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Index Note: page numbers of plates and maps are given in italics. <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">9/11, 291 </li><li style="flex:1">Ahlen programme, 120 </li></ul>Abgrenzung, 174, 246 Abitur, 193, 196 air force, inThird Reich, 74 air raids <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Abyssinia, 75 </li><li style="flex:1">on Britain, 82 </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">academics </li><li style="flex:1">on Germany, 85, 101 </li></ul>emigration, 64 post war issues, 128 acculturation, 291 alienation theory, 186–187, 204 Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (ADGB), 43, 71 Ackermann, Anton (1905–73), 157 action theory, 231 Alliance for Germany, 274 Allies, 26, 102, 103, 107, 108, 109, 149, 150, 173, 273–274, 309, 314 democratization of Germany, 117–122 Adenauer, Konrad (1876–1967), 120, 228, 250, 283, 297, 309, 313 period of office, 138–139, 147–148, 149, 150, 151–157, 163, 163, 164–165 ADGB (Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund), 43, 71 Adorno,Theodor (1903–69), 33, 229 Afghanistan, 291 Soviet invasion, 181, 224 agrarian bolshevism, 54 agricultural protectionism, 47 agriculture, 60, 72, 128–129, 184 collectivization, 132, 162 reorganization, 178 denazification and re-education, 122–129, 190 division of Germany, 136–141 economic transformation of Germany, 129, 131, 133–136, 154 evacuation of Rhineland, 32 and political framework, 113–117 see also Britain; Soviet Union; United States of America (USA) Alsace, 232 Alsace-Lorraine, 26, 92 Aly, Götz (1947– ), 101 Andersch, Alfred (1914–80), 242 A History of Germany 1918–2014:The Divided Nation, Fourth Edition. Mary Fulbrook. © 2015 JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2015 by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd. 346 Index Anderson, Sascha (1953– ), 240 Angestellten (white-collar workers), 16, 45, 54, 184, 187, 209 Anschluss of Austria, 76–77 anti-Americanism, 248 anti-colonial revolts, 19 anti-communism, 45–46, 84, 124, 131, 134, 136–138, 141, 150, 154–155, 224, 307 Austria, 2, 3, 137, 140 Anschluss with Germany, 76–77 anti-Semitism, 76–77 army barracks, 95 attempted coup by Austrian Nazis (1934), 75 banking crisis (1931), 51 border with Hungary opened, 263 concentration camps, 248 exclusion from ‘small Germany’ (1871), 3, 77 anti-fascist organizations, 118–119, 135 anti-Nazism, 134 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">anti-Semitism </li><li style="flex:1">national identity, 237 </li></ul>Austria, 76–77 eliminationist, 102, 296 FRG, 234 andTreaty ofVersailles, 26 autarky, 69, 70, 178 authoritarianism, 46, 108, 194, <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">219, 253, 257, 307 </li><li style="flex:1">GDR, 226 </li></ul>Hitler’s, 45, 46, 51, 72, 73, 89, 96–101 Third Reich, 73–74 consultative, 206, 207 autobahns, 70, 167 see also Holocaust; Jews anti-socialist laws, 18 Axel Springer Press, 230, 241 Axis Powers, 75 anti-terrorism measures, 232 APO (Extra-Parliamentary Opposition), 167–168, 230 apoliticism, 4, 252, 307 architecture, 34, 64, 246 Ardennes, 82 Baader, Andreas (1943–77), 175, 231, 232 Baader–Meinhof gang see Red Army Faction (RAF) Baden, Prince Max von (1867–1929), <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">21–22 </li><li style="flex:1">Armistice, 23 </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">army </li><li style="flex:1">Baden-Württemberg, 229 </li></ul>Bad Godesberg Programme (1959), 155, 164 FRG, 149, 213–214, 228, 