Biology and Control of Broadleaf Dock

Biology and Control of Broadleaf dock

Wiharti Purba and Dr.Tim Miller [email protected] WSU Mount Vernon Northwestern Research Extension Center (NWREC) Docks in Washington

American Golden Dock (Rumex maritimus Var. persicarioides © Ryan Batten

Western dock Willow dock (Rumex (R. aquaticus/ salicifolius var. Clustered Dock (Rumex occidentalis triangulivalvis) @Barry Wood Dock (Rumex sanguineus ) conglomeratus) @Robert Steers ©Vernon Smith Breckling @ Zoya Akulova Distribution

Broadleaved dock (R. obtusifolius) Curly dock (R. crispus)

http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=RUOB http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=RUCR USDA - Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and Plant Database Source: http://plants.usda.gov/java/ Accessed : November 7, 2016 Distribution

Potential problem in blueberry production!

R. crispus possesses higher frost resistance (Hrdlickova et al., 2011). R. obtusifolius among the Rumex species is the most tolerant to low pH (Horic and Nemoto, 1990).

http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=RUOB USDA - Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and Plant Database Source: http://plants.usda.gov/java/ Accessed : November 7, 2016 Ecology of Broadleaved dock

• A nitrophilus weedy species (Zaller 2004). • Host for pests (potato tuber eelworm (UK) (Holm et al., 1977); cherry leaf roll virus (Blouin et al., 2016). •TheUnder fear ofcontrolled an infestation conditions, of arable allelopathic land by dockeffects is among may inhibit the most the important germination obstacles of forsunflower farmers to & switchsoybean from (Beres conventional& Kazinczi to, 2000). organic farming in Central Europe (Dierauer & Stoppler-Zimmer, 1994). (Zaller, 2004). In a survey of 156 organic grassland farmers in Germany, 80% had a problem with dock (Böhm & Finze, 2003). Biology

Rumex obtusifolius Native to Europe Family: Polygonaceae (smartweed, buckwheat, rhubarb) The plants grow as a basal rosette with relatively large leaves. The hairless reproductive stem may reach heights up to 5 feet and will have smaller versionshttp://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=RUOB of the basal leaves arranged alternate. Biology

Flowers : made up of small, green sepals (no petals) that turn brown at maturity. Seeds: maximum annual seed production 60,000 seeds/plant (Cavers and Harper, 1964). Canada: 26,756, UK :13,800, Japan: 12,900 (Hrdlickova et al., 2011).

Up to 1.5 inches thick fleshy taproots which may extend to 4 or 5 ft in thehttp://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=RUOB soil (Kutschera et al., 1992). Dock in berry production

Broadleaf dock is found in widely different plant communities and habitats including woods, arable fields, field margins, short- term leys, permanent pasture, and waste places (Clapham et al., 1987). Mostly in grassland and starting to increase in cultivated land. Mature plants can survive competition but an open habitat is needed for seedling establishment (Bond et al., 2007). Dock in berry production How dock survives

Ability to ﬂower several times a year.

The longevity of seeds.

Rumex species show considerable ability to re-grow from vegetative fragments left in the soil after cultivation or cutting (Gwynne & Murray, 1985; Pino et al., 1995).

Single control measures were rarely successful enough to eradicate Rumex population (Zaller, 2004). Research experiments

Germination Testing 1

Herbicide Testing 2

Herbicide Testing 3 Germination Testing 1

The Petri dish contains a moistened paper substrate (blue blotter). Dishes are placed in an incubator (15oC, 20oC, 25oC); exposed to light, and normal germination is counted. 25 seeds/ petri dish; 100/ population Daily observation Germination Testing 1

Seed Germination Rate 80 75 Summer70 seems to be a really good environment60 for broadleaved dock to 50 49 germinate40 CHANGE THE 30 20 Prevent fromGRAPH!! setting seed; remove 17 plantsGERMINATED SEEDS 10 before summer! 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 DAYS Light and warm temperature 20C/ 68F 25C/ 77F 15C/ 59F are important for the germination Herbicide Testing 2 Spring treatment May 24th, 2016 Treatment: 16 Reps: 4 Plots: 8 by 30 feet All herbicides registered for blueberry 3 Fall treatment October 28th, 2016 Treatment: 18 Reps: 4 Plots: 8 by 30 feet All herbicides registered for blueberry Herbicide Testing 2

Biomass of broadleaved dock 8 WAT

Touchdown/ glyphosa d 8.44 Sinbar/ terbacil cd 16.89 Karmex/ diuron bcd 46.77 Casoron/ dichlobenil bcd 51.56 a.i .) Callisto/ mesotrione bcd 58.07 Sandea/ halosulfuron abcd Gallery/ isoxaben abcd Stinger/ clopyralid abcd Devrinol/ napropamide abcd Surplan/ oryzalin abcd Spartan/ sulfentrazone abcd Herbicide (Commercial/ (Commercial/ Herbicide Chateau/ flumioxazin abc Touchdown: Simazine/ simazine abc a.i. glyphosate Kerb/ pronamide abc Dual Magnum/ s-metalachlor abc Applied: Spring Untreated/ Untreated ab 147.02 May 24th, 2016 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Biomass (mg/m2) Picture: 6-24-2016 Herbicide Testing 3 Solicam: a.i. norflurazon Applied: Fall October 28th, 2016 Picture: 11-17-2016 Control of Broadleaf dock

Seedling Prevent from setting seed; remove plants before summer! Control during spring and early summer may provide control of young seedling Established

Delay flowering; early shoot removal Remove the top 4 inches of root collar  organ with regenerative capacity Chemical/ Manual/ Mechanical Thank you

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