Figure S1. Wheat zones of Turkey, modified after [34]

Figure S2. Correlations between plant characteristics (GY-grain yield, DH-days to heading, HI-harvest index, TKW-thousand kernel weight, PH-plant height, GPS-grains per spike, SS-spike sterility, r-coefficient of correlation, and p-probability)

Figure S3. Dendrogram for plant characteristics (GY-grain yield, DH-days to heading, HI-harvest index, TKW- thousand kernel weight, PH-plant height, GPS-grains per spike, and SS-spike sterility)

Figure S4. Dendrogram for genotypes

Table S1. Wheat genotypes tested

Year of Genotype released by VRN PPD GDD Code Cultivar/Breeding line/Landrace registration Agricultural research institute (ARI) Growth habit: Winter type G1 Ekiz 2004 Konya-Bahri Dagdas IARI-Turkey VO VO 2101 G2 Karahan-99 1999 Konya-Bahri Dagdas IARI-Turkey ++++ + 2043 G3 Konya-2002 2002 Konya-Bahri Dagdas IARI-Turkey VO VO 2101 G4 Dagdas-94 1994 Konya-Bahri Dagdas IARI-Turkey ++++ + 2062 G5 Ahmetaga 2004 Konya-Bahri Dagdas IARI-Turkey VO VO 2120 G6 Gelibolu 2005 Edirne-Trakya ARI-Turkey ++++ - 1985 G7 Pehlivan 1998 Edirne-Trakya ARI-Turkey ++++ - 1927 G8 Kate-A1 1988 Edirne-Trakya ARI-Turkey VO VO 1946 G9 Yuksel 2016 Edirne-Trakya ARI-Turkey VO VO 2004 G10 Saban 2014 Edirne-Trakya ARI-Turkey VO VO 2023 G11 Bayraktar-2000 2000 Ankara-Field Crops CRI-Turkey ++++ - 1965 G12 Tosunbey 2004 Ankara-Field Crops CRI-Turkey +++ - 1985 G13 Kenanbey 2009 Ankara-Field Crops CRI-Turkey VO VO 2043 G14 Sonmez-2001 2001 Eskisehir-Transitional Zone ARI-Turkey +++ - 2023 G15 Es-26 2010 Eskisehir-Transitional Zone ARI-Turkey VO VO 2063 G16 Ayyildiz 2011 Erzurum-East Anatolian ARI-Turkey VO VO 2158 G17 Dogu-88 1990 Erzurum-East Anatolian ARI-Turkey ++++ + 2197 G18 Alparslan 2001 Erzurum-East Anatolian ARI-Turkey ++++ - 2216 G19 Alturna 2020 Erzurum-East Anatolian ARI-Turkey VO VO 2101 G20 Bezostaya-1 1968 Sakarya-Maize RI-Turkey ++++ + 2043 G21 Tir Landrace Van-Turkey ++++ + 2255 G22* 25th FAWWON-SA-298 (Broadview) Introduction IWWIP-TCI ++++ + 2293 Growth habit: Spring type G23 Tahirova 2000 Sakarya-Maize RI-Turkey ++ - 1801 G24 Dinc 2013 Diyarbakir-GAP IARI-Turkey VO VO 1704 G25 Tekin 2014 Diyarbakir-GAP IARI-Turkey VO VO 1636 G26 Kale 2015 Diyarbakir-GAP IARI-Turkey VO VO 1663 G27 Cemre 2008 Diyarbakir-GAP IARI-Turkey VO VO 1732 G28 Ceyhan-99 1999 Adana-Eastern Mediterranean ARI-Turkey ++ - 1636 G29 Osmaniyem 2006 Adana-Eastern Mediterranean ARI-Turkey ++ - 1651 G30 Pandas 2001 Adana-Eastern Mediterranean ARI-Turkey ++ - 1663 G31 Karatopak 2006 Adana-Eastern Mediterranean ARI-Turkey ++ - 1595 G32 Adana-99 1999 Adana-Eastern Mediterranean ARI-Turkey ++ - 1609 G33 Altindane 2012 Samsun-Black Sea ARI-Turkey VO VO 1732 G34 Ozcan 2004 Samsun-Black Sea ARI-Turkey VO VO 1704 G35 Siyare Landrace Siirt-Turkey ++ - 1732 G36** 50th IBWSN-19 Breeding line CIMMYT-Mexico VO VO 1567 *, 25th FAWWON-SA-298 = Broadview, a cultivar developed and registered in Canada, from 25th Facultative and Winter Wheat Observation Nursery-IWWIP (International Winter Wheat Improvement Program). **, 50th IBWSN-19 = Advanced breeding line from 50th International Bread Wheat Screening Nursery-CIMMYT-Mexico (Parents in crossing: HUIRIVIS #1*2/MURGA/3/TACUPETO F2001/BRAMBLING*2//KACHU). VRN (Vernalization) requirement : ++++, strong; +++, medium; ++ low; +, weak; -, absent based on molecular data [39]. PPD (Photoperiod) sensitivity: +, sensitive; -, insensitive based on molecular data [39]; VO, Visual observation. GDD, Growing degree days (°Cd).

