DOCSLIB.ORG

Destination Unknown Afghans on the Move in Turkey

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Destination Unknown Afghans on the Move in Turkey Destination Unknown Afghans on the move in Turkey MMC Middle East Research Report, June 2020 Front cover photo credit: Erdem Sahin/Epa-Efe/Ritzau Scanpix Afghan refugees and migrants on the move in Erzurum, Turkey. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors: Sema Buz, Fulya Memişoğlu, Hande Dönmez, independent and high-quality data, research, analysis and Simon Verduijn. and expertise on mixed migration. The MMC aims to increase understanding of mixed migration, to positively Research: TANDANS Data Science Consulting (Hande impact global and regional migration policies, to inform Dönmez, Tuna Kılınç, Benan Akyıldırım, Engin Kızılcan, evidence-based protection responses for people on Sema Buz, and Fulya Memişoğlu) and Mixed Migration the move and to stimulate forward thinking in public Centre Middle East (Simon Verduijn). and policy debates on mixed migration. The MMC’s overarching focus is on human rights and protection for Review: Suzan Yavuz, Nicoletta Gritta, Abdullah all people on the move. Mohammadi, Linnea Kessing, Rachel Bernu, Anthony Morland, Roberto Forin, and Bram Frouws. The MMC is part of and governed by the Danish Refugee Council (DRC). While its institutional link to DRC ensures Layout and design: Ali Mowafi. MMC’s work is grounded in operational reality, it acts as an independent source of data, research, analysis and Suggested citation: Mixed Migration Centre (2020), policy development on mixed migration for policy makers, Destination Unknown – Afghans on the move in Turkey. practitioners, journalists, and the broader humanitarian Available at www.mixedmigration.org sector. The position of the MMC does not necessarily reflect the position of DRC. We would like to particularly thank the respondents who were willing to share their time and insights The information and views set out in this report are those during interviews and focus groups, without which the of the MMC and do not necessarily reflect the official research would not have been possible. This publication opinion of the DRC or any of the donors supporting the was produced with the financial support of the United work of MMC. Responsibility for the content of this report Kingdom’s Department for International Development lies entirely with the MMC. (DFID). For more information visit mixedmigration.org and follow The MMC is a global network consisting of seven regional us at @Mixed_Migration. MMC Middle East can be hubs and a central unit in Geneva engaged in data contacted via: [email protected] collection, research, analysis and policy development on mixed migration. The MMC is a leading source for Destination Unknown – Afghans on the move in Turkey 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................8 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 10 2. METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Phases ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Quantitative data collection ......................................................................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Qualitative data collection ............................................................................................................................................................ 14 2.4 Data analysis ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 2.5 Research challenges and limitations ......................................................................................................................................... 14 3. CONTEXTUAL BACKGROUND ............................................................................................. 16 3.1 History of mixed migration from Afghanistan since the 1970s ...................................................................................... 16 3.2 Afghan displacement in numbers ............................................................................................................................................... 17 3.3 Drivers of Afghan migration ......................................................................................................................................................... 21 3.4 Afghan migration to Turkey ..........................................................................................................................................................23 4. DRIVERS AND DECISIONS .................................................................................................... 25 4.1 Push factors: reasons for leaving Afghanistan .....................................................................................................................25 4.2 Pull factors: reasons for coming to Turkey .............................................................................................................................. 27 4.3 Onward movement ...........................................................................................................................................................................30 5. ON THE MOVE: ROUTES, MEANS AND CONDITIONS OF TRAVEL ..................... 32 5.1 Migration routes................................................................................................................................................................................. 32 5.2 Means and conditions of travel ...................................................................................................................................................34 5.3 Risks ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 5.4 The evaluation and perception of migrants and refugees regarding the risks faced en route ..........................38 5.5 Assistance needed and received ................................................................................................................................................39 6. THE ROLE OF SMUGGLERS .................................................................................................. 