SWITCH-Med SCP Policy Toolkit: Mainstreaming Sustainable Consumption and Production into Key Economic Sectors in the Mediterranean SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit Acknowledgments This toolkit has been produced by the Regional Activity Centre for Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP/RAC) of the Mediterranean Action Plan of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP/MAP),
Supervision and coordination Jelena Knezevic (Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism, Montenegro) Magali Outters and Dafne Mazo, Regional Activity Centre for Sustainable Consumption and Production Spyros Kouvelis (Senior Expert on Sustainable Development, Greece) Yuval Laster (Environmental Policy Division, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Israel) Technical support: Frank Lauwers Aure Adell and Bettina Schaefer, Ecoinstitut SCCL Planning Authority, Malta) Lamia Mansour (GFA Consulting Group, Lebanon) Contributors Sanda Midzic-Kurtagic (Centre for Environmentally Sustainable Development - Hydro-Engineering Institute, Bosnia and Herzegovina) SCP/RAC would like to thank the following people and organisations for their valuable input in the development of this toolkit, either by providing information or reviewing and sharing invaluable (Department for General Environmental Policies Directorate for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development, Ministry of Environmental and Nature Protection, Croatia) Anton Pizzuto (Cleaner Technology Centre, Malta) Hussein Abaza (Centre for Sustainable Development Solutions, Egypt) Marko Prem (Priority Actions Programme/Regional Activity Centre, Croatia) Ali Abo Sena (Egypt National Cleaner Production Centre, Egypt) Luc Reuter (Sustainable Consumption and Production Branch, Division of Technology, Industry and Lewis Akenji (Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Japan) Economics, United Nations Environment Programme) Sylvain Chevassus (Responsible Consumption and Production Board, Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Alessio Satta (Agenzia regionale Conservatoria delle Coste della Sardegna, Italy) Development and Energy, France) Burcu Tunçer (SWITCH-Asia Network Facility, Collaborating Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production, Germany) Pierre El Khoury (Lebanese Centre for Energy Conservation, Ministry of Energy and Water, Lebanon) Victor Vázquez (Andalusian Institute of Technology, Spain) Peter Fantke Frans Vespeek (SWITCH-Asia Network Facility, Collaborating Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Stefanos Fotiou Production, Germany) Anne Dominique Furphy (Andalusian Institute of Technology, Seville, Spain) Roland Weber (POPs Environmental Consulting, Germany) Alessandro Galli (Mediterranean MENA Program, Global Footprint Network, Switzerland) Amel Zouaoui (Centre National des Technologies de Production plus Propre, Algeria) Frederic Gallo (Regional Activity Centre for Sustainable Consumption and Production, Barcelona, Spain) Blanka Grahovac Guberina (Department for General Environmental Policies, Ministry of Environmental and Nature Protection, Croatia) Georgina Guillén (Collaborating Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production, Germany) Charalambos Hajipakkos (Department of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment, Cyprus) 2 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit Table of contents
2.4. What types of policies and instruments can promote SCP? 41 2.5. What life cycle stages are covered by SCP policies and instruments? 48
CHAPTER 1. Understanding CHAPTER 3. Mainstreaming SCP sustainable consumption into key economic sectors for and production 17 the mediterranean region 51
1.1. Why should policy makers integrate 3.1. How can SCP be mainstreamed an SCP approach when designing in the food and agriculture sector? 52 national and sectoral policies? 18 3.2. How can SCP be mainstreamed in the 1.2. Is SCP linked to other global consumer goods manufacturing sector? 54 environmental challenges? 22 3.3. How can SCP be mainstreamed 1.3. What are the key aspects of SCP? 24 in the tourism sector? 64
CHAPTER 2. Policy framework 3.4. How can SCP be mainstreamed in for SCP 31 the housing and construction sector? 75
2.1. How can SCP programmes 3.5. Building coordination mechanisms be developed? 32 to ensure the success of SCP policies and instruments 84 2.2. How can SCP be mainstreamed in key policies and plans? 37
2.3. How can SCP be measured and communicated? 38 4 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Portuguese Energy Agency FAO Food and Agriculture Organization Non-governmental organisation United Nations APA Portuguese Environment Agency GEF Global Environment Facility National Industrial Symbiosis United Nations Environment Programme Programme BAT Best available techniques GHG Greenhouse gas BEP Best environmental practices GIS Geographic information system OECD Organisation for Economic United Nations Development Co-operation and Development Programme BOD Biochemical oxygen demand GIZ German Organisation for Technical Cooperation PACT Protected Area Conservation Trust United Nations Industrial Development CAD Canadian dollars Organisation GPP Green public procurement National Nutrition and Health CEDRO Programme (France) USD United States dollar Renewable Energy ICZM Integrated coastal zone management POP Persistent organic pollutant WEEE Waste electrical and electronic Centre National des Technologies de IGES Institute for Global Environmental equipment Production plus Propre Strategies RE WTO World Trade Organisation CO2 Carbon dioxide ILO International Labour Organization RECP production 10YFP 10 Year Framework of Programmes CO2e Carbon dioxide equivalent International POPs Elimination Network Royal Society for the Conservation of CSR Corporate social responsibility IPP Integrated product policy Nature CSO Civil society organisation ISO International Standardization SCP Sustainable Consumption and Organization DTIE Division of technology, industry and Production economics LCA Life cycle assessment SCP/RAC Sustainable Consumption and EC European Commission LCC Life cycle costing Production Regional Activity Centre EEA European Environment Agency MAP Mediterranean Action Plan for SDS Sustainable development strategy the Barcelona Convention EF Ecological footprint SME Small and medium-size enterprise Middle East and North Africa EMS Environmental management scheme/ SPP Sustainable public procurement system MSC Marine Stewardship Council Egypt National Cleaner Production MSSD Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable Centre Development EPBD European Directive on Energy National action plan Performance of Buildings National Commission on Organic EU European Union Agriculture EUR Euros Renewable Energy Action 6 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
“The fundamental objective of SCP is to decouple economic growth from A framework environmental degradation. Achieving SCP patterns will sustain improvements in economic development and human welfare that we depend on, including for the SCP improvements in health and education. In other words, SCP aims at doing more and toolkit better with less – across the entire life cycle of products, while increasing quality of life for all. ‘More’ delivered in terms of goods and services, with ‘less’ impact in terms of resource use, environmental degradation, waste and pollution.” UNEP 2012: Global Outlook on SCP Policies
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The Mediterranean Region has seen rapid economic Development Organization (UNIDO), UNEP/MAP1 – to -SCP/RAC2 and UNEP-DTIE3 implement demonstration activities in each been accompanied by a serious depletion in natural interlinked components: a policy component, a country drawn from the SCP National Action resources and a widespread degradation of the demonstration component, and a networking Plans (NAPs) developed with governments the situation will continue to degrade and economic As mentioned above, one of the SWITCH-Med Programme’s main assignments is under the The SWITCH-Med Policy component aims at The aims at Policy Component which is mainstreaming SCP Development can be decoupled from environmental strengthening relevant environmental governance into key areas for sustainable development in the degradation and ‘sustainable consumption and sustainability and impact of the components of production’ (SCP) provides many of the tools to do extensive communication, networking, exchange a Regional Policy Component aiming at develop a regional SCP action plan and roadmap of lessons learned and encourages scaling-up of integrating SCP in the regional Mediterranean under the Barcelona Convention4 activities, while minding synergies with the sister policy and governance framework, and programmes, namely Switch-Asia and Switch- particularly in the Barcelona Convention In line with this approach, the SWITCH-Med for the protection of the Mediterranean The SWITCH-Med Demonstration component environment, through the development of an (EU), has been designed as a multi-component aims at implementing concrete actions tackling the barriers faced by key players responsible for the Figure 1 is about changing the way goods and services components: are produced and consumed so that human development, and the satisfaction of human needs, Sustainable production - MED TEST II5– supports industry, emerging green entrepreneurs, to stimulate the demand and supply of
civil society and policy makers through policy sustainable production services to industry; SUPPORTS development, demonstration activities and POLICY-MAKERS Green entrepreneurship and civil society empowerment – to promote the adoption REGIONAL POLICY NATIONAL POLICY of new green and socially inclusive business COMPONENT COMPONENT models, targeting start-ups and advocating SWITCH-Med is implemented through collaborative CONNECTS ALL STAKEHOLDERS sustainable consumption patterns and values VIA A NETWORKING FACILITY among consumers and civil society at broad;
1 EXCHANGE & SCALE UP & COMMUNICATE United Nations Environment Programme/Mediterranean Action Plan for the Barcelona Convention SYNERGIZE SUSTAIN IMPACT 2 Regional Activity Centre for Sustainable Consumption and Production (implementing actions related to the Barcelona Convention) – linked to UNEP/MAP IMPLEMENTS DEMO ACTIVITIES 3 Division of technology, industry and economics 4 Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean 5MED TEST: Transfer of Environmental Sound Technology in the South Mediterranean Region. It is a UNIDO green industry initia- DEMO COMPONENT: DEMO COMPONENT: DEMO COMPONENT: tive supported by the GEF, the Italian Government and the “Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean Large Marine Ecosystem” MED TEST GREEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP PILOT PROJECTS & CIVIL SOCIETY SUPPORTING SCP NAPS of UNEP/MAP. The Programme addresses land-based sources of pollution within priority industrial hot-spots of the Mediterranean Strategic Action Plan (SAP-MED). 10 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
SCP Action Plan for the Mediterranean, and an The importance of communicating the SCP how the instruments link to, and support, accompanying roadmap; and approach, measuring and communicating the implementation of the Barcelona results is underlined, together with some hints Convention, its protocols and regional plans a aiming at supporting countries in the development of The chapter ends by highlighting the importance This publication is divided into the following main categories of policy instruments used to SCP National Action Plans (SCP NAPs) in nine of coordinating stakeholders to enhance the chapters: integrate SCP in national planning processes Mediterranean countries (Algeria, Morocco, are presented to help raise understanding Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and to provide inspiration by showing what and Palestine), or mainstreaming SCP in is already at the disposal of government national plans and strategies (sustainable are provided The initial chapter summarises the main messages development strategies, green economy throughout all chapters of the that should be kept in mind at the start of any cycle’ perspective, explaining how SCP policy process seeking to mainstream SCP into national instruments need to cover each stage to really instruments, initiatives or projects from the The general objective of the SCP toolkit is to create an impact and to reverse unsustainable support those policy makers and representatives of to inspire and facilitate an understanding of both local and national administrations in Mediterranean countries, as well as all other interested stakeholders, though a thorough mapping process which had willing to learn more about the SCP approach and Understanding sustainable consumption to leave out some good examples just to keep the and production. This chapter helps the reader Mainstreaming SCP in key economic sectors document to a manageable length, however they understand why and how SCP has been gaining of the Mediterranean Region. This chapter are available at the SWITCH-Med online platform lessons learned which can help build national SCP focuses on food and agriculture, consumer frameworks and integrate them into national and also shows how SCP is integrated into the goods manufacturing, tourism, and housing Mediterranean policy agenda for environmental protection and sustainable development, This publication, adapted to the context and information for each sector: and how the approach could support a better priorities of the region complements the ’Planning are provided at the end of the implementation of existing commitments in main reasons for mainstreaming SCP for Change (P4C)’ methodology developed by toolkit for readers to further their knowledge UNEP to guide countries towards the development the environmental impact created along on mainstreaming SCP within country planning look at SCP, revealing its key principles and of national programmes on sustainable the sector’s life cycle underlining its contribution to topical issues such as climate change mitigation, poverty policies and instruments available for mainstreaming SCP, distinguishing the The SCP toolkit is not intended to be the only method instruments by type, and by the life for mainstreaming SCP but rather to propose the remember that this section puts forward certain instruments partly to inspire framework needs, and that can tackle all stages of the Policy framework for SCP. This chapter implemented all at the same time; every adapt the framework according to its own priorities reveals the main reasons for developing country can select those most appropriate national SCP programmes and provides to its own priorities, and then implement guidance on how it can be mainstreamed them step by step within an organisation’s planning process and activities (for policies already in place, key policy areas and stakeholders for mainstreaming SCP 12 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