Table S2. Analyses of variance for plant characteristics Grain Plant Harvest Spike Grains Thousand yield height index Days to sterility per kernel Source df (t ha-1) (cm) (%) heading (%) spike weight (g) Year 1 14.12* 98.76* 620.21** 951.26** 450.29** 301.25** 20.36* Rep (Year) 4 1.99 7.42 4.52 59.63 15.87 5.14 3.01 Block (Rep × Year) 30 0.41 8.94 5.48 41.25 6.25 4.98 1.21 Genotype 35 5.52** 612.25** 102.35** 569.36** 52.54** 142.23** 8.25** Genotype × Year 35 0.52* 32.33* 9.02* 80.23* 8.25* 26.98** 1.31* Error 110 0.32 16.99 5.53 49.63 5.08 8.62 0.85 CV % 16.54 4.04 7.35 5.82 3.57 9.78 2.88 *, ** significant at p<0.05 and p<0,01, respectively.

Table S3. Climate data and wheat growth and development stages (Location: Siirt, Turkey) Growth and development stages (Zadoks scale) Precipitation (mm) Minimum/Maximum Temperature (°C) Long Winter Wheat Spring Wheat Month 2017-2018 2019-2020 2017-2018 2019-2020 Long Term Term November 85.6 51.4 82.2 0.8/23.8 7.3/17.6 6.3/15.4 Emergence (Z09)-Seedling (Z13) Emergence (Z09)-Seedling (Z13) December 47.4 75.8 95.8 -1.3/17.8 5.0/10.9 1.6/8.7 Tillering (Z21) Tillering (Z21) January 56.4 63.8 97.5 -0.9/13.4 -3.6/11.6 -0.5/6.6 Tillering (Z22) Tillering (Z22-23) February 75.6 137.2 97.6 0.7/16.1 -9.0/16.9 0.5/8.8 Tillering (Z23) Stem elongation (Z33)-Booting (Z45) March 47.2 229.6 111.2 4.7/26.0 2.5/22.8 4.0/13.3 Stem elongation (Z33)-Booting (Z45) Heading (Z55)-Anthesis (Z65)-Grain filling (Z75) April 60.8 158.6 105.0 6.4/27.1 5.0/23.8 8.9/19.1 Heading (Z55)-Anthesis (Z65)-Grain filling (Z75) Grain filling (Z77-85-93) May 146.6 40.4 63.8 10.4/32.2 10.0/33.7 13.5/25.2 Grain filling (Z77-85-93) June 2.8 0.2 9.3 16.8/34.3 16.3/36.2 19.0/32.2 Total 522.4 757.0 660.4 Mean 4.7/23.8 4.2/21.7 6.7/16.2