309–310 GDR, 212–214, 310 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">history, 246 </li><li style="flex:1">Bahro, Rudolf (1935–97), 260, 314 </li></ul>The Alternative in Eastern Europe (1977), 220–221 Imperial Germany, 20 NurembergTrials (1945–6), 123 Third Reich, 57, 61, 75–76, 101–102, 295–297 andTreaty ofVersailles, 26 Weimar Republic, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 43–44, 51, 56 Balkan conflicts, 291 Baltic States, 78, 80, 83, 116 banking, 133, 135, 170 banking crisis (1931), 51 Barschel, Uwe (1944–87), 177 bartering, 130, 134 Barzel, Rainer (1924–2006), 173 Basic Law (Grundgesetz), 138, 142, 173, 208, 213, 251 amendments, 213 Article 23, 275, 277 Article 131, 127 Article 146, 275 see also Red Army;WorldWarTwo (1939–45) Aryan Germans, 45, 190 Aryanization, 73, 101, 102, 156 atrocities, 19, 86, 123–124, 295–296, 316 Attlee, Clement (1883–1967), 117 Auschwitz, 89–90, 93, 95–96, 103, 291, 316 Aussenlager, 62, 90–91 BasicTreaty (1972), 174 Index 347 Battle of Britain (1940), 82 Bauer, Gustav (1870–1944), 26 Bauhaus, 34, 36 Bausoldaten, 185, 212, 224 Bavaria, 45, 60, 120, 144, 228–229, 317 coup, 27 Four-Power Accord, 173 Gastarbeiter, 176–177, 271 memorials and exhibitions, 248, 250, 294, 297, 298, 299 modernization, 16, 34 under Nazis, 63, 87, 106, <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">107, 108, 109 </li><li style="flex:1">newspapers, 244 </li></ul>Republic, 22, 27, 30 resistance groups, 118 rural society, 16 occupation, 114, 134–135, 138, 144 Olympic Games (1936), 73 uprisings, 24, 27, 30 social differences, 17, 255 uprisings, 27, 30 see also Berlin Republic; BerlinWall; ‘Rome–Berlin Axis’ Bavarian People’s Party (BVP), 58–59 BayerischeFreiheitsbewegung (BFB), 118 Baylis,T., 206 BDA (Bundesvereinigung der deutschen Arbeitgeberverbände), 209 BDI (Bundesverband der deutschen Industrie), 209 Berlin Appeal (1982), 224 Berlin Blockade (1948), 134–135, 138 Berlin Republic, 278, 283–300, 286, 317–318 and GDR identity, 292–294 international context, 290–292 and Nazi legacy, 295–300 social and political transformation, 284–289 BDM (Bund Deutscher Mädel), 65 Beamten (civil servants), 16, 18, 23, 51, 54, 59, 121, 127, 156, 209, 215, 228 BerlinTreaty (1926), 31–32 Beauty ofWork (Schönheit der Arbeit), 67 Becher, Johannes (1891–1958), 238 Beck, Ludwig (1880–1944), 76 Becker, Jurek (1937–97), 240 Becker,Wolfgang (1954– ), 293 Beer Hall Putsch (1923), 30, 81 Behrens, Fritz (1909–80), 160, 168 Belgium, 29, 31, 82 Berlin University, 193 BerlinWall, 170, 173, 301 breaching of, 264 circumventing, 269 construction, 142, 148, 163, 166, 168 fall of, 1, 279 mementoes, 270, 270 remnants, 294 Belsen, 102, 250 see also Iron Curtain Bełżec, 94 Berufsbildungsgesetz, 191–192 Berufsschulen, 191 Berufsverbot, 186 see also Decree Concerning Radicals (1972) Benary, Arne (1929–71), 160, 168 Benjamin,Walter (1892–1940), 33 Berchtesgaden, 60 Bergen-Belsen, 102 Berghahn,Volker, 71 Beria, Lawrenti Pawlowitsch (1899–1953), 158, 160 Bethmann-Hollweg,Theobald von (1856–1921), 20, 192 Bezirke, 145 Berlin, 22, 23, 193, 213, 214, 219, 223, 229, 272, 273 culture, 34, 35, 36–37, 223, 225, 238, 240, 246, 250, 317 BFB (Bayerische Freiheitsbewegung), 118 Bielefeld School, 249 Biermann,Wolf (1936– ), 180, 239–240, 260 demonstrations, 159–160, 167–168, 230, 233, 266, 268, 269, 279, 285, 286, 301 Bildungsrat, 192 Bild-Zeitung, 241 birth control, 37, 38, 66–67, 86–87, 95, 197, 227, 279, 311 elections, 235 348 Index birth rates, 66, 184–185, 197 Bismarck, Prince Otto von (1815–98), 3, 16, 17, 18, 43, 77, 246 