The Hydrological Resources of the Republic of and EU standards

By Borisav Knezevic Backa 47, 11080 /Beograd Serbia and [email protected] [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS ABSTRACT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL HYDROLOGICAL SITUATION IN SERBIA-AN OVERVIEW 1.1 Water resources management status and water management problems in Serbia 1.2 Waterpower engineering future conditions 1.3 Water supply installation equipment 1.4 Expenditure norm 1.5 Needs for water 1.6 Drinking water resources 1.7 Devices for fertilizing and quality or drinking water 1.8 Water distribution and facilities on water supply system 1.9 Water supply orientation

2 CHAPTER 2. EU STANDARDS ON WATER MANAGEMENT 2.1 The European Framework Directive 2.1.1 Bringing together everyone with an interest 2.1.2 Water knows no borders 2.1.3 Water is everybody‘s issue 2.1.4 Water is a fragile resource 2.1.5 Integration policies 2.1.6 To prevent and control pollution is essential 2.1.7 Using water sustainably 2.1.8 The fair price of water

2.2. Water: water management in developing countries 2.2.1 Background 2.2.2 The Community's current water-related strategies and activities 2.2.3 Future guidelines 2.2.4 Key global challenges

CONCLUSIONS APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY

3 ABBREVIATIONS

OV - Basic water supply system in : AIBB - Alluvial groundwater between Bezdan and Bogojevo; AIJL - Alluvial groundwater between Jamene and Lacaraka; AIKD -Alluvial groundwater between and Dubovac; AIBJ - Alluvial groundwater at Badovinca (the ) and Jarak (the ). AIC - Alluvial groundwater above Cent; AIGS - Alluvial groundwater at Godomina and Salinci; AIP - Alluvial groundwater Petka; PV - All the other ground waters; VT - Water current RVD - The river waters (with facility filtration or inner filtration in ground); RBT The Tisa river waters (with facility filtration or inner filtration in ground); RVS -The Sava river waters (with facility filtration or inner filtration in ground); RVDR - River waters of the Drina; RVSRD -Sarske vode -Waters gathered from mountain; - The name of the river (with accumulation), which is being exploited; UVRZ - - - Common waters of two rivers (with regulation) (....) - Alternative solution ((...)) - Alternative solution to realization of small problem (in case conditions are significantly changed in the future).

4 WFD œ Water Framework Directive

ABSTRACT

The paper dealing with the current state analysis and trends of water supply development in the Republic of Serbia. It also emphasize the importance of providing clean drinking water for the inhabitants od underdeveloped areas in Serbia. According to that, the underdeveloped area of Velika and is taken as example of jeopardizing of basic living conditions of people regarding drinking water. The solution of the problems with insufficient volume of adequate quality water in the area could be building-up of a water treatment plant. The project proposal of the plant can be seen in the paper and could be the impulse for officials of the EU, and other international organizations to focus their attention to this part of Serbia and try to provide financial resources for resolving this fundamental problem. At the end of paper, the summary of some EU directives regarding quality of water is given, as a thread that should be followed by the Serbian authorities. Key words: water quality, underground waters, surface waters, water pollution, water treatment plant, needs for water, water framework directive.

5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Objective of this project work is to analyze the current hydrological situation in Serbia with regard to the needs for water of the inhabitants of different regions and areas in Serbia. Another very important aim of the work is to give a possible suggestion for the resolving of a real problem of ordinary people in underdeveloped area of and Smederevska Palanka. The hypothesis at the beginning of the study is that drinking water is essential good and all the people, especially those in the underdeveloped regions, must use drinking water of an appropriate quality. In the first part, the intention was to present general hydrological and water management situation within the Republic of Serbia, with special regard to the needs for water in different areas and regions including the autonomous province of and Metohia which is, for the time being, under control of the United Nations, and out of the legal system of the Republic of Serbia. Serbia is one of the European regions poor in water, conditions the strategy of usage, maintenance and protection of waters. For that reason infrastructure of water management will develop in more and more tense conditions with maximal

6 rationalization of all kinds of consumption, with multiple consumption, with optimal exploitation of underground water springs and more and more unavoidable relying on accumulative pools that are turning to basic objects for both, supply of needed quantities of water and maintenance of water regime. Regarding disposable waters in Serbia, situation is even worse if we take into consideration spacious and seasonal irregularity of domestic water resources. Spacious irregularity is stressed and particularly negative from the aspect of satisfying needs of water supply. The poorest in water are exactly the most inhabited lowland regions with the richest ground resources (Pomoravlje, , Sumadija, Vojvodina, Kosovo and Metohia, South Serbia) where specific drain out amounts to lower then only 2 - 4 l/s/km2 and even less then that (in North Backa under 1 l/s/km2) with less then 500 m3 per capita annually which indicates that these regions must be supplied first of all from transit waters with all consequences of such dependence. Water is missing where it is most needed and water resources of high quality are placed mainly along the borders of the republic (river Drina, mountains Stari Vlah, Prokletije, ). Underground waters represent a sort of water resources very important for supply of settlements. Around 80% of delivered water is underground water, while 20 % is surface water. However, larger part of alluvial water, over 80%, is provided through infiltration of surface water. Accordingly, you can say that 1/3 of delivered water is underground water. It could be concluded that neither there are sufficient underground waters and that the possibilities for their usage are rather narrowed. Specially difficult situation is in Vojvodina where over-utilization of underground waters in some regions (Backa, ) led to significant reducing of the level of basic source (up to 50% in some regions). This will reflect on the concept of long term water supply of these zones that will be pressed to turn to the usage of surface waters. High quality and utilizable reserves of underground waters are becoming precious and they will be kept exclusively for the population and those technological processes that require water of best quality. In the second part of the paper a proposed solution for a real problem is given-building up a water treatment plant. The main purpose of this project is improving of underground

7 water quality which is being used for the needs of local households in the area of Velika Plalna and Smederevska Palanka, especially in the households in villages surrounding the municipal centers. The plant is designed to provide drinking water for 120.000 citizens of the Municipal Communities of Velika Plana and Smederevska Palanka and their neighbouring suburbs. Municipal Comunities of Velika Plan and Smederevska Palanka use water from the common supply system which takes water from a number of natural wells, treats and distributes it to the consumers. Majority of suburb households is not connected to the main water supply line while majority of the Smederevska Palanka and Velika Plana inhabitants are lacking water almost all over the year. Besides, the water quality is poor because of increased iron, manganese and amonium contents, so that stomac diseases are very often in this region (signifficantly beyond the average of the Republic of Serbia). The water is also with high turbidity. Many wells providing water directly to consumers were dug-out. All the above was the reason for commencing of this project-proposal. The project foresees start with construction of a water treatment plant of 2 x 330 lit/sec capacity in two phases i.e. 330 lit/sec in the Phase I. The required technology and arrangement of the plant are based on the raw water quality. The plant should be constructed urgently (in 2 to 3 years) to provide for the inhabitants supply with quality drinking water for some 10 to 15 years. In the third part, some parts on the EU legislation on water issues, is presented, with emphasis on the Water Framework Directive (WFD).

8 PREFACE

When people say —water is a condition of life“ they think on drinking water. Although 71% of the surface of Earth is covered by water, only 2,4% is water which can be used for the needs of human beings. Regardless it may seems enough, when we look into the numbers; nature drinking water is rarely so pure that can be used immediately. Circulating through the nature, water passes through the soil and liquefies many organic and inorganic substances. It is surprisingly that rivers carry few billions of various salts into the oceans annually. All that bring about that the treatment (processing) of water for the human consumption becomes harder and harder. The additional problem is that the air through water passes through is also being more and more polluted. Theoretically, a man can survive with five litres of water daily, but the World Health Organization requests providing of 40-50 litres daily. For instance, it is good to know that an African family spends 20 litres of water daily, a European family 165, and a Canadian one even 350 litres. In urban areas of the most developed countries, if we take into account the consumption in the industry, households, hospitals and restaurants, the consumption runs even up to 600 litres. The quantities of clear, drinking water became less and less. As sources for water supply people use underground and surface waters. Underground waters can be found in the waterproof stratums of the lithosphere. Those are protected from the external influences,

9 but are being the resource which is being exhausted and the resource with the limited lasting. That‘s why we are all forced to provide water from rivers, lakes and the artificial accumulations. And those waters are more and more polluted. General contamination of the environment brought about the inclusion of the toxic substances into the circular flow (hard metals, petroleum, phenols, detergents). If we take into account the increasing growth of human population and the increasing needs for clean water, and having in mind that the course of human civilization causes more and more pollution, it is clear that there is a lack of clean water. «The lack of water will be the cause of wars in the future», these are the words of Kofi Anan, Secretary-General of the United Nations. This (2003) year is proclaimed by the UNESCO and the UN as The Year of water protection. And the data, that provoked this UN reaction, are frightening. There is an assessment that more than one billion people do not have clean drinking water, and even 2,4 billion do not have hygienic water. One third of humanity does not use water from underground sources and besides many countries of the world are facing with the impoverishment of those sources. During the last decade of the previous century 80 countries have been faced with the severe shortage of water. In the case of maintaining the current trends of water pollution and population augmentation, already in 2025., two thirds of the world will suffer because of the severe shortage of water. As a confirmation of the Kofi Anan‘s words we see the recent water conflicts in Bolivia. In that country a multi-national company took over some water sources and that brought about the civil protests with the frightening results: one boy died. Because of the Singaporean government critics, Malaysia threats with suppression of water. United States and Canada, although traditional friends, also had quarrels about the rivers which run from Canada to the United States. Besides, it should be said that the biggest multi-national companies long ago realized the opportunities of making an extra profit by the water-exploitation and water-trading, and more and more countries are asking for loans at the World Bank, because of water. It will be the most valuable liquid of 21. Century, so that it is long ago called «blue gold». Additionally, we can raise the question whether the world water and water supply system

10 should be privatized (what is being done by above mentioned companies), and who, really should be their owner. At the end of this preface we could quote the statement of Jean-Michael Cousteau, son of the famous ocean researcher Jacques Cousteau, given on the Third World Forum on Water: ”‘We must not perceive water as the next gold or oil. Greed is not allowed. We could find the alternative solutions for oil, but there is no alternative for water‘‘.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to the professor of economics on School of Economics Gojko Rikalovic, who suggested me to choose this topic. I also benefited from the insight of a number of experts for hydro-engineering, but I would like to emphasize Dragan Jovanovic, graduated ingeneer and magister of Sanitary Technique. I also cannot avoid to mention my huge gratitude to the professor of economics on the University of Perugia Milica Uvalic, for the support during my stay in , where I was working on the completition of this paper. I am also grateful to my wife Marica and my son Tomislav, my parents Duska and Tomislav, my sister Mirjana and her son Mihailo œ for their patience and understanding. They accepted with grace and good humor many nights and weekends on their own. I plan to repay many times over the debt I owe them.

11 INTRODUCTION Deterioration of water quality is not a new problem. To some extent it has existed ever since people began to congregate in cities. But man's impacts on the water environment and on water quality were quite localized and limited until the industrial revolution. Then, the growing concentration of both factories and people gave new dimensions to water quality problems, first in and later in the United States. In recent decades, with the increasingly rapid growth of the economy, the problem has become so large and complex that water quality management must be regarded as a modern problem calling for new approaches. In Serbia water quality deterioration first received attention as a public health problem following outbreaks of typhoid, paratyphoid, dysentery, and other water-borne diseases. During the third quarter of the present century, water treatment processes were developed and applied to insure that potable water could be made available to the rapidly growing urban populations. The rivers and other watercourses still received the waste discharges, but it was some time before they could no longer assimilate the residual wastes. The conditions that brought early action on the smaller European rivers did not develop here until comparatively recent times. Wide recognition of the water quality problem in Serbia and large-scale efforts to control waste discharges date essentially from the end of ruling of president Slobodan Milosevic (the end of 2000.) A distinctive feature of the modern problem of water quality is the fact that the economic institutions on which we customarily rely to balance costs and returns--the interaction of market forces in a private enterprise system--do not perform this function satisfactorily for waste disposal. In deciding how to dispose of its wastes, an upstream firm or city is not forced to take into account the costs imposed by its effluent discharge upon downstream water users or the value of other uses of the water that may be foreclosed by its action.

