisionism, 29 Gaus, Günter (1929–2004), revolutions, 230 Wo Deutschland liegt (1983), and the Ruhr, 29, 31 251–252, 255 and Versailles Treaty, 26, 28, 31, 74 Gemeinschaftsfremden, 63 and World War Two, 78, 82, 83 General Government, see Poland zone of occupation in Germany, 114, General Plan for the East, 86 115, 117, 127, 138, 140, 141 genocide, 3, 89, 90, 100–102, 308 Franco, Francisco (1892–1975), 75 see also Holocaust Franco-Prussian War (1870), 19 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich (1927– ), 208 Frankfurt, 177, 235, 248, 271 Gerasimov, Gennady (1930–2010), 262 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 244 Gerlach, Manfred (1928–2011), 266 Frankfurt School, 33, 229 German–Austrian customs union, 51 Frank, Hans (1900–46), 80 German Christians (Deutsche Christen), 68 Frauenlohngruppen, 195 German Communist Party (KPD) Frederick the Great (1712–86), 58, 246 after 1945, 119–120, 151 Free Corps (Freikorps), 24, 27 Third Reich, 58, 60 Free Democratic Party (FDP), 120, Weimar Republic, 24, 38, 49, 138, 143, 151, 165, 166, 172, 173, 51, 53, 55 174, 175, 176, 208, 286, 287 see also Socialist Unity Party (SED)

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German Confederation, 2, 273 neo-Nazis, 272 German Confederation of Trade Ostpolitik, 172–175 Unions (DGB), 154, 209 police, 5, 151, 161, 207, 212, German Democratic Party 214–215, 223, 226, 233, 239, (DDP), 24, 29, 49 240, 264, 266, 267, 268, 269, German Democratic Republic (GDR) 272, 275, 279, 287, 293, 294, anti-Semitism, 226 295, 301 army, 212–214, 310 political culture, 251–252, 253–254, capitalism, 273, 285, 292 255–258 Catholics, 218, 222, 225, 227 political systems, 201–207 Christianity, 158, 161, 171, 181, population, 184–185 204, 222–224, 311 propaganda, 204, 224, 241, 294 coercion, 201, 202, 207 Protestants, 9, 181, 206–207, 218, communism, 148, 158, 168, 221–227, 255, 256, 311 201–207, 238, 245, 259 purges, 120, 125, 160, 168, 202, comparisons of society in FRG, 268–269, 309, 314 183–187 refugees from, 9, 162–163, 177, constitution and political 263–264, 266, 269, 271 framework, 144–147 social history, 295 culture, 238–241 socialism, 203, 205, 219, 220–221, demonstrations, 159–160, 225, 226, 222, 230, 238, 239, 245, 273, 264, 265–266, 267–268, 269, 279 275–276 dissent and opposition, 218–227 and Soviet Union, 5, 151, 158, 159, economy, 11, 160–163, 168–171, 160, 161–162, 168–169, 170, 171, 178–180, 181, 183–184, 187, 173, 179, 180, 181, 205, 218, 224, 188–189, 191, 254–255, 261, 272, 226, 227, 255, 259–260, 262, 315 310, 312–313 standards of living, 188–189 education, 157–158, 169, 185–186, strikes, 159–160, 171, 188, 219, 190–191, 192, 193–194, 198, 203, 272, 276 212, 221, 224, 254, 279, 310, 311 terror in, 157, 205 elections, 119–120, 145, 203–204, trade unions, 145, 159, 195, 203, 264, 273, 274–275 204, 252, 254, 268, 272 elites, 126, 185, 186, 206, 207, 260 Ulbricht’s period of office, 168–172 family, 194–199 unemployment, 188, 255, 276 foreign relations, 150–151 and US, 178 formation, 136–141 and Weimar Republic, 191, intellectuals, 8, 180, 189, 218, 217–218, 314 219–221, 224, 269, 275 women, 188, 203, 212, 240, 254, Jews, 225–226 266, 274 June 1953 uprising, 148, 158, working classes, 158, 186–187, 191, 159–160, 214, 218, 219, 227, 238, 192, 193, 204, 219, 220, 221 259, 301, 312 see also Honecker, Erich; revolutions, middle classes, 158, 159, 186 1989; Ulbricht, Walter militarization, 212–213 German Economic Commission missed opportunities, 147–148 (Deutsche Wirtschaftskommission), national identity and historical 139 consciousness, 237, 244–247, German Empire, see Imperial Germany 250–251, 292–295 German Historical Museum, 294

0002216775.INDD 356 9/26/2014 1:32:41 PM Index 357

German history Goering, Hermann (1893–1946), course of, 1–10 70, 75, 123 East German, 247 Goldhagen, Daniel Jonah (1959– ), occupied Germany, 308, 312, Hitler’s Willing Executioners, 102, 296 314–315 Goodbye Lenin! (2003) (film), 293 Third Reich, 302–303, Gorbachev, Mikhail (1931– ), 181, 307–308, 316 202, 225, 261–262, 266, 273, and ‘Third Way’, 275–276 277, 309, 315 unification, 317 Graf, Willi (1918–43), 106 West German, 126, 129, 147, Gramsci, Antonio (1891–1937), 194 248, 250, 312 Grand Coalition (1928–30), 42, 47 German Labour Front (DAF), Grand Coalition (1966–69), 230 60, 71, 306 Grand Coalition (2005–09), 287, German National People’s Party 288 (DNVP), 29, 42, 44, 49, 51, 58 Grass, Günter (1927– ), 299 German People’s Party (DVP), 29, Blechtrommel (1959), 242 30, 44, 49 Der Butt (1977), 242 German Prime Ministers’ meeting Great Depression, 15, 38, 39, 40, 41, (Munich), 140 47, 49, 50–51, 54, 55, 56, 66 Germans Greater German Reich (Grossdeutsches citizenship, 17, 73, 89, 166, 174, Reich), 80, 91, 95, 103 179, 247, 269, 290–291 Great War, see World War One (1914–18) collective guilt, 102, 124, 133, 248, Greece, 83, 96, 137, 288 292, 297, 300, 308, 316 Green Party, 143, 177, 195, 208, divided nation, 9–10 210, 221, 233, 274, 286, 287 immerdagegen, 127–128 Greifswald, 193 knowledge of Holocaust, 101–103, Groener, Wilhelm (1867–1939), 106, 296 23, 43, 52 national identity, 1 Gropius, Walter (1883–1969), 34 postwar attitudes, 117–118 Grosser, Alfred (1925– ), 135 victim status, 299–300 Grosz, Georg (1893–1959), 36 German Social Union (DSU), 274 Grotewohl, Otto (1894–1964), 139 German State Party, 59 Grundschulen, 190 German Treaty (1954), 149 Gruppe 47, 242 German Workers’ Party (DAP), 30 GST (Gesellschaft für Sport und Technik), Gesamtschulen, 193 204, 212 Gesellschaft für Sport und Technik Guardian, 103, 244 (GST), 204, 212 Guillaume, Günter (1927–95), 175 Gestapo, 123, 248 Gulf crisis, 280 ghettos, 91, 92, 93, 98, 100, 301 Gulf War (1991), 291 glasnost, 181, 202, 225, 226, 240, 262 Gymnasien, 193, 196 Gleichschaltung, 57–63 gypsies (Sinti and Roma), 63, 88, globalization, 317 93–94, 105 global recession, 288, 317–318 Gysi, Gregor (1948– ), 272 Globke, Hans (1898–1973), 156 Goebbels, Josef (1897–1945), 45, Habermas, Jürgen (1929– ), 34, 63–64, 73–74, 305 230, 231 Goerdeler, Carl (1884–1945), 108 Hager, Kurt (1912–98), 269

