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Study of Environmental Design Thinking in Ancient Vedic Settlement Morphology Using Parametric Techniques

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Study of Environmental Design Thinking in Ancient Vedic Settlement Morphology Using Parametric Techniques STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN THINKING IN ANCIENT VEDIC SETTLEMENT MORPHOLOGY USING PARAMETRIC TECHNIQUES By Mohammad Tahajibul Hossain A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE March 2018 Department of Architecture, BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Dhaka, Bangladesh CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION It is declared that this thesis or any part of it has not been submitted elsewhere for the award of degree or diploma. Signature: ------------------------------------------ Mohammad Tahajibul Hossain Dedicated to my parents Md. Belal Hossain Selina Akhter Abstract The art and science of planning and designing settlements had been practiced in the Indian subcontinent since the Indo-Aryan period. The codes, standards and regulation regarding the settlement morphology can be found in various Vedas (বেদ), Puranas (পুরাণ), epics, shastras (শাস্ত্র) and treaties, which have been compiled in literary form during the Vedic period, which broadly covers 1500 BCE-1100 CE. The influence of Vedic town—planning practice can be traced back to Babylon in the west and China in the east. Apart from contextual, geological, geographical, economic and environmental aspects, the design considerations also included religious, mythological, physiological, cosmological, genealogical, astrological and astronomical aspects. There were several types of settlements such as Griha (গৃহ), Grama (গ্রাম), Palli (পল্লী), Kheta (বেত), Kharvata (খরেট), Dronamukha (বরাণমুখ), Pattana (পট্টনা), Matamba (মাতম্ব), Nagara (নগর), Rajadhani (রাজধানী), Nigama (ননগম), Samvatta-kotta (সামভট্ট ব াট); divided based on the scale and purpose of the settlement. The streets housed the temporary and permanent shops and open spaces were commonly used for public gathering and programs. The cadastral network of these settlements along with the open spaces were used for trade, commerce and public activities. This research takes into account the environmental variables that can be perceived by means of sensory experience and aims to analyze the environmental performance of the outdoor spaces of Vedic villages based on the morphological and built-environmental parameters as per directions in the codes and regulations of ancient treaties by means of experimental methodology. The results will provide a platform to critically evaluate the environmental design thinking of the Vedic architects by means of causal-comparative study. i Acknowledgements At first, I would like to thank all of the people who helped, encouraged and supported me during my research work to complete this thesis in due time. I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Khandaker Shabbir Ahmed, Professor and Head, Department of Architecture, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET) for his tireless efforts and encouragement throughout my research work. He inspired me to explore the avenues of the ancient world and guided me during the entire journey. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Farida Nilufar, Sk. Md. Rezwan, Md. Nahid Iqbal, Kumar Biswajit Debnath, Tasneem Tariq and Syed Abu Sufian Kushol for their inspiration. Finally, I am forever thankful to my family members, especially to my mother for supporting and caring me while I was doing my research. ii Table of content Abstract ........................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ ii List of Figures ............................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................. x List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................. xiii 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 2 1.1 Preamble .................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Problem statement .................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Aim and objectives .................................................................................................. 4 1.4 Conceptual framework ............................................................................................. 4 1.5 Overview of research methodology ......................................................................... 6 1.6 Scopes and limitations ............................................................................................. 8 References ...................................................................................................................... 9 2. Literature review ................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Preamble ................................................................................................................ 11 2.2 Elements of morphological dimension in urban planning ..................................... 11 2.3 Settlement planning in Vedic period ..................................................................... 14 2.3.1 Vedic period and ‘second urbanization’ (বেনদ যুগ ও নিতীয় নগরায়ণ) ................... 14 2.3.2 Major literary sources ..................................................................................... 18 2.3.3 Professionals in Vedic period ......................................................................... 20 2.3.4 Units of measurement ..................................................................................... 21 2.3.5 Socio-economic scenario in Vedic period: ..................................................... 26 2.3.6 Origin of Indian cities: types of settlement ..................................................... 27 2.3.7 The Indo-Aryan village ................................................................................... 30 2.3.8 Siting considerations and environmental rationales ....................................... 38 2.3.9 Street planning ................................................................................................ 42 2.3.10 Site planning and folk planning .................................................................... 45 2.3.11 Building bye-laws ......................................................................................... 48 iii 2.4 Examples ................................................................................................................ 51 2.4.1 Case study: Jaipur ........................................................................................... 51 2.4.2 Settlements in Bengal ..................................................................................... 56 2.5 Contemporary principles of city planning by Vitruvius ........................................ 59 2.6 Climatic Imperatives .............................................................................................. 61 2.6.1 Thermal comfort ............................................................................................. 61 2.6.2 Determinants of thermal comfort in outdoor urban environment ................... 62 2.7 Critical findings from literature review ................................................................. 64 References .................................................................................................................... 67 3. Simulation and analysis ......................................................................................... 72 3.1 Preamble ................................................................................................................ 72 3.2 Methodology for simulation .................................................................................. 72 3.2.1 Microclimate of Dhaka ................................................................................... 74 3.2.2 Sunshine hours and sun path diagram ............................................................. 75 3.2.3 Sky condition .................................................................................................. 77 3.2.4 Annual wind flow condition ........................................................................... 78 3.3 Selection of simulation tools.................................................................................. 79 3.4 Selection of case diagrams ..................................................................................... 80 3.5 Axial connectivity study and selection of case-streets: ......................................... 88 3.6 Introducing built-environment parameters for three-dimensional model generation ................................................................................................................. 90 3.7 Insolation analysis .................................................................................................. 96 3.7.1 Formation of 3d model for computer simulation ............................................ 96 3.7.2 Time-basis and other parameters .................................................................... 96 3.8 Insolation analysis results ...................................................................................... 97 3.8.1 Brahmavithi (BrV) .........................................................................................
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