12 Because of these aspects of waste disposal, market forces have been supplemented in a variety of ways. Appeals have been made to civic responsibility to minimize waste contribution to watercourses. Damaged parties have occasionally resorted to adversary proceedings in courts of law. Enforcement actions have been brought against waste dischargers by public agencies. We all hope that these positive trends will continue, especially with regard of future membership of Serbia and Montenegro in the EU.

13 Chapter 1. GENERAL HYDROLOGICAL SITUATION IN SERBIA-AN OVERVIEW

1.1. Water resources management status and water management problems in Serbia

The fact that Serbia is one of the European regions poor in water, conditions the strategy of usage, maintenance and protection of waters. For that reason infrastructure of water management will develop in more and more tense conditions with maximal rationalization of all kinds of consumption, with multiple consumption, with optimal exploitation of underground water springs and more and more unavoidable relying on accumulative pools that are turning to basic objects for both, supply of needed quantities of water and maintenance of water regime. Average annual flow of 1.550 m3 per capita on Serbian territory lines up Serbia in European regions poor in water. (It is considered that some region has sufficient quantity of own water if it has specifically more than 3.000 m3 per capita annually since it must be counted with water that is not allowed to take from water course for ecological reasons because of providing for normal conditions for preserving and developing of biocenose). Regarding disposable waters in Serbia, situation is even worse if you take into consideration spacious and seasonal irregularity of domestic water resources. Spacious irregularity is stressed and particularly negative from the aspect of satisfying needs of water supply. The poorest in water are exactly the most inhabited lowland regions with the richest ground resources (Pomoravlje, Kolubara, Sumadija, Vojvodina, Kosovo and Metohia, South Serbia) where specific drain out amounts to lower then only 2 - 4 l/s/km2 and even less then that (in North Backa under 1 l/s/km2) with less then 500 m3 per capita annually which indicates that these regions must be supplied first of all from transit waters with all consequences of such dependence. Water is missing where it is most needed and water resources of high quality are placed mainly along the borders of the republic (river Drina, mountains Stari Vlah, Prokletije, Vlasina).

14 Transit waters flowing to Serbia from other territories. They are quantitatively considerable and there must be counted with their partial usage (future water management balances could not be closed without their usage), but the solutions based on usage of these waters are not very wise because of their quality that is often below allowable limits, which could not be influenced. Average precipitation is 734 mm, drain out of domestic waters is 181, while average index of drain out amounts to 0,25. The situation is even worse considering seasonal irregularity of the flow. In this sense, water regimes in Serbia are among the most adverse in Europe. Large part of annual flow is being realized through short torrent flows followed by long period of low water level when all kinds of consumption are endangered as well as the rivers as ecological systems themselves. Proportion of average flows between rainy and drought year is often more than 5 to 1. Analysis indicates some negative phenomenon, that is successive accumulation of drought years, which requires large water accumulations for satisfying the needs for water with requested safety. In drought period only 59,5 m3 of water flows from the territory of Serbia, which is only 12 % from the average flow. This indicates that in a drought period we do not have sufficient quantity of water even for functioning of eco-system and that larger scoop of the water could not be realized without intentional releasing of water from the accumulation. Underground waters represent a sort of water resources very important for supply of settlements. Around 80% of delivered water is underground water, while 20 % is surface water. However, larger part of alluvial water, over 80%, is provided through infiltration of surface water. Accordingly, you can say that 1/3 of delivered water is underground water. Total appraised capacities of present water sources are 23 m3/s, out of which 12,9 m3/s from alluviums and around 3,9 m3/s from basic water-full layers, around 4,2 m3/s from karst sources and around 2 m3/s from neogenic water-full formations. In "Basis of water resources management of Serbia" it has been appraised that total potential capacities of underground water sources is around 67 m3/s. Out of this approximately 5.460 l/s originates from basic water-full layer (in 7 municipalities in Vojvodina), 3.950 l/s originates from neogenic formations, around 13.700 l/s from karst sources, while 43.800 l/s from alluvial sources. This means that 65% of appraised

15 capacities of underground waters are alluvial sources. However, it has been explicitly stressed (citation from "Basis..."):"these quantities have not been considered in accordance with requested high safety, which have been adopted to over 95% in new systems. In addition, when making a conclusion on possibilities of exploitation of individual sources, coefficient of possible utilization of a source must be taken into consideration, and this coefficient is less than 1". All of this raises a question of preciseness of the a.m. appraisal because only one, often smaller part, of a source appraised capacities could be used because of ecological, social but also hydraulic, water managing and other reasons. In Basis of Water Management it has been appraised that it is possible to achieve 40 m3/s in the conditions of artificial support to the source. However, the following fact must be taken into consideration; water from rivers is being used for the support to a water source and real possibilities are narrowed in low water level, but also that utilization of this kind of water supply is conditioned by spatial possibilities for development of such sources (rather extensive way of space utilization), possibilities of protection of a source from pollution, bringing into accord with other users of related space (the zones surrounding larger rivers are foreseen for intensive agriculture and/or displacing the industry that uses large quantities of technical water). It could be concluded that neither there are sufficient underground waters and that the possibilities for their usage are rather narrowed. Specially difficult situation is in Vojvodina where over-utilization of underground waters in some regions (Backa, Banat) led to significant reducing of the level of basic source (up to 50% in some regions). This will reflect on the concept of long term water supply of these zones that will be pressed to turn to the usage of surface waters. High quality and utilizable reserves of underground waters are becoming precious and they will be kept exclusively for the population and those technological processes that require water of best quality. Poverty of water resources and large irregularity of water regimes (torrent courses and possible long periods of low water level) made very serious problems in water management, which could be seen from the following facts: Protection from the flood. On the territory of Serbia around 1.600.000 hectares of low lands, most populated and with ground resources of highest quality need protection from the floods with outer and/or inner waters. The largest potentially endangered surfaces are

16 in Vojvodina where around 1.290.000 hectares would be endangered by hundreds of years old large waters if it were not for existing protective system. On potentially endangered surfaces of Serbia there are 520 larger inhabited places with big industrial and economic objects, more then 680 km of railroads, over 4.000 km of roads. Having all this in mind, the efforts of water management have been concentrated to implementation of protective system for years. These system included: levees and river regulations as a kind of passive land protection from a river in flood, then and channel hydro-systems (for example hydro-systems Danube-Tisa-Danube) and accumulations as active measurements of protection. The length of protective lines in Serbia comes to over 3.700 km, out of which 3.460 km are levees (at the territory of Public Water Management Organization Danube - around 1.597 km, PWMO Sava œ 681 km, PWMO Morava around 1.182 km). After the catastrophic flood in 1965, 94% of total length of the levees along the Danube were reconstructed and adopted for hundred years big water. Along The Tisa River 89% of the length of the levees were also reconstructed and adopted for hundred years big water, while the situation along The Sava is very heterogeneous. Protection of banks of The Sava must be considered in accordance with the fact that it can not be counted with reliable irrigation of big waters in retentive soil in the middle course of The Sava. The degree of protection along The Drina River is only partly satisfying and similar conditions are with protective system along The Velika Morava River. The land of Vojvodina is mostly lower than the level of water in rivers during the running of big waters, and in this sense it depends completely on reliable functioning of protecting systems. Sizes of protected land along our longest rivers amount to: Danube zone around 227.000 hectares, 192.300 hectares in Sava zone (Serbian part), 278.340 hectares in Tisa zone, along hydro-systems Danube-Tisa-Danube 154.700 hectares. This means, the line of protective systems protects around 852.340 hectares in the zones of these 4 rivers on the territory of Serbia. Various ways of regulating have been implemented to more than 1.180 km with the number of accumulations included in the system of protection. Without these accumulations it would be very difficult to protect large cities (accumulation Barje protects city of , Celije on The River protects city of Krusevac, protects city of Uzice, etc).

17 Hydro-systems Danube-Tisa-Danube on the territory of Backa and especially Banat is of great significance for the protection from a flood. Acceptance and redistribution of water from average water courses and the most effective leading to the receivers is provided through the system of channels and directing water gates. In the same time the water gates protect the land from break-through of big waters of The Tisa and The Danube into the protected zone of The Tamis, The Begej etc. It has been appraised that hydrosystems Danube-Tisa-Danube was worthwhile with its up to now role in protection of Backa and Banat from the flood, Drainage. Around 1,6 millions of hectares of land in Serbia needs drainage. The first drainage class (the mostly endangered) covers around 422.000 hectares, the second class around 524.000 hectares and the third class (moderate degree of endangerness) covers 667.000 hectares. In the fourth drainage class of lower degree of endangerness there are further 1.060.000 hectares. Big parts of Vojvodina, , Pomoravlje Lower depend existetialy on the dreinage systems that require very ordinary maintenance and continuous reconstructing and modernization. Irrigation. According to the suitability for irrigation in Serbia there are around 712.000 hectares of the land of the first class, around 884.000 hectares of the second and second »a« class and 859.000 hectares of the third »a« class. Accordingly, only first two bonity classes to be included in the irrigation system in future, cover 1,6 millions of hectares, while III »a« class, still promising for irrigation, will cover around 2,46 of millions of hectares of land. However, beside the needs and favourable ground conditions, the level of development of irrigation system in Serbia is very low. Currently the irrigation system covers only 150.000 hectares or 3% of cultivable soil , or 4% of the land suitable for irrigation, which leaves the agriculture of Serbia to the caprices of more and more frequent drought years. Beside these surfaces covered by using irrigation systems, further 33.000 hectares are being irrigated by traditional systems, mostly in , which are out of the control of water utilization. A large problem represents the fact that due to the absence of cultivable soil protection, even the existing irrigation systems are being destroyed intensively.

18 1.2. Waterpower engineering future conditions

Current state analysis and trends of water supply development as well as world experience analysis enable the estimation of further development of this area in our parts. Since Serbia does not have sufficient drinking water quantity and quality, situation could be estimated as even more inviolable. Water scarcity in summer time is more or less noticeable in almost all settlements in this area of Serbia. There are also numerous settlements lacking water during other seasons. It is often the case that inhabitants, lacking drinking water of quality, uses water, which does not permanently satisfy physical-chemical criteria, and is very often of improper microbiological criteria. Nowadays, waters of high quality are being purposelessly exploited, (for garden watering, in industries, which do not need water of top-quality, etc.). This goes both for minor number of systems with surplus of drinking water in droughty period and for systems (though in minor number) lacking drinking water. Great losses have been recorded in large number of water supply systems. In this field of interest, very soon, it is necessary to take adequate measures to improve current condition Top-quality waters supply is the priority way of water resource exploitation. But, it cannot have an absolute priority when all other consumers are not satisfied, especially needs for river as ecosystem. Therefore it is necessary to define strategy of total water exploitation and protection on Tower levels than water engineering basis in Serbia is, regarding interest and other consumer's of space (ecology, industry, agriculture, forestry, tourism, cultural- historical complex, etc). If the needs cannot be satisfied, we must take care of priorities as well as of consequences of solutions. It is essential to revitalize the existing state of building and equipment of water supply infrastructure in order to avoid water delivery to endanger the inhabitant's health. Therefore, we need to investigate "temporary solutions" and to supply them with additional facilities where necessary, in order to set a positive Yugoslav standard and world tendencies in this area. Otherwise, these waters should have other purpose.

19 1.3 Water supply installation equipment

In future, gradual percentage increase of water installation equipment in apartments from 63 per., to 90 per cent in whole Serbia in 2001 is expected.. In Vojvodina and , a 25%/ 30% increase is expected (form the current 75 per cent in Vojvodina and 69 per cent in Central to some 100 per cent). In Kosmet, this increase in 2001 could not be expected both because of expected demographic increase and relatively low percentage of water installation supplies of existing households. It is counted upon a 35-percentage rise of supplies (from current 30 per cent to some 65 per cent in 2021). These expectations, on the level of whole Serbia, must be realized in rural areas if we want to decrease migrations (especially the youth) form villages to towns and village rehabilitation.