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HAGO (Handwerks-, Handels-, und Hindenburg, Paul von (1847–1934), Gewerbe-Organisation), 60 20, 25, 41, 44, 47, 52, 54, 55, 56, Halder, Franz (1884–1972), 76, 80 58, 59, 60–61, 76, 143 Halifax, Lord (1881–1959), 82 Hirschfeld, Magnus (1868–1935), 37 Halle, 266 historical consciousness, 244–251 Halle-Wittenberg, 193 Historikerstreit, 244, 249 Hallstein doctrine, 168 Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945), 41, Hamburg, 27, 30, 66, 190, 255, 77, 85, 299, 317 291, 317 anti-Semitism, 72, 73–74, 89 Hamburg Institute for Social defeat of, 105–109 Research, 101, 295 economic policies, 68–72 Hanover, 49, 121 empire in 1942, 85 Harich, Wolfgang (1923–95), 160, 220 foreign policy, 69, 70, 72, 74–79 Harnack, Arvid (1901–42), 106 as Führer and Reich Chancellor, Härte (hardness), 105 15, 57–63, 64 Hartz IV reforms, 287, 292 and German history, 1, 2, 3, 6, Harzburg Front, 51–52 7, 8, 9–10 Hauptschulen, 190, 193 and Holocaust, 86–105 Hauser, Siegfried, 231–232 leadership style, 72 Haussmann, Leander (1959– ), 293 Mein Kampf (1925), 30, 72 Havemann, Robert (1910–82), 159, plots against, 76, 81–82, 106–108, 309 171, 220, 221, 260, 265, 314 postwar perspectives, 156, 202, 234, Hegelian philosophy, 4 249–250, 297, 299, 302–308 Heil salute, 62, 306 rise of, 38, 40, 44–46, 47, 51, 52–56, Heimat, 177 154, 155, 255 Heimat (film), 248 and World War Two, 80–81, 82–86 Henckel von Donnersmarck, Florian Hitler Youth (HJ), 45, 65, 66, 307 (1973– ), 293 Hochhuth, Rolf (1931– ) The Henlein, Konrad (1898–1945), 77 Representative (1962), 242 heredity, Nazi views, 46, 63, 65, 86 Hoess, Rudolf (1900–47), 95 Herrhausen, Alfred (1930–89), 233 Hoffmann, Heinz (1910–85), 213 Herrnstadt, Rudolf (1903–66), 158, Holland, 96 159, 160, 191 Holocaust, 10–11, 86–105, 97, 234, Hertling, Georg von (1843–1919), 20 244, 296–297, 302, 303, 308, 316 Hess, Rudolf (1894–1987), 123 as educational topic, 247 Hesse, 135, 193, 228–229, 235 historians’ controversy, 249–250 Hesse, Hermann (1877–1962), 34 memorials, 248, 297, 298, 299 Heydrich, Reinhard (1904–42), 94 Holocaust (TV series) (1978), 250 Heym, Stefan (1913–2001), 240 Holtfrerich, Carl-Ludwig (1942– ), 48 high-tech industries, 167, 170, Holy Roman Empire, 2 178, 187, 191 homosexual men, 36–37, 63, 88, 105 Hildebrand, Klaus (1941– ), 97 Honecker, Erich (1912–94), 145, Hillgruber, Andreas (1925–89), 97 173, 202, 220 Himmler, Heinrich (1900–45), 62, 92, corruption charges, 272, 292 103, 104–105 period of office, 178–182, 188, 189, Hindenburg, Oskar von (1883–1960), 55 195, 205, 215, 218, 222, 226–227,

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239, 245–246, 260–261, 262, intellectuals, in GDR, 8, 180, 189, 218, 264, 266–268, 269, 309, 219–221, 224, 269, 275, 314 310, 312 intelligentsia, 7, 159 Honecker, Margot (1927– ), 191, cultural, 206, 241, 260, 310–311 195, 268 planning, 101 Hoover Moratorium (1931), 48 technical, 170, 206, 310 Höpcke, Klaus (1933– ), 240 intentionalist interpretations, of Third Horkheimer, Max (1895–1973), Reich, 96–97, 98, 99–100 33, 229 international finance, 46 Hossbach memorandum, 75 international Jewry, 46 Hoyerswerda, 285 internment camps, 126 Huber, Kurt (1893–1943), 106 interpreted social reality, 304, 305–306 Hugenberg, Alfred (1865–1951), 35, IRA (Irish Republican Army), 233 44, 49, 51, 72 Iraq, 280 human rights, 91, 172, 179, 216, 223, Iraq War (2003–11), 291–292, 297, 318 227, 261, 264, 314 Ireland, 290 Hungary, 115, 169, 181, 318 Iron Curtain, 1, 5, 9, 136, 137, 180, Jews, 95 227, 258, 263, 270, 315 post-revolutionary, 274, 278, 315 see also Berlin Wall revolutions, 9, 148, 160, 227, 259, Isherwood, Christoper (1904–86), 37 262–263 isolationism, 77, 84 hyphenated identity, 291 Italy, 31, 74, 75, 83, 85, 210

I. G. Farben, 70, 95, 135 James, Harold (1956– ), 47 IM (inoffizielle Mitarbeiter), 214 Japan, 75, 83, 84 immer dagegen, 127–128 Jaruzelski, Wojciech (1923–2014), immigration, 166, 197, 236, 271, 260, 310 285, 290, 315, 317 jazz, 36, 66 see also emigration; Gastarbeiter; JCS 1067, 117 refugees Jehovah’s Witnesses, 88, 105 Imperial Germany, 3, 16–21, 23, 38, Jena, 193 43, 254 Jews, 17, 21, 93, 248, 317 Independent, 244 Austrian, 76–77 Independent Social Democratic Party extermination, 91–92 (USPD), 21, 22, 23, 24, 29 GDR, 225–226 individualism, vs. collectivism, 254, 306 grave desecration, 234 industrialization, 3, 16, 18, 304 ‘international Jewry’, 46 Russia, 221 ‘Ostjuden’, 17 inflation Polish, 80, 91, 92, 96 FRG, 176, 177, 187 Third Reich, 59, 63–64, 69, 73–74, Weimar Republic, 8, 29–30, 41, 80, 89, 106, 156 46, 313 see also anti-Semitism; Holocaust Initiative for a Social Democratic Jodl, Alfred (1890–1946), 123 Organization, 264–265 Johnson, Uwe (1934–84), 242 Innere Führung, 213 JP (Young Pioneers), 199 inoffizielle Mitarbeiter (IM), 214 Jugendweihe, 158, 185, 222