A broad range of policies and instruments Acknowledging the importance of SCP, can be used to implement SCP. Policies, several countries both on the northern Food and agriculture, tourism, housing and strategies, programmes or action plans, and southern shores of the Mediterranean construction, and goods manufacturing are set the strategic vision for SCP in priority Sea have already developed strategies all important sectors of economic activity Over the last two decades sustainable and policies to promote SCP either as consumption and production (SCP) dedicated SCP programmes or in synergy development in the region. SCP policies in can be grouped into four categories: policies have gained a central role on the with sustainable development, green these areas should therefore be prioritised regulatory instruments (command and road towards sustainable development, as to ensure development is sustainable and control mechanisms), economic instruments recognised by world leaders in the World within the carrying capacity of the region, Summits in Rio (1992), Johannesburg instruments (enabling informed choices) and (2002), and Rio +20 (2012) where the 10- Mainstreaming SCP refers to the systematic voluntary or procedural instruments (action Year Framework of Programmes (10YFP) on integration of the SCP perspective into all levels Sustainable Consumption and Production of policy planning and implementation, both To measure and communicate SCP for policies already in place as well as those issues, governments can use a wide variety of the production-consumption life cycle of indicators, according to their own SCP- of SCP goals in economic development and growth strategies is especially important for In the Mediterranean Region, the SCP policies is to deploy a well- The "ecological footprint" can be Convention for the Protection of the coordinated package of instruments Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution Key SCP principles are: (i) the need to It can help to identify the size of the (Barcelona Convention), adopted in 1976, address not only environmental concerns Multi-stakeholder involvement and biologically productive area needed to constitutes a unique regional policy umbrella but also key economic and social challenges; coordination with other policy areas, produce all resources and services for for environmental protection and sustainable (ii) the decoupling of economic growth from economic activity and consumption of a environmental degradation (improving ministries, is necessary to make given population, and to absorb the waste recognise the importance of switching to more sustainable patterns and since of quality of life and well-being (alleviating 2005 many actions have been developed poverty and promoting sustainable lifestyles); (iv) the application of life cycle Multi-stakeholder involvement, thinking to minimise impacts in all stages of the Contracting Parties requested the the active participation and collaboration There is a broad range of good practices the production and consumption process of all relevant stakeholders in SCP policy and lessons learned in SCP policy (reducing the use, or promoting sound SCP Action Plan to address the region’s development and implementation, requires: implementation, both inside and out of the alternatives to, harmful chemicals and common priorities for sustainable Mediterranean Region, which can become improving waste management and recycling); development, and to identify SCP tools to particularly for the private sector, with a a source of inspiration and be adapted or (v) the active involvement of stakeholders at special emphasis on the crucial role of SMEs; all levels of government, the private sector, and the empowerment of civil society in academia and civil society organisations; and one form or another as a partner for raising awareness about adopting more sustainable lifestyles and consumption patterns at 14
SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
1. Understanding sustainable consumption and production
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and, where appropriate, delinking economic growth and environmental degradation through improving and production processes and reducing resource degradation, pollution and waste” inform and support the development of those 10- year programmes, a global consultation, exchange and action process was launched, the Marrakech At the World Summit Rio +20 of 2012, the need SCP – an approach recognised to change the unsustainable way societies by world leaders the three overarching objectives for sustainable governments should renew their commitment to Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Brazil, world leaders from all societal sectors Consumption and Production Patterns (10YFP) (UN, acknowledged that: “[…] the major cause of the continued deterioration of the global environment through the Marrakech Process and provides the is the unsustainable pattern of consumption basis for developing SCP programmes with an initial and production, particularly in industrialised countries, which is a matter of grave concern, aggravating poverty and imbalances” They proclaimed that: “To achieve sustainable development and a higher quality of life for all people, States should reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production and consumption and promote appropriate demographic policies” Initial programmes within Ten years later, in the World Summit for Sustainable the 10YFP Development in Johannesburg (2002), leaders Consumer information Sustainable lifestyles and education three “overarching objectives of, and essential Sustainable public procurement requirements for, sustainable development” (UN, Sustainable buildings and construction encourages nations to develop “a 10-year framework Sustainable tourism, including ecotourism sustainable consumption and production to promote social and economic development within the carrying capacity of ecosystems by addressing 18 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
These global measures and commitments SCP, an approach integrated Milestones for the recognition of SCP by the have further reinforced the importance of Barcelona Convention Contracting Parties In 2008, Arab countries, aware of the importance SCP as a necessary step toward achieving into the Mediterranean policy 2012 they adopted the Arab 10YFP on SCP with 2005 the aim: “to promote the concept of sustainable framework for sustainable Approval of the Mediterranean Strategy for Sustainable to holistic SCP approaches, where not only consumption and production in the Arab region Development (MSSD) which establishes SCP as a major development cross-cutting objective to attain sustainable development clean production strategies are encouraged through encouraging the utilisation of products but special focus is put on the importance of and services that ensure environmental protection, 2008 conserve water and energy as well as other The main policy umbrella for environmental 1st Mediterranean Roundtable on SCP organised the public sector, private organisations, civil natural resources, while contributing to poverty by SCP/RAC protection and sustainable development in the society organisations and individuals, to adopt Mediterranean Region is the MAP (Mediterranean 2009 more sustainable production and consumption Action Plan) adopted in 1975 and whose legal Source: framework comprises: the Barcelona Convention of MAP’s Five-Year Programme 2010-2014 and the fr/c/14-scp-west-asia/d/scp-west-asia/24-arab- adopted in 1976 and revised in 1995, and six 2nd Programme of Work on SCP 2010-2011 Protocols to ensure its application (SCP/RAC, 2011 The growing global consumer class having ever higher levels of income makes sustainable lifestyles Barcelona Convention is to prevent, abate and Strengthening SCP actions is requested in the 14th meeting of the Mediterranean Commission for combat pollution of the Mediterranean Sea and to Sustainable Development Sectors such as food and agriculture, consumer protect and improve the marine environment in the goods manufacturing, tourism, and housing and 2012 Approval of the 3rd Programme of Work on SCP 2012- 6 The 22 Contracting Parties of the Convention recognise the importance of switching to more Barcelona Convention to “support, at Mediterranean sustainable patterns of production and consumption level, capacity building and other activities associated with green economy as means to achieve sustainable development, such as the promotion of are progressively integrating SCP within the regular sustainable production and consumption patterns” implementation programmes of the Convention, renewed European Sustainable Development 2013 The Contracting Parties requested the preparation of presented its Sustainable Consumption and many actions have been developed through the Production and Sustainable Industrial Policy main programmes for regional cooperation to the region’s common priorities for sustainable Action Plan in 2008, which was adopted by the raise awareness about SCP and to provide capacity implement the obligations under the Barcelona building and technical assistance to the countries of The Istanbul Declaration adopted at the 18th Conference of Parties states the need for the Contracting Parties to towards sustainable consumption and production patterns by adopting an Action Plan on SCP, which is in line with the commitments adopted at Rio+20 and which aims to reduce the impacts of human activities in the 6 The Contracting Parties are: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, European Union, Egypt, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Slovenia, Spain, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey. 20 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
The Barcelona Convention, protocols and regional energy conservation applications in commercial and SCP increasing resource plans, include many commitments, objectives and residential buildings, zero- or low-emission buildings, measures, which require the application of SCP low-carbon transport alternatives, and improvement One of SCP’s objectives is to more information on how SCP instruments, used in in separated waste collections to increase recycling decouple economic growth from key economic sectors, contribute to the achievement SCP tackling climate change terms of ecosystems degradation For example, the ICZM (Integrated Coastal Zone and pollution (to do more, while polluting Management) Protocol aims to ensure “the less) and also in terms of the use of resources (to sustainable management and use of coastal zones, the Mediterranean basin is SCP towards alleviating poverty taking into account at the same time the fragility of Elements that characterise poverty coastal ecosystems and landscapes, the diversity of include, among others, limited an estimated rise in temperature of By using SCP instruments, governments can activities and uses, their interactions, the maritime economic resources, reduced 2-4ºC, a decline in rainfall of 4-30%, encourage companies to devise and produce orientation of certain activities and uses and their access to healthcare, illiteracy and and an increase in sea level of 18-59cm (Plan products and services that require a lower input impact on both the marine and land parts” (ICZM under-education or sub-standard living conditions due to a lack of basic services (running water, sewage systems, transport, Given the diversity and interdependence of waste management regulations can make availability of quality water which will lead to recycling more advantageous for companies, coastal zones and the commitment in the Protocol promoting closed-loop models and thus reducing SCP cannot tackle all poverty factors but can help (Article 9) to minimise the use of natural resources, There may also be an increase in extreme events the need for natural resources; to prevent pollution and coastal zones degradation to alleviate some of them as it aims to improve both to encourage industry or to promote good practices among all relevant associated economic risks and loss in human lives to adapt to stricter environmental regulations, stakeholders (public authorities, economic actors For example, many SCP measures promote access and non-governmental organizations) among to clean water, improve waste management, and others, the SCP approach is a better approach for sustainable low-carbon economy that cannot only reduce exposure to harmful substances (for example tackling coastal zone sustainability than a more mitigate climate change but is also economically by regulating the use and disposal of chemicals, or by the substitution of hazardous chemicals reduces viable, socially just, and based on the principles of substituting hazardous chemicals with more benign the risks during the use and recycling phases and facilitates the design of products made from At the national level, several countries, both in the substances), reducing health risks for the most recycled materials; northern and southern shore of the Mediterranean to the sustainable management and restoration Sea, had already developed strategies or policies to carbon taxes can foster the implementation of of ecosystems which is crucial to guarantee the promote SCP, either dedicated policies (like Croatia), As far as manufacturing is concerned, businesses measures that lead to the consumption of less availability of, and access to, natural resources, on within sustainable development strategies (in energy, stimulate the use of renewable energy Cyprus, Italy, Malta, Spain), or within green growth/ adopting less polluting solutions (cleaner and therefore decrease the use of non-renewable green economy strategies (as in Israel - see Case 3, technologies and green chemistry), applying more energy; and sustainable agriculture and forestry practices, using more renewable materials and energy and droughts which cause greater damage in poor market incentives, including subsidies and public recycled materials, like plastic and steel, and can awareness campaigns can, for example, be used to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 80-95% safer working conditions especially in sectors with encourage households, the public sector and the private sector to replace faucets and toilets with consumption side, some SCP options include better 22 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Life cycle thinking at the core supports both the green growth and the green actively involving all stakeholders from public bodies to the private sector, research institutions and society at SCP promoting sustainable The importance of the SCP approach stems large environmental and social impacts that a product, from its holistic perspective and cross-cutting for goods