Bitburg Cemetery, 250 Britain, 4, 31, 64, 273, 303 culture, 242, 244, 252 currency, 290 economy, 177 Bitterfield Conference (1959), 239 Bizone, 134, 137, 138 black market, 91, 130, 134, 141, 272 blaue Reiter, Der, 34 Blitzkrieg, 80, 84 Blomberg,Werner von (1878–1946), 76 blue-collar workers, 187 education, 191 and European Defence Community, 149, 150 and German foreign policy, 74–75, 76, 78 and German reunification, 273–274, 290 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Bohemia and Moravia, </li><li style="flex:1">knowledge of Holocaust, </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">102, 103–104 </li><li style="flex:1">Protectorate of, 78 </li></ul>Bohley, Bärbel (1945–2010), 265 Böhme, Ibrahim (1944–99), 264 Böll, Heinrich (1917–85), 66, 154 Ansichteneines Clowns (1963), 242 Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum (1974), 233, 242 military presence in FRG, 214 newspapers, 244 nuclear missiles, 176 occupation of Germany, 113–141 social classes, 186 and terrorism, 233 Fürsorgliche Belagerung (1979), 242 Bolsheviks, 20, 21, 45, 61 bolshevism agrarian, 54 fear of, 155 inWorldWarTwo, 82, 83, 84, 85 Britain, Battle of (1940), 82 Broszat, Martin (1926–89), 98 Browning, Christopher (1944– ), 100, 101 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Bonhoeffer, Dietrich (1906–45), 68 </li><li style="flex:1">Brücke, Die, 34 </li></ul>Bonn, 143, 144, 147, 150, 157, 277, 283 Brüning, Heinrich (1885–1970), <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">books, burning of, 63 </li><li style="flex:1">48–49, 50, 51, 52, 55–56 </li></ul>Brussig,Thomas (1965– ), 293 brutalization, 101 Buback, Siegfried (1920–77), 231 Buchenwald, 199, 247, 297 Buna Chemical Plant, 95 Borchardt, Knut (1929– ), 48 Borchert,Wolfgang (1921–47), Draussenvor de r T ü r (1947), 242 Bormann, Martin (1900–45), 123 Borsig, 95 bourgeoisie, 3–4, 16, 18, 19, 158 see also middle classes Brandenburg, 125 Brandenburg, Land, 286 Brandenburg Prison, 220 Brandt,Willy (1913–1992), 164, 165, 172–174, 175, 250 Brauchitsch,Walther von (1881–1948), 76 Bund der Evangelischen Kirchen (League of Protestant Churches), 222 Bund der Heimatvertriebenen und Entrechteten, 121 Bund Deutscher Mädel (BDM), 65 Bundesenquêtekommissionen, 292 see also Parliamentary Committees of Inquiry Bundesrat, 144, 145, 208 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Braun, Eva (1912–45), 109 </li><li style="flex:1">Bundestag, 144, 145, 167, 208 </li></ul>Brecht, Bertolt (1898–1956), 34, 64, 238 Bundesverband der Bremen, 127, 190 deutschenIndustrie (BDI), 209 Brest-Litovsk,Treaty of (1918), 20 Breuer, Marcel (1902–1981), 34 Brezhnev doctrine, 262 Bundesvereinigung der deutschen Arbeitgeberverbände (BDA), 209 Index 349 Bund-Länder-Kommission für Bildungsplanung, 192 GDR, 145, 202–203, 204, 268, 274, 275 Burrin, Philippe (1952– ), 100 Bush, George HerbertWalker (1924– ), 291 Bush, GeorgeWalker (1946– ), 291 BVP (Bavarian People’s Party), 58–59 Byrnes, James (1879–1972), 134, 137 united Germany, 280, 286–288, 289, 289 see also Christian Social Union (CSU) Christianity, 17, 255–256 GDR, 158, 161, 171, 181, 204, 222–224, 311 and Marxism, 207 Cabinet of Dr.Caligari,The (1920) (film), 35 Canaris,Wilhelm (1887–1945), 80 capital goods, 161 capitalism, 20, 37 FRG, 136, 140 and Nazism, 59, 68, 127 see also Catholics; Protestants Christian Social Union (CSU), 144, 151, 165, 172, 173, 174, 176, 208, 230, 234, 235, 250, 274 formation, 120 GDR, 273, 285, 292 and Nazis, 46, 51 united Germany, 287, 288 see also Christian Democratic Union (CDU) Churchill,Winston (1874–1965), 82, 114, 117, 136, 137 church–state relationships, 207, 222–224, 261, 311 theories, 204, 210, 220, 247 carbon monoxide poisoning, 93 Catholic Centre Party (Zentrum), 17, 49, 52, 53, 59, 119 coalition, 24 dissolution, 60 Catholics cinema, 34–35, 64, 241, 242, 248, 293, 294, 299 FRG, 120, 192, 208, 227–228, 255, 311 citizenship, 174, 179, 247, 269 GDR, 218, 222, 225, 227 post Reformation Germany, 17 Third Reich, 49, 59, 65, 67, 68, 242 Weimar Republic, 37 CDU see Christian Democratic Union (CDU) Central Office of Land Justice Departments, 123 Central State Planning Commission, 169 Chamberlain, Neville (1869–1940), 78, 82 Checkpoint Charlie, 294 Chełmno (Kulmhof), 93–94 Chernobyl, 224 child-care, 189, 197–198, 212, 277–278 Childers,Thomas, 53 China, 266, 288 categories, 73 laws, 17, 89, 166, 290–291 civil servants (Beamten), 16, 18, 23, 51, 54, 59, 121, 127, 156, 209, 215, 228 class structure, 16–18, 21, 39, 46, 53–54, 186–187, 193, 255 see also bourgeoisie; Junkers; middle classes; working classes Clay, Lucius (1897–1978), 117, 126 co-determination (Mitbestimmung), 154 coercion, in GDR, 201, 202, 207 ColdWar, 1, 5–6, 7, 62, 101, 134, 136, 137–138, 147, 176, 180, 200, 284, 305, 314 and anti-communism, 124, 154–155 and division of Germany, 136–141 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">end of, 277, 283 </li><li style="flex:1">Christian Democratic Union (CDU), 289 </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">formation, 119, 120 </li><li style="flex:1">ideology, 205 </li></ul>FRG, 138, 147, 150, 151–152, 155, 164, 165, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 208, 227, 230, 235, 250, 274, 275 new, 224 tourist attractions, 294 collective consumption, 189 350 Index collective guilt, Germans, 102, 124, 133, 248, 292, 297, 300, 308, 316 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 273, 277, 279 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">collectives, 162 </li><li style="flex:1">Confessing Church </li></ul>collectivism, 306 (Bekennende Kirche), 68 vs. individualism, 254 collectivization, agriculture, 132, 162 Cologne, 232 conscientious objectors, 214 conscription, 71, 74, 149–150, 172, 212, 213 COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Aid), 151, 162, 187 Commerzbank, 135 Commissar Order, 84 communications media, inWeimar Republic, 34–35 conservatism, 37, 114, 129, 157, 193, 194 conservative nationalists, and Nazis, 32, 52, 55, 56, 72, 75, 76 constitutional patriotism, 292 constitutions and political framework <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">FRG, 142–144 </li><li style="flex:1">communicative competence, </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">theory of, 231 </li><li style="flex:1">GDR, 144–147 </li></ul>communism, 55, 90, 138 collapse of, 211, 290 GDR, 148, 158, 168, 201–207, 238, 245, 259 humanistic, 119, 148, 161, 218 Polish, 260 Robert Havemann, 220 see also anti-communism Communist Party, 7, 201, 206, 260, 272, 310 consultative authoritarianism, 206, 207 consumerism, 8, 155, 161, 178, 188–189, 207, 219, 221, 229, 239, 260–261, 271, 272, 284, 312, 315 consumption, collective, 189 Control Commission, 114 corporatism, 60, 167, 310 corruption, 108, 165, 173, 177, 272 Council of Europe, 149 Council for Mutual Economic Aid <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">(COMECON), 151, 162, 187 </li><li style="flex:1">see also German Communist Party </li></ul>(KPD); Socialist Unity Party (SED) Coventry, 82 Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 160 