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July Plot (1944), 107–108, 247 Kollwitz, Käthe (1867–1945), 36 June Uprising (1953), 148, 158, Koonz, Claudia, Mothers in the 159–160, 214, 218, 219, 227, Fatherland (1986), 234 238, 259, 301, 312 Korean War (1950–53), 153, 154 Junge Gemeinde, 158, 222 KPD, see German Communist Junkers, 16–17, 18, 41, 47, 125, 132, Party (KPD) 135, 255, 305 Kraft durch Freude (KDF), 67, 306 Krawczyk, Stephan (1955– ), 226 Kahlschlag, 242 Kreisau Circle, 108 Kahr, Gustav (1862–1934), 27, 61 Krejci, Jaroslav (1916–2014), 206 Kaiserreich, 308 Krenz, Egon (1937– ), 262, Kampfgruppen der Arbeiterklasse, 212 267–268, 272, 292 Kandinsky, Wassily (1866–1944), 34 Kristallnacht, 73–74 Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804), 307 Krupp, 61, 95 Kantian philosophy, 4 Krushchev, Nikita (1894–1971), 148 Kapp–Lüttwitz Putsch (1920), Kulmhof (Chełmno), 93–94 27, 41, 55 Kultus-Minister-Konferenz, 190, 192 Karlsruhe, 176, 207 Kunert, Günter (1929– ), 240 Karski, Jan (1914–2000), 103 Kuwait, 280 KasernierteVolkspolizei (KVP), 151, 212 KVP (KasernierteVolkspolizei), KB (League of Culture), 203 151, 212 KDF (Kraft durch Freude), 67, 306 Keine Experimente! 152 labour elites, 209 Keitel, Wilhelm (1882–1946), 76, 123 labour force, female participation, Kershaw, Ian (1943– ), 100–101, 304 37–38, 66, 71, 195, 199 Kessler, Heinz (1920– ), 213 Länder, 144, 145, 177, 208, 232 Keynesianism, 153, 165, 176 denazification, 127 Khrushchev, Nikita (1894–1971), 160 education policies, 190, 192 Kiel mutiny, 22 under occupation, 133, 137 Kiesinger, Kurt Georg (1904–88), reduction of powers, 25, 59 165, 172, 173 under unification, 174, 275, 277, kindergartens, 197–198, 212, 293 279, 283, 284–285, 286, 294, 296 Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig (1880–1938), 34 Länderkammer, 145 Kirsch, Sarah (1935–2013), 240 land, redistribution, 132 Kleindeutschland (small Germany), 3, 77 land reforms, 125, 135, 255, 305, 310 Kleinruppin forever (2004) (film), 293 Landtage, 144 Kleinstaaterei, 3 Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossensc Klemperer, Victor (1881–1960), 100 haften (LPGs), 162 Klier, Freya (1950– ), 226 Lang, Fritz (1890–1976), 35 Klüger, Ruth (1931– ), 100 Lange, Fritz (1898–1981), 191 Knaurs Gesundheitslexikon, 67 Lanzmann, Claude (1925– ) Shoah, Kocka, Jürgen (1941– ), 248–249 89, 104, 234 Kohl, Hannelore (1933–2001), 287 Laqueur, Walter (1921– ), 103, 104 Kohl, Helmut (1930– ), 176, 177, Latvia, 96 181–182, 234, 235–236, 273, 274, Lausanne Conference (1932), 48 275, 277, 279, 280, 285, 286, Law No. 8 (1945), 126 287, 288 Law on Decartelization (1957), Kolb, Eberhard (1933– ), 36 135, 136, 154

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Law against the Formation of New Liberal Democratic Party of Germany Parties (1933), 60 (LDPD), 119, 145, 203, Law for Liberation from National 266, 268 Socialism (1946), 126 Liberman, Evsei (1897–1983), 168, 169 Law for Promoting Stability and Liebknecht, Karl (1871–1919), 21, 22, Growth (1967), 165–166 24, 225, 264 Law for the Protection of German Linkspartei, 287 Blood and German Honour Linz (Austria), 77 (1935), 73 literature, 34, 238–240, 242–243, 252 Law to Reduce Unemployment Lithuania, 78, 88, 96 (1933), 70 Lives of Others, The (2005) (film), 294 Law Relating to the Democratization Locarno Pact (1925), 31, 42 of German Schools (1946), 190 Łódź Ghetto, 92, 93–94, 101, 301 Law Relating to the Socialist Loeser, Franz, 202 Development of Education London, bombing of, 82 (1959), 191 London Declaration (1990), 277 Law Relating to the Unified System of LPGs (Landwirtschaftliche Socialist Education (1965), 192 Produktionsgenossenschaften), 162 Law for the Restoration of the Lübke, Heinrich (1892–1972), 173 Professional Civil Service Lublin, 92, 94 (1933), 59 Ludendorff, Erich (1865–1937), 20 LDPD (Liberal Democratic Party of Ludz, Peter Christian (1931–79), Germany), 119, 145, 203, 205–206, 254, 310 266, 268 Luther, Hans (1879–1962), 42 League of Culture (KB), 203 Luther, Martin (1483–1546), 199, 223, League of German Maidens 246, 247, 307 (BDM), 65 Lutheranism, 4, 17, 246, 255 League of German Socialist Students Lüttwitz, Walther Freiherr von (SDS), 230 (1859–1942), 27 League of Nations, 26, 31, 32, 74 Luxembourg, 82 League of Nazi Doctors, 45 Luxemburg, Rosa (c.1870–1919), League of Nazi Lawyers, 45 21, 24, 225, 264 League of Nazi School-teachers, 45 Lebensraum, 45, 69, 75 Machtergreifung myth, 57 Leber, Julius (1891–1945), 106, 108 Madagascar Plan, 92, 98 Left Platform, 265 Maizière, Lothar de (1940– ), 279 Legien, Carl (1861–1920), 23, 43 Malenkov, Georgy (1902–88), 161 Leichtlohngruppen, 195 Mann, Heinrich (1871–1950), 64 Leipzig, 66, 193, 265–266, 267, Mann, Thomas (1875–1955), 268, 269, 284 34, 37, 64 leisure, commercialization, 35 Marc, Franz (1880–1916), 34 Lengsfeld, Vera (1952–), 289 Marcuse, Herbert (1898–1979), Leninism, see Marxism-Leninism 34, 229–230 lethal injections, 87 Maria Theresa of Austria (1717–80), 96 Leuschner, Wilhelm (1890–1944), 106 marriage rates, 199 Level-of-Industry Plan (1946), 133, 134 Marshall, Barbara, 121 Ley, Robert (1890–1945), 60 Marshall, George (1880–1959), 134 liberal democracy, 3, 142, 245, 306 Marshall Aid, 134, 135, 152

