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Home , 2017 Arab League summit, Ehud Barak, Palestinian fedayeen

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2017 24 The Arab-Israeli Conflict Revisited Keys manipulated by Arab regimes in a sort of nationalist nationalist of asort in regimes by Arab manipulated been has 1917 issue Palestinian the present, to the From nail. and tooth defended to be cause national a than inter-state relations Arab of amatter of more “Arab an matter,” all above often is is it of question the peoples, Arab the for although But tion with combined colonization. ever, occupa an than with painful more continues, 2017, In humiliation.” collective a “major Nakba the as peoples by Arab 1948 May in seen be rael would Is of creation the 1947-48 and Nakba) the (called in population Palestinian the of thirds two of sion expul Later, the issue.” colonial a“new as science con collective Arab the in hold took Palestine of matter 1936-39. of The revolt great the during all above project, Zionist to the resistance estinian Pal the over to join all from in came volunteers Arab (1922-47), period Mandate British the tine.” During Pales of nation brother “our with solidarity vering unwa have expressed peoples Arab start, the From constitutedwho nonetheless 95% of the population. in without Palestine, consulting its inhabitants, Arab people” Jewish the for home “a national create would it Europe of the promised Britain Great which in 1917 November the with about Declaration, Balfour came This needed. was power amajor of support the areality, to become project the for But estine. at Pal aimed clearly project acolonial was there then, Since Palestine. in State a Jewish to create project 1897, in Basel in held the adopted Congress, Zionist First the when earlier, much emerged It State. Arab an and State into aJewish Palestine dividing fairly 1947, November in Resolution un Assembly General UN the of born not was question Palestinian The Catholic UniversityofLouvain Bichara Khader Professor Stakes (1917-2017): Government Support, Popular The Palestinian Question and the Arabs Revisited Conflict Arab-Israeli The ------States had no military means or concrete war expe war concrete or means military no had States Arab independent the But everywhere. about just Palestinian congresses were people. Support held the of aid to the rush governments their manded nationalism, even populations Arab its de emblem. Arab of development the in factor adecisive came 1977, Khader, (B. project be then Vol. Palestine II). 1936-1939 for the Zionist support British confirmed 1922, of revolts 1929 Palestinian the all above and of repression British The danger. the to notice failed their expulsion” heralded and country own their in foreigners them making in the acatastrophe was this , the For Resolution. Partition the voted in Assembly 1947, in prophetic: was statement General UN the on.” This years fifty now, from definitely years five bly possi exist] will [it State... Jewish the have founded “I 1897, journal in his in wrote gress Herzl Théodore Con Zionist World First the from returning Upon World Wars Two the between Question Palestinian The (1967),Palestine remains. question Palestinian the of remained what of all of occupation the after years (1947) Resolution 50 Partition and UN the after (1917), Declaration Balfour the after years 70 years 100 since, ineffectual quite been has solidarity this fraternal.and sincere decidedly Unfortunately,real, tain periods, the solidarity of Arab countries was cer During “suspect.” or “self-serving” always was states Arab of solidarity the that mean not does This from internal problems. attention to divert ameans or leadership, regional or legitimation political for alever as emerges cause defending where one-upmanship the Palestinian . The 1917 already “made 1917 “made . The already Declaration Balfour

(H. Laurens, 2007, Laurens, 8). p. one (H. No ------, then acting head of the Jewish Agen Jewish the of head acting Meir, then Golda with met secretly Abdullah vote, King partition the 17 On 1947, part. November Arab before afew days the to annex ready was Transjordan partitioned, was Palestine case in that know them letting leaders, Zionist to to the turn hesitate not did Abdullah King point, At this project. the sabotaged arepublic, ing favour nationalists, Syrian advantage. to his estine Greater covering Transjordan Syria, and Pal of aKingdom of idea the 1946)25 May relaunched of Transjordan (he had proclaimed himself king on 10 on 1945, Abdullah Pact, King April League Arab the ratified had Transjordan Whereas plans. other But the Transjordan were concocting favour of partition. vote in Assembly General UN the should Palestine to troops Arab sending proposed Committee litical 16 1947, On by Jews. September land Po LAS’ the signed to prevent the appropriation of Palestinian National Fund ( Arab an up to set was League by the taken steps first the of One 1945,ber 11 Palestine. concerned 14 on Council Decem LAS by the adopted lutions estinian question its signature the Of issue. 