crèches, 197–198 Crimea, 318 community programmes, 67 comradeship, 19, 65 concentration camps, 74, 82, 85, 90–91, 93–96, 102, 103, 108, 128, 173, 199, 250, 291, 316 criminals as staff, 104 CriticalTheory, 33, 229 CSCE (Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe), 273, 277, 279 CSU see Christian Social Union (CSU) cultural intelligentsia, 206, 241, 260, <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">310, 311 </li><li style="flex:1">destruction of, 248 </li></ul>establishment, 62 as historical exhibits, 247, 248, 297 locations, 94 cultural liberalization, 172, 180, 239 cultural talent, emigration, 33, 64, 180, 226, 238, 311 political dissidents, 105 see also extermination camps Concerted Action (Konzertierte Aktion), 166 Confederation of Free GermanTrade Unions (FDGB), 145, 159, 195, 203, 204, 252, 254, 268, 272 culture FRG, 241–244, 243 GDR, 238–241 Third Reich, 63–68, 73 Weimar Republic, 17, 19, 33–39 cumulative radicalization, 98, 297 Cuno,Wilhelm (1876–1933), 29 Index 351 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">currency reform, 30 </li><li style="flex:1">deindustrialization, 133–134 </li></ul>1948, 134, 138, 141 1990, 276, 277–278 demilitarization, 26, 114, 115, 211 democracy see also monetary union comparisons of, 4, 5, 7, 8 FRG, 142–143, 144, 147–148, 150, 151–157, 167, 175–176, 208–209, 211, 216, 310–311, 313 Customs Union (Zollverein), 3 Czechoslovakia, 31, 115–116, 139, 181, 207, 248, 266, 268, 269 communism, 169, 171, 206, 221, 309 concentration camps, 96 German invasion of, 77–78 post-revolutionary, 274, 278 Prague Spring (1968), 170, 220, 230, 260, 262 Hungary, 263 Marxist–Leninist interpretation, 120 occupied Germany, 121–122, 129, 135, 306–307 opposition to, 217, 220, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232–233, 234, <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">235, 236, 285 </li><li style="flex:1">revolutions, 148, 259 </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Soviet invasion, 170, 219 </li><li style="flex:1">‘ThirdWay’, 114, 136, 148, 161, 218, </li></ul>220, 273, 275–276 Dachau, 62, 82, 102 Dada, 34 DA (Democratic Awakening), 265, 274, 275 Weimar Republic, 15, 23, 24, 25, 27–28, 30, 32–33, 36, 37, 39, 40–56, 142–143, 308–309 Democracy Now, 265 DAF (German Labour Front), 60, 71, 306 Democratic Awakening (DA), 265, 274, 275 DAG (Deutsche democratic centralism, 120, 142, 146, 204 Angestelltengewerkschaft), 209 Dahrendorf, Ralf (1929–2009), 303–304 Democratic Farmers’ Party of Germany (DBD), 119, 145, 203 DemocraticWomen’s League of Germany (DFD), 203 democratization, 114, 115, 117–122, 160, 171, 181, 265–266 Dail y T e legraph, 103 Dallas (TV show), 241 Danzig (Gdansk) (Poland), 26, 78 DAP (GermanWorker’s Party), 30 Darré,Walther (1895–1953), 60, 70, 72 Dawes Plan, 31, 46 of education, 190–191, 194 of military, 213–214 Dawidowicz, Lucy (1915–90), 97 Day of Potsdam, 58 Demokratische Bewegung Deutschlands, 118 demonstrations DBB (Deutscher Beamtenbund), 209 DBD (Democratic Farmers’ Party of Germany), 119, 145, 203 D-Day, 108 DDP (German Democratic Party), 24, 29, 49 FRG, 167–168, 230, 301 GDR, 159–160, 225, 226, 264, 265–266, 267–268, 269, 279, 301 peace, 200, 214, 223, 224 united Germany, 286 Weimar Republic, 22, 23, 24, 27 see also revolutions; uprisings denazification, 105, 115, 122–129, 227, 228, 229, 232, 234, 245 Denmark, 82 decadence, 66 Weimar Republic, 36–37 decartelization, 135, 136, 154 decentralization, 2, 59, 160, 171, 310 Decree Concerning Radicals (1972), 208, 215, 232 Depression see Great Depression détente, 