1.4 Expenditure norm

As it has been pointed out, the expenditure norm was constantly and significantly on the increase in the past. That was not typical only in our country but for all the countries all over the world. The existing norm for city and suburban areas amounts to 460I per consumer, per one day does not satisfy all the needs. If we eliminate purposeless water exploitation and satisfy all the needs, this number would increase to 500 I per consumer per one day. Expenditure norm of 2021 has been estimated to some 6001/consumer per day, 2301/consumer per day is to go to households. Needs of industry, exploiting water supply systems, are estimated to 170/consumer per day. Commercial and public needs (public buildings, restaurants, hospitals, organizations, banks and park watering are some 901/consumer per day and system losses are estimated to some 18 per cent. In comparison to distributed water, these losses decreased. It is counted on public utility service to get modern equipment and decrease losses to the level expected. Estimated norms of rural population expenditure are smaller and amount to 4001/consumer per day in 2021, 215 I/consumer of which was set aside for households. The rest is intended for animal breeding in rural households and for other

20 water exploitation (services, public services), and losses are unavoidable. Losses have been estimated to some 18 per cent, similar to suburban and urban population. These estimated expenditure norms have been compared to and coordinated with norms of some other countries. They cannot be recommendations for water supply system construction and serve to establish water resources and directives for future complex water exploitation.

1.5 Needs for water

The population number, connection to water supply systems and expenditure norms determined the complete drinking water needs of population.. The future state analysis and development needs in the past determined feeding industry and tourism needs for water of top-quality. Survey of all these needs was shown in table 1.1.1. (needs for water (2021)). Analysis of current and future needs for water was grouped by municipalities and settlements.

21 Table 1.: Needs for water (2001) (10 m3/peryear.)

Number District Total water Industry* Total (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) DISTRICT OF SEVERNA BACKA 1. 53.9 7.3 61.2 Backa 13.9 1.6 15.5 Mali Idjos 3.1 0.3 3.4 Total per district 70.9 9 1 80 1 DISTRICT OF SREDNJI BANAT 2. 72.1 25.0 97.1 Novi Becej 5.5 3.5 9.0 5.7 0.3 6.0 Zitiste 3.3 3.2 6.5 Secanj 2.1 1.1 3.2 Total per district 88.7 33.1 121.8 DISTRICT OF SEVERNI BANAT 3. 31.0 6.2 37.2 Kanjiza 5.1 1.1 6.2 12.9 1.3 14.2 Ada 10.9 1.2 12.1 Coka 6.9 0.7 7.6 N. Knezevac 8.9 12.3 21.2 Total per district 75.7 22.8 98.5 DISTRICT OF JUZNI BANAT 4. Pancevo 54.3 445.3 499.6 Plandiste 2.4 0.5 2.9 1.9 0.2 2.1 Kovacica 5.2 0.5 5.7 7.3 0.4 7.7 Vrsac 17.0 3.1 20.1 Bela Crkva 5.2 0.5 5.7 Kovin 8.4 0.9 9.3 Total per district 101.7 451.4 553.1

22 DISTRICT OF ZAPADNA BACKA 5. 38.1 4.4 42.5 23.7 1.5 25.2 Odzaci 8.9 5.0 13.9 Kula 14.2 9.3 23.5 Total per district 84.9 20.2 105.1 DISTRICT OF JUZNA BACKA 90.4 38.5 128.9 8.5 0.2 8.7 Bac 3.3 0.3 3.6 Becej 14.8 2.5 17.3 20.5 2.3 22.8 Backa Palanka 24.2 5.3 29.5 Backi Petrovac 2.8 0.4 3.2 6. Zabalj 4.7 0.2 4.9 10.0 0.3 10.3 6.0 9.8 15.8 Beocin 3.6 5.6 9.2 1.7 0.1 1.8 Total per district 190.5 65.5 256.0 DISTRICT OF SREM 30.7 253.5 284.2 Sid 13.6 2.3 15.9 Indjija 16.2 1.9 18.1 7. Irig 1.8 0.3 2.1 16.8 3.1 19.9 15.0 0.5 15.5 Pecinci 2.8 0.2 3.0 Total perr district 96.9 261.8 358.7 VOJVODINA 709.3 864.0 1573.3 CITY OF BELGRADE 3.4 0.3 3.7 19.0 3.7 22.7 14.1 15.3 29.4 8. 10.4 7.4 17.8 17.8 71.0 88.8 Sopot 2.6 0.7 3.3 Center 378.3 370.1 748.4 City of Belgrade-total 445.6 468.5 914.1

23 DISTRICT OF MACVA 9. Sabac 37.0 88.0 125.0 Bogatic 5.0 0.2 5.2 21.7 206.9 228.6 2.7 1.0 3.7 2.1 0.2 2.3 2.3 2.2 4.5 2.7 1.1 3.8 2.1 0.9 3.0 Total per district 75.6 300.5 376.1 DISTRICT OF KOLUBARA 10. 25.9 21.5 47.4 Osecina 4.1 0.6 4.7 Ub 4.9 0.8 5.7 2.9 1.2 4.1 2.1 0.5 2.6 2.3 1.1 3.4 Total per district 42.2 25.7 67.9 DISTRICT OF PODUNAVLJE 11. 34.9 189.6 224.5 Smederevska Palanka 16.6 7.7 24.3 Velika Plana 17.9 4.6 22.5 Total per district 69.4 201.9 2713 DISTRICT OF BRANICEVO 12. Pozarevac 28.8 10.9 39.7 Veliko Gradiste 3.1 1.4 4.5 2.3 0.6 2.9 Malo Crnice 2.4 0.2 2.6 Zabari 1.1 0.5 1.6 Petrovac 4.9 3.3 8.2 Kucevo 3.1 1.2 4.3 Zagubica 1.5 0.7 2.2 Total per district 47.2 18.8 66.0 DISTRICT OF SUMADIJA 13. 51.9 47.2 99.1 Arandjelovac 20.9 5.3 26.2 Topola 4.1 3.7 7.8 Raca 1.6 0.6 2.2 Batocina 5.0 2.1 7.1 Knic 1.2 1.1 2.3 Total per district 84.7 60.0 144.7 DISTRICT OF POMORAVLJE 14. 35.3 28.2 63.5 Cuprija 20.2 28.3 48.5 Paracin 15.3 14.0 29.3 5.8 3.7 9.5 4.6 2.7 7.3 0.9 1.5 2.4 Total per district 82,1 78.4 160,5

24 DISTRICT OF BOR 15. Bor 15.0 35.1 50.1 4.8 2.1 6.9 5.8 8.5 14.3 13.7 218.7 232.4 Total per district 39.3 264.4 303.7 DISTRCIT OFZAJECAR 16. Zajecar 28.0 30.8 58.8 2.3 3.2 5.5 Knjazevac 10.6 6.0 16.6 Soko 4.9 1.3 6.2 Total per district 45.8 41.3 87.1 DISTRICT OF 17. Uzice 23.2 24.1 47.3 Bajina Basta 5.6 1.3 6.9 Kosjeric 2.7 1.7 4.4 Pozega 14.8 3.4 18.2 Cajetina 3.6 0.8 4.4 3.3 1.3 4.6 10.5 4.3 14.8 Nova Varos 3.9 2.9 6.8 14.0 5.1 19.1 Sjenica 5.0 1.0 6.0 Total per district 86.6 45.9 132,5 DISTRICT OF MORAVA 18. Cacak 31.0 43.6 74.6 14.2 7.5 21.7 Lucani 3.9 15.8 19.7 7.9 2.9 10.8 Total per district 57.0 69.8 126.6 DISTRICT OF RASKA 19. 32.2 29.6 61.8 Raska 8.1 4.3 12.4 Vrnjacka Banja 11.5 1.7 13.2 19.7 13.4 33.1 Tutin 4.9 1.0 5.9 Total per district 76.4 50.0 126.4 DISTRICT OF RASINA 20. Krusevac 39.2 41.8 81.0 3.0 0.9 3.9 Trstenik 15.3 8.3 23.6 Razanj 1.0 0.2 1.2 Cicevac 3.1 1.6 4.7 11.4 3.0 14.4 2.9 1.1 4.0 Total per district 75.9 56.9 132.8

25 DISTRICT OF NISAVA 21. Mis 74.0 62.5 136.5 13.3 12.0 25.3 3.3 3.3 6.6 Merosina 1.6 0.2 1.8 2.3 0.5 2.8 Gadzin Han 0.8 0.5 1.3 Total per district 95.3 79.0 174.3 DISTRICT OF TOPLICA 22. 11.7 8.5 20.2 1.8 1.6 3.4 Kursumlija 4.7 3.6 8.3 Zitoradja 1.5 0.9 2.4 Total per district 19.7 14.6 34.3 DISTRICT OF 23. Pi rot 17.3 18.3 35.6 2.6 1.5 4.1 Babusnica 1.4 1.3 2.7 Dimitrovgrad 3.2 2.9 6.1 Total per district 24.5 24.0 48.5 DISTRICT OF JABLANICA 24. Leskovac 37.3 22.1 59.4 1.0 1.1 2.1 3.6 2.5 6.1 Medvedja 1.8 2.2 4.0 5.3 2.4 7.7 0.7 0.3 1.0 Total per district 49.7 30.6 80.3 DISTRICT OF PCINJ 25. 23.8 16.8 40.6 Vladicin Han 5.6 7.9 13.5 3.7 2.4 6.1 1.8 0.6 2.4 Trgoviste 0.8 0.3 1.1 8.4 2.6 11.0 Presevo 3.4 1.3 4.7 Total per district 47.5 31.9 79.4 CENTRAL SERBIA 1464.5 1862.2 3326.7

26 DISTRICT OF KOSOVO 26. 54.7 9.5 64.2 6.1 3.2 9.3 Obilic 2.1 174.4 176.5 3.3 0.3 3.6 Glogovac 1.3 0.6 1.9 Stimlje 0.2 0.3 0.5 Urosevac 22.3 7.9 30.2 Kacanik 2.4 7.3 9.7 2.3 3.2 5.5 Total per district 86.6 45.9 132.5 DISTRICT OF PEC 27. Pec 18.3 15.3 33.7 3.0 0.3 3.3 4.4 0.3 4.7 Decani 2.9 0.4 3.3 Djakovica 12.7 12.1 24.8 Total per district 41.3 28.5 69.8 DISTRICT OF PEC 28. 22.6 88.9 111.5 Suva 4.4 1.6 6.0 15.7 6.2 21.9 Strpce 1.3 0.3 1.6 0.4 0.3 0.7 Total per district 44.4 97.3 141.7 DISTRICT OF KOSOVSKA MITROVICA 29. Kosovska Mitrovica 24.2 131.4 155.6 Zubin 0.3 0.3 0.6 Leposavic 0.8 12.6 13.4 Zvecan 1.3 0.3 1.6 Srbica 0.5 0.3 0.8 Vucitrn 6.6 6.5 13.1 Total per district 33.7 151.4 185.1 KOSOVO- 30. Gnjilane 12.2 3.2 15.4 Kosovska 2.0 3.2 5.2 Novo 0.3 0.3 0.6 2.0 0.5 2.5 Total per district KOSMET 230.6 491.1 721.7

THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA 2404.4 3217.3 5621.7

27 Reference: ”‘Word "industry" implicates needs for waters of quality (waters of minor quality in comparison to drinking water), which is necessary to provide for industry.