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Marshall Plan, 129, 135–136, Third Reich, 59, 66 138, 152, 304 Weimar Republic, 38, 53–54 Marxism, 18, 20, 53, 124, 155, 187, see also bourgeoisie 233, 243, 256 Middle East, 284 and Christianity, 222–223 Mielke, Erich (1907–2000), 214, 269 and fascism, 71 Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig and German history, 3, 4 (1886–1969), 34 humanistic, 148, 159, 160–161, 171, militarism, 4, 132, 133, 135, 218–219, 220, 314 211, 213, 246 neo-Marxism, 210, 229–230, 231 militarization, in GDR, 212–213 Marx, Karl (1818–83), 221, 256 military education, 212, 224 Economic and Philosophical military policies, Hitler’s, 75–76 Manuscripts (1844), military schools, 44 186–187 military service, 69, 185, 207, 212, 214 Marx, Wilhelm (1863–1946), 42 Ministerrat, 145 Marxism-Leninism, 120, 126, 142, 145, Ministry of Propaganda 155, 171, 194, 201, 204–205, 207, and Enlightenment, 63 213, 218, 253, 306 Mischlinge, 73 Mason, Tim (1940–90), 106 Mitbestimmung, 154 mass organizations, 145, 203, 204 Mitläufer, 228 mass protests, 7, 219–221 Mittelbau-Dora, 297 mass rallies, 45, 73, 305 modernization, 2, 4, 16, 53, 189, 304 master race, 79, 86, 190 and Nazism, 5, 303–305, 308 Masur, Kurt (1927– ), 267 Modrow, Hans (1928– ), 262, materialism, 154, 155, 175, 199, 219, 269, 272, 273 220, 229, 231, 242, 256, 271 Mogadishu, 232 Mecklenburg, 125, 268 Mölln, 285 Mefo Bills, 69–70 Moltke, Hellmuth James (1907–45), 108 Meinhof, Ulrike (1934–76), Mommsen, Hans (1930– ), 98, 108, 297 175, 231, 232 monetary union Mein Kampf (1925), 30, 72 European, 177 Meins, Holger (1941–74), 231–232 German, 273, 276, 277–278 Memel, 78 see also currency reform memorials, Holocaust, 248, 297, 299 Monowitz, 95 Mende, Erich (1916–98), 172 moral intelligentsia, 310–311 Mendelsohn, Erich (1887–1953), 34 Moreton, Edwina, 314 Mengele, Josef (1911–79), 95 Morgen, Der, 266 mentally handicapped, Morgenthau Plan, 133 extermination, 87 Moscow Treaty (1970), 173 Merkel, Angela (1954– ), 287–289, 289 motherhood, awards, 67 Michaelis, Georg (1857–1936), 20 MSPD (Majority Social Democratic microelectronic industries, 177, 179 Party), see Social Democratic middle classes Party (SPD) FRG, 154, 155, 186, 208, 231, 242 Müller, Filip (1922– ), 104 GDR, 158, 159, 186 Müller, Hermann (1876–1931), 42, 47 Imperial Germany, 16, 20 Munich, 34, 62, 66, 106, 177 occupied Germany, 127 uprisings, 118

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Munich Beer Festival (1980), 232 rise of, 15, 30, 32, 40, 41, 43, 44–46, Munich Conference (1938), 78 47, 49, 50, 51–52, 53–56, Münzer, Thomas (c.1488–1525), 246 58, 58 Mussolini, Benito (1883–1945), and society and culture, 63–68 30, 56, 75, 85 and Weimar culture, 33, 34, 35 in World War Two, 82–86 Napoleon I (1769–1821), 2 see also denazification; German National Assembly, 25, 221 Worker’s Party (DAP); Hitler, national community, Third Reich, Adolf; neo-Nazis; Third Reich 46, 57–79 National Socialist League of German economy, 68–72 Students, 45 radicalization, 72–79 Nationalzeitung, Die, 234 society and culture, 63–68 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty national consciousness, 10 Organization), 141, 149, 164, 200, National Constituent Assembly, 224, 273–274, 277, 291 22, 24–25 navy, 19, 26, 74, 75 National Democratic Party of Germany Nazi Party, see National Socialist (NDPD), 119, 145, 203, 268 German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) National Democratic Party of Nazi–Soviet Pact (1939), 116, 246–247 Germany (NPD), 165, 174, NDPD (National Democratic Party of 228–229, 230 Germany), 119, 145, 203, 268 NationaleVolksarmee (NVA), 151, 212 Nebenverfassung, 208 National Front, 203 neo-Keynesianism, 153 national identity, 129, 174, 180, 223, neoliberalism, 152–153, 165 237, 245–251, 257–258, 272, 297 neo-Marxism, 210, 229–230, 231 nationalism, 18–19, 35, 76, 237, 248, neo-Nazis 279, 285, 289 FRG, 165, 228–229, 230, 235, 318 see also national identity GDR, 272 nationality principle, 26 NES (New Economic System), National Socialist Factory Cell 160, 168–169, 170, 171, 191, Organization (NSBO), 45 254–255, 310 National Socialist Frauenwerk Neues Deutschland, 158, 159, 241 (NSF), 67 Neurath, Konstantin von National Socialist German Workers’ (1873–1956), 76, 123 Party (NSDAP), 5, 118, 121, 122, New Beginning, 105 123, 125, 132, 133, 143, 156, 165, ‘New Course’, 158, 161 173, 190, 228 New Economic System (NES), anti-Semitism, 89, 296–297 160, 168–169, 170, 171, 191, consolidation of power, 57–63 254–255, 310 defeat of, 105–109 New Forum, 265, 267–268, 269, 274 economic policies, 68–72 new objectivity, 36 FRG, 141, 155–157, 228, 234 New Plan (1934), 70 GDR, 141, 220, 226 New School of Social Research, legacies, 303–308 229–230 mass extermination and newspaper industry, 35, 64, 126, Holocaust, 86–105 128, 230, 238, 241, 244 radicalization, 72–79 New York, 291

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Niemöller, Martin (1892–1984), 68 Olympic Games (1936), 73 Niethammer, Lutz (1939– ), 126 ‘Operation Barbarossa’, 83, 100 Night of Broken Glass (1938), 73–74 ‘Operation Harvest Festival’, 94 Night of the Long Knives (1934), 61 ‘Operation Sea-Lion’, 82 Nischengesellschaft, 251 Organization for European Economic Nolte, Ernst (1923– ), 249 Co-operation (OEEC), 141, 149 non-defence committees, 118 Orwell, George (1903–50), 208 ‘normalization’, 173, 237, 316–317 Ossis, 279 Normandy landings, 108 Ostalgie, 293 North Africa, 83, 85, 105 Oster, Hans (1887–1945), 80–81 North Atlantic Treaty Organization Ostpolitik, 146, 155, 164, 172–175, 178, (NATO), 141, 149, 164, 200, 224, 180, 222, 250, 251 273–274, 277, 291 Overy, R. J. (1947– ), 71 North-Rhine Westphalia, 135, 137, 255 ownership Norway, 82, 172–173 production, 183–184, 185, 186–187 NPD (National Democratic Party of property, 276 Germany), 165, 228–229, 230 NSBO (National Socialist Factory Cell Pabst, Georg Wilhelm (1885–1967), 35 Organization), 45 Palast der Republik, 294 NSDAP, see National Socialist German Papen, Franz von (1879–1969), 35, 52, Workers’ Party (NSDAP) 54–55, 123 NSF (National Socialist Frauenwerk), 67 paramilitary organizations, 24, 26, nuclear missiles, 176, 180, 182, 200, 38, 43–44, 45, 51, 53, 65, 204, 214, 224 212, 235 numerus clausus, 193, 229 Paris, 73, 82 Nuremberg Laws (1935), 73, 156 Paris Conference (1921), 27 Nuremberg Trials (1945–6), 96, Paris Treaties, 149 122–123 Parliamentary Committees NVA (NationaleVolksarmee), 151, 212 of Inquiry, 295 see also Bundesenquêtekommissionen, 292 Oberländer, Theodor (1905–98), 156 participatory dictatorships, 202 Oberschulen, 190–191 Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), occupation of Germany 274, 286, 287 (1945–49), 113–141 see also Socialist Unity Party (SED) Allies and framework of political passive resistance, 29, 30 life, 113–122 ‘pastoralization’, 117 denazification and re-education, patriotism, constitutional, 292 122–129 peace initiatives, 224, 261 division of Germany, 115, 136–141 Pearl Harbor, 84 economic revival, 129–136 peasants, 16, 22, 38, 69, 72, 119, 132, Occupation Statute (1951), 149 158, 159, 170, 186, 192, 193 Oder–Neisse Line, 116, 236 Peasants’ War (1525), 3, 246 OEEC (Organization for European People’s Court, 107 Economic Co-operation), 141, 149 People’s Encyclopaedia (1939), 63 Oelssner, Fred (1903–77), 161 perestroika, 181, 202, 262 Ohnesorg, Benno (1940–67), 230, 233 Persia, Shah of (Mohammad Reza Ollenhauer, Erich (1901–63), 155 Pahlavi) (1919–80), 230