41 7. CHALLENGES IN TURKEY ...................................................................................................... 45 7.1 Refugee response .............................................................................................................................................................................. 45 7.2 Protection .............................................................................................................................................................................................46 7.4 Health .....................................................................................................................................................................................................48 7.4 Education ..............................................................................................................................................................................................50 7.5 Employment ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 52 7.6 Housing .................................................................................................................................................................................................54 7.7 Assessment of service provision .................................................................................................................................................56 7.8 Overall assessment of conditions per city ...............................................................................................................................58 8. SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS ............................................................................................. 61 8.1 On the move ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 61 8.2 Challenges in Turkey ........................................................................................................................................................................63 9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................... 65 9.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................................................65 9.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................................................................65 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................... 67
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Toponimys with Ancient Turk Origins in the Balkans
    IBAC 2012 vol.2 TOPONIMYS WITH ANCIENT TURK ORIGINS IN THE BALKANS Prof .Ass. Hajiyeva GALIBA Nakhchivan State Univresity, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract One of the sources dealing with the ancient Turkic history are toponyms. Toponymic investigations show that most of the ancient geographical names which have spread in Eurosia, in Central Asia, from North Africa, to Eastern Turkistan even in Siberia and these names were formed before Roman and Byzantine periods. So development of toponymic investigations, study of the history of Turkic peoples and scientific investigation of existing geographical names which keep the history of Turkic peoples have great significance. One of the uninvestigated fields of the Turkic history are geographical names keeping historical facts within are the holy Balkan areas. The toponymic investigations carried on the Balkans show that these territories are the places were the ancient Turkic tribes were firstly settled and possessed. This fact is proved by the Turkic tribe names and by the words of different semantic meaning of the languages of Turkic tribes. The great deal of Balkan geographical names are the names derived out of ethnoniyms thus the names reflecting ancient Turkic tribe names (Astipos//Astepe//Ishtip, Izletdere, Vardar, Sofular, Gilan, Sahsuvar kariyesi, Kosalar village, Tatarli kariyesi, in the Kosova, Uskup, Usturumca, Kumanova, Propishtip, Kochana, Makedonska Kamenika in Makedony, Araz district, Arazli, Azman, Cepine, Coban, Chorlu, Culfalar, Horozlar, Kangirlar, Sakarli, Sungurlar, Karuk, Kaspi, Kaz//Kas, Kazancilar, Kecililer, Kuman, Padarlar, Sofular, Tatar, Uzlar in Bulgaria) show that Balkans historically were Turkic areas. Geographical names are the real witnesses of history. We must pay great attention to the scientific investigations of the geographical names in Balkan states.
    [Show full text]
  • The Characteristics of Patients Transferred by Helicopter
    Meandros Med Dent J Original Article / Özgün Araştırma The Characteristics of Patients Transferred by Helicopter Ambulance in Erzurum Erzurum İlinde Helikopter Ambulans ile Taşınan Hastaların Özellikleri Sultan Tuna Akgöl Gür1, Atıf Bayramoğlu2, Hüseyin Şahin3 1Bölge Training and Research Hospital, Emergency Service, Erzurum, Turkey 2Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey 3Namık Kemal University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Tekirdağ, Turkey Abstract Objective: To analyze the characteristics of patients transferred by ambulance helicopter in Erzurum. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the records of patients transferred by ambulance helicopter between 2009 and 2012. Medical, demographics, geographic and flight data of the patients were all analyzed. Results: A total of 347 (185 male, 162 female) patients were included in the study. 167 patients (48.4%) aged between 18 and 65 years. In the adult patients, the most common diagnoses were medical conditions in 82 (65.6%) men and 43 (34.4%) women. The number of male and female patients transferred during the summer was 64 (35%) and 50 (30.9%); in autumn, 54 (29.5%) and 34 (21%); in winter, 35 (19.1%) and 44 (27.1%); and in the spring, 30 (16.4%) and 34 (21%), respectively. Conclusion: Transferring patients living far from medical centers by air ambulance Keywords has become common. Plane and helicopter ambulances have become a part of Helicopter ambulance, patient transportation, emergency services. Since evidence was obtained on the outcomes of patients Erzurum affected positively by helicopter transfer, air health transfer services and the number of air ambulances covered by insurance companies have increased recently.