173, 181 dehumanization, 92, 104 determinism, 4–5 352 Index Deutsche Angestelltengewerkschaft (DAG), 209 DVU (Deutsche V o lksunion), 235 Dynasty (TV show), 241 Deutsche Bank, 135 Deutscher Beamtenbund (DBB), 209 Deutscher Industrie- und Handels- T a g (DIHT), 209 Deutsches Frauenwerk (DFW), 67 Deutsche V o lksunion (DVU), 235 Deutschkron, Inge (1922– ), 100 Deutschnationale- Handlungsgehilfenverband, 45 devaluation, 134 DFD (DemocraticWomen’s League of Germany), 203 East Germany, see German Democratic Republic (GDR) Ebert, Friedrich (1871–1925), 22, 23, 24, 25, 41 Ebert–Groener pact, 23 EC (European Community), 141, 177, 187, 274, 276–277, 315 Eckart, Gabriele (1954– ), So sehe Ick die Sache: Protokolleaus der DDR, 240 Economic Council (Wirtschaftsrat), 134, 138, 139 DFW (Deutsches Frauenwerk), 67 DGB (German Confederation ofTrade Unions), 154, 209 economic recession (2008), 288, 317–318 Economic System of Socialism (ESS), 171 D’Hondt voting system, 143 dictatorships, participatory, 202 DIHT (Deutscher Industrie- und Handels- T a g), 209 disabled, extermination, 87 dissent and opposition, 8, 217–218, 221, 253, 313–314 economy, 4, 6, 16 Britain, 137, 149 FRG, 8, 11, 149, 152–154, 165–167, 176, 177, 183–184, 187 GDR, 11, 161–163, 168–171, 178–180, 181, 183–184, 187, 188–189, 261, 272, 310, 312–313 occupied Germany, 127, 128–136, 137, 139, 140, 313 FRG, 227–236 GDR, 218–227 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">divorce rates, 199 </li><li style="flex:1">Third Reich, 68–72, 83 </li></ul>Dix, Otto (1891–1969), 36 DNVP (German National People’s Party), 29, 42, 44, 49, 51, 58 Döblin, Alfred (1878–1957), 36 dock-workers, unemployed, 48 Dönitz, Karl (1891–1980), 109, 123 Doppelbelastung, 198 united Germany, 276–277, 290, 315–316 Weimar Republic, 19–20, 24, 29–30, 31, 46–51, 313 ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community), 149 Edelweiss Pirates, 66 Downfall,The (2004) (film), 299 Dresden, 66, 131, 193, 266, 268 Dresdner Bank, 135 Eden, Sir Anthony (1897–1977), 149 Edinger, L., 209, 210 education Drexler, Anton (1884–1942), 30 DSU (German Social Union), 274 Dubček, Alexander (1921–92), 220, 260 Duesterberg,Theodor (1875–1950), 52 Dunkirk, 82 durchherrschte Gesellschaft, 294 Düsseldorf Agreement (1955), 190 Düsseldorf Industry Club, 51 Dutschke, Rudi (1940–79), 230 DVP (German People’s Party), 29, 30, 44, 49 FRG, 144, 191, 192–193, 194, 198, 229, 254 GDR, 157–158, 169, 185–186, 190–191, 192, 193–194, 198, 212, 221, 224, 254, 279, 310, 311 Soviet zones of occupation, 126 Third Reich, 64, 65, 67, 73, 190 Weimar Republic, 37 western zones of occupation, 126, 128, 190 women, 196–197 Index 353 Education Act (1946), 190 EEC (European Economic Community), 149, 179, 289 Eichhorn, Emil (1863–1925), 24 Eigen-Sinn, 294 Einsatzgruppen, 80, 91–92, 100–101 Einstein, Albert (1879–1955), 64 Eisenhüttenstadt, 292–293 Eisner, Kurt (1867–1919), 22, 27 elections employment, 69–70, 71, 156, 175, 193, 215–216, 263, 275, 293 women, 37–38, 66, 71, 195, 199 see also unemployment Enabling Law (1933), 58, 59 Engelmann, Bernt (1921–94), Grosses Bundesverdienstkreuzmit Stern (1974), 234 Engels, Friedrich (1820–95), 3, 221, 246 England, see Britain Britain, 117 FRG, 152, 165, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 250 GDR, 119–120, 145, 203–204, 264, 273, 274–275 Ensslin, Gudrun (1940–77), 232 Entailed Farm Law, 72 environmentalism, 177, 210, 218–219, 225, 248, 265, 288 see also Green Party Länder, 144, 228–229, 279 and racialism, 235

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