0002216775.INDD 364 9/26/2014 1:32:43 PM Index 365

Persian Gulf, 280, 291 Pomerania, 26, 49 Persil certificates, 127 Ponto, Jürgen (1923–77), 231 Pétain, Philippe (1856–1951), 82 population, differences in FRG Pfaffenhofener Kurier, 244 and GDR, 184–185 phoney war, 80 Posen (Poznań), 26 photographs, 101, 295 Potsdam, Garrison Church, 58 Picht, Georg (1913–82), Die deutsche Potsdam Agreement (1945), Bildungskatastrophe, 192 115–117, 130, 133 Pieck, Wilhelm (1876–1960), 139, 145 Prague, 78, 94, 230, 263, 266, 269 pillarization of society, 303, 306, 307 Prague Spring (1968), 170, 220, planning intelligentsia, 101 230, 260, 262 Plauen, 266 presidents, roles, 143 Plenzdorf, Ulrich (1934–2007), pressure groups, 18, 45, 208–209, Die neuen Leiden des jungen W. 209–210, 233, 235, 310 (1972), 239 Preuss, Hugo (1860–1925), 25 Plötzensee jail, 107 Probst, Christoph (1919–43), 106 pluralism, 108, 208, 210, 227 propaganda Pöhl, Karl-Otto (1929– ), 273 GDR, 204, 224, 241, 294 Poland, 16, 82, 103, 139, 170, 178, Nazi, 35, 45, 49, 57, 63, 64, 67, 71, 188, 189, 272, 274 74, 84, 85–86, 99, 103, 305 church–state relationships, Soviet Union, 148, 150 207, 223, 247 property ownership, 276 communism, 160, 206, 221, 260, 309 proportional representation, 24, 25, concentration camps, 94, 96, 248 41, 42, 121, 143 German invasion of, 78, 80, 88, 91 protectionism, agricultural, 47 ghettos, 92–93, 93 Protestants Polish–German frontier, 26, 31, 32, FRG, 150, 255, 256 81, 115–116, 173, 236 GDR, 9, 181, 206–207, 218, revolutions, 148, 181, 259, 260, 261, 221–227, 255, 256, 311 262, 268, 310, 313, 315 occupied Germany, 119, 120 Versailles Treaty, 26 post Reformation Germany, 17 Poles, slave labour, 80, 156 Third Reich, 49, 53, 67–68, 255–256 police, 53, 62, 211, 220, 290 unified Germany, 287 FRG, 208, 215–216, 232, 285, 301 Weimar Republic, 37 GDR, 5, 151, 161, 207, 212, Prussia, 2–3, 17–18, 21, 26, 53, 58, 214–215, 266, 267, 269, 301 59, 60, 135, 137, 213, 246, 250, Polish resistance movement, 103 255, 305 political conformity, 185–186, 253, 254 psychology, 33 political culture, 255–258 publishing industry, 64, 238 political dissidents, see dissent and purges opposition GDR, 120, 125, 160, 168, 202, political framework, Allies and, 113–122 268–269, 309, 314 political systems and constitutions, see Soviet Union, 84 constitutions and political Third Reich, 59, 61, 64, 75–76 framework pollution, 179–180, 183, 210, Quakers, 226 225, 272, 317 Quisling, Vidkun (1887–1945), 82

0002216775.INDD 365 9/26/2014 1:32:43 PM 366 Index

racialism, 73, 166, 235, 307 Reich, Jens (1939– ), 265 racial purity, 65, 66–67, 79, 86, 109, 190 Reich Citizenship Law (1913), 290–291 racism, Nazis, 100, 102–103 Reich Food Estate, 60, 72 see also anti-Semitism Reichsbank, 69 racist extremism, 285, 318 Reichsbürgergesetz, 73 radicalization Reich Security Main Office cumulative, 297 (RSHA), 92 Third Reich, 72–79 Reichskonkordat (1933), 67 Radikalenerlass, see Decree Reichskristallnacht (1938), 73–74 Concerning Radicals (1972) Reichslandbund, 45, 55 radio, 35, 64 Reichsrat, abolition, 60 Raeder, Erich (1876–1960), 123 Reichsstatthalter, 59–60 RAF, see Red Army Faction (RAF) Reichstag, 18, 42, 44, 49, 52–53, Rahmenplan, 190 54, 57–58, 58, 59, 60 Ranke, Leopold von (1795–1886), 5 Reichswehr, 43 Rapallo complex, 140 Reichwein, Adolf (1898–1944), 108 Rapallo Treaty (1922), 31–32, 44 Reinhard Action, 94, 96 rapprochement, 181 ‘Reinhardt Programmes’, 70 Raspin, G. (d.1977), 232 religion, 204–205, 227–228, 247 Rassenkunde, 65 see also Catholics; Christianity; Rathenau, Walther (1867–1922), 31 Jews; Protestants Ravensbrück, 297 Remarque, Erich Maria (1898–1970), 35 Reagan, Ronald (1911–2004), 224, 250 remilitarization, 32, 69, 114, realists, 177 144, 149, 155 Realschulen, 190, 193 Rentenmark, 30 rearmament reparations 1950s, 149, 150, 155 after World War One, 27, 29, 30, 31, under Hitler, 44, 61, 66, 69–70, 32, 41, 46, 48, 51, 56 70–71, 74, 78, 304 after World War Two, 115, 116, 125, recentralization, 154, 170–171, 178 131, 132, 133, 140, 152 Rechtsstaat, 232, 233, 265 Republican Party (Republikaner), Red Army, 108, 109, 114, 116, 235, 271, 274 129–130, 247, 299 resistance, in Third Reich, 7, 61, 68, 71, Red Army Faction (RAF), 168, 175, 76, 82, 100, 105–109 231–233 reunification, attempts, 138, 139, 140, Red Orchestra, 106 144–145, 147–148, 150–151, 160, re-education, 122–129, 245 173–174, 237, 250–251, 259 Reformation, 2, 3 see also unification of Germany Reformfreudig, 267 revisionism, 7, 26, 27, 29, 32, 56, 61, refugees, 299, 315 74, 160, 168, 191, 228, 234, 235, FRG, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 274, 313 166, 177, 235 revolutions GDR, 9, 162–163, 177, 263–264, 1917, 20 266, 269, 271 1918–19, 21–25, 40–41 occupied Germany, 109, 116, 121, 1989, 1, 9, 10, 177, 181, 183, 189, 122, 129, 130, 131, 141 195, 200–201, 202, 205, 225, 258, see also emigration; immigration 259–280, 315–316