    [Show full text]
  • Mental Health of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan: a Qualitative Rapid Reconnaissance Field Study
    WTF/8; Total nos of Pages: 9; Azaad Kassam & Anar Nanji Mental health of Afghan refugees in Pakistan: a qualitative rapid reconnaissance field study Azaad Kassam & Anar Nanji For the past 25 years, Afghanshave accountedfor the status, socio-economic disadvantage, poor greatest number of displaced persons in the world. A physical health, collapse of social supports, large proportion of this population has sought psychological distress, and di⁄culty adapt- refuge in neighbouring Pakistan. Many Afghan ing to host cultures (Jablensky, Marsella, refugees have experienced unimaginable su¡ering Ekblad, Levi, & Jansson,1992). Any of these due to war and its consequences. Mental health is factors may in£uence the vulnerability and an essential aspect of the care of refugees, yet the coping abilities of refugee populations. mental health and well-being of Afghan refugees Mental health then, must be considered an has not been well studied. This qualitative ¢eld essential aspect of refugee health. survey endeavours to gain some understanding of collective factors in£uencing mental health in a The Afghan crisis refugee camp in Karachi, Pakistan. We present For the past 25 years, armed con£ict has ways of expressing distress, various sources of stress, a¡ected the people of Afghanistan. The and some of the coping mechanisms utilised by the Sovietoccupation inthe1980’sandthe power refugees in this camp. On basis of these results, some struggles after the fall of communism in recommendations are given. 1992 devastated the country.In1994 theTali- Keywords: Afghan refugees, mental ban movement emerged. This movement health, distress, coping, intervention spread through a large area of Afghanistan, and at the time of this study (1999), the Taliban controlled about two thirds of the Refugees and mental health land.
    [Show full text]
  • Yüzey Araştırmalar Işığında Erzurum Pasinler İlçesinde Tespit Edilen Obsidyen Merkezleri Ve Atölyeleri
    MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 2021 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3 MANAS Journal of Social Studies 2021 Volume: 10 No: 3 ISSN: 1694-7215 Research Paper / Araştırma Makalesi Yüzey Araştırmalar Işığında Erzurum Pasinler İlçesinde Tespit Edilen Obsidyen Merkezleri ve Atölyeleri Alpaslan CEYLAN1 ve Seval AKÇELİK2 Öz Kuzeydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi, jeolojik yapısı nedeniyle önemli obsidyen yataklarına ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Ana hatlarıyla Erzurum-Kars Platosu’nda bulunan volkanik sahalar, bölgenin temel obsidyen kaynaklarını oluşturmaktadır. Erzurum’un batısında yer alan Söğütlü’nün kuzeyindeki tepelik alanlar, Palandöken Dağı’nın güneybatısı, Pasinler ve çevresi obsidyen yataklarının tespit edildiği önemli arazilerdir. Pasinler ilçesi jeolojik karakterini, Pliosen sonu ve Pleistosen içinde meydana gelen tektonik hareketler sonucunda kazanmıştır. İlçe ve yakın çevresinde andezit, bazalt ve obsidyen gibi dış püskürük kayaçlar geniş bir yayılım göstermektedir. Bölgede 1998 yılında başladığımız yüzey araştırmalarında çalışma sahalarımızdan biri de Pasinler olmuştur. Pasinlerde yaptığımız çalışmalarda çok sayıda keramik ve obsidyen tespit edilmiştir. Gelişmiş obsidyen analiz yöntemlerine rağmen çalışma alanımızda bulunan merkezlerin sadece birkaçından alınan örneklerin analizleri yapılmıştır. İlçe ve yakın çevresinde Kotandüzü, Pelitli ve Tımar gibi önemli obsidyen merkezlerinin yanı sıra Cin Kalesi, Çalıyazı Kalesi, Kavuşturan Kalesi ve Sos Höyük’te yapılan araştırmalarda bu merkezlerin de önemli birer obsidyen atölyesi olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Pakistan's Policy Towards Afghan Refugees
    • p- ISSN: 2521-2982 • e-ISSN: 2707-4587 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2019(IV-III).04 • ISSN-L: 2521-2982 DOI: 10.31703/gpr.2019(IV-III).04 Muhammad Zubair* Muhammad Aqeel Khan† Muzamil Shah‡ Analysis of Pakistan’s Policy Towards Afghan Refugees: A Legal Perspective This article explores Pakistan’s policy towards Afghan refugees • Vol. IV, No. III (Summer 2019) Abstract since their arrival into Pakistan in 1979. As Pakistan has no • Pages: 28 – 38 refugee related law at national level nor is a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention or its Protocol of 1967; but despite of all these obstacles it has welcomed the refugees from Afghanistan after the Russian aggression. During their Headings stay here in Pakistan, these refugees have faced various problems due to the non- • Introduction existence of the relevant laws and have been treated under the Foreigner’s Act • Pakistan's Policy Towards Refugees of 1946, which did not apply to them. What impact this absence of law has made and Immigrants on the lives of these Afghan refugees? Here various phases of their arrival into • Overview of Afghan Refugees' Pakistan as well as the shift in policies of the government of Pakistan have been Situation in Pakistan also discussed in brief. This article explores all these obstacles along with possible • Conclusion legal remedies. • References Key Words: Influx, Refugees, Registration, SAFRON and UNHCR. Introduction Refugees are generally casualties of human rights violations. What's more, as a general rule, the massive portion of the present refugees are probably going to endure a two-fold violation: the underlying infringement in their state of inception, which will more often than not underlie their flight to another state; and the dissent of a full assurance of their crucial rights and opportunities in the accepting state.