17 reso Pal the made has League the founded, was it Since (LAS). States Arab of League the founding 1945, officially 22 on March in signed was which Pact, League Arab the 1944,ber preparing 7Octo of Protocol Alexandria the in resulted which States, Arab of a League to create a project cuss projects, inviting independent countries Arab to dis- both “torpedoed” thus Egypt. of Kingdom the opposing of capable power aregional to create Hashemites by the attempt an as it saw who tians, Egyp the among concern caused projects Both and Palestine under the Transjordan Hashemites. Syria to regroup aiming Syria, Greater of that and ; of Kingdom Hashemite the of aegis the under Palestine and Transjordan to Syria, unite was jective ob whose Crescent, Fertile the of that projects: ing compet two upon embarked had Transjordan and Iraq of 1940s, Hashemites the early the in fact, In various antagonistic tendencies. between torn and infancy its in was sentiment ist onist project without fear, national since especially Zi to the resistance the on down crack 1948, could 1922 from power mandate the to Britain, Great autonomy. no Thus, had therefore yoke and colonial the under bent still were others the whereas rience, Sanduq al-Ummah al-Arabiyyah ) de ------ber of Arab countries. Arab of ber anum for issue internal an question Palestinian the made has and Syria to Transjordan, gees refu Palestinian of influx massive the time, same At the dispersion. geographic their and homeland displacement of the Palestinian people from their tion constitutes a veritable sociocide popula Palestinian the of thirds two of exile forced 1992). Pappe, (Ilan The dates two those tween be place taking cleansing ethnic the nor, a fortiori, (1947) (1948),Resolution of creation the nor Partition the neither to prevent managed Arabs The (1947-1949) Arabs and the Nakba Palestinian The States. Arab the among sjordanian Hashemites, and a factor of division Tran and Zionists between chip a bargaining come be simply had Palestine Israel, of creation the of eve the on Thus, al-Husseini. al-Qader Abd cousin, al-Muqaddas), placing it under the command of his al- War (Jaysh Holy the of Army the militia, own then The proceeded Mufti toQawuqji. establish his al- Fawzi acompetitor, chose States Arab the ance, seini, an emblematic figure of the Palestinian resist al-Hus Amin to Mufti command its giving of instead but al-Arabi), al-Inqahd (Jaysh Army Salvation Arab an to up set attempted League the Hashemites, the and Zionists the between afoot was what Sensing 1988). Shlaim, (Avi dan to Transjor Palestine of remained what to annex ject pro his of her informing department, cy’s political to liberate Palestine. In fact, Iraq, Egypt, Syria and and Syria Egypt, Iraq, fact, In Palestine. to liberate mobilized be armies Arab the that demanding tries, coun Arab all in multiplied demonstrations popular the that such was disaster the of magnitude The States a factor of division among the Arab and Transjordanian Hashemites, and bargaining chip Zionists between Palestine had a simply become theOn eve of the creation of Israel, , that is, the the is, , that

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IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2017 25 The Arab-Israeli Conflict Revisited Keys IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2017 26 The Arab-Israeli Conflict Revisited Keys on the altar of state ambitions state of altar the on sacrificed was Palestine Clearly, to fruition. project his to bring leaders Zionist the with initiated were negotiations 1948, secret 25dated: December on intimi not was King the support, British of strength ( Conspiracy” a“Great and diversion” a“dangerous as derided was Congress Jericho The Egypt. and Arabia Saudi Syria, in outcry ageneral caused tine’s annexation Pales of proclamation the expected, be could As Kingdom of . the of birth the was This countries. brother two the of unification the and over Palestine sovereignty his recognize 1948 them having and 1December on byaborted convening a congress major Palestinian to be project the caused Abdullah King But Mufti. the of authority the under government aPalestinian up set and Palestine of part remaining the in State Palestinian autonomous an to establish attempted Arabia, Saudi of support the with Egypt, 1948, in routed were armies Arab the after Indeed, number countries of Arab question internal an for issue a madeLebanon the has to Transjordan, Syria and time, the influx massive of Palestinian Atgeographic dispersion. the same frompeople their homeland and their displacement of the Palestinian veritable sociocide population constitutesPalestinian a forcedThe exile of thirds two of the provedsuspicions founded. Egypt’s left. was what to annex than Palestine to save less Legion Arab his sent having of pected sus Egypt whom Transjordan, of Abdullah King and Egypt of Farouk King between rivalry the was there withcase Transjordan’s . In addition, simply directly under British command, as was the not when trained, poorly and equipped poorly all above and militias, Jewish and the than ous numer less were they but troops, sent Transjordan al-Mu’amarah al-Kubra , that the is, . ). But with the the ). with But - - - - only to the Palestinians but also to all Arabs. The Ara The Arabs. to all also but Palestinians to the only constituting expansion, pursue placably a threat not im would but obtained had it what with content be not would Israel that patent became it Arabs, the For 2007, clarity. of p.351). merit the had language His 194 Laurens, (H. Resolution in stipulated as refugees of return the authorizing of question no was there that and UN by the allotted territory former to the revert never would it that Palestine), 78% historic of cupied oc already (it immigrants Jewish all to accommodate space the lacked Israel that Sharett by Moshe formed in was 13 on Dulles 1953, to May Israel Foster ling Travel Israel. from rather but Union Soviet the from coming not was to Egypt threat real the decisive: was Dulles Foster State of toSecretary US reply Nasser’s Turkey, NATO with joined case 1949. in which the been had as camp, anti-Soviet into the Egypt recruiting of hope the in Nasser with prochement The Eisenhower Administration attempted rap uncontested leader the became Nasser Abdel Gamel which of renewal, question for the nationalist cardinal Arab became Palestine of issue the Revolution, Egyptian the After 1952. 23 of July Revolution Officers’ Free the following into exile forced was Farouk King Egypt’s later, 1981. in years 30 1952, In assassination dat’s foreshadowing ofMosque Jerusalem, Anwar Sa Al-Aqsa the in assassinated was who Abdullah 13 1951. July 1951, 20 July On King Jordan’s was it on assassinated was al-Solh, Riad Minister, Prime Lebanese The question. Palestinian to the tied directly upheaval considerable of scene the was East Middle 1950s, the the in beginning Indeed, rapidly. resolved not if East Middle the in havoc sensed that the question of Palestine would create them of Both modernity. and unity for called and Palestine’s censured parties exploitation by certain Palestine,” of Lesson 1984), “The entitled a book in (1897- al-Alami Musa intellectual, Palestinian Another forward. moving in unity for called and threats tial” “existen with dealing in divisions their and eptitude in leaders’ Arab condemned he which in Disaster”), the of Meaning (“The al-Nakba” “Ma’na entitled book nationalism,Arab published an uncompromising Zureiq (1909-2000), one of the great ideologues of 1948, anger. In Constantin and bitterness of ment 1948-1949 of defeat senti Arab The immense an left (1952-1967) Age Arabist in the Palestine . ------and the monarchic axis, represented by Saudi Ara by Saudi represented axis, monarchic the and Syria, and Iraq by Egypt, represented axis nationalist the another: one faced axes two that, After alliances. of a reversal was There defensive. the on were gimes re pro-Western and fashion in was nationalism Arab was proclaimed (Egypt-Syria). year, the 1958. same in That aside swept was chy and Iraq’s convulsions, regional monar Hashemite weather the nationalist storm internal and survived althoughAnd the monarchy Jordanian managed to concerned. became monarchies The Hashemite way. the led Egypt Nasser’s question. Arab an came be question War, Suez the Palestinian of the As World leader and an architect of Non-Alignment. Third- agreat later and leader Arab an became He victory. apolitical away with walked Nasser tarily, mili defeated known: well is next happened What Zionist ideology. followed nature from the very of of Arabization The also to all Arabs. threat not only to the Palestinians but constituting a expansion, pursue obtained but would implacably not content be with what it had patent became It that would Israel imperialism.” Western of “outpost an but literature, by Zionist described peace” of “haven the not was Israel remained: doubt no them, For world. Arab the in Aggression Tripartite the called Crisis, Suez the was this offensive: ajoint launched British the and later, Afew days French the Peninsula. Sinai Egypt’s invaded 1956, Israelis 29 the October on fact, In nationalism it as is destroying Palestine...” Arab our to destroy established imperialism, of work that Israel, against procedures, its and agents its imperialism, against today waging we are that zens, citi battle, the is “... to Such Palestine? referred ten of 1956, 26 on July Nasser Canal Suez the of tion nationaliza the on speech his in that, surprising it Is from the nature very of Zionist ideology. bization of the Palestinian question thus followed the Palestinian question thus thus question Palestinian the ------lan Heights, Strip the and Gaza Transjordan. Israel Syria’s Go Sinai, Egypt’s occupying fronts, various on 1967, offensive 5 June On a blitz launched Israel (1967-1981) Era Statist in the Arabs and the Palestine dictions. gional system, and therefore to