0002216775.INDD 366 9/26/2014 1:32:43 PM Index 367

bourgeois, 3, 4, 246 revolution (1917), 20 June Uprising (1953), 148, 158, tsarist, 2, 26 159–160, 214, 218, 219, 227, see also Soviet Union 238, 259, 301, 312 Ruttmann, Walter (1887–1941), 35 see also demonstrations; uprisings Rheinland-Pfalz, 229 SA, 44–45, 51, 52, 53, 61, 123 Rhineland, 49, 108 Saar, 26, 149, 192 demilitarized, 26 Saarland, 74, 138 evacuation of, 31, 32 Sachsenhausen, 297 and French, 29 SAGs (Soviet joint-stock companies), remilitarization (1936), 69, 75 132, 133 Ribbentrop, Joachim von (1893–1946), sailors’ mutiny (1918), 22 55, 75, 76, 83, 123 Saxony, 27, 30, 125, 131, 133 Richter, Hans Werner (1908–93), 242 Scandinavia, 82 rights Schabowski, Günter (1929– ), 269 citizen, 89, 125–126, 145, Schacht, Hjalmar (1877–1970), 51, 213, 215, 260 69–70, 75, 123 human, 91, 172, 179, 216, Scheel, Walter (1919– ), 172 223, 227, 261, 264, 314 Scheidemann, Philipp (1865–1939), trade union, 69, 71 22, 25, 26 Rilke, Rainer Maria (1875–1926), 34 Schengen agreement (1995), 290 Robbins Report (1963), 191 Schindler, Oskar (1908–74), 106 Robertson, Sir Brian Schindler’s List (1993) (film), 106 (1896–1974), 138 Schirach, Baldur von Röhm, Ernst (1887–1934), 45, 61 (1907–74), 65, 123 Romania, 83, 259 Schirdewan, Karl (1907–98), Rome, 30, 68 160–161, 191 Rome, Treaty of (1957), 149 Schleicher, Kurt von (1882–1934), ‘Rome–Berlin Axis’, 75 44, 54, 61, 309 Rommel, Erwin (1891–1944), 85 Schleswig-Holstein, 49, 190, 192, 229 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano Schleyer, Hanns-Martin (1915–77), 232 (1882–1945), 114 Schmidt, Helmut (1918– ), 175–176, Rosh, Lea (1936– ), 297 209, 213–214 Rostock, 193, 268, 285 Schmorell, Alexander (1917–43), 106 RSHA (Reich Security Main Schoenbaum, David (1935– ), 303–304 Office), 92 Scholl, Hans (1918–43), 106 Ruf, Der, 242 Scholl, Sophie (1921–43), 106 Ruhr, 16, 27, 177 Scholtz-Klink, Gertrud (1902–99), 234 after 1945, 137, 138, 141 Schönberg, Arnold (1874–1951), 34 French occupation, 29, 30, 31, 32 Schönherr, Albrecht (1911–2009), 222 Ruhr lock-out (1928), 43 Schönhuber, Franz (1923–2005), 235 rural society, 16–17 Schröder, Gerhard (1944– ), 286, 287 Rusch, Claudia (1971– ), Meinefreie Schulpforta, 192 deutsche Jugend (2003), 293 Schulte, Eduard (1891–1966), 103 Russia, 21, 318 Schulze, Rainer (1952– ), 121 German military schools, 44 Schulze-Boysen, Harro (1909–42), 106 post-1917, 31–32 Schumacher, Kurt (1895–1952), 120, 155

0002216775.INDD 367 9/26/2014 1:32:43 PM 368 Index

Schuschnigg, Kurt (1897–1977), 76 Social Democratic Party (SPD), 307 Schutzstaffel (SS), 61, 80, 92, 118, 123, FRG, 147, 150, 153, 155, 164, 124, 156, 232, 235, 296, 299 165–166, 172–174, 175, 176–177, ban on, 52, 53 195, 208, 213, 227, 230, 250 and Christianity, 68 GDR, 160, 264–265, 274, 275 graves, 250 Imperial Germany, 17, 18, and Holocaust, 90, 92, 101, 104, 105 20–21, 22, 23, 24–25 powers, 62 occupied Germany, 119, 120, 121, 138 reunions, 234 Third Reich, 52, 56, 58, 59, 105 Schwerin, 268 united Germany, 286, 287, 288 science research, 33 Weimar Republic, 27–28, 29, 35, 38, scorched earth policies, 109, 118 40, 42, 47–48, 49, 50, 52, 53, 55 SD (Sicherheitsdienst), 123 see also Independent Social Democratic SDS (League of German Socialist Party (USPD); Socialist Unity Party Students), 230 (SED) Second World War, see World War Two social history (1939–45) GDR, 294 secularization, 158, 227, 304 Germany, 12, 199–200, 201–202 SED, see Socialist Unity Party (SED) socialism in GDR, 203, 205, 219, Seeckt, Hans von (1866–1936), 43–44 220–221, 222, 230, 238, 239, Seghers, Anna (1900–83), 238 245, 273, 275–276 Selbmann, Fritz (1899–1975), 159, 161 Socialist Reich Party (SRP), 151 Seldte, Franz (1882–1947), 70 Socialist Unity Party (SED), 139, self-sufficiency, 69, 70, 178 145–146, 148, 168, 171, 202, 203, September 11 terrorist attack, 291 204, 206, 213, 252, 254, 257, 260 Seven Year Plan and 1989 revolution, 265, 266, 267, (1959–65), 162 268–269, 272, 274, 315 (1962–70), 162 formation, 120 Seyss-Inquart, Arthur under Honecker, 173, 191, 195, (1892–1946), 76 226–227, 239, 262, 309 Shoah, see Holocaust purges, 220 Shoah (film)(1985), 89, 104, 234 role and organization, 146, 204–205 Sicherheitsdienst (SD), 123 under Ulbricht, 157–163, 309, Siemens, 16, 95 310, 314 Silesia, 26, 49, 91, 95, 116 united Germany, 287, 292, 295 Simmel, Georg (1858–1918), 33 see also Party of Democratic Simon Wiesenthal Centre, 123–124 Socialism (PDS) ‘Sinatra Doctrine’, 262 socialization, 196–198, 251, 253, 256, 307 Sitzkrieg, 80 of youth, 199 Slansky, Rudolf (1901–52), 225 social–liberal coalition, 172 slave labour, 80, 85, 91, 102, 156, 173 social market economy, 136, 152–153 Slovakia, 78 social mobility, 170, 185–187 SMAD (Soviet Military social reality, interpreted, 304, 305 Administration), 119 social revolutions, 303–305 Sobibór, 94 social sciences, 33 social Darwinism, 109 Solidarity, 181, 247, 260, 261, social democracy, 55, 175 262, 268, 310