    [Show full text]
  • CURRICULUM VITAE Dr Parvin Dokht Mashhoor
    CURRICULUM VITAE Dr Parvin Dokht Mashhoor Name: Parvin Dokht Mashhoor Date of Birth: April 22th, 1951 Place of Birth: Khaaf, Iran PhD: Persian Language and Literature Academic Status: Assistant Professor Affiliation: Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur Branch, Iran Email: [email protected] Academic Qualifications: (1) PhD (2000), Ferdowsi University of Mashhad(Subject: Persian Language and Literature) (2) Master of Arts (1995), Islamic Azad University, Mashhad,Iran. (Subject: Persian Language and Literature) (3) Bachelor of Arts (1973), Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. (Subject: English Language and Literature) Academic Experience: 1997 to date Faculty member and Lecturer in Persian Language&Literature at Islamic Azad University of Mashhad and Neyshabour and Payam-e-Noor University 1997-2001 Teaching Persian Language & literature at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad 1 1995-1999 Teaching Persian Language&Literature at the Center of Higher Education for Teachers 1971-1996 Teaching English Language and Literature in Mashhad High schools Awards: Top Researcher of university in 2010 Top Researcher of university in 2009 Top Researcher of university in 2008 Best Academic and cultural lecturer in 2009 Best Paper award in Iranian Woman Conference Best Paper award in Makhtoom Gholi Faraghi Conference Professional Experience: Representative of Women Research Council at Islamic Azad University of Neyshabour 2005 to date Secretary of Women Research Council in District 9 of Islamic Azad University for 2 years Member of Research Council of Islamic Azad University of Neyshabour 2008 to date Member of Publication Council of Islamic Azad University of Neyshabour 2009 to date Editorial board member of Persian Language and Literature Journal at Islamic Azad University of Neyshabour Editorial Board Member of Persian Language and Literature Journal ,"KAMAND".at Baluchestan University.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S.-Turkish Relations: a Review at the Beginning of the Third Decade of the Post-Cold War
    U.S.-Turkish Relations a review at the beginning of the third decade of the post–cold war era 1800 K Street, NW | Washington, DC 20006 Tel: (202) 887-0200 | Fax: (202) 775-3199 E-mail: [email protected] | Web: www.csis.org Report Coordinators Bulent Aliriza Bulent Aras November 2012 ISBN 978-0-89206-759-6 Ë|xHSKITCy067596zv*:+:!:+:! Blank U.S.-Turkish Relations a review at the beginning of the third decade of the post–cold war era Report Coordinators Bulent Aliriza Bulent Aras November 2012 About CSIS—50th Anniversary Year For 50 years, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) has developed practical solutions to the world’s greatest challenges. As we celebrate this milestone, CSIS scholars continue to provide strategic insights and bipartisan policy solutions to help decisionmakers chart a course toward a better world. CSIS is a bipartisan, nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Center’s 220 full-time staff and large network of affiliated scholars conduct research and analysis and de- velop policy initiatives that look into the future and anticipate change. Since 1962, CSIS has been dedicated to finding ways to sustain American prominence and prosperity as a force for good in the world. After 50 years, CSIS has become one of the world’s pre- eminent international policy institutions focused on defense and security; regional stability; and transnational challenges ranging from energy and climate to global development and economic integration. Former U.S. senator Sam Nunn has chaired the CSIS Board of Trustees since 1999. John J. Hamre became the Center’s president and chief executive officer in 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • Treasures of Eastern Turkey Easternturkeytours