and services and to reduce the service or solution causes at each stage of its life lifestyles negative impacts of both production and cycle, from the extraction of raw materials, to their environmental and social problems focusing consumption in an integrated manner; and processing, design and production/manufacture, Growth in material wealth and through distribution, use/re-use or delivery to end- global population leads to rising , of-life disposal (see consumption levels which, in turn, or on individual sectors or stakeholders, have not lead to the decline in global resources resulting increases in unsustainable and increase in CO2 change is expected to result in a further In order to be more successful in attaining sustainable increase in social inequality within and between development, the SCP approach integrates the following key principles (adapted from UNEP, 2008 losses due to natural catastrophes have already and EIONET, 2010): Figure 2 increased rapidly over the last decade (Rijnhout and Lorek, 2012) and have destroyed property on a large addressing key economic and social interest in together combatting climate change and challenges including meeting basic needs, Extraction of unemployment, improving the quality raw materials Incineration of life and human well-being (alleviating and disposal poverty and promoting sustainable Design and towards the promotion of sustainable and healthy lifestyles); lifestyles both at individual and at community production level, by promoting good practices, scaling-up decoupling economic development Recovery successful local initiatives, social innovation and from environmental pressure, to avoid increasing environmental degradation or Recycling humanistic and probably also the most promising Reuse and materials/components compromising opportunities for future recycling approach in combatting the degradation of generations; ecosystem services (including climate) which will Packaging and Reuse distribution eventually also destroy the wealth of societies that applying life cycle thinking – considering all the impacts that frameworks that promote long-term decision- occur during the life cycle of the making, sound management of the commons, and Use and consumption-production chain. As maintenance civil society participation, both at local and national we live and operate in inter-connected levels, is crucial for changing behaviour towards systems, what happens in one system focus on material wealth towards one on well-being 24 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Using a life cycle perspective can broaden the The importance of analysis of consumption and production, providing “Life cycle thinking is increasingly fundamental socially rewarding by means of social recognition greater understanding of the inter-linkages of any in the development of key environmental policies multi-stakeholder involvement around the world. In the European Union, life cycle this implies also involving small and medium-size thinking is at the heart of a growing number of enterprises (SMEs) as they are a crucial part of the ensure that policies in one area do not stress or have policies and instruments in areas such as: For the successful implementation of the SCP productive sector and an important contributor to Integrated Product Policy, the Sustainable perspective, governments cannot act on their own but need the active participation and collaboration Consumption and Production, and Sustainable Society, either organised through civil society Life cycle thinking helps to identify which stage of all relevant stakeholders (across government Industrial Policy Action Plan, Green Public organisations (CSOs) or as individual citizens should requires intervention to achieve the greatest departments and agencies at all levels, including Procurement, EU Ecolabel, EU Eco-Management also be involved as they can play an important role in improvement in sustainability without causing a and Audit Scheme, Ecodesign, Retail Forum businesses and society in general) both in policy increasing awareness, and adopting and promoting development and its implementation (see Waste –life cycle thinking is now a term in the Waste instruments for sustainable consumption and Framework Directive, used to help determine the empower citizens as partners in the promotion and energy improvement increases water consumption), stakeholders, including the private sector, should see options. Life cycle thinking is also central to the Thematic Strategy on the Prevention and Recycling of Waste, and the Thematic Strategy on the At policy level, the life cycle perspective goes beyond Sustainable Use of Natural Resources. Figure 3 Eco-innovation and the EU Environmental from an environmental and social point of view, Technologies Action Plan (ETAP) Outside of the European Union, Canada is among Universities & National & the growing number of countries that has also Local Public change in the solutions provided for people and Research Institutions Scientific applied this approach where life cycle thinking Administrations organisations, as well as a change in societal values research has helped develop policies on ecolabelling, packaging, waste reduction and toxic substance mistakes industrial countries made (and which are management. It has also been used in both New Innovation in Stakeholders the cause of many sustainability challenges) can be Zealand and Japan, including for ecolabelling, products, Involvement: services & and in Australia for public procurement. In the solutions ' ! ! ategies & SCP awareness solutions and attitudes and ultimately ensuring a United States, the Low-Carbon Fuel Standard sectoral policies raising and ' !&ation of environmental & promotion of of California and the Environmental Protection social concerns sustainable Agency’s Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives Regulatory & ' articipation in voluntary lifestyles Economic agreements & other instruments builds on life cycle assessment. The Norwegian Instruments Ministry of the Environment has used life cycle thinking in setting up Green in Practice , a foundation promoting SCP.” Provide/Demand sustainable practices, goods Civil Society & services Businesses Organisations & Citizens
R+D+I / PRODUCERS OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES: CONSUMERS OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES: Life Cycle Analysis, Eco-Design, environmental certification Sustainable Public and Private Procurement, Supply chain 26 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Case 1: Case 2: ‘Le Grenelle Environnement’, an extensive multi-party consultation process for ecological sustainable of a Sustainable Public Procurement action plan in Lebanon development action in France In 2010, the Lebanese Government joined the project Capacity Building for Sustainable Public The Grenelle Environment was a multi-party consultation process launched in July Procurement (SPP) in Developing Countries, led by the Marrakech Task Force on SPP, and UNEP, The Ministry of Finance requested UNEP to join the project given the priority it had to modernise authorities, the private sector, unions and NGOs, in order to agree on actions to be the country’s public procurement framework, the importance of SPP in support of that, and the Ministry’s previous experience in a project of the Lebanese Centre for Energy Conservation on groups) were established to discuss and elaborate possible actions – one of these groups focused In order to have a clear picture of the situation in the country (current status of SPP in the government, exchange the results of the working groups were published and an open, nationwide consultation process began through regional meetings, internet fora and Parliamentary debates, in which more was in charge of providing support to the Ministry of Finance for the preliminary analysis and for At the beginning, the committee comprised a small group consisting of the Ministry of Finance, unanimity in October 2008, which transformed the commitments into operational programmes Reform, Libnor (the national organism for norms and standards), and the Lebanese Centre for Furthermore, in order to follow up and contribute to the implementation of the results of the process a council was established from the beginning of the Grenelle which was institutionalised important in order to: 1) include the environmental and socio-economic dimension of sustainability; 2) be able to coordinate the government demands for more sustainable products and services (the Grenelle, but with additional participation from civil society with representatives covering the consumption in SCP) with the ability to produce or supply them (the production in SCP); and 3) issues of family, consumer protection, solidarity, social inclusion, youth and development aid,
Source: Source:
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. Policy framework for SCP
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enough to really reverse the national trends related Governments have already put in place a range To acknowledge the importance of SCP in achieving of policies, instruments and initiatives to make sustainability and involving all stakeholders, consumption and production patterns more especially within the government, many sustainable, covering: recycling, eco-labelling, countries have decided to develop dedicated SCP awareness-raising campaigns, eco-taxation, programmes or to explicitly address SCP within
Top reasons for developing a national SCP programme
SCP is essential for sustainable development SCP integrates supply (production) and demand-side (consumption) activities in coherent market strategies SCP uses life cycle thinking to ensure that problems are not pushed into other phases of the life cycle SCP seeks ’win-win’ outcomes through a multi-stakeholder setting organisations) SCP targets business and industry – key players in achieving sustainable development SCP initiatives can create jobs and investment and encourage social and business innovation
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To develop SCP programmes, UNEP proposes an summarised in Figure 4 and follows the common: SCP programme development process (detailed Plan, Do, Act, Check approach. SCP should be Case 3: embedded or integrated in the planning and National Green Growth Plan, 2012-2020 for Israel decision-making process and not developed as a country interested in developing such integrated
In 2011, the Government of Israel launched a process to develop a National signing the OECD Declaration on Green Growth in 2009 and becoming a full Figure 4 The process was put forward by two ministries, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Labour, and organised Step EstEstablablishish advadvisoryisory group recommendations for a national plan for green growth; 2) cooperate on the implementation of the 1 Conduct scopingoping review 2 Plan tegies 3 Set iinstitutionalnstitutional fraameworkmework a based on regulatory, economic, information and implementation instruments in three areas: green 4 SSelectelect prpriorityiority areas onsult DDefineefine objectives & set targgetets discourse on green growth and highlighted its inherent economic, social and environmental 5 Develop 6 Select ppoliciesolicies & instrumentinstrumentss The six main levers of the plan are:
Integrated green licensing 7 Offiicialcial aprovaprovalal of programmammee Communicate & c Green growth knowledge centre IImplementmplement prprogrogramme te in / link to new or existing str Implement
8 ra Green innovation Green employment 9 Documentocument,, monitormonitor & evaluate Integ Green consumption
Green procurement 10 Sustaainin & improvimprove Monitor
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To actually mainstream SCP, governments need to consider how the SCP perspective can be integrated Case 4: into regular planning and implementation activities, SCP programme for Cairo (Egypt) either with policies already in place, with policies under development, and/or when policies are being In 2008, the city of Cairo published the SCP SCP goals are included in development strategies Programme for Cairo, a document produced What is mainstreaming? (including economic and growth strategies) to within the framework of the African 10YFP on Mainstreaming SCP means to systematically At the micro level, projects and initiatives can also integrate the SCP perspective and measures be designed and deployed fully integrating the SCP into all levels of policy planning and The SCP programme was prepared following approach in a participatory way, actively engaging all implementation to ensure that SCP is within the development process proposed by UNEP relevant stakeholders including both private sector the organisation’s practices and culture and built on an existing political and strategic cc by: Ernie Reyes solution which is why UNEP proposes a framework The main objectives of the SCP programme were to: raise awareness on SCP by involving key actors Figure 5 prepare a local SCP programme focusing on applicable activities in four priority areas (solid waste management, industrial development, urban development (with focus on slums) and transport) Finding the entry points and Mainstreaming SCP into policy Meeting the implementation making the case for SCP processes challenge Component
Understand the governmental, political, Develop detailed country-specific Integrate SCP into the national 1 institutional social and economic contexts 1 evidence on SCP priority areas 1 monitoring system Identify SCP and RE priority areas Engage with government to influence Cost, budget for and finance individual Source: 2 and opportunities 2 policy processes 2 SCP and RE measures 3 Assess institutional and capacity needs Develop and estimate costs of SCP Support implementation of policy Actions 3 policy measures 3 measures at national, subnational Identify champions, raise awareness and sectoral levels 4 and build partnerships 4 Strengthen capacity within institutions Further strengthen institutional capacity Set up working mechanisms for 4 to ensure sustained mainstreaming 5 sustainable mainstreaming
Sound basis and context for i. mainstreaming SCP Integration of SCP into ongoing Implementation of SCP i. policy processes based on i. mainstreaming measures Understanding of the context country-specific evidence ii. related to SCP Building of systems to
Outcome Capacity-building to support support ongoing mainstreaming Initiation of the process of ii. the mainstreaming process ii. of SCP iii. engaging stakeholders
Source: Adapted from Cohen et al. 36 37 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