prisoner its contra re Arab the within internalized been has question Palestinian The outset. the from conflict inter-Arab of snares the in caught been has PLO the Clearly, 1984, 268-269). p. Dessouki, Hilal &A. rany Ko (B. nationalism Arab to Nasser’s aparry as bia Ara by Saudi launched Pact Islamic the even joined Jordan Nasser, towards defiance of agesture In it. with 14 on cooperation its 1966,which, June ended and PLO the of creation the accepted grudgingly only which Jordan, of Kingdom by the understood was This irreversible. not was Transjordan of tion annexa their that to Jordan asignal way sending of a also but control, state any of outside struggle their preparing were who fighters, ’s on ajump getting of aquestion was it Nasser, For ri. Shuqay Ahmad head, at its lawyer aPalestinian with (PLO), Organization Liberation Palestine the create 1964) to September decided (5-6 Summit andria 1964 Alex in the when confirmed was This terests. in their serving war abidding in by both used and axes two the between caught were Palestinians The estine would only through occur “Arab unity.” Pal of liberation the and Arabs,” the of enemy tional “na the considered was Israel regimes. existing for legitimation of source main the and ideology inant United Arab Republic (1962), remained the predom- the of dissolution the despite Arabism, and Egypt’s, 1967 until up initiative was political the world, Muslim the in activism diplomatic Saudi Despite (1968 States Conference). Muslim of Mecca tion (1961-1963), Organisa the and Alliance, Islamic the League World Muslim the by creating subsystem Islamic extensive amore with subsystem regional Arab the to replace sought Arabia Saudi Mosques,” Two the of Holy “Custodian as position its Using polarization weakened the League of Arab States. 1962). in War beginning ( Civil This flict con to open leading at times States, Arab the vided Kerr, 1973) (M. war Acold di now Jordan. and bia ------

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2017 27 The Arab-Israeli Conflict Revisited Keys IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2017 28 The Arab-Israeli Conflict Revisited Keys a taboo. His solitary action displeased his Arab Arab his displeased action solitary His a taboo. broke Sadat to Israel, travelling By hosts. Israeli his to not “offend” order in PLO the ignored but rights Palestinian mentioned He world. entire the of media by the followed aspeech 19ththe delivered and on there went he to action, words Putting peace. of amessage with toKnesset to go the ready was 1977, ber he that to Parliament announced Sadat 9Novem on this: proved followed that events The of Palestine. that for than Sinai the of liberation the for awar more 1973 the War was October orientations, new these of view In religion.” State the is “Islam that indicate 1971) (September Constitution the to changed and 1991, Laurens, (H. 247), p. nostalgics to Nasser acounterbalance as to act organizations Islamic ing name “Egyptian Arab Republic,” began encourag to the returned and Republic” Arab “United term the orientation emerged in 1971 when Sadat dropped “ now was With Sadat, statist ideology prevailed: the slogan ard-bearer. the of twilight nationalist and ideology its stand adream, of and era an of end the was It month. same the in attack 1970. aheart of died Nasser September, Black was this into exile: them forcing , Palestinian the against troops his sent Hussein King Jordan.” of State the within State FedayeenPalestinian up ended constituting “a 1968, in the Karameh of Battle at the army raeli Is over the victory their about Elated sovereignty. very their threatening all above but strikes, raeli Is to possible them exposing only not was tries coun sovereign in presence armed Its Jordan. in outside of in refugee primarily campsPalestine, from organized being was it maquis, Vietnamese or Algerian to the contrast in ailment: congenital a from suffered Resistance Palestinian the But 1967). tember –2Sep (29 August Summit Khartoum at the Israel with agreement peace any of refusal their reiterated sistance. The States, Arab humiliated, simply Re Palestinian to the clung disoriented, and tated devas wounded, deeply masses, Arab the of ment senti nationalist The earthquake. an of effect the produced armies Arab the of defeat The State. ish Jew to the threat “existential” an considered spirit, Arabist the breaking and Regime Nasser the down taking of intention its of secret any made never (Egypt first). This statist statist This first). (Egypt awwalan” Masr ------estinians. Pal the dividing also now were Arabs the but abs, Ar the dividing Palestine was only Not government. Iraqi the of control under wholly (PLF), Front tion Liberation Front and Abbas’ Abu Palestine Libera Arab the creating same, the did Iraq (PFLP-GC). Command – General Palestine of Liberation the for Front Popular Jibril’s Ahmad or Al-Saika, as such regime, to the subservient totally zations short-circuit the PLO by creating organi resistance to attempted Syria