0002216775.INDD 368 9/26/2014 1:32:43 PM Index 369

Solingen, 285 Staatsrat, 145, 146, 205 Sonderweg, 3, 302 Staatssicherheit (Stasi ), 207, 214–215, Sonnenallee (1999) (film), 293 226, 233, 267, 275, 293, 294 ‘Sovietization of the Public School depictions, 294 System in East Germany’ disbandment, 268, 272, 279 (1951), 125 informers, 223, 239, 240, 264, 287 Soviet joint-stock companies Stahlhelm, 44, 52 (SAGs), 132, 133 Stalin, Joseph (1879–1953), 116–117, Soviet Military Administration 137, 139, 140, 157 (SMAD), 119 and Hitler, 78, 80, 249 Soviet Union, 77, 157, 177, 314 purges, 77, 84 collapse of, 7, 284 and reunification, 148, 150 and Czechoslovakia, 220, 230, 260 Stalingrad, Battle of, 84, 105 division of Germany, 136, 137, Stalinism, 148, 220 138, 139, 140 Stalinization, 139, 157 and GDR, 5, 151, 158, 159, 160, Stalinstadt, 292–293 161–162, 168–169, 170, 171, 173, Stammheim, 232 179, 180, 181, 205, 218, 224, 226, standards of living 227, 255, 259–260, 262, 315 FRG, 187–188 Nazi–Soviet Pact, 116, 246–247 GDR, 188–189 occupation of Germany, 113, 114, 115, Imperial Germany, 16 116–117, 118–120, 124, 125–126, occupied Germany, 113, 130 128–130, 131–133, 134–135, 136, Stasi, see Staatssicherheit (Stasi) 276, 298, 304 Stauffenberg, Claus Schenck Count reunification of Germany, 148, von (1907–44), 107 150, 273, 274 Steininger, Rolf (1942– ), 118–119 and Weimar Republic, 31–32, 44 sterilization, 66–67, 86–87, 95 World War Two, 80, 82, 83–84, 86, Stinnes, Hugo (1870–1924), 23, 30 88, 91, 92, 93, 105, 106, 108, 109 Stinnes–Legien agreement (1918), 43 see also Cold War; Russia Stolpe, Manfred (1936– ), 286 Spandau Prison, 123 Stolpersteine, 297, 298 Spanish Civil War (1936–9), 75 Stoph, Willi (1914–1999), 173, 205 Spartacus League, 21 Strasser, Gregor (1892–1934), 45, 54, 61 SPD, see Social Democratic Party (SPD) Strauss, Franz-Josef (1915–88), 144, specialization, 162, 178 154, 165, 234 special schools, 192 Streicher, Julius (1885–1946), 123 Speer, Albert (1905–81), 123 Strength Through Joy (Kraft durch spheres of influence, and division Freude) programme, 67, 306 of Germany, 137, 151 Stresa Front, 74 Spiegel, Der, 221, 244 Stresemann, Gustav (1878–1929), Spiegel Affair, 164 30–32, 42 Spielberg, Steven (1946– ), 106 strikes Spiessbürger, 230 FRG, 152, 154, 209 Spitzengespräch (1978), 222 GDR, 159–160, 171, 188, 219, Spreegurken, 293 272, 276 SRP (Socialist Reich Party), 151 Imperial Germany, 19, 20, 22, 23 SS, see Schutzstaffel (SS) occupied Germany, 136

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strikes (cont’d) economy and society, 68–72 Third Reich, 106 functionalist/intentionalist unified Germany, 285 interpretations, 96–105 Weimar Republic, 24, 27, 41, 55 legacies, 5, 105, 167, 244–245, 252, structuralism, 97, 231, 296 295–300, 307–308 Strukturplan für das radicalization, 72–79 Bildungswesen (1970), 193 role of in history, 302–308, 316 student movement, 230 society and culture, 63–68 Stunde Null (zero hour), 1, 10, 297, see also denazification; Hitler, Adolf 300, 307, 308 (1889–1945); National Socialist Sturmabteilung (SA), 44–45, 51, German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) 52, 53, 61, 123 ‘Third Way’, 114, 136, 148, 161, 218, Stuttgart, 177 220, 273, 275–276 Süddeutsche Zeitung, 118, 244 Thirty Years War (1618–48), 2 Sudeten German Party, 77 Thousand Year Reich, 72, 86, 105, 109 Sudetenland, 77 Thuringia, 27, 30, 125, 131, 133 survival work, 130 Thyssen, Fritz (1873–1951), 51 Switzerland, 237 Tiananmen Square Massacre Sympathiegemeinschaft, 245 (1989), 266, 267 Systemvergleich, 211 Times, The, 244 Tisch, Harry (1927–95), 268 T4 programme, 87, 94 Todesmühlen (1945) (film), 128 Taut, Bruno (1880–1938), 34 totalitarianism, 62, 99, 201, 205, Taylor, A. J. P. (1906–90), 3 206, 207, 294, 316 Taylorism, 47 trade agreements, 170, 179, 181 Teheran, 114 trade unions television, 188, 189, 238, 241, 243, FRG, 152, 154, 209 244, 247, 263, 268, 299 GDR, 145, 159, 195, 203, 204, Terezin (Theresienstadt), 90, 96 252, 254, 268, 272 terror Imperial Germany, 17, 23–24 balance of, 1, 200 occupied Germany, 135, 136, 254 GDR, 157, 205 Third Reich, 60, 67, 69, 71, Third Reich, 59, 62, 299 106, 306 terrorism, 235, 242 Weimar Republic, 40, 43, 52, 54 global, 6, 233, 284, 291, 318 see also strikes Red Army Faction (RAF), Treblinka, 94 168, 175, 231–233 trench warfare, 19, 20 Thälmann, Ernst (1886–1944), 52, 203 Tribüne, 159 Thatcher, Margaret (1925–2013), Tripartite Pact (1940), 75, 83 177, 273, 289 Trivialliteratur, 242 Theresienstadt (Terezin), 90, 96 Trott, Adam von (1909–44), 76, 108 Thielbeer, Siegfried (1944– ), 206 Truman, Harry (1884–1972), Third Reich, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 79, 85, 137–138 156, 213, 227, 234, 235, 242, 254, Truman Doctrine, 134, 137–138 255–256, 301, 302, 309 Trümmerfrauen, concept of, 130 consolidation of power, 57–63 Turkey, 287 defeat, 105–109 Turkish immigrants, 166, 285, 290