SCP mainstreaming and integration within Case 5: the national policy framework can be strengthened by (UNEP, 2012b): Set of SCP indicators from Thailand - minimising message fragmentation caused by the proliferation of diverse action To be able to communicate the SCP approach and The Government of Thailand includes a set of SCP indicators within its Environmental Quality Plan plans that could blur the focus of attention achieved results to support mainstreaming SCP, 2012-2016, that are as follows (and which include some indicators already in place in the country): and weaken the momentum countries need to have monitoring mechanisms - having in place monitoring mechanisms in track progress and results, but also to evaluate order to enable evidence-based policy review for the consolidation of SCP and removal of improve accountability and to identify areas that communication strategies for all stakeholders to strengthen evaluating policies and programmes (peer review, the momentum and interest performance indicators - resourcing and building capacity (human are among the most useful ones to measure the resources, skills, tools, networks) to sustain impact, or lack thereof, of these programmes policy implementation and communicate the achieved sustainability But also: As governments have in place a wide range of - promoting integrated policy-making for sustainable development approach to establish a set of SCP indicators is to - assessing implementation and proposing choose indicators already in place or select new ones that are also useful to measure results from corrective measures existing policies (be they overarching sustainable development, poverty eradication and/or growth Having a dedicated SCP programme is not per se strategies or sectorial policies on waste, coastal zone a guarantee that SCP is going to be mainstreamed for the opposite, not having a dedicated policy To select and communicate SCP-related results, does not mean that SCP cannot be mainstreamed countries need to understand what SCP means in SCP approach needs to be an integral part of the indicators will be done within that framework and strategy exists, the establishment of a set of SCP performance indicators will help mainstreaming 38 39 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
programmes, action plans – that set the main lines of action or strategic vision along with objectives, Case 6: targets, performance indicators and monitoring The ecological footprint as an overarching SCP indicator requirements and that include the instruments that will be deployed to deliver the policy and The ecological footprint (EF) is an indicator that helps to understand the environmental consequences achieve the set goals (SWITCH-Asia Network of activities and impacts that are more typically evaluated independently, such as CO2 emissions, Governments have at their disposal a range of policy et al., 2013), and 2) integrating them into a simple, consumption and production patterns (see Figure ‘Instruments’ are the set of practical techniques by which governmental authorities support The ecological footprint measures how much biologically productive land and sea area an individual, and create the necessary changes to achieve population or activity requires to produce all the resources and services it consumes, and to absorb bodies, universities, schools and the society (including civil society organisations and citizens) As trade is global, the ecological footprint includes the productive land and sea from all over the world as illustrated in the ecological footprint associated with a country’s total consumption is approach, the most widely applied categories are calculated by summing the footprint of its production and imports and subtracting the footprint ‘Policies’ (Heiskanen, 2009): levels of policy making – including strategies, is manufactured in Spain, but sold and used in Syria, will contribute to Syria’s, rather than Spain’s, Figure 7 Figure 6 POLICIES
EFC EFP EFI - EFE TEGIC VISION =+( ( RA ST Ecological Footprint of Comsuption Ecological Footprint of Production Net Ecological Footprint of Trade
The Ecological Footprint of consumption The Ecological Footprint of production The Ecological Footprint of imports and indicates the consumption of biocapacity by indicates the consumption of biocapacity exports indicate the use of biocapacity a country’s inhabitants. resulting from production processes within international trade. within a given geographic area, such as a In order to assess the total domestic demand for country or region. Embedded in trade between countries is a use Voluntary resources and ecological services of a popula- of biocapacity, the net Ecological Footprint of tion, we use the Ecological Footprint of cosum- It is the sum of all the bioproductive areas within trade (the Ecological Footprint of imports TION Regulatory Economic Communicative or Procedural tion (EFc). EFc accounts for both the export of a country necessary for supporting the actual minus the Ecological Footprint of exports). If national resources and ecological services for harvest of primary products (cropland, pasture the Ecological Footprint embodied in exports is TA Instruments Instruments Instruments Instruments use in other countries, and the import of land, forestland and fishing grounds), the higher than that of imports, then a country is a resources and ecological services for domestic country’s built-up area (roads, factories, cities), net exporter of renewable resources and Action consumption. and the area needed to absorb all fossil fuel ecological services. Command Financial Enabling carbon emissions generated within the country. EFc is most amenable to change by individuals Conversely, a country whose Footprint of through societal through changes in their cosumption behavior. This measure mirrors the gross domestic imports is higher than that embodied in exports and control incentives informed choices product (GDP), which represents the sum of depends on the renewable resources and self-regulation the values of all goods and services produced ecological services generated by ecological within a country’s borders. assets from outside its geographical boundaries. TICAL IMPLEMEN PRAC Source: Galli et al. 40 41 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Regulatory instruments: , force change and oblige the Case 7: addressees (citizens or organisations) to comply with the government rules, in Regulation for the procurement of healthy and organic food in schools in Italy For SCP, examples include substance bans, emissions limits, production process Economic instruments: make certain behaviours The improvement of school meals in Italy began in 1987 when the National Institute of Nutrition to behave both in their own interest and in the interest of the environment by, for inclusion in the National Budget Law for 2000 (Law nº 488 of December 1999 on the Provisions for include energy taxes, tax exemptions for green technologies, subsidies or loans, “To guarantee the promotion of organic and of quality agricultural production, public institutions 2 tradable that operate school and hospital canteens will provide in the daily diet the use of organic, typical and traditional products as well as those from denominated areas, taking into account the guidelines and other recommendations of the National Institute of Nutrition Communicative instruments: Other regulations for quality food for children, together with regional laws for the promotion of organic target audience via the transfer of knowledge, information and persuasion so that school canteens (which included economic instruments), and pioneer experiences in many local they can make better informed choices – avoiding less sustainable options in favour authorities in Italy, have been key for the extension of organic food in the school system throughout to function as substitutes for other policy tools, but should rather be regarded as canteens and meals including (entirely or partly) organic products increased remarkably, as presented communication campaigns, disclosure of information about product or producer Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Voluntary or procedural instruments: School canteens (n) 69 97 103 110 199 342 522 561 608 647 658 683 791 Meals (n*000) 24 33 141 146 267 443 654 785 806 839 896 924 983 unilateral commitments, private agreements, negotiated agreements and voluntary Figure 8. Organic school canteens and organic daily school meals in Italy, 1996-2008 corporate social responsibility, setting of voluntary targets for product improvements The school meal information service of the Region of Emilia Romagna calculated that organic school meals cost an extra 7-10% on the basic cost of a meal (considering that organic food may cost 25-30% more than conventional foods, and that the cost of food represents about 25-33% of Given that in Italy receiving a meal at school is considered a child’s right and school lunch is part
Source: Grandi et al. 42 43 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Case 8: Case 9: Carbon tax in British Colombia (Canada) Communication instruments to manage water scarcity in Catalonia (Spain)
the revenues obtained with the carbon tax are used to reduce other taxes – in 2005 and 2007, the Catalan Government (Catalonia, Spain) approved the drought decrees 93/2005 mainly income taxes (personal and corporate), as well as targeted tax relief and 84/2007, and a Parliamentary motion 21/VIII which included several water saving communication for vulnerable households and communities – so that there is no overall campaigns and instruments targeted at citizens in order to mobilise the whole society, especially The carbon tax, or tax on the use of carbon-based fuels, imposes a fee to the price of each fossil fuel The Decree 84/2007 strengthened the previous decree in terms of communication instruments covers almost all fossil fuels used in the province – gasoline, diesel, propane, natural gas, and coal – foreseen included: – edicts and local announcements by municipalities banning activities and imposing The tax was initially set at Canadian $10/tonne of CO2e and rise annually by $ 5 until it reached $ 30/ penalties gardens or washing vehicles by hosepipe), to cut most water using activities; In the four years since the tax was introduced, British Colombia’s per capita consumption of fuels – fortnightly or weekly press conferences by the government about water reserves and rainfall levels (and dissemination via the water agency website) in order to make society aware The Parliamentary motion included: – several informative campaigns from February 2007 to July 2008 consisting of announcements on the need to save water; Based on a review of the available evidence, British Colombia’s experience mirrors previous reduction in fossil fuel use per capita, with no increase in overall taxation and no overall adverse
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– several announcements on the activities carried out during that period by the Government to manage water, to maximise transparency and legitimise demands by leading by example; Case 10: – a water-saving campaign, Install Me! Each Drop Counts, designed by the Department of National Industrial Symbiosis Programme, United Kingdom the Presidency, the Department of Environment and the Catalan Government’s Water Agency The National Industry Symbiosis Programme (NISP) of the UK is a voluntary initiative which brings together traditionally separate industries and organisations from all business sectors with the aim of improving by public bodies, and instructions on how to install the devices and how to identify hardware The programme started in 2003 as a pilot scheme in three UK regions and their proven success convinced the Government of the need to roll it out across all nine English regions, by providing £ 27 underused or undervalued resources (including energy, waste, water and logistics) are brought into NISP members comprise micro, small and medium-size businesses and multinational/corporate One of the reasons for the programme’s success is that even though it is a national programme, its implementation is conducted and supported by a local delivery structure that is knowledgeable and with clear The transparency of government actions through regular press conferences (including the and economic agendas that enables the need to bring water from France by cargo ship), and the response from the media covering the situation as prime news during the whole drought period, were key to the success of the Overall NISP has provided a robust evidence base to support the role of industrial symbiosis in helping businesses improve the NISP Network has provided very positive
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more sustainable production and consumption Extraction of natural resources: Acquisition and use: Policies and Policies and instruments relevant related instruments having a direct stage, the type of stakeholders and their degree to this life cycle stage are those focused on minimising environmental private consumers, policies aimed at sector as producers of products and providers of and social impacts from the extraction, use and changing or adjusting the framework conditions, services (direct and indirect supply chain), or all as well as policies promoting sustainable actors (public sector, private sector and citizens) policies include national raw material strategies, From an SCP perspective, policies and renewable material strategies, water management policies, green/sustainable public procurement (GPP/SPP) policies, consumer campaigns, and The stages and main targeted actors are summarised product/service life cycle in order to promote Manufacturing: Policies aimed at greening production processes and End-of-useful-life management: Figure 9 promoting environmental technologies, Policies aimed at waste prevention it includes policies to promote the and promoting sustainable waste application of cleaner production, the use of environmental management systems in business, Producers of products & services Public & private consumers the greening of supply chains, corporate social responsibility, environmental accounting and Regulatory and economic measures are commonly Extraction of Manufacturing Provision Acquisition End-of-useful-life reporting as well as environmental technologies, employed for this life cycle stage to ensure that natural (production of goods & use management resources processes) & services (lifestyles)
Provision of goods and services: Policies and related policy instruments focused on promoting the design, supply and sale of greener/more Focus on: Focus on: Focus on: Focus on: Focus on: sustainable cleaner and design, supply informing and waste prevention Examples include integrated product policy extraction, use resource-efficient and/or sale of guiding households and sustainable (IPP) strategies, eco-design policies, ecolabel and management production. more sustainable and public con- waste management programmes, policies addressing the retail sector of raw materials. products and sumers towards to achieve services. sustainable close-loop patterns. production models.
