The Hydrological Resources of the Republic of Serbia and EU standards By Borisav Knezevic Backa 47, 11080 Zemun/Beograd Serbia and Montenegro [email protected] [email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ABSTRACT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1. GENERAL HYDROLOGICAL SITUATION IN SERBIA-AN OVERVIEW 1.1 Water resources management status and water management problems in Serbia 1.2 Waterpower engineering future conditions 1.3 Water supply installation equipment 1.4 Expenditure norm 1.5 Needs for water 1.6 Drinking water resources 1.7 Devices for fertilizing and quality or drinking water 1.8 Water distribution and facilities on water supply system 1.9 Water supply orientation 2 CHAPTER 2. EU STANDARDS ON WATER MANAGEMENT 2.1 The European Framework Directive 2.1.1 Bringing together everyone with an interest 2.1.2 Water knows no borders 2.1.3 Water is everybody‘s issue 2.1.4 Water is a fragile resource 2.1.5 Integration policies 2.1.6 To prevent and control pollution is essential 2.1.7 Using water sustainably 2.1.8 The fair price of water 2.2. Water: water management in developing countries 2.2.1 Background 2.2.2 The Community's current water-related strategies and activities 2.2.3 Future guidelines 2.2.4 Key global challenges CONCLUSIONS APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 ABBREVIATIONS OV - Basic water supply system in Vojvodina: AIBB - Alluvial groundwater between Bezdan and Bogojevo; AIJL - Alluvial groundwater between Jamene and Lacaraka; AIKD -Alluvial groundwater between Kovin and Dubovac; AIBJ - Alluvial groundwater at Badovinca (the Drina) and Jarak (the Sava). AIC - Alluvial groundwater above Cent; AIGS - Alluvial groundwater at Godomina and Salinci; AIP - Alluvial groundwater Petka; PV - All the other ground waters; VT - Water current RVD - The Danube river waters (with facility filtration or inner filtration in ground); RBT The Tisa river waters (with facility filtration or inner filtration in ground); RVS -The Sava river waters (with facility filtration or inner filtration in ground); RVDR - River waters of the Drina; RVSRD -Sarske vode -Waters gathered from mountain; Jablanica - The name of the river (with accumulation), which is being exploited; UVRZ - Uvac-Rzav - Common waters of two rivers (with regulation) (....) - Alternative solution ((...)) - Alternative solution to realization of small problem (in case conditions are significantly changed in the future). 4 *4D D Water Framework Directive ABSTRACT The paper dealing with the current state analysis and trends of water supply development in the Republic of Serbia. It also emphasize the importance of providing clean drinking water for the inhabitants od underdeveloped areas in Serbia. According to that, the underdeveloped area of Velika Plana and Smederevska Palanka is taken as example of jeopardizing of basic living conditions of people regarding drinking water. The solution of the problems with insufficient volume of adequate quality water in the area could be building-up of a water treatment plant. The project proposal of the plant can be seen in the paper and could be the impulse for officials of the EU, and other international organizations to focus their attention to this part of Serbia and try to provide financial resources for resolving this fundamental problem. At the end of paper, the summary of some EU directives regarding quality of water is given, as a thread that should be followed by the Serbian authorities. Key words: water quality, underground waters, surface waters, water pollution, water treatment plant, needs for water, water framework directive. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Objective of this project work is to analyze the current hydrological situation in Serbia with regard to the needs for water of the inhabitants of different regions and areas in Serbia. Another very important aim of the work is to give a possible suggestion for the resolving of a real problem of ordinary people in underdeveloped area of Velika Plana and Smederevska Palanka. The hypothesis at the beginning of the study is that drinking water is essential good and all the people, especially those in the underdeveloped regions, must use drinking water of an appropriate quality. In the first part, the intention was to present general hydrological and water management situation within the Republic of Serbia, with special regard to the needs for water in different areas and regions including the autonomous province of Kosovo and Metohia which is, for the time being, under control of the United Nations, and out of the legal system of the Republic of Serbia. Serbia is one of the European regions poor in water, conditions the strategy of usage, maintenance and protection of waters. For that reason infrastructure of water management will develop in more and more tense conditions with maximal 6 rationalization of all kinds of consumption, with multiple consumption, with optimal exploitation of underground water springs and more