Iraq. and Syria of regimes athist Ba the particular in countries, Arab certain pleased dis Palestine, of liberation full the discussing longer no was PLO, which the of orientation pragmatic The Declaration) (B. Khader, 2017). (Venice apartner be would PLO the which in tions tinian to people self-determination, through negotia Pales the of rights the by recognizing conflict Arab Israeli- the on 1975 position its to refine began and of as dialogue Euro-Arab the in engaged EEC) the of Committee Economic 9-member the (i.e. Nine the of Europe The total. was peoples Arab of ity solidar The media. the in point afocal was and sails 1973From to 1981, its in wind the had PLO the a parade. military 1981, during July In assassinated Palestine. was he hoodwinked. Sadat had recovered the Sinai but lost been had Egypt Accords: David Camp the of et fac Palestinian the of end the was That people.” ish Jew the of capital “eternal the became which lem, Jerusa of annexation the regarding alaw passed government 1980, July Israeli 30 the on worse, was What down. bogged quickly Accords David Camp the in envisaged autonomy Palestinian on talks 26 on signed was Egypt and Israel between Accord aPeace States: United by the encouraged ahead, to forge determined was to . Egypt But Cairo from headquarters States’ Arab of League the ring transfer proposed and Accords David Camp the ed reject 1978), unanimously countries Arab other the (2-5 November Baghdad of Summit Arab At the PLO. the and tries coun Arab other the 1978, of consternation to the September in Accords David Camp the signed To initiative. avail: no Sadat Egyptian the to defeat 1978,February established a “Steadfastness Front” 2-4 on Algiers in held Summit, Arestricted sensus.” con Arab the “breaking of him accused who peers, March 1979. Egypt recovered the Sinai, but the the but 1979. Sinai, the March recovered Egypt ------my. Though he had lost his baseafter Lebanese los autono greater had now Arafat Tunisian his exile, In government. the in remained but Defence of Ministry to the leave forced was Sharon events, tragic these on Report Commission han Ka the 1983, following March In massacred. were 4,000 Nearly men, womencamps. and children refugee Shatila and the entered eye, watchful army’s Israeli the under forces, 1982,ber Lebanese 16 From to 18 allies. Septem Phalanges Lebanese his and Sharon Ariel of mercy at the now were ed, unprotect left camps, refugee Palestinian The exile. into went comrades his and Arafat and destroyed were infrastructures PLO Lebanon. invaded army 1981 1982, 6June on Israeli December and the 14 on Heights 1981, June Golan the annexed Israel 7 on Osirak reactor nuclear Iraqi the destroying ter af wasted: was opportunity The have seized. could able change and historic opportunity that Israel aconsider was air. the in This was countries Arab the and Israel between relations of Normalization Israel. of State the recognizing meant implicitly which region,” the in peace to in live able be should region the in states “all that demanded he plan, his 7of Point in But equation. East Middle the of factor main the was factor... which Palestinian the of recognition the and Begin, by Menachem embodied hideously so arrogance Israeli to the end an Israel, supporting stop US the demanded He rusalem. Je of sector Arab the in capital its with state tinian aPales of creation the and Jerusalem, East cluding withdrawalIsraeli from territories, all in occupied demanded Fahd Prince things, other Among tions. 1981 resolu 7August UN on on plan based peace a proposed Arabia of Prince Crown the sassination, as Sadat’s after Amonth people. Palestinian the of rights the to defend Arabia to up Saudi was it Now War (1975-1989). Civil nese Leba the in entangled was Syria al-Assad’s Hafez (1980-1989) Iran against war its in while embroiled was Iraq Hussein’s Saddam weak: were petitors com its means, financial had Arabia Saudi better: be couldn’t situation The sub-system. regional Arab the to pilot empowered 1979, felt now country the 1973 of shocks price and oil two by the rich Made rein. free Arabia gave Saudi assassination Sadat’s Sub-System Regional Arab the of “Petro-Dollarization” and the Palestine ------tions ran high. Israel’s image was tarnished. The The tarnished. was image Israel’s high. ran tions emo everywhere, and Europe In board. the across protested peoples Arab bullets. real with sponded re who soldiers, at Israeli stones threw youth Palestinian pacific: and collective grass-roots, was mobilization The into ferment. went territories 1987, 9December of As tine. occupied the all Pales into occupied brought to be had thus ance disconnected. geographically Thepersed, resist dis now was resistance the Lebanon, from exiled outside of Palestine. Driven back from Jordan, then we know, from as organized, was resistance an pation. its Since inception, however, the Palestini occu Israeli under born was two of out Palestinian one nearly that meaning 75%, by nearly rose Gaza and the of population Palestinian the 