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In order to conserve/restore the productive capacity of the sea, actions have to be taken along . Mainstreaming SCP into key economic sectors for the Mediterranean products, which would encourage companies to implement those measures, by: Region - conducting awareness-raising campaigns for the general public and targeting stakeholders (communication instrument) - establishing agreements with local markets and other retailers to encourage This way, a framework is established comprising a package of instruments and responsibilities that
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A recent application of the ecological footprint for the Mediterranean Region (Galli et al., 2012) found that during the period 1961-2008, the per capita “The State of Environment and Development in the ecological footprint of an average resident grew by Mediterranean” 2009 report highlighted the food, 7) while per tourism, transport and manufacturing sectors as being relevant areas of economic activity for the sustainable development of the region (UNEP/ about 73% of the region’s demand (its ecological footprint of consumption for renewable resources and ecological services) in 1961, by 2008 only 40% Implementing Policies to Enhance the Productivity of the region’s footprint of consumption was met of Natural Assets”, from the World Bank, highlights by over-consumption of local resources and/or contributors to the vulnerability of Southern and resources imported from outside Mediterranean Eastern Mediterranean Countries to environmental boundaries (see The analysis helped to identify the three areas SCP actions and policies in these areas should contributing the most to the ecological footprint
Figure 10
Ecological Footprint of consumption Ecological Footprint of production Biocapacity Global hectares per capita
Source: Galli et al.
7 Global hectares. 52 53 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
use of Mediterranean resources and services and Environmental impacts created bring sustainable development within the carrying along the life cycle Agriculture is the main cause for non-point source - In the eastern Mediterranean Region 19 - 25 % This chapter focuses on the following key pollution8 of diseases are linked to environmental factors sectors: food and agriculture, consumer goods cost of damage to manufacturing, tourism, and housing and resource consumption is explained, at least in part, health and quality of life due to environmental construction. It introduces key instruments for mainstreaming SCP in the sectors to improve Main reasons for - Predominant agricultural irrigation practices are mainstreaming SCP - Key environmental impacts from the food under the Barcelona Convention for a Sustainable drawing heavily on existing water resources in the processing industry include a high freshwater Development of the Mediterranean Coastal and There are four main justifications for demand both as an input and for cleaning mainstreaming SCP into the food and and therefore also of the Mediterranean which has decreased by 20 % during purposes; the generation of wastewater with an For each of the four sectors the chapter includes: excessive organic load; and excessive plastic Globally, agriculture, including croplands, that by the year 2025, 8 of the 12 southern and eastern packaging - main reasons for mainstreaming SCP pastures and forests, accounts for 60% of land, Mediterranean countries could be consuming more - Changes in food consumption patterns in the - environmental impacts created along the life cycle uses 70% of freshwater resources and has a water than they have available in their renewable southern and eastern Mediterranean Region have - policies and instruments for mainstreaming SCP led to an increase in the intake of calories and fat also leading to seawater intrusion and water and by the local people and to a - key policy areas and stakeholders for land salinisation foods to more ‘western’ types of foods (Musaiger, mainstreaming SCP processing, is vital for food security and employs - The overuse of chemical fertilisation is a major - linkages between SCP policies and instruments a large segment of the population, especially factor in soil and water, with nutrient ‘over- European countries and has become the second and the Barcelona Convention enrichment’ (of nitrates and phosphates) leading to nitrate polluted aquifers and to eutrophication - examples of SCP policies and instruments being implemented of bodies of water due to harmful algae blooms To satisfy the demand of a growing and Mediterranean has increased from 15 % in 1991 to richer population with changing dietary - Pesticides are inherently toxic to living organisms 60 % in 2006, The list of SCP policies and instruments included habits (as exhibited by a decline of the including humans (Sanborn et al., 2004; 2007; Bassil and top predators with key roles in the trophic for each key sector is neither exhaustive nor traditional Mediterranean diet or a rise in meat et al. chain control, leading to changes in the species’ consumption), it has been estimated that food (and homes/gardens) is likely to have negative structure, the food chain and the whole ecosystem there to provide inspiration for policy makers and production will have to increase by 60% until their selection should be according to a country’s Humans are primarily exposed to residues in food - The importation and consumption of It is estimated that one third of food and drinking water (Fantke et al., 2012; Hamilton manufactured food and beverages has increased produced globally is being wasted either and Crossley, 2004), via occupational, by-stander, the amount of plastics and non-biodegradable through poor storage and packaging or and residential exposure (Vida et al. types through unsustainable consumption environment is exposed to pesticides primarily further support for the development of sector- 8 precipitation, atmospheric deposition, drainage, seepage or 54 55 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Table 1. food and agriculture
Policies and instruments for mainstreaming SCP in the Life cycle stage Provision of sustainable
Extraction of Manufacturing and Procurement End-of-life 1 Table food and agriculture sectors products, services and and use management natural resources production processes works The most important SCP policy instruments and management strategies
integrated strategies for sustainable (focus on: separate colletion and sustainable agriculture strategy agriculture and Food agriculture like integrated pest management farming strategy and action plan industry strategy and action plan procurement strategy composting of municipal and and action plan (IPM), organic farming, and waste prevention, (strategies, agricultural waste, management programmes of packaging waste) with a special focus on agricultural residues and action plans) Within these strategies, regulatory instruments concerning: the wastewater regarding food hygiene or organic production nutrient load, CO2 emissions easy separation standards are priority tools which need to be and the use of chemicals, farming practices regulations procurement requirements complemented by public awareness raising energy and water packaging waste The food industry can be encouraged to clean up its production processes by the availability of investment loans and a dissemination of good systems that promote water and sustainably grown agricultural products practices, accompanied by sectoral voluntary sustainable farming use of chemical pesticides and green entrepreneurs eventually avoid waste subsidies fertilisers environmentally damaging to encourage recycling of waste Consumer policies for food rely on product products such as chemicals and in organic and sustainably grown and use plastic packaging information related to voluntary standards and facilitate trade in organic products and sustainably grown agricultural products Health policies related to food should strongly promote sustainable diets with increased consumption of fresh vegetables, fruits and on sustainable production and and fair trade, labels on organic waste separation, cleaner production information portals standards for farmers nutrition issues collection and composting Initiatives focusing on the separate municipal collection of organic waste, composting and energy production, can be clearly incorporated into life cycle thinking especially if they are procurement of organic and the Marine Stewardship Council sustainably grown products exercise for sustainable lifestyles products and services packaging of organic food 56 57 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Key policy areas and Linkages between SCP policies - basing municipal solid waste management Figure 11 on reduction at source and prioritising stakeholders for mainstreaming and instruments and the valorisation and recycling SCP in the food and agriculture Barcelona Convention - implementing mandatory deposits, return and restoration systems for expandable sectors Mainstreaming SCP in food and agriculture will Trade, undoubtedly contribute to the achievement packaging in the beverages sector When tackling each life cycle stage of production economy of several regional commitments under the and consumption associated with agriculture & finance Barcelona Convention in the area of food, and food, government actions cannot focus environmentally neutral degrading nets, pots Local Agriculture, development fisheries and traps & food The Regional Plan for the Reduction of see Environment, 10 Organic Load BOD5 in the Food Sector waste & The LBS Protocol addresses pollution of the local public entities and civil society organisations water Mediterranean Sea from land-based sources loaded waste water by applying BEP and BAT for should also be involved in policy development Education Consumer & affairs / and activities and prioritises the phasing out of industrial food plants and includes guidelines to and implementation, to increase synergies and research health toxic, persistent bioaccumulative substances (mainly pesticides), using best available this may include farmer or producer associations, Enterprise Based on the objectives and principles of & industry techniques (BAT) and best environmental the retail sector, consumer protection associations, practices (BEP), especially those restricted by integrated coastal zone management, the ICZM Protocol of activity include, for example, fertiliser production, agriculture, animal husbandry, respect to: Figure 12 - agriculture and industry – to guarantee a production in the agricultural sector uses high level of protection of the environment two approaches: IPM for a rational use of in the location and operation of agricultural pesticides and organic farming that eliminates and industrial activities so as to preserve Retail agricultural biodiversity, coastal ecosystems sector Consumer protection Likewise, organic livestock farming reduces and landscapes and prevent pollution of the associations the use of pharmaceuticals and pesticides in sea, water, air and soil; Food feed production and takes into account the industries - – to take into account the need to Universities, The Regional Plan on Marine Litter schools & Management9 sustainable use of natural marine resources; research Defining and institutions - aquaculture – to take into account the need to Farmer implementing SCP It proposes certain measures that can be and producer taken to prevent marine litter, for example: associations policies for the food sector areas; to regulate aquaculture by controlling the with national & local policy-makers 9 in the framework of Article 15 of the Land-based Sources Protocol. 10 in the framework of Article 15 of the Land-based Sources Protocol. 58 59 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Examples of SCP policy being implemented in the food and agriculture sectors Case 12: Case 11: Organic waste collection in municipal Organic farming in Tunisia markets in Barcelona (Spain) The City of Barcelona has a network of 39 municipal markets which together are one of the most In 1999, Tunisia developed a national strategy to reform agriculture and maximise and the Environmental Department of the city council started a pilot project to improve selective basic standards of the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements tonnes of cardboard were separately collected for recycling, the level of impurities in organic waste fell by more than 50 the Tunisian Government intended to increase credibility and international recognition of Tunisian % , and overall organic waste production fell by nearly 30%, Based on that pilot experience, the separate waste it provides in addition to promoting exports: food security, the preservation of natural resources, collection scheme has since been installed in all municipal markets, with the support of the Catalan Waste Agency, providing each with exclusive space for waste collection lead by the National Commission on Organic Agriculture (NCOA): the ministries of Commerce, Industry, Health, Environment, Finance, Customs, the National Agency for Agricultural Investment, The waste management scheme includes containers for separate collection of: organic waste, cardboard, ice and are also providing space for collecting batteries from The Technical Centre of Organic Agriculture, within the Ministry of Agriculture, also provides applied from households, and in collaboration with third sector Other stakeholders include the National Union of Tunisian Farmers, the Tunisian Association of Financial incentives include, for example, tax deductions for investments in organic agriculture, Examples of information materials used during the implementation phase of the selective waste collection initiative in Barcelona’s municipal markets implementation phase each market had the support of an environmental educator in charge of hectares. According to a study by the Catalan Waste Agency, Barcelona’s municipal markets reduced waste
