Index Note: page numbers of plates and maps are given in italics. 9/11, 291 Ahlen programme, 120 Abgrenzung, 174, 246 air force, in Third Reich, 74 Abitur, 193, 196 air raids Abyssinia, 75 on Britain, 82 academics on Germany, 85, 101 emigration, 64 alienation theory, 186–187, 204 post war issues, 128 Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund acculturation, 291 (ADGB), 43, 71 Ackermann, Anton Alliance for Germany, 274 (1905–73), 157 Allies, 26, 102, 103, 107, 108, 109, action theory, 231 149, 150, 173, 273–274, 309, 314 Adenauer, Konrad (1876–1967), 120, democratization of Germany, 228, 250, 283, 297, 309, 313 117–122 period of office, 138–139, 147–148, denazification and re-education, 149, 150, 151–157, 163, 163, 122–129, 190 164–165 division of Germany, 136–141 ADGB (Allgemeiner Deutscher economic transformation of Ger- Gewerkschaftsbund), 43, 71 many, 129, 131, 133–136, 154 Adorno, Theodor (1903–69), 33, 229 evacuation of Rhineland, 32 Afghanistan, 291 and political framework, 113–117 Soviet invasion, 181, 224 see also Britain; Soviet Union; agrarian bolshevism,COPYRIGHTED 54 United States MATERIAL of America (USA) agricultural protectionism, 47 Alsace, 232 agriculture, 60, 72, 128–129, 184 Alsace-Lorraine, 26, 92 collectivization, 132, 162 Aly, Götz (1947– ), 101 reorganization, 178 Andersch, Alfred (1914–80), 242 A History of Germany 1918–2014: The Divided Nation, Fourth Edition. Mary Fulbrook. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 0002216775.INDD 345 9/26/2014 1:32:40 PM 346 Index Anderson, Sascha (1953– ), 240 Austria, 2, 3, 137, 140 Angestellten (white-collar workers), Anschluss with Germany, 76–77 16, 45, 54, 184, 187, 209 anti-Semitism, 76–77 Anschluss of Austria, 76–77 army barracks, 95 anti-Americanism, 248 attempted coup by Austrian anti-colonial revolts, 19 Nazis (1934), 75 anti-communism, 45–46, 84, 124, 131, banking crisis (1931), 51 134, 136–138, 141, 150, 154–155, border with Hungary opened, 263 224, 307 concentration camps, 248 anti-fascist organizations, 118–119, 135 exclusion from ‘small Germany’ anti-Nazism, 134 (1871), 3, 77 anti-Semitism national identity, 237 Austria, 76–77 and Treaty of Versailles, 26 eliminationist, 102, 296 autarky, 69, 70, 178 FRG, 234 authoritarianism, 46, 108, 194, GDR, 226 219, 253, 257, 307 Hitler’s, 45, 46, 51, 72, 73, 89, 96–101 consultative, 206, 207 Third Reich, 73–74 autobahns, 70, 167 see also Holocaust; Jews Axel Springer Press, 230, 241 anti-socialist laws, 18 Axis Powers, 75 anti-terrorism measures, 232 APO (Extra-Parliamentary Baader, Andreas (1943–77), 175, Opposition), 167–168, 230 231, 232 apoliticism, 4, 252, 307 Baader–Meinhof gang see Red Army architecture, 34, 64, 246 Faction (RAF) Ardennes, 82 Baden, Prince Max von (1867–1929), Armistice, 23 21–22 army Baden-Württemberg, 229 FRG, 149, 213–214, 228, 309–310 Bad Godesberg Programme (1959), GDR, 212–214, 310 155, 164 history, 246 Bahro, Rudolf (1935–97), 260, 314 Imperial Germany, 20 The Alternative in Eastern Europe Nuremberg Trials (1945–6), 123 (1977), 220–221 Third Reich, 57, 61, 75–76, Balkan conflicts, 291 101–102, 295–297 Baltic States, 78, 80, 83, 116 and Treaty of Versailles, 26 banking, 133, 135, 170 Weimar Republic, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, banking