A publication of the Contributors include: President Barack Obama | James L. Jones Chuck Hagel | Horst Teltschik | Condoleezza Rice | Zbigniew Brzezinski [ Helmut Kohl | Colin Powell | Frederick Forsyth | Brent Scowcroft ] Freedom’s Challenge Marking the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall Responsible Leadership in a Globalized World The fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989, not only years, there have been differences in opinion on important led to the unifi cation of Germany, thus ending decades of issues, but the shared interests continue to predominate. division and immeasurable human suffering; it also ended It is important that, in the future, we do not forget what binds the division of Europe and changed the world. us together and that we defi ne our common interests and responsibilities. The deepening of personal relations between Today, twenty years after this event, we are in a position to young Germans and Americans in particular should be dear gauge which distance we have covered since. We are able to to our hearts. observe that in spite of continuing problems and justifi ed as well as unjustifi ed complaints, the unifi cation of Germany and For this reason the BMW Foundation accounts the Europe has been crowned with success. transatlantic relationship as a focus of its activity. The Transatlantic Forum for example is the “veteran“ of the It is being emphasized again and again, and rightly so, that it BMW Foundation’s Young Leaders Forums. The aim of was the people in the former GDR that started the peaceful these Young Leaders Forums is to establish a network, revolution. The Kohl/Genscher government recognized – beyond the Forums discussions, between young leaders and seized – the opportunity for unifi cation. But without the from various countries. Responsible Leadership in a support of the United States of America and our European Globalized World the BMW Foundation, with its goals and neighbors, the process would have failed. The United States projects, also encourages leaders worldwide to take into has not only been a guarantor of our security during the post- account the greater common good in their professional and war decades, it has also been the most important ally on the personal activities. road to German unifi cation. Jürgen Chrobog, State Secretary (ret.) During my six years as German Ambassador in Washington, Former German Ambassador to the United States I also sensed that Germany’s role vis-à-vis the United Chairman of the Board of Directors, States has changed. The special relationship has developed BMW Stiftung Herbert Quandt into something more like a partnership, which is also characterized by national interests. Particularly in recent Further Information: www.bmw-stiftung.de Contents Foreword: Barack Obama A message from the President of the United States > PAGE 7 The Triumph of Freedom Helmut Kohl recalls how the world changed in 1989 > PAGE 8 Commemorating the Fall of the Wall George H.W. Bush looks forward to a “new world of hope” > PAGE 10 Challenging the Status Quo Margaret Thatcher reflects on the demise of communism > PAGE 13 Interview: Hans-Dietrich Genscher Interview: Zbigniew Brzezinski A Valued Partnership Hans-Dietrich Genscher talks about Zbigniew Brzezinski looks back at > Ellen Johnson Sirleaf says the battle the 10-point plan and European the key players and events PAGE 50 > for freedom is far from over > PAGE 15 monetary unification PAGE 34 Germany’s Revolution, Unification Lessons Learned The Night the Wall Went Up and America Václav Havel warns of the perils of Frederick Kempe chronicles the J. D. Bindenagel’s account of the > > totalitarianism > PAGE 16 events of August 1961 PAGE 36 events of November 9 PAGE 54 Editor’s Introduction The Wall... Always the Wall Interview: Colin Powell Frederick Kempe on the Atlantic Frederick Forsyth’s Cold War Berlin Colin Powell looks back at Ronald > Community’s role in ensuring freedom PAGE 40 Reagan’s role in shaping the events of persists > PAGE 18 1989 > PAGE 58 A Diplomatic Approach Dawn of a New Era Douglas Hurd explains how the fall of Welcome to Freedom Peter Schneider reflects on political the Wall reshaped the map of Europe Frederick Taylor recalls the events opposition to reunification > PAGE 20 > PAGE 44 that led to the fall of the Berlin Wall > PAGE 62 Poland’s Path to NATO A New Era of Globalization Adam Michnik looks at the Josef Ackermann on how the events Interview: Horst M. Teltschik revolutions that led to the fall of of 1989 forever changed the face of Horst M. Teltschik on the complexities communism > PAGE 24 international affairs > PAGE 47 of reunification > PAGE 66 Interview: Brent Scowcroft “Tear Down This Wall!” A New Set of Challenges Brent Scowcroft recalls how George Richard Burt remembers Ronald David Marsh outlines Germany’s H.W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev Reagan’s rousing speech in Berlin geopolitical challenges > PAGE 