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Case 13: Case 14: National green reporting for food French National Nutrition and Health Programme and beverages in Sri Lanka Established in 2001, the French National Nutrition and Health The Ceylon Chamber of Commerce led a project with the food and beverage sector in Sri Lanka, aiming Programme (PNNS) is a government sponsored public-private to improve compliance with international food safety standards and being able to use raw materials, collaboration with a goal of improving the health of the French around six strategies, including informing consumers about 519 SMEs in adopting good SCP practices, with hands-on support to implement them, and training healthy food choices, and involving multiple stakeholders from the food industry and consumer showed that, by adopting best practices, companies in the sector, were able to save around 4% in nutritional advice for citizens, focussing on local food, eco-labelling of food, reducing food waste The plan’s achieved objectives included reducing the incidence of overweight and obesity among children, reducing the consumption of sugar and salt, and encouraging adults to eat more fruit. Given the results, a new programme for the period 2011-2015 was adopted using experiences of
Source:
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Consumption at an individual level can be - A large portion of persistent and toxic wildlife 12 consumption categories (EEA, chemicals are used in the manufacture of goods more than a million seabirds and 100 000 marine 2013b), including: flame retardants in plastics, textiles; PFOS food and non-alcoholic beverages and PFOA – perfluorooctane sulfonate and alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics perfluorooctanoic acid- used as surface active agents, water and lipids repellents, coating Policies and instruments clothing and footwear additives, etc; fluorinated tensides, softeners for mainstreaming SCP in furnishings, household equipment and with endocrine properties) being released routine maintenance in the house goods manufucturing transport - Due to the frequent location of industry in and consumption Main reasons for mainstreaming coastal areas and near to dense population recreation and culture SCP policy instruments relating to the SCP in consumer goods centres, the environmental impacts related to restaurants and hotels the manufacturing goods are interacting with manufacture and consumption of goods tackle other impacts due to tourism and agriculture, resource scarcity (limited oil reserves, metal manufacturing housing (including water, electricity, gas so increasing the pressure on the coastal ores or water scarcity) by promoting integrated and other fuels) ecosystem raw material or resource efficiency strategies, health cleaner production strategies with life cycle - Five consumption categories dominate at the approaches focused on important economic change when directed at manufacturing as a communications level of an individual’s consumption and its sectors, environmental technology action sector, due to: pressure on the environment (such as through education plans, or more consumer oriented sustainable - manufacturing accounting for 23 % of global emissions or the need for natural resources): food employment miscellaneous and beverages; housing; water electricity and Through sustainable public procurement gas; transport; and furnishings and household action plans, governments play a role as major - 35 % of global electricity and 25 % of extracted primary resources used by manufacturing (UNEP, 2011) Environmental Impact - The generation of waste creates an Regulatory and economic instruments mostly environmental impact, both from the production seek to exclude, limit or substitute toxic and - some of the most polluting industries in along the life cycle of a harmful substances, to encourage eco-design, life the Mediterranean Region being energy manufactured product production in the Middle East and North Africa cycle analysis and improve product performance production, metal producing industries, oil Region (MENA) is expected to more than double standards or extended producer responsibility - The manufacture and consumption of goods by 2025, growing much faster than the number like take-back systems for certain products that manufacture (UNEP/MAP, 2012) widely consume natural resources in an Electronic waste is one of the fastest growing segments of to support and trigger the production of range of negative impacts on the environment such to permitting procedures which could be used as sustainable products and eliminate non- - Marine litter, composed mainly of plastic a screening process to ensure that SCP practices are in place upstream (especially through the sustainable products from the market by - The most common impact is the pollution packaging, wood and metal, arising from use of Best Environmental Techniques and Best reducing demand of both air and water households, tourist sites and waste facilities is estimated that manufacturing accounts for a common problem across the Mediterranean 17 % of global health problems related to air Encouraging the creation of new green business impact on marine ecosystems and models (i) selling services instead of products, 64 65 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
and (ii) proposing consumer goods (in Table 2. consumer goods manufacturing
particular textiles and plastic products) exempt of persistent organic pollutants and Life cycle stage Provision of sustainable Extraction of Manufacturing and End-of-life products, services 2 Table natural resources Use and consumption production processes and works management The most important communication instruments are: product sustainability production strategy information and labelling schemes oriented product policy Consumer goods manufacturing towards private consumers; environmental management of natural resources including prevention, reuse and recycling action plans (strategies, water, energy, and minerals programmes production strategies
and service sectors; and guidelines and awareness-raising campaigns addressing and action plans) private and corporate sustainable consumption public and private institutions Public-private partnerships and voluntary standards for extraction of natural resources phase-out and substitution programmes sector agreements reinforce such instruments schemes (take-back obligations, deposit- technologies and sustainable products consumers packaging and bags industry according to environmental performance including vehicles biodegradable waste of products subsidies for industry
purchasing for private and public consumers products and services purchasing impacts of private consumption prevention, separation and recycling stakeholders (ISO 14001, eco-label) design consumption of goods
and sustainability awards green corporate procurement on waste prevention and extended development of biogas facilities agreements with retailers producer responsibility green corporate procurement product design 66 67 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Key policy areas and Linkages between SCP policies - reducing plastic packaging waste through Figure 13 the introduction of alternatives, promoting stakeholders for mainstreaming and instruments and the reuse and recycling policies, reducing the consumption of plastic bags through voluntary SCP in consumer goods Barcelona Convention agreements and taxes manufacturing Adopting an SCP perspective and mainstreaming - encouraging companies to design products Trade, for reuse, recycling and materials reduction by In order to tackle each life cycle stage associated economy & finance achieve several policy objectives of the Barcelona applying the extended producer responsibility with the production and consumption of goods, Convention and related plans, including priority Consumer (EPR) concept government actions cannot focus exclusively on Energy & the manufacturing sector, but coordination and transport affairs / - encouraging the reuse of recycled plastic health synergies is needed with other policy areas, falling products through the use of sustainable Environment, The LBS Protocol addresses pollution in the procurement policies waste & water Mediterranean Sea from land-based sources To help prevent marine litter from sea-based Additionally, relevant stakeholders from business, Employment and activities and prioritises phasing out toxic, Enterprise sources the plan includes measures such as: local public entities and the civil society should be & persistent bioaccumulative substances, based social affairs & industry - developing, implementing and participating involved in policy development and implementation, in communication campaigns such as Marine like sectoral industrial associations, social and Education of activity include, among others: paper and & Litter Clean up, Coastal Clean Up or Adopt-a- environmental entrepreneurs, the retail sector or paper-pulp industry, textile industry, electronic research Beach NGOs promoting sustainable consumption to name a few (see The Regional Plans on POPs in the The Hazardous Waste Protocol commits its Mediterranean, following those of the signatories to “take all appropriate measures Stockholm Convention on POPs, establish to reduce to a minimum, and where possible Figure 14 measures to phase out the production and eliminate, the generation of hazardous waste” consumption of, among other things, toxic chemicals in the manufacturing sector through mainly in plastics and textiles), PFOS and PFOA sustainable production results in an overall Retail sector Consumer (used mainly as water and lipids repelents in Entrepreneurs Protection associations NGOs The Regional Plan on Marine Litter Business promoting Management11 in the Mediterranean establishes associations Sustainable Consumption Measures for the prevention of marine litter from land-based sources include, for example: Defining and implementing SCP policies Universities, schools & for the goods manufacturing research and consumption sector with institutions national & local policy-makers
11 in the framework of Article 15 of the Land-based Sources Protocol. 68 69 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Examples of SCP policy implementation in the consumer goods manufacturing sector Case 16: Electronic waste recycling in India Case 15:
Link between eco-labels and green In India, 95 % of electronic waste from computers, mobile phones or procurement in Korea televisions is actually disposed of under conditions harmful to health In 2004, the Ministry of Environment (MoE) in Korea passed Act 1125 to encourage the purchase of order to formalise and mainstream environmentally sound e-waste management, in line with India’s National Environmental Policy, and Act is to “prevent wasteful use of resources and environmental pollution, and to contribute to sustainable development in the domestic economy by encouraging environment-friendly product purchasing” through it, public agencies have to purchase environmentally sustainable products directly as well as green products as those that are: responsibilities for the safe collection and disposal of e-waste; and guidelines for implementation of In four Indian cities, informal sector associations were established together with e-waste collection channels by identifying strategic locations and installing collection bins for individual and bulk products (Good Recycled Mark) or – in compliance with other environmental criteria set by MoE in consultation with the heads of relevant ministries parallel, were research and development activities, including mapping of e-waste activities, a study on of the Act, the number had increased to more than 2 700 products, and has been progressing steadily With additional dissemination activities, all target groups, including consumers, producers and Environmental success factors of the project include a 25 % increase in formal e-waste recycling in four generation of about 545 tons of CO urban areas and a 50 % reduction in acid baths and open burning of e-waste amongst members of Source:
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Case 17: Case 18: The Industrial Council for Technology The European Innovation Project REMake: Recycling and Innovation, Egypt
The REMake project is a public-private partnership co-funded by the EU that and Foreign Trade and runs 13 technology transfer and innovation centres that provide a broad range brings together national and regional agencies and technical centres, together is to design and test policy instruments and practical tools to support eco- objective of the centres is to enhance the transfer of new technologies and innovations to Egyptian industry to help create the value-added products it needs, while also adding to national income and Three hundred innovation vouchers worth 10 000 -15 000 euros gave companies access to REMake businesses, including: - a programme to support the Egyptian Technology Transfer and Innovation Centres and the Technological Development in the leather and leather tanning, furniture, and food industries sector - pro-poor horticulture value chains in Upper Egypt (Salasel)
- upgrading the medicinal and aromatic plants value chain - access to export markets Source: A strong monitoring mechanism evaluates the activities of the technology centres through key - 1 758 companies received services - 2 061 people were trained - 5 388 product quality tests were carried out - 1 860 technical consultations were delivered The impact of the centres’ services on the industrial companies included: 40% productivity improvement by Egyptian enterprises; creation of new job opportunities; enhancement of local
Source: Egyptian National Cleaner Production Centre (Ministry of Industry and Foreign Trade) (personal communication)