1.6 Drinking water resources

The analysis encompasses all important reserves of ground water currents as potential water resources. This analyzed group of local resources of minor importance, the smaller number of those not analyzed could be attached to this analyzed group of local resources of minor importance because not the entire can be worked out at the same level. Groups of analyzed resources belong to mountain and plain areas and make space wholes. Analyzed resources represent the greatest potential when it comes to supply of clean water for population. They fulfil other conditions as well. : dominate the consumer's group or location near consumer, plan measures of regulation and it is possible to protect them; provide planned needs with a reserve and enable optimal water supply system development. When planning future water supply, when it comes to resource selection, economically more favourable resources, which are exposed to minor risks of water pollution and could be easily protected, have the advantage.

All resources of high-quality waters must be protected with adequate measures (afforest of water currents, pollution resource rehabilitation, etc.) Optimal long-term orientation of water supply is construction of rational regional and intra-regional water supply systems, which would be integrated together with the existing ones. These systems should provide the lacking water supplies and to increase the total system security. Regional systems rely on resources of high-quality waters, on accumulations of larger ground resources, and only in suitable opportunity, direct river water procession. Also, there are settlements where rational connection to regional water supply systems would not work out and where it is more convenient to use only local resources. Optimal solution is in ground and surface waters in the most rational way for that area and Republic.

28 Besides, ground water is favourable as a resource of quality water, because ground environment is a kind of natural filter and bio-chemical reactor where water is transformed by physical, chemical and biological procedures. This usually refers to quality increase. Also this advantage anticipates gradual development, whether speaking of wells, infiltration pools or other technical solutions, as well as better protection from other kinds of pollutions. Limiting factor, when speaking of alluvial resources, could be water pollution, capacity decrease in drought season, interest conflict about space exploitation, and, very often, regeneration process of already polluted resource. Accumulations are, as water supply resource, convenient for mountain locations, the river basins of which are easily to protect because of small population and small trade activity. Also their advantage is in gravitation water transport to consumers, easier resource regeneration in case of pollution, and multi purpose usage- converting this elemental resource in exploitation water reserves. Limiting factor could be the eutrofication process of accumulation, river basin pollution, and great distance from consumer; occupying space of other consumer, etc. Certain disadvantage is relatively small light possibility of phase construction and investing in construction. Exploitation possibilities of some resources are significantly smaller than the potential ones and they are conditioned with both natural resources, described in chapters about surface and ground waters, and other factors which set limits to potential possibilities of these resources at some places (geographical survey of resources are given in Plan-analytic documentation on the map of accumulations and resources of waters of high-quality).

1.7 Devices for fertilizing and quality of drinking water

There are almost 1000 devices for water drinking fertilizing. Their development degree and equipage does not reach the level of water distribution piping system and its facilities. In the immediate future, especially when it comes to drinking water quality under limits set, it is necessary to reconcile development. Current quality of distributed water does not satisfy neither physic-chemical nor microbiological drinking water standards to great extent. Districts differentiate a lot between themselves and it can be said for sure that there is no district where drinking water quality is completely satisfactory. When speaking in terms of

29 physical-chemical parameters, the worst situation is found in Vojvodina, and other very inconvenient areas are Sumadija, Toplice and Pcinj Districts. When microbiological quality is concerned, the most endangered is population in Vojvodina and Kosmet. Table survey of some standards (by parameters most often exceeded in our drinking waters):our country, European Economy Association World Health Organizations, the USA, Canada and Bulgaria are given in table .2.

Table 2: Critical parameter of drinking water standard

Parameters unit STANDARDS SCG(FRY) EU SZO USA KA BG (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Color mg/l Pt/Co 10.000 20.00 15.000 15.00 <15.00 10.00 KMn04 mg/l 8.000 5.00 12.00 Nitrates NO3 mg/l 45.000 50.00 10.000 45.00 45.00 30.00 Ammonium NH4 mg/l 0.100 0.5(H) - Iron Fe mg/l 0,300 0.2 0.300 0.30 0.30 Mangan Mn mg/l 0.050 0.05 0.100 0.05 0.10 Zinc Zn mg/l 5.000 5.000 <5.00 3.00 Arsenic Ar mg/l 0.050 0.05 0.005 0.03 0.05 0.05 Cadmium Cd mg/l 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.05 Cyanides Cn mg/l 0.050 0.050 0.100 0.200 0.01 Chromium Cr mg/l 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.100 0.050 0.05 Mercury Hg mg/l 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 Lead Pb mg/l 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.10 Total coliforms n/100ml 0.000 0.000 0.000

The table clearly shows that our standards do not differentiate much in comparison to drinking water standards of other organizations. Exceeding the standard of quality parameters can cause (the same goes for parameters that are not described) numerous negative consequences to human organism (indicators of organic and non-organic pollution, toxin more or less dangerous, cancer effect, mathemoglobinemy). It is essential, both because of inhabitant health and economic consequences, to take adequate measures to improve drinking water quality and to maintain the favourable quality of other drinking waters. In order to fulfil the set criteria, it is necessary to pay a special attention to water current preserving and waste water fertilizing before it gets to water receiver and to take other measures when it comes to water quality. The

30 World Health Organization and other organization make meaningful efforts to set standards to drinking water quality and other exploitation of public waters. Our country must take place in these streams; therefore we must follow world trends related to this area.

1.8 Water distribution and facilities on water supply system

All water supply systems tend to develop, both when it comes to distribution network increase and capacity. Future development is expected. These systems, constructed for the following ten years, must be in line with water supply system and settlement development. They should also enable and urge trade and society development as well as to set conditions to health care of people. Besides provided development and rehabilitation of facilities (procurement of modern devices- monitoring, modern information system-various computer programs, facility and equipment tests, etc.) It is extremely important to provide adequate personnel in order to achieve high functionality of these systems. Water supply system must operate 24 hours in day, 365 days in year and this goes for whole human century and longer.

1.9 Water supply orientation

Just as previously being pointed out, optimal solution to water supply system problem must be found in complex rational and unique exploitation of water resource protection, especially in the area of high quality drinking water resources. Regarding needs for water of top quality and capacity of some resources (surface and ground), alternative solutions are found and the most rational ways to satisfy the needs of consumers were established. These analyses clearly show that perspective includes more and more consumers in unique water supply systems, which will develop and integrate. Of course, this kind of development will need adequate support in all water supplies. This reproach enables supplying form two or more resources and

31 the highest security level whether speaking of water delivery or water quality. Economic element is certainly one of the crucial factors of rational development. It could be said that, in the area of regional systems, basic regulation of waters in Serbia from the brim of Republic towards the inner inhabited areas. Waters in Western Serbia towards north, northeast or east, could be singled out when it comes to quantity and quality. Certain problems in solving water supply of some areas in Serbia, is an interest conflict about space predicted for resources for other interested, as well as certain limits when speaking of exploitation of some resources (cultural-historical facilities, agricultural areas, industry influence, etc.) as well as insufficient knowledge of groundwater capacity. These cases used to include bigger, or alternative, supply of individual consumers. When speaking of all kinds of resources, especially of resources the waters of which are intended for population supply, all necessary development and protection measures must be taken to disable deliberate or accidental pollution. This particularly goes for sanitary measures and general sanitary introduce of resources, systematic control and adequate service for realization of existing aims. More detailed resource location (space exploitation) will be given in water engineering basis of water areas, parts of areas and water supply system programs. Water supply resources, as well as their exploitation and protection, should be defined by special Law regulation. Just as it has been pointed out, total domicile small waters of 95 per cent supply (surface and underground) amount to some 60m3/s in Serbia. These waters supply the largest part of population when it comes to critical period for the area south of the Sava and the Danube: population water supply, industry supply, irrigation, extensive water exploitation, etc. Considerable amount of low water level waters is exploited during processes such as evaporation. It is estimated to some 20 per cent of domicile low water-level waters. Exploitation increase of low water level waters is also expected in the future. When speaking of low water level waters increase, research works on accumulation construction are not sufficient to define location of these facilities precisely. This particularly refers to some areas in Central Serbia and Kosmet, where there are urgent needs for construction, while the possibilities for water levelling (limits to peak elevation in accumulation) and some other aspects as well. Special attention should be paid to

32 accumulation river basin protection because in some of them there are more dangerous pollution resources and we cannot neglect other polluters (agriculture, smaller settlement, etc.). If we do, we can cause pollution with various undesirable substances as well as more visible accumulation eutrotrophication and to considerable inconvenient conditions for water exploitation. It is not certain what will happen to (in Vojvodina before all) groundwater reserves, which were not renewed. Criteria which was not properly defined, included in Vodoprivredna osnova (Basis of water resources management of Serbia), and set as limits to water exploitation must be checked up, because these standards in some other countries are more strict. Generally speaking, situation is in suspense. Because of improper researches and inadequate approach to ground water research, some data about waters are pretty much uncertain so that their capacity estimations vary. When it comes to potential ground water resource analysis, especially referring to alluvial groundwater and waters produced by filtration process, we must bear in mind limits set to water exploitation. More important potentials of domicile alluvial water exploitation are found in the area of the Velika Morava. In order to provide economical way of water exploitation in supply purpose, with acceptable risks when it comes to health of consumers, we must protect the water quality of the Velika Morava and of its complete river basin. The most convenient chances for quality protection has the Drina River, when speaking of more important water currents in our territory. Unfortunately, immediately above the important groundwater resource, near the water current confluence, extremely inconvenient water (and air) polluters are found, in the first place factories "Viskoza" and "Celuloza" in Loznica, factory "Glivica" as well as mine and lead and zinc ore flotation near Srebrenica in Bosnian territory. Without proper control, this precious resource cannot be further exploited In the second , besides possibility to influence the Sava water quality, we also had very frequent incidental pollutions of this water current. These incidents sometimes last over a month (1986), so it was very hard to tell whether we were talking of incidents or the permanent state. Our hopes and suppositions that the Sava is local river and that it can be protected successfully, practice put on the spot. Today it is obvious that the Sava is not local river and that the water quality could be

33 endangered in the future. Risk increased because now this water current provide the largest amount of water for population water supply in Serbia and because these waters are considered to be the largest potentials of drinking water reserves. Besides, some of more important potential resources on the Sava are seriously endangered by direct polluters (Jarak-Grabovci form cellulose factory and paper and feeding industry from Sremska Mitrovica), and some by other city contents (Belgrade resource). It is certain that better solution in the past as well as adequate construction conception in the future would decrease the incident risks. Groundwater resources beside the Danube are exposed to strong quality influence of this international river and our ability of water control in the Danube are modest. Therefore, water quality in the future could not be predicted. The existing trends of water quality varying warn to the fact mentioned, especially when it comes to Djerdap sector. The Tisa water quality, which must be exploited in limited quantities for water supply of inhabitants, is less satisfactory (and probably will be in the future) than the Danube water quality. Researches of water supply general strategy for inhabitants in Vojvodina have not been analyzed up till now, although it was well-known that ground water mining cannot supply inhabitants and feeding industry, especially developed in these areas, on long terms. It is necessary to establish a special programme, which would develop water supply system in these areas. In the area of Kosmet, these long-term orientations were not carefully analyzed and they should be realized in accordance with established programs. And although that long-term water supply orientation for industry and inhabitants of Central Serbia was accepted and regulated by Law, it is necessary to analyze the solutions and new long term documentation, regarding certain deviations of these solutions, changed relationships and information. In conditions mentioned, this WATER POWER ENGINEERING ELEMENTS includes possible water supply orientation for industry and inhabitants, the fact that should be stated precisely and verified. Appropriate regulations must be carefully defined and areas intended for resources of water supply system

34 protected.

It is necessary to protect sources of water supply for inhabitants by a Law on Waters (or some special Law) and establish basis of long-term water supply of complete population in Republic Serbia. Approximate orientation of some water supplies is given in table 3. In phases for all municipalities in Serbia, and graphic analysis is explained in the Submersion-analytic documentation of water supply system-Future state.

