44 Distribution of invasive weeds on the territory of AP Vojvodina

International Symposium: Current Trends in Plant Protection UDK: 632.51(497.11) Proceedings

DISTRIBUTION OF INVASIVE WEEDS ON THE TERRITORY OF AP VOJVODINA

1 1 1 KONSTANTINOVI BRANKO , MESELDŽIJA MAJA , SAMARDŽI NATAŠA , KONSTANTINOVI 2 BOJAN 1Faculty of Agriculture, Trg Dositeja Obradovi a 8, 21 000 Novi Sad, Srbija 2Dipkom d.o.o., Agrimatco Group, Novi Sad e-mail: [email protected]

Invasive weed species occur as companions of various human activities. They occupy different ruderal, urban and rural habitats, which is followed by their free spreading in nature. In recent years, spread of invasive weed species on the territory of AP Vojvodina became more pronounced, and the number of invasive weeds is constantly increasing. On the territory of AP Vojvodina, several ruderal weed species are found among invasive weeds, threatening agricultural production, human and animal health and the environment in general. The greatest economic significance have ruderal weed species, such as: Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers, Rumex crispus L., Carduus acanthoides L., Conyza canadensis L., Urtica dioica L., Chenopodium album L., Rubus caesius L., Arctium lappa L., and established invasive weed species Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Asclepias syriaca L., Iva xanthofolia L. and Artemisia vulgaris L. Established coverage of invasive weed species is within a range of 30-95%, while the presence level marked V is found for Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Artemisia vulgaris , and presence level marked I for Amaranthus retroflexus , Asclepias syriaca and Cuscuta campestris .

Key words : invasive weed, ruderal habitats, distribution, AP Vojvodina

INTRODUCTION

During the last decade, the study of the spread of invasive weed species on the territory of AP Vojvodina intensified. Invasive weed species spread in ruderal habitats, as well as under different crops. They are introduced species from natural habitats in new ecosystems to which they adjust and suppress already present weed species (Konstantinovi et al., 2011). The invasion of certain weed species does not depend only on its invasive abilities and individual biological traits that enable it to invade new areas, but also from external environmental factors that contribute to this process (Tilman, 1997). Unstable ecosystems, arable land, and ruderal habitats are the primary sites of infection by invasive weed species that keep spreading to surrounding ecosystems causing homogenization of the regional flora (Stevanovi et al., 2009). Data on potential dangers caused by weediness of agricultural land, as well as ruderal sites are obtained by studies of distribution of introduced invasive weed species on the territory of AP Vojvodina. Konstantinovi Branko, Meseldžija Maja, Samardži Nataša, Konstantinovi Bojan 45

MATHERIALS AND METHODS

In the period from 2008-2010 on the territory of AP Vojvodina, field studies on the presence of species Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and determination of its abundance and coverage on the ruderal and unregulated areas were carried out. Determination of abundance and coverage was performed according to modified Brauen-Blanquet scale (1951). In 2011, mapping of invasive weed species was carried out on the territory of AP Vojvodina. The studies included the following invasive weed species: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Artemisia vulgaris L., Iva xanthifolia Nutt., Asclepias syriaca L., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L., Cuscuta campestris Yunkers., Arctium lappa L., Carduus acanthoides L., Conyza canadensis L., Rubus caesius L., Rumex crispus L. and Urtica dioica L. For determination of abundance and coverage of invasive weeds was used modified scale according to the method of Brauen-Blanquet (1951). Mapping was conducted in 11 municipalities in 18 localities. Based on field visits, phytocenological records of invasive weed species were made for the studied localities. Studied area was 100 m 2 in size, and in each locality, there were 10 plots for inspection. Mapping of invasive weed species was carried out by GPS, the data were then introduced into software program Ambrosia Spot Marker for area of Novi Sad, while the data for the area of AP Vojvodina were inserted into the Google Earth program.

RESULTS

During 2011 performed monitoring in the region of AP Vojvodina, showed that spread of invasive weed species is gaining increasing importance, due to their expansion to new areas. Processing of data from the field revealed spread of invasive weed species such as: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Artemisia vulgaris L., Iva xanthifolia Nutt., Asclepias syriaca L., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L., Cuscuta campestris Yunkers., Arctium lappa L., Carduus acanthoides L., Conyza canadensis L., Rubus caesius L., Rumex crispus L. and Urtica dioica L. It was established that the overall coverage of invasive weed species at studied localities was within the range of 30-95%. The highest percentage of overall coverage was measured in the municipality of Sremska Mitrovica (75-95%), followed by Novi Sad, Odžaci, and Kula (70-95%), while the lowest overall coverage was measured in the municipalities of Zrenjanin (40-95%) and Šid (30-95%). The degree of presence of the analyzed invasive weed species was determined by data processing. The degree of presence marked V was established for A. artemisiifolia L. in municipalities Sombor, Odžaci and Novi Sad and A. vulgaris L. in municipalities Sombor, Odžaci and Šid. Mark IV indicated the degree of presence for weed species Artemisia vulgaris L. (municipalities Kikinda, Zrenjanin, Vrbas, Kula, Sremska Mitrovica, Ba ka Palanka and Novi Sad) and Rumex crispus L. (municipalities Kikinda, Vrbas, Sombor, Odžaci, Ruma, Šid and Novi Sad). Data processing revealed also the degree of presence marked I for species A. artemisiifolia L. in municipality Zrenjanin, Amaranthus retroflexus L. in municipalities Kula, Sombor, Ruma and Šid, Aclepias syriaca L. in municipalities Kikinda, Vrbas, Kula, Sremska Mitrovica and Novi Sad, and Cuscuta campestris Yunkers. that was determined in even 7 municipalities (Kikinda, Sombor, Odžaci, Sremska Mitrovica, Šid, Ba ka Palanka and Novi Sad) (Table 1).