    Eastern Turkey Tours Treasures of Eastern Turkey Exceed your expectations Email: [email protected] Nemrut Day 1: CAPPADOCIA KAHTA (Nemrut) We leave the Land of Beautiful Horses and weird rock formations and head out across Turkey's hinterland, along the ancient Silk Road via Kayseri and stopping at the great Karatay Han before proceeding to Adiyaman. Overnight near Nemrut Day 2: KAHTA - URFA Today we visit the magnificent funerary monument at the peak of Mt Nemrut which stands as a testament to an ancient king's ambition. From Nemrut we continue to the massive Ataturk Dam straddling the mighty river Euphrates, and on to Urfa, the ancient The Pools of Abraham city of prophets. Ancient footprints truly mark this part of Turkey; Urfa was the birthplace of the biblical patriarch Abraham. We will visit the cave and shrine where tradition tells us Abraham was born. Nearby are the sacred pools of Abraham filled with sacred carp that are fed by the many pilgrims who visit this holy site. Overnight in Urfa. Day 3: URFA DIYARBAKIR We depart Urfa and proceed to the on-going archaeological dig at Gobekli Tepe. Although not widely known amongst the general public Gobekli Tepe is probably one of the most important archaeological sites in the world From Gobekli Tepe, Hill of the Navel, this site represents a major shift in our understanding of One of the many carved megaliths forming the man's early history. Here lie the remains of the earliest religious chambers structures built by man yet to be discovered and at about 11000- 13000 years old pre-dates pottery, writing, Stonehenge and the Pyramids.
    [Show full text]
  • The United States and the Question of Joining the Baghdad-Pact
    Batman University Journal of Life Sciences Batman Üniversitesi Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi Volume 10, Issue 2 (2020) Cilt 10, Sayı 2 (2020) Accede or not Accede?: The United States and the Question of Joining the Baghdad-Pact Mehmet RAKİPOĞLU1 1Departman of International Relations, Batman, Türkiye, [email protected] Max WITTMANN2 2Sakarya University, Middle East Institute, Sakarya, Türkiye [email protected] Geliş Tarihi/Received: Kabul Tarihi/Accepted: Yayın Tarihi/Published: 30.06.2020 21.12.2020 30.12.2020 ABSTRACT To contain Soviet influence in the world the United States had allied with many states to be able to retaliate potential communist attacks. After the founding of NATO to protect Europe and SEATO for South Asia, the Baghdad Pact was established to shield the Middle East. Its members were Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan and Great Britain, just the US did not accede, despite having initiated the program and being a member of the other organizations. The paper aims to explain this American decision and shows that the United States was caught between several dilemmas and ambiguities. In the end, the negative effects of accession were seen as more serious than the positive ones and the pact was left to its fate. Keywords: Baghdad Pact, Cold War, Suez Crisis, the US in the Middle East 1 Research Assistant Batman University, Department of International Relations, PhD. Candidate Sakarya University Middle East Institute; [email protected] 2 Master Student, Sakarya University Middle East Institute; [email protected] 1 Year/Yıl 2020, Volume/Cilt 10, Issue/Sayı 2 Mehmet RAKİPOĞLU, Max WITTMANN Kabul Etmek ya da Etmemek: ABD ve Bağdat Paktı’na Katılım Sorunsalı ÖZ ABD dünyadaki Sovyet nüfuzunu kontrol altına almak ve potansiyel komünist saldırılara misilleme yapabilmek için birçok devletle ittifak kurmuştu.