crisis (1931), 51 29, 43–44, 51, 56 Barschel, Uwe (1944–87), 177 see also Red Army; World War Two bartering, 130, 134 (1939–45) Barzel, Rainer (1924–2006), 173 Aryan Germans, 45, 190 Basic Law (Grundgesetz), 138, 142, Aryanization, 73, 101, 102, 156 173, 208, 213, 251 atrocities, 19, 86, 123–124, 295–296, 316 amendments, 213 Attlee, Clement (1883–1967), 117 Article 23, 275, 277 Auschwitz, 89–90, 93, 95–96, Article 131, 127 103, 291, 316 Article 146, 275 Aussenlager, 62, 90–91 Basic Treaty (1972), 174 0002216775.INDD 346 9/26/2014 1:32:40 PM Index 347 Battle of Britain (1940), 82 Four-Power Accord, 173 Bauer, Gustav (1870–1944), 26 Gastarbeiter, 176–177, 271 Bauhaus, 34, 36 memorials and exhibitions, 248, 250, Bausoldaten, 185, 212, 224 294, 297, 298, 299 Bavaria, 45, 60, 120, 144, 228–229, 317 modernization, 16, 34 coup, 27 under Nazis, 63, 87, 106, newspapers, 244 107, 108, 109 Republic, 22, 27, 30 occupation, 114, 134–135, 138, 144 resistance groups, 118 Olympic Games (1936), 73 rural society, 16 uprisings, 24, 27, 30 social differences, 17, 255 see also Berlin Republic; Berlin Wall; uprisings, 27, 30 ‘Rome–Berlin Axis’ Bavarian People’s Party (BVP), 58–59 Berlin Appeal (1982), 224 BayerischeFreiheitsbewegung (BFB), 118 Berlin Blockade (1948), 134–135, 138 Baylis, T., 206 Berlin Republic, 278, 283–300, BDA (Bundesvereinigung der deutschen 286, 317–318 Arbeitgeberverbände), 209 and GDR identity, 292–294 BDI (Bundesverband der deutschen international context, 290–292 Industrie), 209 and Nazi legacy, 295–300 BDM (Bund Deutscher Mädel), 65 social and political transformation, Beamten (civil servants), 16, 18, 23, 51, 284–289 54, 59, 121, 127, 156, 209, 215, 228 Berlin Treaty (1926), 31–32 Beauty of Work (Schönheit der Arbeit), 67 Berlin University, 193 Becher, Johannes (1891–1958), 238 Berlin Wall, 170, 173, 301 Beck, Ludwig (1880–1944), 76 breaching of, 264 Becker, Jurek (1937–97), 240 circumventing, 269 Becker, Wolfgang (1954– ), 293 construction, 142, 148, 163, 166, 168 Beer Hall Putsch (1923), 30, 81 fall of, 1, 279 Behrens, Fritz (1909–80), 160, 168 mementoes, 270, 270 Belgium, 29, 31, 82 remnants, 294 Belsen, 102, 250 see also Iron Curtain Bełżec, 94 Berufsbildungsgesetz, 191–192 Benary, Arne (1929–71), 160, 168 Berufsschulen, 191 Benjamin, Walter (1892–1940), 33 Berufsverbot, 186 Berchtesgaden, 60 see also Decree Concerning Bergen-Belsen, 102 Radicals (1972) Berghahn, Volker, 71 Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald Beria, Lawrenti Pawlowitsch von (1856–1921), 20, 192 (1899–1953), 158, 160 Bezirke, 145 Berlin, 22, 23, 193, 213, 214, 219, 223, BFB (Bayerische Freiheitsbewegung), 118 229, 272, 273 Bielefeld School, 249 culture, 34, 35, 36–37, 223, 225, Biermann, Wolf (1936– ), 180, 238, 240, 246, 250, 317 239–240, 260 demonstrations, 159–160, 167–168, Bildungsrat, 192 230, 233, 266, 268, 269, 279, 285, Bild-Zeitung, 241 286, 301 birth control, 37, 38, 66–67, 86–87, 95, elections, 235 197, 227, 279, 311 0002216775.INDD 347 9/26/2014 1:32:40 PM 348 Index birth rates, 66, 184–185, 197 Britain, 4, 31, 64, 273, 303 Bismarck, Prince Otto von (1815–98), culture, 242, 244, 252 3, 16, 17, 18, 43, 77, 246 currency, 290 Bitburg Cemetery, 250 economy, 177 