70 changed the world > PAGE 28 > PAGE 48 The Atlantic Council 3 The Power of Information A Shared Vision Michael Dobbs explores the power John R. Lyman and Mihaela Carstei of the media as a midwife of revolution explain why trans-Atlantic energy > PAGE 75 cooperation is crucial > PAGE 108 Reflections on the A Dangerous Future “Annus Mirabilis” Charles F. Wald, Sherri Goodman, Michael Dobbs on the passing of and David M. Catarious, Jr. explain an era > PAGE 78 the importance of climate change and energy security > PAGE 110 Insight: Beyond Containment – How the Cold War was Won Completing Europe Condoleezza Rice recalls her Damon Wilson looks at the strategies experiences, as part of the Bush needed to achieve a whole, free and administration, of the events of 1989 peaceful Europe > PAGE 114 > PAGE 82 Insight: Bonfire of the Certainties Freedom’s Triumph George Robertson looks back at the Klaus Naumann reflects on four period that saw a transformation in decades of political and military the role and mission of NATO containment > PAGE 86 > PAGE 118 Trans-Atlanticism Renewed: Europe in the World of 2025 The Path to Force Effectiveness Mathew J. Burrows believes there is Thomas Enders says it is essential an ever more dramatic period ahead that NATO forges a strong trans- > PAGE 120 Atlantic Alliance > PAGE 88 Stratcon 2010: Sharing Cultural Values A Military Route to Freedom? Michael Naumann considers the Julian Lindley-French explains how trans-Atlantic exchange of ideas the Alliance is re-focusing its political > PAGE 92 and military purpose > PAGE 122 A Warning From the Spy World NATO’s Strategic Concept for the Tennent H. Bagley exposes the secret 21st Century warfare still being waged > PAGE 94 Hans Binnendijk looks at how NATO must grow and evolve > PAGE 124 Interview: James L. Jones James L. Jones reveals the threats that The Threat to NATO’s Future > keep him awake at night PAGE 98 Kori Schake on why changes are needed to the way the Alliance operates Global Threat Analysis > PAGE 128 Barry McCaffrey assesses the dangers that face us today > PAGE 104 4 The Atlantic Council Getting Smart Jamie Shea asks what smart power means to the Atlantic Alliance > PAGE 130 Insight: NATO – A Bridge Across Time James G. Stavridis explains how NATO is constantly adapting in order to maintain security and stability in the Euro-Atlantic region > PAGE 134 A Sponsor of Good Governance Chris Donnelly asks how NATO can help countries achieve better statecraft and governance > PAGE 136 Breaking Down the Barriers Shuja Nawaz believes political friendships in the 21st century can be ambiguous > PAGE 140 A New Frontier In Democracy Assistance David L. Phillips on how to promote democracy going forward > PAGE 144 Unexpected Consequences Moisés Naím looks at the surprising effects the end of the Soviet Union has had on Europe > PAGE 146 Contacts > PAGE 148 Advertiser index > PAGE 149 Insight: The Limits of Force – The U.S. in the 21st Century Senator Chuck Hagel on the importance of global collaboration > PAGE 150 The Atlantic Council 5 "MMJBO[FNCSBDFT UIFVOJWFSTBMWBMVFT PGDPNNVOJUZBOEGSFFEPN 'PSZFBST/"50IBTQSPWJEFEQFBDFUIFCBTJTGPS&VSPQFBO JOUFHSBUJPOBOEQSPHSFTT 5IBOLZPV "MMJBO[PG"NFSJDB *OD /PWBUP $""MMSJHIUTSFTFSWFE am honored to join all those Eastern Europe are firmly anchored in recognizing the 60th year of the the Euro-Atlantic institutions of NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Union. Our countries (NATO). The Atlantic Council’s are bound together by our shared Freedom’s Challenge: NATO at commitment to human dignity and I60 – Commemorating 20 Years of the Fall freedom, and by the security pledges that of the Berlin Wall provides us with an lie at the core of the Atlantic Alliance. opportunity to reflect upon the events that The lessons of 1989 are clear: transpired 20 years ago, when the people democracy will ultimately triumph over of Central and Eastern Europe freed authoritarianism, and ordinary people themselves from tyranny and oppression. can be powerful agents for change. I The year 1989 was pivotal in the 20th congratulate the leaders and citizens century and in world history. Poland who inspired and participated in the held a historic parliamentary election revolutions of 1989. We honor their that ended communist rule. Hungary courage and continue to draw strength boldly cut the barbed wire fence from their example as we, in concert with separating it from Austria, drawing back our allies and partners, advance the causes the Iron Curtain. Germans from both of justice and liberty around the world. sides of the Berlin Wall breached the On this occasion, America reaffirms its barrier that divided them and began enduring commitment to our shared vision the process of reuniting their country. of a peaceful Europe, whole and free. And, with the Velvet Revolution in the then-Czechoslovakia, Central and Eastern Europeans chose freedom over oppression, liberty over captivity, and hope over despair.