1967 from fact, In to 1987, accident. no was date The 1987 the was This Intifada. Palestine. in out A popular uprising of unprecedented scale broke Arabia. Saudi of aegis 1989 the 22 on October under signed Taif the in end Agreement, ahappy found war 1989. Lebanese 3June on The death Khomeini’s with subsided Iran and Iraq between war The . and Lebanon , Syria, Egypt: boycott to continued countries four Only family. Arab the to return to 1987 Egypt’s door the vember opened 8to 11 from in held No Summit Arab nary extraordi 1984, the and 25 September on Egypt Mubarak’s with relations restored Jordan Axis.” a“Sunni to establish attempted and regime Alawi Syrian the and regime Shiite Iranian the between grewArabia concerned about this rapprochement today). favour the Saudi returning is (Iran Iran Shiite the consensus Arab and stood behind Khomeini’s structing Iranian revolutionary activism, Syria broke ob for regime Hussein’s Saddam supported states Arab the war. Whereas Iraq-Iran the on cussed fo 1980s primarily the in was attention Arab But confederation. aPalestinian-Jordanian of idea to the 1982, alluded October in and to Amman travelling 1982). with reconciled He the monarchy, Jordanian (September Fes in Summit Arab at the sented pre Plan Fahd the accepted Arafat realism. and cy efficien of sake the for concentrate would PLO the that levels moral and political the on now was it el, Isra with par amilitary on Not opinion. public tional interna and Arab in sympathy of deal agreat gained had cause Palestinian the Jordan, in one the ing ------

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2017 29 The Arab-Israeli Conflict Revisited Keys IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2017 30 The Arab-Israeli Conflict Revisited Keys 250,000) were unjustly accused of having support itself, Palestinian expatriates (numbering some sentimentAmerican spread like wildfire. In anti- but by force, overcome was crisis Kuwaiti The chanted. world the around protesters Palestine?”, Arab not and Kuwait “why US: the against anger expressed Kuwait, of tion publicArab opinion, largely hostile to the occupa Paradoxically, Storm. Desert called Kuwait liberate 1991January-February launched an operation to ately, the US set up an international in coalition and, Immedi Kuwait. of emirate the occupied sein’s army Hus 1990, Saddam 2August On reason. another for year 1990 ablack was Palestinians, the for But talks. peace possible any in PLO the for whatsoever role any to acknowledge ing aim plans any 1990 rejected June in and Israel in er 2017). to Khader, pow rose (B. Shamir Yitzhak But PLO the with dialogue significant initiating posed pro that States United the was it time This ence. exist Israel’s of acceptance the regarding 338 and 242 Resolutions of acceptance his asserted Arafat leader. Palestinian 1988 the out to hear cember 13 from Geneva in to 16 held thus was De latter The Assembly. General UN the to address avisa fat Ara to grant refused US the Worse, States. United the and Europe of exception the with world, the around from came Palestine of State the of ognition (15 capital 1988). its as November Rec Jerusalem Palestine’s Declaration of Independence, with East 1988, adopted November in Algiers in held gress, Con National later, Palestinian the months two 14 on 1988 and September Parliament European the addressed Arafat West Bank. the of nexation an the of end the was It broken. were West Bank the with ties 1988. All late July in affairs Palestinian and announced Jordan’s total disengagement from note took Jordan of Hussein King boosted. been had prestige its but rehabilitated, been it had only not PLO, but the dismantled had it thought Israel […].” people Palestinian the of rights human the Power, violate which occupying deplores those policies and practices of Israel, the stention, stated “strongly that Council the Security ab States’ United to the thanks passed Council, 1987, Security UN cember the of 605 Resolution law. 22 of De As international of disregard the and the occupation, the injustice of the colonization of horror the grasp world entire the made Intifada ------anger and the incomprehension of in Arabs general. Palestinians’ the sparking accelerated, was latter the colonization, on abrake putting of Instead deadlock. 