Bitterfield Conference (1959), 239 education, 191 Bizone, 134, 137, 138 and European Defence black market, 91, 130, 134, 141, 272 Community, 149, 150 blaue Reiter, Der, 34 and German foreign Blitzkrieg, 80, 84 policy, 74–75, 76, 78 Blomberg, Werner von (1878–1946), 76 and German reunification, blue-collar workers, 187 273–274, 290 Bohemia and Moravia, knowledge of Holocaust, Protectorate of, 78 102, 103–104 Bohley, Bärbel (1945–2010), 265 military presence in FRG, 214 Böhme, Ibrahim (1944–99), 264 newspapers, 244 Böll, Heinrich (1917–85), 66, 154 nuclear missiles, 176 Ansichteneines Clowns (1963), 242 occupation of Germany, 113–141 Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum social classes, 186 (1974), 233, 242 and terrorism, 233 Fürsorgliche Belagerung (1979), 242 in World War Two, 82, 83, 84, 85 Bolsheviks, 20, 21, 45, 61 Britain, Battle of (1940), 82 bolshevism Broszat, Martin (1926–89), 98 agrarian, 54 Browning, Christopher (1944– ), fear of, 155 100, 101 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich (1906–45), 68 Brücke, Die, 34 Bonn, 143, 144, 147, 150, 157, 277, 283 Brüning, Heinrich (1885–1970), books, burning of, 63 48–49, 50, 51, 52, 55–56 Borchardt, Knut (1929– ), 48 Brussig, Thomas (1965– ), 293 Borchert, Wolfgang (1921–47), brutalization, 101 Draussenvor der Tür (1947), 242 Buback, Siegfried (1920–77), 231 Bormann, Martin (1900–45), 123 Buchenwald, 199, 247, 297 Borsig, 95 Buna Chemical Plant, 95 bourgeoisie, 3–4, 16, 18, 19, 158 Bund der Evangelischen Kirchen (League see also middle classes of Protestant Churches), 222 Brandenburg, 125 Bund der Heimatvertriebenen und Brandenburg, Land, 286 Entrechteten, 121 Brandenburg Prison, 220 Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM), 65 Brandt, Willy (1913–1992), 164, 165, Bundesenquêtekommissionen, 292 172–174, 175, 250 see also Parliamentary Committees Brauchitsch, Walther von of Inquiry (1881–1948), 76 Bundesrat, 144, 145, 208 Braun, Eva (1912–45), 109 Bundestag, 144, 145, 167, 208 Brecht, Bertolt (1898–1956), 34, 64, 238 Bundesverband der Bremen, 127, 190 deutschenIndustrie (BDI), 209 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918), 20 Bundesvereinigung der deutschen Breuer, Marcel (1902–1981), 34 Arbeitgeberverbände Brezhnev doctrine, 262 (BDA), 209 0002216775.INDD 348 9/26/2014 1:32:40 PM Index 349 Bund-Länder-Kommission für GDR, 145, 202–203, 204, 268, Bildungsplanung, 192 274, 275 Burrin, Philippe (1952– ), 100 united Germany, 280, 286–288, Bush, George Herbert Walker 289, 289 (1924– ), 291 see also Christian Social Union (CSU) Bush, George Walker (1946– ), 291 Christianity, 17, 255–256 BVP (Bavarian People’s Party), 58–59 GDR, 158, 161, 171, 181, 204, Byrnes, James (1879–1972), 134, 137 222–224, 311 and Marxism, 207 Cabinet of Dr.Caligari, The and Nazism, 59, 68, 127 (1920) (film), 35 see also Catholics; Protestants Canaris, Wilhelm (1887–1945), 80 Christian Social Union (CSU), 144, capital goods, 161 151, 165, 172, 173, 174, 176, 208, capitalism, 20, 37 230, 234, 235, 250, 274 FRG, 136, 140 formation, 120 GDR, 273, 285, 292 united Germany, 287, 288 and Nazis, 46, 51 see also Christian Democratic theories, 204, 210, 220, 247 Union (CDU) carbon monoxide poisoning, 93 Churchill, Winston (1874–1965),