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- Tourism accounts for 5 % of global greenhouse
gas emissions Case 19: 75 % due to growth in domestic and international, ‘Manuel du Délégué pour l’Environnement’ in Algeria especially air, travel; and air-conditioning and heating in tourist accommodation accounts for 21 In Algeria, the Ministry for Spatial Planning and the Environment, Main reasons for mainstreaming - Coastal tourism development leads to together with GIZ, published a Manual for Environmental SCP in tourism urbanisation along the coastline and the delegates nominated by Algerian enterprises, in order to present The most important reason for mainstreaming This results in the destruction of natural soil and regulatory requirements for pollution prevention and to strengthen SCP in tourism is that the sector is one of the changes of the state of sensitive habitats like sand their technical capacities, so they can assume certain tasks as most important sources of employment and or loss of fragile natural habitats (EEA/UNEP, More than 2 000 environmental delegates were trained in more than Attracting nearly a third of international tourism, the Mediterranean has been the largest global As a consequence, more than 150 companies decided to also appoint environmental delegates, and 20 said they intended to set arrivals have grown from 58 million in 1970 to 306 million in 2012, with a forecast 500 million with local communities and to a loss of value- the opportunity to share their experience in implementing best Coastal tourism concentrates high numbers - With 100 to 2 000 litres of water consumed per The content of the manual is constantly updated with new national environmental legislation, of tourists in relatively small areas, generating guest/night, tourist consumption of water is excessive and a third edition will be published in 2014, including new topics like SCP, emissions calculation and increased pressure on coastal ecosystems other activities with high water consumption, like golf courses, irrigated gardens, swimming pools and water consumption can also put additional pressure billion worldwide from which more than a quarter on scarce resources. belong to the Mediterranean (UNEP/MAP, 2012), higher water and energy consumption than normal - Seasonally concentrated mass tourism leads to major challenges not only in the availability of Environmental impacts fresh water, but also in waste and wastewater created along the life cycle management. of tourism activities, services - Pressure from visitors can lead to major disruptions in local communities, and infrastructure This happens especially in cultural heritage Activities, services and infrastructures related to sites, historical town centres or fragile natural tourism can have the following impacts on the 74 75 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Table 3. tourism
Policies and instruments for mainstreaming SCP in tourism Life cycle stage Provision of sustainable Extraction of Manufacturing and End-of-life products, services Use and consumption 3 Table SCP policy instruments for tourism should natural resources production processes management be bundled with overarching strategies like and works National Sustainable Tourism Action Plans and other plans to avoid the over-exploitation cultural heritage and integrated solid waste management of natural and cultural resources, as in the environment (over-use of potentially in tourism areas (hotels) Tourism damaging leisure activities) regarding discharge of sewage to protection of cultural heritage and biodiversity the environment, marine ecosystems, local architectural traditions and natural habitats, and protected areas and waterways (strategies, communities (transport, energy, water, environmental integrity) programmes
Regulatory instruments might be used to and action plans) limit access to fragile ecosystems, to increase and energy use and waste management) especially vulnerable areas, cultural and natural employees and solid waste tour operators products (hazardous substances) and to guarantee healthy and sustainable heritage sites technologies, reuse and recycling of water events with high number of participants and building material involved in residents and tourists in sensitive areas hotel construction and products of the tourism industry new tourism construction in sensitive areas the development of high water consuming schemes linked to investments in local investments in technologies (water, social environmental policies (beach cleaning, community projects for tourist/tour and community programmes crucial issue for the sustainability of fragile reserves, and protected areas for nature waste infrastructure, awareness raising) operators conservation as well as for other attractions waste reduction through adequate solid waste management and creation of markets for compost, planning of tourist facilities Economic instruments may include fees and business development taxes for tourists (which should be earmarked
for environmental infrastructures and services) on the one hand, and grants and loans for (local + regional products) sustainable tourism enterprises on the other cultural heritage campsites, restaurants cultural heritage of critical chemicals (biocides, cleaners, energy scarcity behaviour the tourism sector policies Communication and voluntary instruments sustainable tourist providers
sector enterprises such as those for tours or tourism or eco-tourism management systems for the accommodation, and visitors who should be able the tourism sector accommodation sector to choose services and activities which maximise (food, transport, tourist guides) activities (walking tours, cycling) and empowerment of local communities initiatives in policy development of tourism services 76 77 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Key policy areas and Figure 15 Linkages between SCP policies Based on the objectives and principles of stakeholders for mainstreaming and instruments and the integrated coastal zone management, the SCP in tourism Barcelona Convention ICZM Protocol establishes additional priorities for economic activities, like the minimisation of In order to tackle each life cycle stage of production Adopting an SCP perspective and incorporating it the use of natural resources taking into account and consumption associated with the tourism Trade, in planning actions in the tourism sector helps to economy sector, government actions cannot focus exclusively & finance promotion of codes of good practice among on the tourism industry should coordinate and public authorities, economic actors and non- Tourism seek synergies with other sectors which fall Energy & transport & coastal management It also prioritises, for the tourism sector, stakeholders from business, local public entities Environment, The LBS Protocol, addressing pollution of the waste & in a manner that: and civil society organisations should be involved water Mediterranean Sea from land-based sources, in policy development and implementation to Urban prioritises the phasing out of toxic, persistent - “encourages sustainable coastal tourism Enterprise planning & bioaccumulative substances, based on that preserves coastal ecosystems, natural agriculture & industry hotel and restaurant associations, environmental resources, cultural heritage and landscapes organisations working for the protection of natural Education include, among others: works causing physical see & local alteration of the natural state of the coastline, - development treatment and disposal of domestic waste- including cultural, rural and ecotourism, while water, waste management industry, transport, respecting the traditions of local populations - regulates or, where necessary, prohibit the practice of various sporting and recreational Figure 16 The Regional Plan on Marine Litter Management12 in the Mediterranean establishes Measures for the prevention of marine litter from The establishment of relevant economic, land-based sources are included in the plan, for Hotel & Local restaurant artisans & example, the establishment of adequate urban associations entrepreneurs sewerage, wastewater treatment plants, and based instruments are included in Article 15, citing awareness-raising, training, education based litter sources the plan includes charges for the use of port reception facilities, for Tour Environmental Operators Defining and organisations plastic and other materials critical in respect to and coastal landscapes, island, cultural implementing SCP & CSOs policies for the tourism is also improved by informed eco-tourists sector with national and eco-hotels being more aware and having & local policy- makers
12 in the framework of Article 15 of the Land-based Sources Protocol. 78 79 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Examples of SCP policy implementation in the tourism sector
to enhance the awareness and education of the project partners and associates as well as the local Case 20: community groups and the general public; Integrated coastal zone development within the to demonstrate the use of modern tools and instruments for supporting successful coastal Gökova Specially Protected Area, Turkey The main activities were the preparation and implementation of an Integrated Coastal Management Action Plan with thematic components, development of a GIS database, and public awareness and The SMAP III project funded by the EU has been running since 2006 in the Inner Gulf of Gökova and Sedir Integrated Management Plan for Coastal Areas (Inner Gökova Bay and the Sedir Island) located within set examples for both the coasts of Turkey and other countries in the Mediterranean basin, it has The main objective was to demonstrate the real process of integrated coastal management by coordinating the three administrative bodies, using existing laws and regulations, and by bringing together all actors and stakeholders (national, regional and local public institutions, universities, Source: The project implements the overriding ICZM principles accepted by the European Parliament and Council, such as looking into land-sea interactions as part of a broader ecosystem; paying attention to natural processes and the area’s carrying capacity; involving all interested parties; sharing coordination Case 21: and responsibility among local, regional and national bodies; basing management actions on precautionary principle; having a long-term vision including the needs of future generations; and Protected Areas Conservation Trust, Belize
local levels for integrated coastal management; stakeholder consultation process, which included government departments, to achieve a reasonable management system by utilising the legal and institutional arrangements; national and international NGOs, and private sector entities, with the aim of contributing “to sustainable management and development of Belize’s natural and integrated coastal management; to achieve a well prepared comprehensive coastal management action plan for the project area, had invested more than $20 million in more than 400 projects for conservation and management of which may be used as an example for guiding similar actions elsewhere; to provide examples of thematic management plans for important coastal issues that may also be used as good examples for similar areas elsewhere; Source: 80 81 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Case 22: Ecolabel for hotel and campsite accommodation services and web-portal for sustainable and responsible tourism in Croatia Stirred by interest coming from local tourism associations, the Ministry of for implementing environmental best practices were 1 - 3% of annual operating costs; in the case of Environmental and Nature Protection of the Republic of Croatia started a process solar energy installations, natural cooling systems, or insulation, the costs ranged between 1 and 10% to establish a standard within the national eco-labelling scheme for hotel and new criteria a wide range of government bodies, expert NGOs, tourism companies Source: were approved by the Croatian Environmental Label Commission and formally adopted in 2010 by the The requirements are divided into obligatory core criteria and advanced requirements for the (heating, air conditioning, insulation and lighting), water-saving measures, waste water and waste Case 23: Eco-tourism in Jordan: Dana Biosphere Reserve sources or rainwater and recycled water, bioclimatic architecture, individual metering of energy and and Wild Jordan Initiative water consumption, composting of waste and selective collection of waste oils and fats, exclusion of In 1994, funded by the Global Environmental Fund, the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature (RSCN) started to implement the in clear indication to guests and visitors that high environmental standards above the legal minimum are Jordan for the Dana Biosphere Reserve, establishing a model of integrated conservation and socioeconomic development based on the concept of zoning - called Special Conservation The Croatian Ministry of Tourism also established a national portal for sustainable and responsible RSCN has received several awards for the successful combination of nature conservation, poverty Source: areas, and in 2003 Wild Jordan was created as a business unit of RSCN to develop socioeconomic