    [Show full text]
  • Afghan Asylum Seekers in Italy: a Place of Temporary Respite
    Afghan Asylum Seekers in Italy: A place of temporary respite Author : Fabrizio Foschini Published: 10 September 2017 Downloaded: 9 September 2017 Download URL: https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/wp-admin/post.php The number of Afghan asylum seekers in Italy has been steadily rising over the last decade. Numbers grew particularly rapidly between 2013 and 2015 and only in recent months have they slowed down. Throughout the last ten years, not only has Italy become a fixture in the mental map of Afghan migrants, but it has seen its role changing from that of a country of mere transit to one of destination. For some, Italy is a safe second- choice when they could not reach their intended destination or have been rejected from there. For others, it is a stopgap to obtain legal papers on their way to another place. Afghans in Italy remain a mostly ‘transitional’ community, despite the thousands seeking and obtaining asylum. In the end, only a fraction of those arriving remain for good. AAN’s Fabrizio Foschini and Jelena Bjelica have been looking at the path of Afghan migration to Italy in the last decade and at the direction where it is heading. This research was supported by a grant from the Open Society Foundations. Read our previous separate dispatch about unaccompanied Afghan minor refugees in Italy here . After years of growth, now is a good moment to take stock of the phenomenon of Afghan migrants in Italy. This year is in fact seeing the continuation of a trend which first became 1 / 13 apparent in late 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Speaking to One Another: Personal Memories of the Past in Armenia and Turkey
    Speaking to One Another: Personal Memories of the Past in Armenia and Turkey Wish they hadn’t left L E Y L A N EYZİ Whom to forgive? What to forgive? H R A N U S H K HARATYAN- A RAQELYAN Published by: Institut für Internationale Zusammenarbeit Des Deutschen Volkshochschul-Verbandes (dvv international) ISBN 978-3-88513-780-1 Project coordinators: Matthias Klingenberg, Vanya Ivanova, Nazaret Nazaretyan Editor (Turkey section): Liz Erçevik Amado Editor (Armenia section): Nouneh Dilanyan Translator from Armenian to English: Samvel Simonyan Design & Layout: Maraton Dizgievi Cover photo: © Parajanov Museum Yerevan Photographs (Turkey section): © Sibel Maksudyan Print: MAS Matbaacılık A.Ş. Hamidiye Mahallesi, Soğuksu Caddesi, No: 3 Kağıthane-İstanbul-Türkiye +90 212 294 10 00 • [email protected] Opinions expressed in papers published under the names of individual authors do not necessarily reflect those of the Pub- lisher and editors. This publication, or parts of it, may be reproduced provided the source is duly cited. The Publisher asks to be furnished with copies of any such reproductions. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. © 2010 dvv international dvv international Obere Wilhelmstraße 32 – 53225 Bonn Federal Republic of Germany Tel: +49/228-975 69-0 Fax: +49/228-975 69-55 [email protected] www.dvv-international.de For further
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Afghan Refugee Journeys
    Afghan Refugee Journeys: Onwards Migration Decision Making in Greece and Turkey Abstract This paper contributes to the lack of research on refugee journeys by examining the factors influencing Afghan refugees plans to stay in Greece or Turkey or migrate onwards as a continuation of their fragmented refugee journeys. Following from the seminal article of BenEzer and Zetter (2015) this paper examines the four conceptual challenges of refugee journeys of: temporal elements, drivers and destinations, the process of the journey and the wayfarers characteristics. Using a quantitative approach with a unique original dataset of 364 Afghans in Greece and Turkey, regression analysis is used to examine the decision making of Afghans to stay or migrate onwards within the context of the four conceptual challenges of refugee journeys. The results show that all the conceptual elements are significant in influencing Afghan decision making for the continuation of their refugee journeys. The paper further contextualizes these results and highlights policy implications. 1 Introduction Over the past decade there has been an increasing number of Afghans migrating to Greece and Turkey as they seek access to the rest of Europe. The ongoing conflict in Afghanistan including the increasing insecurity from 2008 onwards, combined with the increasingly hostile environment for Afghan refugees in Iran and recent repatriations from Pakistan, has led to continued migration movements further afield in search of safety and security. Research has demonstrated the long and arduous journeys that Afghans face in their movements to Europe (Crawley et al., 2016; Dimitraidi, 2015; Donini et al., 2016; Kaytaz, 2016; Kuschminder and Siegel, 2016; Schuster, 2011; UNHCR, 20120).
    [Show full text]