Table 3: Orientation analysis of water supply of settlements and industry Water supplying plan District, short- term long-term No. Waters of high quality Waters of Waters of high quality Waters Municipality low quality of low quality (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 1 DISTRICT OF SEVERNA BACKA 1.1. Backa Topola OV, AIBB, (RVD) VT OV, AIBB, (RVD) VT 1.2. Mali Idjos OV, AIBB,(RVD) VT OV, AIBB, (RVD) VT

35 1.3. Subotica OV, RVT, (AIBB), ((RVD)) VT OV, RVT, (AIBB), ((RVD)) VT

2. DISTRICT OF SREDNJI BANAT 2.1. Zrenjanin OV, AIJL, (RVD),((RVDR)) VT OV, AIJL, (RVD),((RVDR)) VT 2.2. Zitiste OV, (AIJL), VT OV, (AIJL), VT 2.3. Novi Becej OV, A!BB,(RVD) VT OV,AIBB,(RVD) VT 2.4. Nova Crnja OV, RVT, (AIJL) VT OV, RVT, (AIJL) VT 2.5. Secanj OV, (AIJL), VT OV, (AIJL), VT 3, DISTRICT OF SEVERNI BANAT 3.1. Ada OV, RVT, ({AIBB, RVD)) VT OV, RVT, ((AIBB, RVD)) VT 3.2. Kikinda OV, RVT, ((AIBB, RVD)) VT OV, RVT, ((AIBB, RVD)) VT 3.3. Kanjiza OV, RVT, ((AIBB, RVD)) VT OV, RVT, ((AIBB, -RVD)) VT 3.4. N. Knezevac OV, RVT, ({AIBB, RVD)) VT OV, RVT, ((AIBB, RVD)) VT 3.5. Senta OV, RVT, ((AIBB, RVD)) VT OV, RVT, ((AIBB, RVD)) VT 3.6. Coka OV, RVT, ((AIBB, RVD)) VT OV, RVT, ((AIBB, RVD)) VT 4. DISTRICT OF JUZNI BANAT 4.1. Alibunar OV, AIKD, OV, AIKD, OV,AIKD, OV, AIKD, 4.2. Bela Crkva OV, AIKD, VT OV, AIKD, VT 4.3. Vrsac OV, AIKD, VT OV, AIKD, VT 4.4. Kovacica OV, AIKD, OV, AIKD, OV, AIKD, OV, AIKD, 4.5. Kovin PV, AIKD, VT PV, AIKD, VT 4.6. Opovo OV, AIKD, VT OV, AIKD, (AIC) VT 4.7. Pancevo PV, AIKD, VT PV, AIKD, VT 4.8. Plandiste OV, AIKD, VT OV, AIKD, VT 5. DISTRICT OF ZAPADNA BACKA 5.1. Apatin PV,AIBB VT PV, AIBB VT 5.2. Kula OV, AIBB VT OV, AIBB,(RVD) VT 5.3. Odzaci OV, AIBB VT OV, AIBB,(RVD) VT 5.4. Sombor OV, AIBB VT PV,OV,AIBB VT 6. DISTRICT OF JUZNA BACKA 6.1. Bac OV, AIBB VT OV, AIBB VT 6.2. Backa Palanka PV,AIJL,(RVD),((RVDR)) VT PV,AIJL,(RVD),({RVDR)) VT 6.3. Backi Petrovac PV,AIJL,(RVD),((RVDR)) VT PV,AIJL,(RVD),((RVDR)) VT 6.4. Beocin PV,AIJL,(RVD),((RVDR)) VT PV,AIJL,(RVD),((RVDR)) VT 6.5. Becej OV, AIBB,(RVD) VT OV, AIBB, {RVD) VT 6.6. Vrbas OV, AIBB, (RVD) VT OV, AIBB, {RVD) VT 6.7. Zabalj OV,AIJL,(RVD),((RVDR)) VT OV,AIJL,(RVD),((RVDR)) VT 6.8. Novi Sad PV,AIJL,(RVD),((RVDR)) VT PV,AIJL,(RVD),((RVDR)) VT 6.9. Srbobran OV, AIBB, (RVD) VT OV, AIBB, (RVD) VT 6.10. Srem. Karlovci PV,AIJL,(RVD),((RVDR)) VT PV,AIJL,(RVD),((RVDR)) VT 6.11. Temerin OV,AUL,(RVD),((RVDR)) VT OV,AIJL,(RVD),((RVDR)) VT 6.12. Titel OV,AIC,(RVD),({RVDR)) VT OV,AIC,(AIJL,RVD),((RVDR)) VT 7. DISTRICT OF SREM VT.AIBJ, 7.1. Indjija VT,AIBJ,(AIJL) OV,AIBJ,(AIJL),((RVDR)) OV,AIBJ,(AIJL) (AIJL) VT.AIBJ, 7.2. I rig OV.AIBJ.(AIJL) VT,AIBJ,(AIJL) OV,AIBJ,(AIJL),((RVDR)) (AIJL) VT.AIBJ, 7.3. Pecinci OV,AIBJ,(AIJL) VT,AIBJ,(AIJL) OV,AIBJ,(AIJL),((RVDR)) (AIJL)

36 7.4. Ruma OV,AIBJ,(AIJL) VT,AIBJ,(AIJL) OV,AIBJ,(AIJL),((RVDR)) VT.AIBJ, (AIJL) VT.AIBJ, OV,AIBJ,(AIJL) VT, OV,AIBJ,(AIJL),((RVDR)) 7.5. Srem. Mitrovica (AIJL) 7.6. Stara Pazova OV,AIBJ,(AIJL) VT,AIBJ,(AIJL) OV,AIBJ,(AIJL),((RVDR)) VT.AIBJ, (AIJL) 7.7. Sid OV.AIJL VT, AIJL OV,AIJL,((RVDR)) VT.AIBJ, (AIJL) CITY OF BELGRADE 8.1. Sarajevo PV,RVS,(RVSRD,RVD,UVRZ) VT PV,RVS,(RVSRD,RVD,UVRZ) VT 8.2. Vozdovac PV,RVS,(RVSRD,RVD,UVRZ) VT PV,RVS,(RVSRD,RVD,UVRZ) VT 8.3. Vracar PV,RVS,(RVSRD,RVD,UVRZ) VT PV,RVS,(RVSRD,RVD,UVRZ) VT PV,RVS,AIGSS,UVRZ, PV,RVS,AIGS,UVRZ, 8.4. Grocka (RVSRD) VT (RVSRD.RVD,) VT 8.5. PV,RVS,(RVSRD,RVD,UVRZ,) VT PV.RVS.UVRZ, (RVSRD.RVD) VT PV,RVS,(AIBJ, PV.RVS.UVRZ, (RVSRD.RVD, 8.6. Zemun VT VT RVSRD.RVD.UVRZ) AIBJ) . 8.7. Lazarevac PV,Jablanica,(UVRZ,RVSRD) VT PV. Jablanica, (UVRZ.RVSRD) VT PV,RVS,(RVD,UVRZ, PV.RVS.UVRZ, 8.8. Mladenovac AIGS.RVSRD) VT (RVSRD.RVD.AIGS) VT PV,RVS,(RVD,AIBJ, PV.RVS.UVRZ, (RVSRD.RVD. 8.9. Novi Beograd RVSRD.UVRZ) VT AIBJ) VT 8.10. Obrenovac PV,RVS,(RVSRD,UVRZ) VT PV,RVS,UVRZ,(RVSRD,RVD) VT 8.11. Palilula PV,RVS,(RVSRD,RVD,UVRZ) VT PV,RVS,(RVSRD,RVD,UVRZ) VT 8.12. PV,RVS,(RVSRD,RVD,UVRZ) VT PV,RVS,(RVSRD,RVD,UVRZ) VT 8.13. Savski Venae PV,RVS,(RVSRD,RVD,UVRZ) VT PV,RVS,(RVSRD,RVD,UVRZ) VT 8.14. Sopot PV,RVS,(RVSRD,RVD,UVRZ) VT PV,RVS,(RVSRD,RVD,UVRZ) VT 8.15. Stari PV,RVS,(RVSRD,RVD,UVRZ) VT PV,RVS,(RVSRD,RVD,UVRZ) VT 8.16. Cukarica PV,RVS,(RVSRD,RVD,UVRZ) VT PV,RVS,(RVSRD,RVD,UVRZ) VT 9. DISTRICT OF MACVA 9.1. Bogatic PV.(AIBJ) PV PV.(AIBJ) PV 9.2. Vladimirci PV.(AIBJ) PV PV.(AIBJ) PV 9.3. Koceljeva PV.(AIBJ) PV PV.(AIBJ) PV 9.4. Krupanj PV, Ljubovidja PV,VT PV, Ljubovidja(Likorda) PV.VT 9.5. Loznica PV VT PV VT 9.6. Ljubovija PV, Ljubovidja VT PV, Ljubovidja VT 9.7. Mali Zvornik PV VT PV VT 9.8. Sabac PV.(AIBJ) VT PV,(AIBJ) VT 1O. DISTRICT OF KOLUBARA 10.1. Valjevo PV, Jablanica.(RVSRD) VT PV, Jablanica.(RVSRD) VT 10.2. Lajkovac PV,Jablanica,(UVRZ,RVSRD( PV, VT PV,Jablanica,UVRZ,(RVSRD) PV,VT 10.3. Ljig PV, ,(UVRZ,RVSRD) PV,VT PV, Ribnica,UVRZ,(RVSRD) PV.VT PV, Jablanica, PV,Jablanica,Ribnica, 10.4. PV.VT PV.VT Mionica (Ribnica,RVSRD,PV) (UVRZ.RVSRD) 10.5. Osecina PV, Ljubovidja PV,VT PV, Ljubovidja PV.VT 10.6. Ub PV,Jablanica,(UVRZ,RVSRD) VT PV,Jablanica,(UVRZ,RVSRD) VT 11. DISTRICT OF PODUNAVLJE 11.1. Velika Plana PV VT PV,(AIGS, Mlava) VT 11.2. Smederevo PV.AIGS VT PV,AIGS (Mlava) VT 11.3. Smed.Palanka PV, (Mlava) VT PV,(AIGS, Mlava) VT 12. DISTRICT OF BRANICEVO 12.1. Veliko Gradiste PV VT PV, (Mlava) VT

37 12.2. Golubac PV VT PV,(Mlava) VT 12.3. Zabari PV, (Mlava,AIGS) PV,VT PV, Mlava, (AIGS) PV,VT 12.4. Zagubica PV VT PV VT 12.5. Kucevo PV, Bukovska VT PV.Bukovska(Mlava) VT 12.6. Malo Crnice PV,AlP,(Mlava) PV,VT PV,AIP,Mlava PV,VT 12.7. Petrovac PV,AIP,(Mlava) PV,VT PV,AIP,Mlava PV.VT 12.8. Pozarevac PV,AIP,(Mlava) PV,VT PV,AIP, Mlava PV.VT 13. DISTRICT OF SUMADIJA 13.1. Arandjelovac Kacer.-Studenica PV,VT Kacer,Lopatnica-Studenica PV.VT 13.2. Batocina PV.Gruza PV,VT PV,Gruza, Lopatnica-Studenica PV,VT 13.3. Knic PV.Gruza PV,vT PV,Gruza PV,VT 13.4. Kragujevac PV, Gruza , Lopatnica-Studen ica PV,Gruza PV,Gruza, Lopatnica-Studenica PV,Gruza 13.5. Raca PV, Lopatn ica-Studenica PV,VT PV, Lopatn i ca-Stu d e n ica PV,VT 13.6. Topola PV,VT,Lopatnica-Studenica PV,VT PV,VT, Lopatn ica-Studenica PV,VT 14. DISTRICT OF POMORAVLJE 141. Despotovac PV VT PV, VT 14.2. Jagodina PV,Rasina,Crnica, Resava VT PV,Rasina,Crnica, Resava VT 14.3. Paracin PV,Rasina,Crnica, Resava VT PV.Rasina.Crnica, Resava VT 14.4. Rekovac PV VT PV, Dulenka VT 14.5. Svilajnac PV, (Resava) VT PV, Resava VT 14.6. Cuprija PV,Rasina,Crnica, Resava VT PV,Rasina,Crnica, Resava VT 15 DISTRICT OF BOR