and more unavoidable relying on accumulative pools that are turning to basic objects for both, supply of needed quantities of water and maintenance of water regime. Regarding disposable waters in Serbia, situation is even worse if we take into consideration spacious and seasonal irregularity of domestic water resources. Spacious irregularity is stressed and particularly negative from the aspect of satisfying needs of water supply. The poorest in water are exactly the most inhabited lowland regions with the richest ground resources (Pomoravlje, Kolubara, Sumadija, Vojvodina, Kosovo and Metohia, South Serbia) where specific drain out amounts to lower then only 2 - 4 l/s/km2 and even less then that (in North Backa under 1 l/s/km2) with less then 500 m3 per capita annually which indicates that these regions must be supplied first of all from transit waters with all consequences of such dependence. Water is missing where it is most needed and water resources of high quality are placed mainly along the borders of the republic (river Drina, mountains Stari Vlah, Prokletije, Vlasina). Underground waters represent a sort of water resources very important for supply of settlements. Around 80% of delivered water is underground water, while 20 % is surface water. However, larger part of alluvial water, over 80%, is provided through infiltration of surface water. Accordingly, you can say that 1/3 of delivered water is underground water. It could be concluded that neither there are sufficient underground waters and that the possibilities for their usage are rather narrowed. Specially difficult situation is in Vojvodina where over-utilization of underground waters in some regions (Backa, Banat) led to significant reducing of the level of basic source (up to 50% in some regions). This will reflect on the concept of long term water supply of these zones that will be pressed to turn to the usage of surface waters. High quality and utilizable reserves of underground waters are becoming precious and they will be kept exclusively for the population and those technological processes that require water of best quality. In the second part of the paper a proposed solution for a real problem is given-building up a water treatment plant. The main purpose of this project is improving of underground 7 water quality which is being used for the needs of local households in the area of Velika Plalna and Smederevska Palanka, especially in the households in villages surrounding the municipal centers. The plant is designed to provide drinking water for 120.000 citizens of the Municipal Communities of Velika Plana and Smederevska Palanka and their neighbouring suburbs. Municipal Comunities of Velika Plan and Smederevska Palanka use water from the common supply system which takes water from a number of natural wells, treats and distributes it to the consumers. Majority of suburb households is not connected to the main water supply line while majority of the Smederevska Palanka and Velika Plana inhabitants are lacking water almost all over the year. Besides, the water quality is poor because of increased iron, manganese and amonium contents, so that stomac diseases are very often in this region (signifficantly beyond the average of the Republic of Serbia). The water is also with high turbidity. Many wells providing water directly to consumers were dug-out. All the above was the reason for commencing of this project-proposal. The project foresees start with construction of a water treatment plant of 2 x 330 lit/sec capacity in two phases i.e. 330 lit/sec in the Phase I. The required technology and arrangement of the plant are based on the raw water quality. The plant should be constructed urgently (in 2 to 3 years) to provide for the inhabitants supply with quality drinking water for some 10 to 15 years. In the third part, some parts on the EU legislation on water issues, is presented, with emphasis on the Water Framework Directive (WFD). 8 PREFACE When people say —water is a condition of life“ they think on drinking water. Although 71% of the surface of Earth is covered by water, only 2,4% is water which can be used for the needs of human beings. Regardless it may seems enough, when we look into the numbers; nature drinking water is rarely so pure that can be used immediately. Circulating through the nature, water passes through the soil and liquefies many organic and inorganic substances. It is surprisingly that rivers carry few billions of various salts into the oceans annually. All that bring about that the treatment (processing) of water for the human consumption becomes harder and harder. The additional problem is that the air through water passes through is also being more and more polluted. Theoretically, a man can survive with five litres of water daily, but the World Health Organization requests providing of 40-50 litres daily. For instance, it is good to know that an African family spends 20 litres of water daily, a European family 165, and a Canadian one even 350 litres.