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ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WC1R 4EJ, ENGLAND 8024420 Wise, C hari .es D ean THE IMPACT OF PALESTINIAN TERRORISM ON THE ARAB/ISRAELI CONFLICT The University o f Oklahoma Ph.D. 1980 University Microfiims internetiO nSi 300 N. Road, Ann Arbor. MI 4B106 IS Bedford Row. Loadon WCIR 4EI, EDgland Copyright 1980 by Wise, Charles Dean Ali Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: Figures 1-i4, listed on p ag e vii, not microfilmed at r e q u e s t o f author. Available for consultation at the University of Oklahoma Library. UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS INTERNATIONAL. THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THE IMPACT OF PALESTINIAN TERRORISM ON THE ARAB/ISRAELI CONFLICT A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY CHARLES DEAN WISE Norman, Oklahoma THE IMPACT OF PALESTINIAN TERRORISM ON THE ARAB/ISRAELI CONFLICT APPROVED BY ■ a ^ -ofA / DISSERTATION COMMITTEE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the members of my committee for their assistance and support in this project. A special note of thanks to my committee chairman. Dr. Paul Tharp, for his support, constructive criticisms, and encouragement throughout this project. A further note of appreciation is due the other members of my committee. Dr. Hugh MacNiven, Dr. Rufus Hall, Dr. Richard Baker, and Dr. L. Dee Fink, for their expeditious handling of this dissertation. A further source of support and encouragement came from my friends and colleagues in the Department of Polical Science, Damon Gates, Pat Hall, Mark Dickeson, Dr. Jeff Brudney, and Professor Sam Chapman. Most of all, I would like to thank God and my wife Janis; without them this dissertation would not have been possible. Xll TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......................... i ü LIST OF CHARTS ......................... vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS................... vii Chapter I. POLITICAL TERRORISM; A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ........... 1 r Types of Terrorism .......... 4 Categories of Terrorism .... 8 Terrorist Tactics.......... .. N o t e s ......................... 19 II. HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT......... 20 The Israeli Viewpoint........ 20 The Arab V i e w p o i n t .......... 37 N o t e s ......................... 44 III. THE PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION; STRUCTURE, POLICY, AND LEGITIMACY ........ 47 Structure..................... 53 Policy and Legitimacy........ 72 Notes ............. 77 IV. TACTICS AND STRATEGIES OF THE P L O ......................... 81 Pre-1967 War P h a s e .......... Post^19S7 War Phase; Guerrilla Warfare Phase • • • 87 The Rise of International Terrorism: Post-Jordanian War P h a s e ................... 99 Era of Respectihility: The Diplomacy Phase ............. Ill Post-Camp David Phase ........ 118 N o t e s ........................... 123 V. THE ISRAELI RESPONSE ............. 127 Strategy of Containment .... 127 iv Page Post-1967: Territorial Based Reprisal Policy .... 129 Post-Munich Massacre Period: Non-territorial Based Reprisals..................... 139 The Strategy of Containment in the Era of Diplomacy . 149 N o t e s ............................153 VI. THE PLO: SUPPORT NETWORK AND INTERNATIONAL LINKAGES ........ 156 T r a i n i n g ....................... 156 Financial Support ............ 158 Logistical Support .......... 159 Political Support ............. 160 Sanctuaries..................... 161 International Linkages .... 163 Reasons for the Support of . the PLO by the Arab, Moslem, and Third World Nations . 170 Notes ............. 17 6 VII. PALESTINIAN TERRORISM: ITS EFFECT ON THE ARAB WORLD .... 178 The Jordanian Civil War .... 180 The Lebanese Civil War .... 183 Egypt and Camp D a v i d ........... 188 N o t e s ............................194 VIII. CONCLUSION ....................... 196 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................... 208 APPENDICES............................. 214 LIST OF CHARTS CHART Page 1. Organizational Structure of the P L O ................... 68 2. The Palestine Liberation Army . 69 3. Terrorists Killed According to Organizational Affiliation . 98 4. Blechman's Military Event Types • * 135 5. Blechman's Categories Used to Group Reprisals ........... 135 VI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS figure Page -1. The United Nations Partition P l a n ........................... 28 2. The Arab Invasion of the State of I s r a e l ..................... 30 3. Territory seized by Israel in 1948 W a r .................... 32 '4. The Arab Refugees, 1948 ........ 33 5. Palestinian Distribution in the Middle E a s t ........... 42 6. Terrorist Activity Against Israel June 1967-December 1968 • 90 7. Jordan: A Base for Terrorism 1968-1971 101 8. Palestinian Terrorism Beyond Israel, 1969-1972 ............ 108 9. Palestinian Terrorism Beyond Israel, 1973 ................... 109 10. Israeli Security Measures and the Jordan Valley 1967-1970 • • 131 11. Terrorism Inside Israel: 1969-1972 141 12. Israeli Raids Against Terrorist Bases September-October 1972 . 143 13. Lebanon: A Base for Terror 1968-1973 147 14. World of Islam.................162 V l l • THE EFFECT OF PALESTINIAN TERRORISM ON THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT CHAPTER I POLITICAL TERRORISM: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Terrorism is not a new phenomenon. It has been utilized throughout history by criminals, military forces, political dissidents and governments. While terrorism for political purposes is nothing new, its applications and goals have changed and evolved to reflect the political, social, and technological climate of the post-World War II world. The utilization of political terrorism increased dramatically throughout the world during the past decade. Increasingly revolutionary groups have turned to terrorism as a means of achieving a particular goal. The primary reason for the pro­ liferation of terrorism in recent years is simple, recognition. By employing terrorism any small group of individuals can gain worldwide publicity for itself and its cause. A revo­ lutionary group is not a force to be reckoned with until it is recognized as such by the people and the government of the country against whom its actions are directed. A group which lacks either a strong base of support among the population or a popular cause to mobilize the population must resort to spectacular acts of violence in order to gain recognition. The belief that spectacular acts of violence will alienate the population is not always valid. One must remember that one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter.^ An act of extreme violence, such as the murder of Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics by Palestinian terrorists, may be condemned in the Western world; however, such acts are justifiable in the eyes of many Arab govern­ ments which support the Palestinian cause. The "terrorists" are regarded as heroes and martyrs by millions of supporters in the Arab world. The same is true of other groups, such as the supporters of the IRA or SWAPO causes, and support­ ers of the Iranian revolution. The "terrorists" are freedom fighters and their actions are justifiable acts of libera­ tion. In the past decade terrorists have been able to exert influence over nations and world leaders by confronting them with terrorism or the threat of terrorism. By perpetuating acts such as the kidnapping of former Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro and the seizure of the American Embassy in Iran, terrorists are able to hold hostage not only the individuals actually under their control, but also the headlines throughout the world. By employing terrorism little'known groups, such as the South Moluccans, are able to gain instant recognition for themselves and their cause. Advanced technology