Brestovacka, Brestovacka, 15.1. PV.Crni Tirnok PV, Crni Timok Bor otpadne vode otpadne vode 15.2. Kladovo PV,VT PV,VT PV,VT PV.VT PV,Pek, Bukovska, PV,Pek, Bukovska VT VT 15.3. Majdanpek (Mlava, Porecka) 15.4. Negotin PV, Grliska, Crni Timok PV,VT PV, Grliska, Crni Timok PV,VT 16. DISTRICT OF ZAJECAR 16.1. Boljevac PV,Crni Timok VT PV.Crni Timok VT 16.2. Zajecar PV, Grliska, Crni Timok PV,VT PV, Grliska, Crni Timok PV,VT 16.3. Knjazevac PV, Aldinacka, Grliska VT PV, Aldinacka, Grliska VT 16.4. Negotin PV, Moravica VT PV, Moravica VT 17. DISTRICT OF ZLATIBOR 17.1. Arilje PV, Rzav PV,VT PV, Rzav PV,VT 17.2. Bajina Basta PV VT PV.VT VT 17.3. Kosjeric PV.Seca(UVRZ) VT PV.Seca, UVRZ VT 17.4. Nova Varos PV.Uvac PV,VT PV.Uvac PV,VT 17.5. Pozega PV,Rzav VT PV,Rzav,Djetinja VT 17.6. Priboj PV,Uvac VT PV,Uvac VT 17.7. Prijepolje PV,(Uvac) VT PV,Uvac, (Seljanica, VT Milesevka) 17.8. Sjenica PV.(Uvac) VT PV,(Uvac) VT 17.9. Uzice Djetinja VT Djetinja VT 17.10 Cajetina PV, Crni Rzav PV.VT PV, Crni Rzav PV,VT 18. MORAVICA DISTRICT 18.1. Gornji PV, Rzav PV,VT PV, Rzav PV,VT Milanovac 18.2. Ivanjica PV, Moravica,(Nosnica) VT PV, Moravica,(Nosnica) VT

38 18.3. Lucani PV, Rzav VT PV, Rzav VT 18.4. Cacak PV, Rzav PV,VT PV, Rzav PV,VT 19. DISTRICT OF RASKA 19.1. Vrnjacka Banja PV,Lopatnica-Studenica PV,VT P V, Lopatn ica-Stu d enica PV.VT 19.2. Kraljevo PV.Lopatnica-Studenica VT PV.Lopatnica-Studenica VT 19.3. Novi Pazar PV,Ljudska VT PV.Ljudska VT 19.4. Raska PV,l_judska(Brvenlca) VT PV,Ljudska{Brvenlca) VT 19.5. Tutin PV,(Vidrenjak) VT PV,{Vidrenjak) VT 20. DISTRICT OF RASINA 20.1. Aleksandrovac PV,Rasina PV,VT PV.Rasina PV,VT 20.2. Brus PV PV PV PV 20.3. Varvarin PV,Rasina PV.VT PV.Rasina PV,VT 20.4. Krusevac Rasina VT Rasina VT 20.5. Razanj PV.Moravica, Rasina PV,(Moravica) PV.Moravica.Rasina PV,(Moravica] 20.6. Trstenik PV.Lopatnica-Studenica PV,VT PV , Lopatn ica-Stu d e n ica PV.VT 20.7. Cicevac PV, Rasina PV.VT PV.Rasina PV,VT 21. DISTRICT OF NISAVA 21.1. Aleksinac PV,Moravica, VT PV.Moravica", VT 21.2. Gadzin Han PV, Visocica PV PV, Visocica PV 21.3. Doljevac PV,Toplica,Pusta PV.VT PV,Toplica, Pusta, PV.VT PV,Visocica, Toplica, 21.4. PV, Visocica, Toplica PV,VT PV,VT Merosina ((Vlasina)) PV,Visocica, Toplica, 21.5. PV,Visocica, Toplica PV.VT PV.VT Nis ((Vlasina)) 21.6. Svrljig PV, Okoliska VT PV, Okoliska VT 22. DISTRICT OF TOPLICA 22.1. Blace Pridvoricka Toplica Pridvoricka Pridvoricka Toplica Pridvoricka Toplica Toplica 22.2. Zitoradja PV, Toplica VT PV, Toplica VT 22.3. Kursumlija PV, Toplica VT PV, Toplica VT 22.4. Prokuplje PV, Toplica, Bresnica VT PV, Topfica, Bresnica VT 23. DISTRICT OF PIROT 23.1. Babusnica PV VT PV VT 23.2. Bela Palanka PV VT PV VT 23.3. Dimitrovgrad PV, Visocica VT PV, Visocica VT 23.4. Pi rot PV, Visocica VT PV, Visocica VT 24 DISTRICT OF JABLANICA 24.1. Bojnik PV, Pusta VT PV, Pusta, (Sumanka) VT 24.2. Vlasotince PV,Vlasina VT PV.VIasina VT 24.3. Lebane Sumanka Veternica VT Sumanka Veternica VT 24.4. Leskovac PV.Veternica PV,VT P V , Vetern i ca , (Vlas i n a PV.VT 24.5. Medvedja PV, Sumanka VT PV, Sumanka VT 24.6. Cma Trava PV VT PV VT 25. DISTRICT OF PCINJ 25.1. Bosilegrad PV,Bozicka VT PV,Bozicka 25.2. Buja novae DV,Banjska, Pcinja,(HE Vrla) VT PV,Banjska, Pcinja,(HE Vrla) 25.3. Vladicin Han PV, HE Vrla VT PV, HE Vrla 25.4. Vranje DV, Banjska Pcinja,(HE Vrla) VT PV, Banjska Pcinja, (HE Vrla) 25.5. Presevo PV,Pcinja,(HEVrla) VT PV,Pcinja,(HE Vrla) 25.6. Surdulica PV.HE Vrla VT PV,HE Vrla

39 25.7. Trgoviste PV, Pcinja PV, Pcinja PV, Pcinja PV, VT 26. KOSOVSO DISTRICT 26.1. Glogovac PV,lbar, Beli Drim VT PVJbar, Beli Drim VT, Beli Drim 26.2. Kacanik PV, VT PV, Lepenac VT Gracanka, Batlavajbar (Beli Gracanka, Batlavajbar (Beli (Beli 26.3. Kosovo Polje Drim) Ibar (Beli Drim) Drim) Drim) 26.4. Lipljan PV, Lepenac VT PV, Lepenac VT Gracanka, Batlavajbar (Beli Gracanka, Batlavajbar (Beli 26.5. Bell Drim Beli Drirn Obilic Drim) Drim) 26.6. Podujevo PV, (Batlava) VT PV, (Batlava) VT Gracanka, Batiavajbar (Beli Gracanka, Batlavajbar (Beli 26.7. lbar,(Beli Drim) Beli Drim Pristina Drim) Drim) 26.8. Urosevac PV, Lepenac VT PV, Lepenac VT 26.9. Stimlje PV, Lepenac VT PV, Lepenac VT 27. DISTRICT OF PEC 27.1. Decani PV VT PV " VT 27.2. Djakovica PV, Prue-D. VT PV, Prue-D.Bistrica VT 27.3. Istok PV, (Beli Drim) VT PV, Beli Drim VT 27.4. Klina PV, (Beli Drim) VT PV, Beli Drim VT 27.5. Pec PV,(Beli Drim) VT PV, Beli Drim VT 28. DISTRICT OF PR1ZREN 28.1. Gora PV, Sarske vode PV,VT PV, Sarske vode PV,VT 28.2. Orahovac PV, Prue-D.Bistrica VT PV, Prue-D.Bistrica VT PV,Prizrenska Bistrica 28.3. Prizren PV VT VT (Sarske vode) PV,Prizrenska Bistrica 28.4 PV VT VT (Sarske vode) 28.5. Strpce PV, Lepenac VT PV, Lepenac VT 29. DISTRICT OF KOSOVSKA MITROVICA 29.1. Vucitrn Ibar VT Ibar VT 29.2. Zvecan PV, Ibar VT PV, Ibar VT 29.3. Ibar VT Ibar VT Kosov. 29.4. Ibar VT Ibar VT Mitrovica 29.5. Leposavic PV VT PV VT 29.6. Srbica PV, Ibar, (Beli Drim) VT, Ibar PV, Ibar, (Beli Drim) VT, Ibar 30. KOSOVO-POMORAVLJE DISTRICT 30.1. Vitina PV, Lepenac, (Golema) VT PV, Lepenac, (Golema) VT PV, , Lepenac, PV, Prilepnica, Lepenac, 30.2. Gnjilane Kriva PV.VT Kriva, (Golema) PV,VT 30.3. Kos. Kamenica PV, Kriva, (Lepenac) VT PV, Kriva, (Lepenac) VT 30.4. PV, Kriva PV.VT PV, Kriva PV,VT

40 Chapter 2. EU STANDARDS ON WATER MANAGEMENT

3.1 The Water Framework Directive

Water is essential to life on the planet. Our very existences as well as our economic activities are totally dependent upon this precious resource. And yet, at a global level water is often a limited resource. Key Facts about the Global Water Situation W Less than 1% of the planet‘s water is available for human consumption. W More than 1.2 billion people have no access to safe drinking water. Compared to the situation in some parts of the world, the status of European water resources is relatively favourable: the continent faces no overall water shortages, and extreme water problems such as droughts and floods are rare. However, upon closer inspection, it becomes clear that Europe‘s water quality is far from satisfactory. Key Facts about the European Water Situation W 20% of all surface water in the European Union is seriously threatened with pollution. W Groundwater supplies around 65% of all Europe‘s drinking water. W 60% of European cities overexploit their groundwater resources. W 50% of wetlands have —endangered status“ due to groundwater over-exploitation. W The area of irrigated land in Southern Europe has increased by 20% since 1985. Given the numerous and increasing pressures on our water resources, it is vital that effective legislative instruments clearly address the problems and help secure these resources for future generations. The Water Framework Directive (WFD) expands the scope of water protection to all waters and sets clear objectives that a —good status“ must be achieved for all European waters by 2015 and that water use be sustainable throughout Europe. This new overarching system is quite timely as Europe is water resources are

41 facing increasing pressures. There is no time like the present to tackle the challenges and help secure our water resources for today and for future generations.

3.1.1 Bringing together everyone with an interest

To develop this legislation, hundreds of experts were brought in œ from industry and agriculture to environmental and consumer organisations to local and national authorities. This co-operation is key because water provides the basis for a whole range of activities from agriculture and fishing to power generation, industry, transport and tourism. Who better than representatives from and consumers of these activities to advise on the development of policy that will affect all of us and them as well? This lenghty and open consultation period led to a broad agreement around the Directive‘s objectives and measures, as well as clear deadlines for implementation period. The Directive also requires co-operation across countries and encourages citizens, NGOs and authorities at all levels of government to get more involved, thus helping to ensure that the demanding timetable will be met. How will it work? The new Directive represents an ambitious and innovative approach to water management. Key elements of the legislation include: W The protection of all waters -rivers, lakes, coastal waters and groundwaters. W The setting of ambitious objectives to ensure that all waters meet —good status“ by 2015. W The requirement for cross border co-operation between countries and all involved parties. W Ensuring the active participation of all stakeholders, including NGOs and local communities, in water management activities. W Requiring water pricing policies and ensuring that the polluter pays. W Balancing the interests of the environment with those who depend on it.

42 3.1.2 Water knows no borders

Anyone who has visited the large European river basins like the Danube and the Rhine knows that water does not stop at borders. If that‘s the case, then the best way to manage water is through international cooperation. The EU learned from experience gained in various regions throughout Europe like the basin of the Rhine where a longstanding tradition of international cooperation exists. The Water Framework Directive requires that all partners in a given river basin manage their waters together in close co-operation. It stipulates that countries set up a common River Basin Management Plan with measures to ensure that the ambitious objectives of the Directive will be met within the given deadlines. These plans will be designed and implemented by river basin œ the natural geological and hydrological unit which brings together upstream and downstream interests: local, regional, national authorities as well as stakeholders œ including NGOs. In essence, the WFD aims to create new solidarity around water management within river basins. For years the Elbe River was ranked amongst the most polluted rivers in Europe. Following political changes in Central and Eastern Europe, the Czech Republic, and the European Community agreed, in 1990, to set up the International Commission for the Protection of the Elbe. Based on common principles and approaches agreed after a series of studies, the countries in the Elbe basin have already achieved considerable success. Indeed, the salmon œ one of the indicators of clean water œ is back again in the Elbe basin. The successes achieved by these countries will surely be broadened by the fact that two other countries will now join the project. Together, all the countries in the basin will work towards achieving the objectives of the Water Framework Directive.