46 Distribution of invasive weeds on the territory of AP Vojvodina

Table 1. Overall coverage and degree of presence of invasive weed species on the territory of AP Vojvodina Kikinda Zrenjanin Vrbas Kula Sombor Odžaci Ruma Sr. Mitrovica Šid B.Palanka Novi Sad Overall coverage % Invasive weed species 60-95 40-95 65-95 70-95 50-95 70-95 30-95 75-95 30-95 50-95 70-95 Level of presence Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. III I IV IV V V II II IV IV V Artemisia vulgaris L. IV IV IV IV V V III IV V IV IV Amaranthus retroflexus L. I I I II I III Arctium lappa L. I I III II I Asclepias syriaca L. I I I I I Carduus acanthoides L. III V II I III III IV IV III III II Chenopodium album L. I II II I III II IV III II III IV Cuscuta campestris Yunkers. I I I I I I I Conyza canadensis L. II II II IV III III II II II III Iva xanthifolia Nutt. I I III Rubus caesius L. I I I III II II II Rumex crispus L. IV V IV III IV IV IV V IV II IV Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. II IV III IV III III IV III III II IV Urtica dioica L. II I II III IV III IV V IV I IV

DISCUSSION

Invasive weed species that spread along the Balkan Peninsula are of great importance for Serbia, and especially for the territory of AP Vojvodina. Some sporadic or completely new weed species have assumed an increasingly important role in the region (Konstantinovi et al., 2006). The species Ambrosia artemisiifolia , which first appeared in the former Yugoslavia for more than half a century ago (Maly, 1949), today is very common and mostly distributed invasive weed species (Mataruga et al., 2004; Konstantinovi et al., 2011).. According to Jovanovi et al., (2009) A. artemisiifolia is distributed on even 70% of the total territory of Serbia, and the largest damages causes primarily in AP Vojvodina, around Beograd and in the region of Ma va (Miloševi , 2008). In the period 2006-2007, A. artemisiifolia L. was found on the banks of the river Danube, near Petrovaradin, Sremski Karlovici and Novi Sad, as well as near Ba , Ba ka Palanka, Bege , Bogojevo and Futog, in the entire region of Ba ka in the central and southern Banat region (Konstantinovi et al., 2008). Studies conducted in the period 2008-2011, revealed presence of A. artemisiifolia L. on over 400 ha on the territory of the municipality Novi Sad, at more than 200 localities and more than 50 plants per m2 (Konstantinovi et al., 2011). In 2008 mapping and control or A. artemisiifolia L. was performed in AP Vojvodina. Control of A. artemisiifolia L. was conducted on 2500 ha in 42 municipalities, by mechanical or chemical control measures. Monitoring also showed that retro vegetation occurred. The highest overall coverage was established in the South Ba ka region amounting 80-95%, while the degree of presence is evaluated by V. The lowest overall coverage was found in the region of South Banat amounting 30-80%, with the presence degree I (Konstantinovi et al., 2011) (Table 2). In agricultural habitats, A. artemisiifolia was found mostly in crops of maize, soybean, sunflower and sugar beet, as well as in stubbles. Asclepias syriaca L. is allochthonous invasive weed species originating from North America, and it was introduced into Europe at the beginning of the nineteenth century. It is present in many European countries (Stankovi -Kalezi et al., 2008). This species invades soils due to insufficient cultivation and herbicide use, fertilizers and irrigation measures (Cramer and Burnside, 1981). On the territory of AP Vojvodina, Asclepias syriaca L. is Konstantinovi Branko, Meseldžija Maja, Samardži Nataša, Konstantinovi Bojan 47 present in the wider area of Ba ka, north part of Banat, especially in wider area of Subotica- Horgoš sands (Dolmagi , 2010).

Table 2 . Overall coverage and degree of presence ofi Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. on the territory of AP Vojvodina in the period 2008-2010

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. on the territory AP Vojvodina Districts Overall coverage in % Level of presence North Ba ka (3 municipalities) 60-95 II West Ba ka (4 municipalities) 70-95 IV South Ba ka (10 municipalities) 80-95 V Nort Banat (6 municipalities) 50-90 II Central Banat (5 municipalities) 60-95 III South Banat (8 municipalities) 30-80 I Srem (7 municipalities) 70-95 IV

Iva xanthifolia Nutt. is new invasive weed species on the territory of AP Vojvodina, it spread during sixties of the last century on the territory of AP Vojvodina and it is now a very strong allergen that expands 5-10 times faster than A. artemisiifolia L. During 2002- 2006, the study of this weed species was conducted on the territory of AP Vojvodina, and its presence was registered on ruderal sites, but also in maize, sugar beet, sunflower and soybean crops. The studies showed that it is the most widespread in the regions of Srem and Ba ka, and somewhat less in Banat (Marisavljevi et al., 2007). Data obtained by the study of invasive weed species on the territory of Novi Sad and AP Vojvodina suggest that the named weed species keep spreading very fast, especially A. artemisiifolia L., A. syriaca L., A. vulgaris L., I.xanthifolia L. and R.crispus L.

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