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Übelhör, Friedrich, 92 and Soviet Union, 173, 177, 181, 224 Ukraine, 318 and unified Germany, 273 Ulbricht, Walter (1893–1973), 119, and Vietnam War, 167, 229 139, 145, 173, 178, 180, 205, 225, World War Two, 83, 84, 85, 139 238, 256, 259 Young Plan (1929), 32, 49 and dissent, 148, 218, 222, 309, 314 see also Cold War economic policies, 168–172, 310, 312 universities period of office, 157–163 denazification, 128 unemployment FRG, 229, 232 FRG, 154, 166, 176, 235, 236, 271 GDR, 185–186, 191, 192, GDR, 188, 255, 276 193–194, 203 Third Reich, 61, 70 Third Reich, 64, 65 unified Germany, 284–285, 288, 293 Untermenschen, 100 Weimar Republic, 8, 38, 47, uprisings 48, 48, 50–51, 53, 55 Arab Spring, 318 women, 195 Hungary (1956), 160 UNESCO, 192 June 1953, 148, 158, 159–160, 214, unification of Germany 218, 219, 227, 238, 259, 301, 312 1871, 16 in occupied Germany, 118 1990, 1, 6, 10, 116, 166, 182, 199, Third Reich, 73–74, 94 201, 235–236, 259, 271, 273–280 Weimar Republic, 22, 23, 24, early failure, 3 26, 27, 30, 55 see also Berlin Republic; see also demonstrations; revolutions reunification, attempts urbanization, 184, 185, 304 United Kingdom (UK), see Britain USA, see United States of America United Nations (UN), 174, 224, 291 (USA) United States of America (USA) USPD (Independent Social Democratic 9/11, 292 Party), 21, 22, 23, 24, 29 anti-Americanism, 248 USSR, see Soviet Union culture, 241 and Dachau, 102 Vaterlandspartei, 20 Dawes Plan, 31 VEBs (Volkseigene Betriebe), 133, 169–170 eugenics, 33 Vereinigungen Volkseigener Betriebe and GDR, 178 (VVBs), 169–170, 178 and German cultural talent, 33, Vergangenheitsbewältigung, 249–250 34, 64, 229–230, 242 Verordnungen, 73 and German inflation, 29 Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 7, 28 hyphenated identity, 291 and Austria, 77 Iraq War, 287, 291–292 and Nazis, 38, 43, 46, 61, 72, isolationism, 76, 77 74–75, 305 military presence in FRG, 180, 214 and Weimar Republic, 25–27, 31, occupation of Germany, 114–115, 32, 40–41, 44, 56 116, 117, 121, 124, 126, 127, Vichy France, 82 133, 134, 135–136, 137, 138, victim status, Germans, 299–300 140, 151, 152 Vietnam War (1959–75), 167, 229 production methods, 47 visual arts, 34 and reunification, 150 Volksdemokratie, 157

0002216775.INDD 371 9/26/2014 1:32:44 PM 372 Index

Volkseigene Betriebe (VEBs), 133, 169–170 and GDR, 191, 217–218, 314 Volkseigene Güter, 132 origins of, 15–21 Volksgemeinschaft, 10, 46, 63, 99, 103, political unrest and economic 299, 303 chaos, 27–30, 63, 66, 68, 109, Volksgenossen, 63 301, 313 Volkskammer, 145, 146, 203, 268, society and culture, 33–39, 64, 269, 294 65, 303, 305, 309 Volksparteien, 208 stabilization, 30–33 Volkspolizei, 151, 212, 214 Weizsäcker, Ernst von Volksschulen, 190 (1882–1951), 76 voting systems, 18–19, 21, 121, 143 Wels, Otto (1873–1939), 59 Vrba, Rudolf (1924–2006), 103 Wende, die, 176 VVBs (Vereinigungen-Volkseigener Wessis, 279 Betriebe), 169–170, 178 West Germany, see Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) Wallraff, Günter (1942– ), Ganz Unten Westphalia, Peace of (1648), 2 (1985), 242 West Prussia, see Prussia Wall Street Crash (1929), 47 Wetzler, Alfréd (1918–88), 103 Walser, Martin (1927– ), 242 white-collar workers, 16, 45, 54, Wandel, Paul (1905–95), 161 184, 187, 209 Wandervogel movement, 38 White Rose (resistance group), 106 Wannsee Conference (1942), 98 Wiesenthal, Simon (1908–2005), war crimes trials, 96, 122–124 123–124 Warsaw Ghetto, 92, 93, 301 Wilhelm II (1859–1941), 18, 21, 22 Warsaw Pact, 151, 200, 212, 219, 220, Wilhelmine Germany, see 224, 260, 273, 274, 277 Imperial Germany Warsaw refugees, 263, 266 Wilhelmshaven, 22 Warsaw Treaty (1970), 173 Wilson, Harold (1916–95), 191 Wartburg Castle, 199 Winter Relief Fund (WHW), 84 Weber, Max (1864–1920), 18, Wirth, Joseph (1879–1956), 29 25, 33, 211, 256 Wirtschaftspartei, 49 Wehler, Hans-Ulrich (1931–2014), 248 Wolf, Christa (1929–2011), Wehrmacht, 75–76, 101–102, 295–296 239, 253–254, 269 Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann, 235 Wolf’s Lair, 105, 107 Wehrverfassung, 207 Wollenberger, Vera (1952– ), 289 Weill, Kurt (1900–50), 34 Wollweber, Ernst (1898–1967), Weimar, 25 160–161, 191 Weimar Republic, 122, 242, 254 women collapse of, 40–44, 46–56, 59, 201 comparisons of family life in FRG comparisons with FRG political and GDR, 194–199 framework, 142–143, 144, 151, education, 196–197 152, 154, 157, 165, 167, 208, 210, emancipation, 37–38, 195, 198 217–218, 227, 228, 230, 236, 310, employment, 37–38, 66, 71, 195, 311, 314 199, 277–278 constitution and Treaty of GDR, 188, 203, 212, 240, Versailles, 25–27 254, 266, 274 formation of, 21–25 politicization, 20

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Third Reich, 66–67, 71, 73, 85, Young Plan (1929), 32, 49 100–101, 113 youth culture, 167, 229 as Trümmerfrauen, 130 youth organizations, 38, 45, 49, 65–66, unified Germany, 277–278, 279, 284 121, 204, 212, 252, 254, 306 Weimar Republic, 22, 25, 37–38 youth, socialization of, 199 Workers’ Committees, 23–24 Yugoslavia, 83, 96, 169 working classes FRG, 186, 190, 192, 193, 231 Zahlenspiegel, 184 GDR, 158, 186–187, 191, 192, 193, Zaisser, Else (1898–1987), 191 204, 219, 220, 221 Zaisser, Wilhelm (1893–1958), Imperial Germany, 18 158, 160, 191 occupied Germany, 127 Zehnklassenschulen, 190 Third Reich, 45, 53, 66, 67, 106 Zehnklassigeallgemeinepolytechnische-­ Weimar Republic, 35, 36, 49, 53, 55 Oberschulen, 191 see also blue-collar workers Zeit, Die, 244 Works Constitution Law (1952), 154 Zentral-Arbeits-Gemeinschaft World War One (1914–18), 3, 19–20, (ZAG), 24, 43 27, 46, 103, 248, 301 Zentralschulen, 190 World War Two (1939–45), 7, 19, ‘zero hour’, 1, 10, 297, 300, 83–86, 88, 108–109, 113, 139, 307, 308 288, 296, 300, 301 Zille, Heinrich (1858–1929), 36 see also Holocaust Ziller, Gerhart (1912–57), Wowereit, Klaus (1953–), 317 160–161, 191 Zionism, 225 Yalta, 114 Zweigleisigkeit, 252 Young Pioneers (JP), 199 Zyklon B gas, 89, 93, 95, 101

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