3.1.3 Water is everybody‘s issue

Just as different countries will have to cooperate to protect water resources, so will various actors from different sectors. As we all use water in our personal lives and in our work (whether in a factory, farm or office), it is important to involve all of us to accomplish the legislation‘s objectives. That is why the Directive encourages all with an

43 interest to actively participate in water management activities. The more we understand how we affect water quantity and quality, the more we can help do our part to protect our precious water resources. The Water Framework Directive encourages all citizens to get involved to protect and manage their waters. After all, it was a combination of citizens groups and decision-makers who participated in the process of developing the legislation. The next step is the design of a —River Basin Management plan“, which will include an analysis of the river basin‘s characteristics, a review of the impact that human activity has on water, as well as an economic analysis of the water use. Then, working together with stakeholders and users, measures will be adopted and implemented. This co-operation amongst stakeholders such as NGOs, local communities and various levels of public authorities during all phases of the implementation is crucial to ensure the whole process is carried out efficiently and transparently. And this involvement must continue so that there is a balance of interests between environment and those who depend on it. In 2000-2001 the WWF European Freshwater Programme, with financial support from the European Commission, organised a series of three seminars each dealing with a specific key issue for the implementation of the WFD: (1) Water and agriculture, (2) The role of wetlands in integrated river basin management and (3) Good practice in river basin planning. The main objectives of these seminars were: to provide information and the opportunity for debate on the Directive, while addressing the need for greater transparency and public awareness, to facilitate the sharing of experiences and expertise, and the identification of —good practice“ for implementing key elements of the legislation. The burden of chemical accidents The contamination of rivers through chemical accidents illustrates œ dramatically œ the connection between various parts of the ecosystem and different human uses for water. A case in point is the accident in the Sandoz warehouse in Basle, Switzerland in 1986. The water used to put out the fire was contaminated with mercury, organophosphate pesticides and other chemicals. This water then found its way into the Rhine causing massive pollution and the death of half a million fish, and it was detected all the way down to Holland. The drinking water supply feeding 9 million people along the Rhine had to be interrupted immediately. An incident upstream impacted the entire downstream

44 of the river and as a result, it took some time for the Rhine to fully recover. The accident resulted in a strengthened co-operation amongst affected countries and as a result, fish including the salmon have returned to the Rhine. Similar accidents occurred in the Danube, such as the Baia Mare accident in in the year 2000 or the accident which occurred in 1998 in Aznalcóllar (Andalucia - Spain) where a dam-burst poisoned the environment of the Doñana National Park.

3.1.4 Water is a fragile resource

One drop of a hazardous substance can pollute thousands of litres of water. Pollution caused today could remain for generations in our groundwater that we want to use for drinking water. Indeed, water resources are affected by many different water uses including agriculture, industry and households. In essence, the Framework Directive aims to prevent pollution at source and sets out control mechanisms to ensure that all pollution sources are managed in a sustainable way. It protects groundwater and sets ambitious objectives for its quality and quantity. For the aquatic ecosystems of our rivers, lakes and coastal waters, ambitious ecological objectives are also set. Although today much of Europe‘s groundwater and surface waters are polluted, they should all reach —good status“ by the year 2015.

3.1.5 Integration policies

The protection of the aquatic environment can only be achieved through further integration of the different policy areas. In essence, the WFD encourages, and in some cases requires, the integration of policies and actions that can contribute to improving water quality. For example, whether it be farmers who change agricultural land-use practices to reduce nitrates leakage into groundwater, or industrial producers who invest in new technologies to reduce emissions or consumers who buy environmentally-friendly products (such as biodegradable detergents). Therefore objectives of sustainable water use in line with the WFD are to be integrated into those of other European policies on agriculture and fisheries, energy, transport, tourism, etc. Where existing legislation fails to solve the problems of good water quality, the Member States must identify where that

45 is the case and design additional measures to satisfy all relevant objectives. These might include stricter controls on pollution emissions from industry or agriculture for example.

3.1.6 To prevent and control pollution is essential

In terms of pollution control, the Directive combines two approaches œ the best possible reduction of emissions and a minimum quality threshold œ to ensure that the objectives of —good ecological quality“ of water are met by 2015. This must be achieved by the Member States. The European Commission is preparing —environmental quality standards“ defining —good chemical status“. At the same time, emission control measures are being prepared which will range from reduction to phase out of releases into the aquatic environment within a period of 20 years for the worst pollutants in European waters, the —priority hazardous substances“. Again, integration of all available instruments will be necessary for such an ambitious objective to be achieved for the priority substances.

3.1.7 Using water sustainably

Now that we know so many activities affect water, we can understand the importance of conserving water and helping to protect it from pollutants. It is even more important when we realise that demand is continuously increasing. It is up to us therefore to ensure that the Water Framework Directive is implemented effectively, that there is enough water for future generations and that this water meets high quality standards. As water shortages increase worldwide, people are looking for ways to re-use wastewater. This makes sense because it allows a double use for the same pumping costs and mandatory wastewater treatment costs. It also reduces the amount of water that must be diverted, thus conserving resources. The only downside is that it lowers the available quantity of water because when re-used water is consumed less water is returned to the natural hydrological system. Re-use is an important and natural method of managing drainage water. In order to reap the maximum benefit from a given water supply and to help dispose of drainage waters, strategies for water re-use have evolved. That is because many factors must be taken into consideration, from short-term to long-term needs, as

46 well as location-sensitive issues. In dry regions where irrigation water supplies are limited, drainage water can be used as a supplement. However the quality of the drainage water determines which crops can be irrigated. Highly saline drainage water cannot be used to irrigate salt-sensitive crops. It could, however, be reused on tolerant forages or in saline agriculture-forestry systems. Indeed, saline drainage water is being increasingly reused for the irrigation of salt-tolerant crops and trees. As well, where an irrigation project is located near a natural wetland, the drainage water can be re-used in the wetland. Even here, however, precautions have to be taken to ensure that the quality of the drainage water does not harm fish, waterfowl or other wildlife in the wetland and that the amount of water passing through the wetland is sufficient to prevent dangerous concentrations from developing.

3.1.8 The fair price of water

Water is not a commercial product like any other, but should be seen as a precious heritage. And therefore, it is important to give water a price since pricing acts as an incentive to encourage more sustainable use. That is the reason why many European countries have been pricing water for years. Studies show that careful water pricing acts as an incentive for the long-term sustainable use of water resources and one study by the European Environment Agency found that introducing metering brings immediate savings in water use of an estimated 10-25% of consumption. The WFD requires Member States to develop water-pricing policies where all users contribute in an appropriate way. The principle of the Directive is that the polluter should pay because at the end of the day somebody always has to pay the price for pollution. The Directive requires River Basin Authorities to develop water pricing systems that are sensitive to the physical, social, institutional and political setting in each location. In other words, studies will be done on the breakdown of costs according to different sectors like households, industry and agriculture and to integrate into these costs the long-term forecasts of investments in infrastructure by the public and private sectors, for example. Consultation exercises will also be conducted so that the final system adopted will bring supply and demand into balance in a manner which is beneficial to the public interest of today and tomorrow.

47 At the same time, because water is so crucial to public health, the Directive will also provide exceptions for less-favoured areas, so that basic services are provided at an affordable price. France is a country that has for years charged for water services. A study was done recently to make sense of water prices. It found that the price of water supply and wastewater services in this country varies from .8 Euro to 3.15 Euro per cubic metre. How is that so? Several factors explain these price differences including: W type of equipment at water purification plant, W drinking water distribution and production system, W type of collection system for used water and its treatment, W natural conditions, W diffusion or spread of population. Will the Water Framework Directive lead to differing water prices across Europe? While the Water Framework Directive aims at efficient water pricing, it does not require one set price for water across the European Union. Prices will differ from area to area depending on factors like those mentioned above as well as others including the internalisation of environmental costs. What will be common is the transparency underpinning water charging decisions across Europe. We will know who uses, who pollutes, what it costs and who pays for it! Everyone will be encouraged to get involved in discussions to ensure that charges are devised appropriately integrating economic, environmental and social principles.

3.1.9 Joint implementation

The way the Water Framework Directive will be implemented is unique. It relies on the participation of all the players concerned. It also provides the European Commission, the Member States, the Candidate Countries and all stakeholders with an unprecedented chance for a new partnership to guide the process and ensure effective and coherent implementation. The Directive‘s provisions are complex and far-reaching, and it has been widely recognised that implementation will be greatly assisted by the preparation of guidelines on a range of technical issues. This challenge has been taken up

48 in the framework of the Common Implementation Strategy for the WFD developed jointly by the Member States and the European Commission and agreed in May 2001. Important deadlines of the Directive: W December 2003 National and regional water laws to be adapted to the WFD. River Basin co-operation to be made operational. W December 2004 An analysis of pressures and impacts on our waters has to be completed including an economic analysis. W December 2006 Monitoring programmes have to be operational as a basis for the water management. W December 2008 River Basin Management plans presented to the public. W December 2009 Publishing first River Basin Management Plans.

W December 2015 Waters to meet —good status“.

3.2 Water Management in Developing Countries Objective of the EU policy towards water management issues in developing countries is to establish the guidelines for the European Community's policy and priorities in relation to water management in developing countries. The main aim is to ensure sustainable and fair access to clean water, suitable for all purposes, which meets, in particular, the basic needs of the most disadvantaged populations.1

3.2.1 Background

1 Legal basis: Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament of 12 March 2002. Water management in developing countries: policy and priorities for EU development cooperation [COM(2002) 132 final - Not published in the Official Journal].

49 Population growth together with changes in lifestyle and economic development in developing countries have heightened the pressure on water resources that are already limited. Environmental problems, especially climate change, add to these pressures. Since it is a resource that is essential for life, the supply, improvement and sound management of water are key elements in achieving the European Union's main objective in relation to its development policy, namely combating poverty. Furthermore, poor water management can be a source of conflict. The European Union and its partners must face up to major challenges. In 2000, 17% of the world's population did not have access to a secure water supply and 40% lacked adequate sanitation. Most of these people lived in Africa and Asia. For several years, the water issue has increasingly been on the agenda at international level. In December 2001, the Bonn International Conference on Freshwater made recommendations on the priority themes in this field. This communication serves as a basis for the Community's contribution to the international debate.

3.2.2. The Community's current water-related strategies and activities

The social sector has been identified as a priority for the Community development policy and the management of water resources is an important element of this sector. The guidelines adopted in 1998 form the basis of Community activities and have been used to define the orientations contained in this communication. They establish a holistic and strategic approach for water management and use. Water management is considered to be an inter-sectoral question as it has an important role to play in all areas of development: health , food security , transport , trade , etc. Regional cooperation is of particular importance since water is often a transboundary resource.

50 3.2.3. Future guidelines

It is essential to integrate water management into all development policies. With a view to achieving the goals in this field, the Commission sets out a number of ideas which are summarized below.

Raising the policy profile More attention must be paid to the fragility of water resources and a more resolute political approach encompassing all the areas linked to water management, such as environmental sustainability, pollution, etc. must be adopted. The six development priorities of the European Community are the overarching framework for these activities. Within these priorities, the Commission identifies three objectives: • ensuring a supply to every human being, especially the poorest, of sufficient drinking water of good quality and adequate means of waste disposal; • sustainable and equitable transboundary water resource management; • cross-sectoral coordination to ensure fair and appropriate distribution of water between users of different kinds.