1996 elections. As of that moment, it was complete the in by Netanyahu beaten was but him replaced res Pe 1994. in Shimon fanatic by aJewish sassinated as was Rabin mired. became however, quickly cess, independent Palestinian State by 1999. The pro an of creation the in to result supposed was This age. latter would be undertaken under patron American The negotiation. of apromise was Accord Oslo The Egypt was struggling with internal problems. Mubarak’s and Lebanon in embroiled was Syria embargo, under was Iraq reason: ny. good for And ceremo signing to went the leader Arab matter. No the in say no had countries Arab Arafat. and Rabin 13 1993 on lawn by September House White the on signed officially Accord, Oslo the called cord” Ac “Interim an in resulted They emissaries. tinian Pales and Israeli between Oslo in held were tions negotia Secret position. flexible amore adopted 1992 in Shamir and succeeded Rabin Yitzhak floundered. negotiations say. they The as mouse, a forth brought and laboured mountain the But Belkaid (A. Conference the danian-Palestinian delegation that participated in a Jor thus was It request. at Shamir’s invited, were Jerusalem of inhabitants Palestinian the nor PLO 1991). (October Conference the Peace neither But wait affair, the Americans organized the Madrid Ku the in policy atwo-faced practicing of accused been Having initiatives. the all took who cans Ameri the was it implosion, USSR’s the After flict. con Israeli-Arab the of minefield the in again gage en ever dared country Arab No people. Arab the among arift also was there now but divided, states were only Not apart. broke system regional Arab the Lebanized, already episodes: tragic two constituted War (1990-1991) Gulf by the followed crisis The (1993-2010) Predicament Oslo in the Question Palestinian The Kuwait. for issue internal an become now had question Palestinian the Lebanon, and Jordan After communities. Palestinian and people waiti Ku the between break aserious was There pelled. ex were them of majority the and army Iraqi the ed , 2011). ------rope and even the US, the plan was rejected by Is rejected was plan the US, even the and rope by Eu Applauded earlier. 20 years forth put Plan Fahd the revived that to Israel Plan Peace Arab an 2002), (28 proposed they March Summit the At initiative. the to take attempted states Arab the security, to regional represented process peace the of stalemate definitive the that danger the Sensing resignation. such of face the in humiliated felt people Arab The to see. plain now was weakness Their exerted. pressure no taken, were initiatives collective No reacting. without lence vio Israeli in surge this witnessed states Arab The 2004. in death his until in headquarters Mukata’a to his fined con was himself Arafat punished. severely were estinian authority were Refugee reoccupied. camps Pal under Cities territories. Palestinian agitated the on down cracking 2001, in Minister ruthlessly Prime became Sharon Ariel Barak, Ehud Succeeding initiatives took who the Americans all the After the USSR’s implosion, it was minefield of the Israeli-Arab conflict. ever engage dared again in the country Arab No people. the Arab now among there was also arift Not only were states but divided, regionalArab system broke apart. episodes: already Lebanized, the (1990-1991) tragic two constituted followed crisis The by the War Gulf Intifada. Al-Aqsa, or Second, the of outbreak the was this nest: net’s ahor up stirred provocation The Jerusalem. fied over areuni sovereignty Israeli to assert 2000 ber 28 on Septem compound mosque al-Aqsa sacred the to visit decided Sharon that climate sombre this in was It failed. finally and Jerusalem of issue the on asnag hit Negotiations David. at Camp 2000 July in talks Arafat-Barak the organizing track, on back process Oslo the to put tried Clinton President ------2012). Moreover, wasn’t the first Arab Spring Pales 2012). Spring Arab first the wasn’t Moreover, Khader, (B. humiliations” all of mother “the stitutes con Palestine them, for that clear is it flag, estinian Pal the waving not are demonstrators Even if tine. Pales in Arabs the on inflicted humiliation the also miliation of repression and underdevelopment, but hu the only not humiliations; multiple successive, of alitany as people Arab by the experienced been has independences different the since world Arab 2011). Belkaïd, (A. the of change of history the For possibility the in faith and to freedom, aspiration the yoke, aforeign of refusal the is core political whose sentiment apan-Arab outlines this of all pride, of sense recovered the chains, satellite Arab of role the events, of succession the that remains fact the ers, by protest chanted slogans in discreet very been abist references to the Palestinian question have pan-Ar Though shaken. was change to democratic reticent and inert rigid, are Arabs that postulating ry theo “Arab exception” The by surprise. world entire 17 of 2010 as countries the December have taken Arab numerous in occurring movements social The Spring (2010-2017) Arab and the Question Palestinian The estinian people to the present. Pal the dividing rift the aggravating thus Authority, Palestinian the or either supporting sides, took country Arab (2007), Each mission vain. in attemptedArabia an reconciliation intra-Palestinian Saudi government. aparallel established and Gaza of possession took then It victory. its of relieved was but elections the won Hamas rest: the know We yoke occupation. of the under continued ries democratic while process, the Palestinian Territo Palestinian the of support Western questioned Arabs Many enthusiasm. of deal agreat generate and the 2006 January legislative elections did not 2005 January in Abbas Mahmoud of election the countries, Arab in commotion agreat caused 2004) (11 death Arafat’s Though November unmolested. territories occupied the to colonize continue now could who Israel, of satisfaction great to the tion, ques Palestinian the from attention diverted Iraq The geopolitical upheaval by caused the invasion of itpostponed indefinitely. 2003 March on Iraq of invasion American The rael. ------

IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2017 31 The Arab-Israeli Conflict Revisited Keys IEMed. Mediterranean Yearbook 2017 32 The Arab-Israeli Conflict Revisited Keys li offensives against Gaza (360 km (360 Gaza against offensives li White House. at the Authority, Palestinian the of President Abbas, In April 2017, President Trump received Mahmoud 1967 to the areturn of idea borders. very the rejects Israel that knowledge the in albeit table, the on back Plan Peace Arab the put Jordan, in Sea Dead the 2017, late March In at held egations. Summit, Arab an 75 of del participation the with Paris, in East Middle the in Peace for Conference International an ganized possible. On 15 2017, January François Hollande or colonization rendered the “Two-state” solution im of policy Israeli the believed he stating speech mising 2016,December John delivered Kerry an uncompro 28 On time. this 1980, abstained since Israel protect to veto to 42 right its times used had which States, 2334) TheUnited colonization. Israeli condemned (No. Resolution 2016, Council December aSecurity In surfaces. hope when point low at this is yet it And their minds and is pessimism rampant. into crept has Doubt disoriented. distraught, are people Arab The problems. internal their with gling strug are states Arab The point. arallying longer no is Palestine another. eclipses State). problem One (the Islamic Daesh on focused have been lights 2014, Since media’s spot attention. the the all tains diverted, hijacked. Polarization, chaos and war re perverted, have been movements Spring Arab The 2011 2008, in inhabitants) 2014. and arab (J.P. 2011, Filiu presidency” sieged 179). p. “ be his in trapped to Ramallah, confined Arafat, Yasser of absence the in Summit, Beirut at the bled assem were leaders Arab the J.P. “for ments Filiu, com replied,” one “No Arabs?”). the are (“Where “ anger: in yelled aPalestinian camp, refugee Jenin the destroying were tanks Israeli When Intifada. second by the heightened societies, all gripped shame of Asense leaders. their of ice coward the with Palestinians young the of courage peoples Arab wereEverywhere, comparing the andpopular inclusive, ignited spirits in Arab 1987? pacific, was which Intifada, first the when tinian, ” was yelled many a time during the three Israe three the during atime many yelled ” was 2 and 1,800,000 1,800,000 and Wen el arab? Wen el ” ------K K S P L K K K K K F B Bibliography the Middle and East the Mediterranean Region. in peace lasting determine ultimately will which issue this is it for force, with returns always it question, tinian Pales the we ignore much how matter no that, means What does all this gesticulation mean? It simply L P a a iliu or err a a h h h h h hl elk s uren uren ppe ppe a a a a a a Sharjah, 6 May 2017 6May Sharjah, is, 2011 is, Oneworld, 2006 London, Nord, Paris, 2011 Paris, Nord, 3, 1947-1967,3, 2007 Paris, Fayard, don, 1984 of States, Arab policies sity Press, 1973 Press, sity of Palestine, Partition the and Movement Zionist the dallah, tives, Cetri-Syllepse, Paris, 2005 tives, Diplomatique Trump,” de étrangère Maroc politique la dans Tunisienne Maison umes, de l’édition, 1977 the the 1957-2017,” Question estinian at presentation bilan tés internationales sur le soulèvement démocratique soulèvement le sur 1947-1951, der der der der der a dix leçons leçons : dix arabe révolution , La Jean-Pierre. a , i ny The Arab Cold War Cold Arab The Malcom, m , , id The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine of Cleansing Ethnic The Ilan. Conflict, Arab-Israeli the of Making The Ilan. Collusion across the Jordan: King Ab Jordan: King the across Collusion , Avi. s mémoire et perspec et : mémoire Palestine , Bichara. Histoire de la Palestine , Bichara. , Bichara. “The and the Pal the and Union European “The , Bichara. Israël et Palestine la “Jérusalem, , Bichara. , Bichara. , Être arabe aujourd’hui Être arabe , Akram. Colloque du Centre d’Etudes d’Al d’Etudes Khaleej Centre du Colloque Bahgat and Ali Hilal D Hilal Ali and Bahgat , , , Cetri- Syllepse, Paris, 2012 Paris, Syllepse, , Cetri- Henri. Henri. Henri. Henri. I.B. Tauris, London, 1992 Tauris, London, I.B. Orient arabe et rivali et arabe :Orient Jeu Le Grand Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1988 Oxford, Clarendon Press, La Question de Question La Palestine un premier premier : un arabe Le printemps , April-May 2017, April-May , Armand Colin, Paris, 1991 Paris, Colin, , Armand Westview Lon Press, e ss ouki , Oxford Univer , Oxford , Fayard, Par , Fayard, . The foreign foreign The , Carnets , Carnets , Volume , 3 vol ------, ,