Implementation of an integrated approach to water management The Commission identifies five activities required to achieve integrated management of water resources, namely: • awareness and participation Users must be aware of the importance of water as a resource and their responsibilities in relation to sound management of this precious resource. Ownership is a key factor in the success of the policies and the participation of actors at all levels is thus essential; • institution capacity building The success of activities depends largely on the capacity, resources and expertise of the institutions concerned. Support must be provided for the institutions responsible for water management;

51 • demand-based management It is not enough to manage only water distribution; supply must also be managed. The challenge is to reduce demand while increasing output through initiatives such as reuse of water, protecting water resources, etc.; • expanding the knowledge base The necessary knowledge and information are essential for drawing up effective policies; • coordination Coordination among donors (the Community, Member States, the United Nations, NGOs, etc.) must be strengthened.

Water-related action for its different uses The approach must encompass all uses of water. The Commission highlights the priority actions in the following fields: • secure water supply and adequate sanitation for all Emphasis is placed on the importance of sanitation; • use of water in agriculture for food and production to ensure food security The Commission highlights the importance of saving water and promoting healthy agricultural practices to avoid contamination of water sources; • protecting and restoring water resources and ecosystems to contribute to the long- term sustainability of water use; • water as a source of energy and resource for industry Rational water use must be ensured and pollution must be reduced and avoided; • management of water-related risks and of coastal areas Risks relating to floods, droughts, etc. must be prevented through the establishment of warning systems and rapid response capacity systems. All sources of public and private financing must be mobilized to implement these actions.

3.2.4. Key global challenges

The international community must tackle some significant questions that are becoming increasingly critical as water resources become scarce. The three major challenges are:

52 • transboundary water management for conflict prevention; • the implications of climate change; • the impact of the globalisation of trade on water management. Given that water resources are increasingly limited, the possibilities of conflicts over transboundary water management are on the increase. Support must be provided for measures aimed at improving regional cooperation on the management of transboundary water resources. Developing countries are particularly vulnerable to the problems linked to climate change, such as floods and droughts. Assistance in the form of research and capacity- building that enables them to prevent and react to growing problems is necessary. With regard to trade, the liberalization of international trade could have a positive impact on developing countries. Imports of water-intensive food crops may be a more practical and cost-effective approach to ensuring food security. However, it is important not to compromise a country's long-term prospects of overall food security or have a negative impact on farmers who grow food crops in developing countries. A strategic partnership must be established at international level in order to achieve objectives and resolve problems. This process should be followed by the developing countries and encompass civil society.

53 CONCLUSIONS

Key Messages and Actions Required

The current and predicted extinction of freshwater species and decline in ecosystems that are vital for our water resources destroys the basis for sustainable development of communities and societies. In the last century alone, more than 50 per cent of the developed world's wetlands have disappeared. Ecosystems and the life they contain have a right to the water they need to survive, to preserve their intrinsic values and enable them to continue to provide goods and services to humankind. If humanity continues to misuse and destroy water resources and the ecosystems on which these depend, individuals and societies will ultimately suffer social and economic insecurity engendered by severely degraded rivers, lakes and groundwater reserves, and will be confronted with increasingly serious conflicts in times of scarcity. This is an unacceptable future. Experiences from around the world show, however, that an alternative is at hand. Building on known sustainable practices and conservation measures, human behaviour can be changed to realize the world vision presented here. This will require us to take immediate and effective actions:

54 CARE

Conserve and restore the planet‘s freshwater resources

RIVER BASINS PEOPLE

Adopt an Empower local groups ecosystem-based approach within to establish responsible basins water use and take part for sustainable water in decision-making resources management

GOVERNANCE COMMUNICATION KNOW-HOW

Create political will Raise awareness Develop and and good governance and build capacity exchange to establish to Knowledge of wise water use and counter human water ecosystem prevent water wastage functions conflicts and ecosystem and the technology destruction to improve water resources management

55 Actions for a sustainable water world

The Framework for Action found in the future vision for water proposes six goals that will lead us to a sustainable water world. We, as societies and individuals, must choose to: • CARE FOR THE PLANET'S ECOSYSTEMS by respecting, conserving and restoring the planet's freshwater resources; • ADOPT AN ECOSYSTEM-BASED APPROACH within river basins for sustainable water resources management; • EMPOWER PEOPLE to establish participatory, equitable and responsible water use; • CREATE POLITICAL WILL AND GOOD GOVERNANCE to facilitate wise water use and prevent water conflicts; • raise awareness and strengthen capacity to CHANGE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR to reduce water consumption and waste and protect ecosystems; • develop and SHARE KNOWLEDGE and technology to improve water resources management. This strategy builds on important international agreements, and is supported by the identification of specific goals, targets and activities. This strategy is not a prescription, but is intended to assist in bringing about change. Different nations, cultures, communities, people and institutions will have to employ diverse sets of actions to bring about desired changes. There are many activities that are recommended as part of the six goals described above. It goes without saying that there are also many individuals and groups who will have a role to play in these activities. Here are a few of the activities that demand priority, along with an indication of the groups that are most directly implicated: • governments, both national and sub-national, must institute participatory ecosystem- based catchment management, and all sectors and interests must take active part in these processes; • international trade and financial institutions, such as the World Trade Organisation (WTO)

56 and, the World Bank (WB), as well as governments at all levels, must establish incentives for conservation based on ecosystems' full economic, ecological, cultural and intrinsic values; • national governments, working hand-in-hand and, as appropriate, through the United Nations, must define rights and ownership for international and national water and land resources; • educational institutions and non-governmental organisation (NGOs) must take the lead in training community leaders; • institutional reform, nationally and internationally, must be given priority by all those who have the power to effect such reforms, guided and encouraged by the public at large, who will benefit most directly; • private sector corporations, municipalities, private landowners and individuals must take full personal responsibility for compliance with existing laws, regulations and ethical codes, and governments must be vigilant to enforce these in order that they have the strength of purpose that they need; • community-based groups and NGOs, supported by governments and educational institutions, must build and strengthen education and communications to bring about appropriate behavioural changes; • research institutes, management agencies, universities, international environmental NGOs (ENGOs) and the private sector water management industry must develop, maintain and exchange knowledge and information for the sustainable use of freshwater and related ecosystems. The purpose of this paper is to provide a little guideline for how water resources can be managed sustainably, and a way to make this vision a reality. The current outlook for the health of freshwater and related ecosystems and availability of water is not good. But with commitment and effort, we can choose to follow a path towards sustainable water use and management in this new millennium.

57 APPENDIX 1 EU water policy

1) OBJECTIVES To establish an integrated water management policy. 2) COMMUNITY MEASURE Commission Communication of 21 February 1996 on Community water policy. 3) CONTENT 1. This communication sets out the Commission‘s approach to water protection. 2. It details the objectives of such a policy, namely: • secure supply of drinking water; • secure supply of drinking water or non-drinking water to meet economic requirements other than human consumption. • protection and preservation of the aquatic environment; • restriction of natural disasters (drought, floods). 3. It defines the various types of pollution which may affect water: • point source pollution; • diffuse source pollution; • accidental pollution; • acidification; • eutrophication. 4. The principles of this policy are as follows: • high level of protection; • precautionary principles; • preventive action; • damage to be rectified at source; • principle of polluter pays; • integration of this policy in other Community policies; • use of available scientific and technical data; • variability of environmental conditions in the regions of the Community; • costs/benefits;

58 • economic and social development of the Community; • international cooperation; • subsidiarity. 5. In order to rationalize existing legislation on water management and pollution and step up controls on pollution at Community level, the Commission is putting forward the idea of a Water Resources Framework Directive: • this Framework Directive would be based on the objectives and principles set out above and would establish common definitions; • it would repeal and replace certain existing acts; • it would have no effect on the following directives and proposals: - Bathing Water Directive; - Dangerous Substances Directive; - Drinking Water Directive; - Surface Water Directive; - Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive ; - Nitrates Directive; - Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive; • it would recommend integrated water management planning on a river basin basis; • it would set up a committee responsible for the implementation and updating of the Directive.

59 APPENDIX 2 General provisions on the quality of drinking water in the EU

1) OBJECTIVE To lay down at Community level minimum quality and control standards for water intended for human consumption. 2) COMMUNITY MEASURE Council Directive 80/778/EEC of 15 July 1980 relating to the quality of water intended for human consumption. Amended by the following measures: Council Directive 81/858/EEC of 19 October 1981; Council Directive 90/656/EEC of 4 December 1990; Council Directive 91/692/EEC of 23 December 1991; Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998. 3) CONTENT Directive 80/778/EEC 1. Water intended for human consumption means all water either in its original state or after treatment used for this purpose, regardless of its origin. The Directive in question does not apply to natural mineral waters or waters which are medicinal products. 2. The Directive lays down the requirements to be met by the quality of the abovementioned water: • by defining the organoleptic, physical and chemical, undesirable substances, toxic and microbiological parameters applicable to them; • by setting imperative standards for such parameters.

60 3. Member States fix the values for such parameters so that the water at least conforms to the requirements of the Directives. 4. Derogations are authorized to take account of special situations possibly for a limited period of time. They must be notified to the Commission. 5. Regular monitoring of water quality: • is the responsibility of the Member States; • is carried out in accordance with the method and minimum frequencies of analyses set out in the Directive; • is based wherever possible on the reference methods of analysis set out in the Directive or any other method deemed equivalent. 6. Procedure for adapting the technical annexes on minimum sampling frequency or the reference methods of analysis to technical progress. Directive 91/692/EEC 7. Report by the Member States every three years on the implementation of the Directive on the basis of a questionnaire or outline drawn up by the Commission in accordance with the procedure laid down in Directive 91/692/EEC. Directive 98/83/EC 8. As of 25 December 2003, Directive 80/778/EEC will be repealed and will be replaced by Council Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water intended for human consumption. 9. This Directive seeks to improve assessment criteria for and monitoring of pollution of drinking water and to speed up the harmonization of such criteria at European level. Natural mineral waters and waters which are medicinal products are not covered by the new Directive; on the other hand, it does apply to water used in the food industry. 10. Even though Directive 80/778/EEC will only be repealed as of 25 December 2003, the Member States are obliged to implement Directive 98/83/EC in its place as soon as they have brought into force the provisions necessary to comply with the later Directive.

61 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books and Articles:

1. Allen V. Kneese and Blair T. Bower, 1996., Managing Water Quality: Ecnomics, Technology, institutions, Resources for the Future, Inc. 2. Ivana Teodoroviş, 1991., An Index of Metal-pollution œ a contribution to the surface water monitoring, Zaduzbina Andrejevic, Belgrade

3. Mişo Łkoriş, 1988., Underground Waters in Vojvodina, Zaduzbina Andrejevic, Belgrade

Reports / Strategy papers

1. European Environment Agency, Environmental assessment report No 10, Europe‘s environment: the third assessment, Copenhagen, 2003 2. IUCN-The world Conservation Union, Vision for Water and Nature: A World Strategy for Conservation and Sustainable Management of Water Resources in the 21. century, February 2000 3. Basis of water resources management of Serbia, 2001., Water Management Institute ”Jaroslav Cerni‘,Belgrade

4. European Council, 1977., Council Decision of 12. December 1977. establishing a common procedure for the exchange of information on the quality of surface fresh water in the Community. Decision 77/795/EEC

Newspapers and magazines

1. ”Politika‘, Daily newspaper, Belgrade, S&CG 2. ”Danas‘, Daily newspaper, Belgrade 3. ”Ecologica‘ Environmental magazine, Belgrade 1999.

62 Other sources-web sites www.panda.org/europe/freshwater/seminars/seminar.html www.europa.eu.int/comm/environment/water/ www.europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28005.htm www.europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28002a.htm www.europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/r12514.htm www.vibilia.co.yu www.feio.sv.gov.yu www.ekoforum.org.yu www.waterandnature.org/ www.worldwaterforum.net/ www.gwpforum.org/servlet/PSP

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