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Environmental impacts created improvements in energy efficiency of household Policies and instruments for appliances (the rebound effect along the construction life cycle the growing number of households, increasing mainstreaming SCP income and ownership of multiple appliances The environmental impacts of housing and urban per household, and a rising demand for air development are manifold, and include: conditioning in Mediterranean countries key policy area closely connected to the areas - Urbanisation and urban sprawl, related to both housing and tourism is mostly concentrated - Planning for housing development creates Sustainable housing policy instruments are Main reasons for mainstreaming in coastal areas and leads to landscape important secondary impacts with regard to the also interlinked to the provision of social and degradation, erosion, shoreline destabilisation SCP in housing and construction development of the necessary infrastructure networks, including roads, electricity grid, water services, aiming to create liveable and habitable There are several reasons for mainstreaming SCP in this sector, related to the burgeoning by cumulative pressures caused by economic and population, especially at the coast, continuing widespread pressure to the environment and The top two priorities for action in sustainable - Buildings account for more than 40% of landscape due to housing sprawl (David Suzuki reduce water consumption during the use phase global energy consumption, a third of global Foundation, 2003; UN Habitat, 2009 and UN The population in the Mediterranean Region of buildings (about 80% of energy is consumed greenhouse gas emissions and 25% of global grew from 276 million in 1970 to 466 million water consumption - Housing and construction is a resource and consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are people by 2025, with more than 75% of them during the design and construction phase, and related to the use phase of buildings (heating, living in southern Mediterranean countries chemicals such as PCB, HBCD or asbestos the most common regulatory and economic cooling, lighting and appliances) (UNEP SBCI, result in human exposure indoors (Roosens et instruments should focus on promoting minimum al 2009; Meyer et al. 2013) and in releases to the energy standards both in new construction and More than a third of the population is consumption takes part in the building sector environment and contamination of recycling renovation of buildings, together with training concentrated in coastal areas (Benoit and streams (US EPA, 2005; DEC, 2012; Norwegian - In developed countries, building construction The urban population of cities and towns with and demolition waste accounts for 30% of solid or sustainable construction for construction more than 10 000 inhabitants increased from waste streams and will further increase in future materials, household appliances and buildings 152 million to 315 million during 2007-2010 themselves are the most important communicative - The Mediterranean Region hosts 60% of the Urbanisation in southern and eastern world’s “water poor” (with less than 1000 m3 of The use of hazardous chemicals in construction Mediterranean countries is the most rapid in water availability per year); 47 million inhabitants including POPs, such as PCB in sealants and do not have access to adequate sanitation, and 20 paints or hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) The construction, renovation and maintenance in polystyrene insulation, can be managed by expected that by 2025, 80 million of Mediterranean of buildings contribute between 10 and 40% regulated and well organised deconstruction (life inhabitants will experience water shortage, to GDP; approximately 10% of jobs are in the having less than 500 m3 per person (UNEP/MAP/ Regulatory instruments should support the substitution of these and other hazardous - In European countries, overall electricity chemicals with more benign chemicals making consumption is growing despite significant construction materials and building elements 84 85 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Table 4. housing and construction
meet environmental requirements) thus Life cycle stage reducing emissions and improving recyclability Extraction of Planning and Renovation, demolition
Construction process Use and maintenance 4 Table natural resources design process and re-use Finally, the prevention and reduction of urban planning strategies (taking into account construction and demolition waste is tackled protected areas for nature conservation and and demolition waste through action plans at the national level,
Housing and construction waste management action plans solid waste management, renewable for households energy and sustainable construction or steel with a minimum proportion of recycled (strategies, action plans programmes construction and deconstruction and action plans) (master plans, landscape plans)
phase out and substitution programmes environmental performance requirements sustainability criteria in land use HBCD) for domestic energy use including for new buildings planning policies hot water production environmental performance requirements regulations for renovation environmentally friendly and sustainable for water and energy based materials construction materials reduction and reuse performance
reductions for sustainable buildings and and energy incentives for environmentally sound and sustainable and green buildings sustainable buildings and construction energy and water saving equipment renewable energy and water services
construction and demolition waste on sustainable planning and construction
for urban planners, architects and engineers and design promote energy and water savings and schemes (transversal for all life cycle stages) solid waste avoidance, reduction, and treatment of hazardous wastes and reuse from construction
sustainable construction and green appliances and similar commitments buildings construction sector industry to reduce timber or stone extraction and use of construction and demolition waste and environmentally friendly building materials environmentally friendly cleaning agents energy consumption in buildings responsibility in the construction sector eco-labels) 86 87 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Key policy areas and Linkages between SCP policies The use of alternative and recyclable materials, Figure 17 avoiding the use of harmful chemicals, and the promotion of sustainable construction stakeholders for mainstreaming and instruments with the SCP in housing and construction Barcelona Convention Such construction materials can possibly be In order to tackle each life cycle stage of production Adopting an SCP perspective and mainstreaming used for land reclamation without a negative and consumption associated with the housing and Trade, construction sector, actions by the government economy & finance The ICZM Protocol has amongst its priorities cannot focus exclusively on the construction Convention and related plans, including the priority the minimisation of the use of natural resources industry, coordination and synergies are required Energy & Consumer while taking into account the needs of future with other sectors, falling under the responsibility transport affairs / health management and environmentally sound waste Environment, Additionally, relevant stakeholders from business, The LBS Protocol addresses pollution in the waste & local public entities and the civil society should be Mediterranean Sea from land-based sources water The protocol also includes regulatory Construction and activities and prioritises the phasing out of & urban Enterprise toxic, persistent bioaccumulative substances, This includes chambers of engineers and architects, & industry universities, energy and environmental experts, planning - the excavation and extraction of minerals, construction vocational training programmes, Education of activity can be: energy production, cement including the use of seawater in desalination consumer organisations or community groups, to & production, metal industry, works which cause research plants and stone exploitation; mention just a few (see physical alteration of the natural state of the coastline, treatment and disposal of domestic - the extraction of sand, including on the seabed and river sediments or prohibit it where it is Figure 18 HBCD, PBDE) and heavy metals were and are coastal ecosystems; and - the evaluation of impacts on the coastal The Hazardous Waste Protocol commits its ecosystem for infrastructure, energy facilities, signatories to “take all appropriate measures ports and maritime works and structures, and Universities & research to reduce to a minimum, and where possible institutions Construction eliminate, the generation of hazardous waste” Applying the SCP approach in housing and Energy & Vocational Trainers & construction means a wide range of measures Environmental Consumer Experts Organisations construction sector are substituting hazardous will be supporting the implementation of the chemicals creating an overall reduction of be guaranteed by sustainable spatial planning Defining large volumes of polymers for insulation and (master plans, landscape plans, urban planning Chambers and implementing sealing which may contain POPs and other critical of Engineers & Local construction/housing include, for example, SCP policies for the entities Architects housing & construction waste management of hazardous materials (like sector with national & expanded and extruded polystyrenetreated with between buildings, refurbishing unused local policy-makers once they become waste, reduces the release quality of land use, to avoid urban sprawl, reduce of waste into the environment, including what soil sealing and avoid undesired impacts over 88 89 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Examples of SCP policy implementation in the housing and construction sector
Case 24: in Portugal
ministries, the Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Development, the Ministry for Environment and Source: ADENE ADENE, the Portuguese Energy Agency, and APA, the Portuguese Agency of Environment, are Administrative process Energy Label from Portugal Other key elements of the implementation strategy are: An expert committee comprising research organisations, professional associations and public training modules, regular checks and supervision of assessors; ADENE established a timescale for implementing the Directive and undertook research on energy - a consultation, promotion and information campaign with mass media coverage at national level; - close contact with all key actors like municipalities, real estate agencies, banks, consumers
Source:
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Case 25: Case 26: Eliminating Lead paint in Asia The project, led by the International POP Elimination Network, energy-related projects in Lebanon paints on the market of seven Asian countries (Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand), thus , approved in 2011, includes mechanisms and incentives for environmental energy-related projects the production and use of decorative lead paints, and improving the Central Bank of Lebanon in collaboration with the Government, UNDP, the EU and the Lebanese credits and grants for private sector investment them, including: - raising public awareness of the hazards of low level lead exposure to children and that many decorative paints for sale on the market contain lead; - providing technical assistance to SME paint manufacturers since they tend to lack full and ready installations in 2011 reached 43 500 m2 exceeding the initial target of 38 000 m2 access to the information to reformulate their products; - establishing policy dialogues aims at promoting the enactment and/or enforcement of national is the The stakeholder-based communication campaign provides active support in forming national alliances among stakeholders such as health professionals, academics and paint associations and had a good Source: Activities with industry include creating an inventory of paint manufacturers and brands available on the national markets, analysis of 1 000 paints for for lead content (300 in India, 150 in Indonesia, 150 in Philippines), There is an active dialogue with government representatives in all seven countries which aims to help already limiting the amount of lead allowed in household paints in Sri Lanka; new mandatory lead standards are being developed in India and the Philippines; and governments in Nepal and Bangladesh
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Case 27: Special attention has to be paid to coordinating and marble industry in Jordan agencies) to ensure that diverse policies and another but rather enhance their impacts and To stop the dumping of waste and improve the recovery of water, the Jordan Business Alliance on All policies and instruments discussed in this Figure 19 shows how policies and instruments report can be implemented on their own, as can be combined and coordinated in order to clusters of more than 400 micro-enterprises in Amman, Irbed and Mafraq, to identify actual practises sustainability, the would be a more sustainable direction, by phasing out less It was discovered that implementing the solutions proposed, could save 350 000 m3/year of water, and to adopt a well-coordinated mix of instruments that support and complement each other. The regulatory instruments, and by promoting more savings in transport could reduce CO2 SCP approach brings such a way, as it requires analysing problems from a life cycle perspective through communication instruments, voluntary amount of slurry water being dumped, improving the quality of life in the communities where stone
Figure 19 Source:
Products or systems currently on the market or in use + 1| Policies to phase out 2| Policies to promote inefficient products efficient products and systems and systems
3| Policies to stimulate
MARKET SHARE innovation for improved LAGGARDS FRONTRUNNERS performance -
- RESOURCE EFFICIENCY +
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Case 28: Case 29: in products in the European Union transformers promotion project in China The European Commission applies an SCP approach to its environmental products policy and has On the one hand, in the framework of the Directive on Energy Using Products, the Commission set minimum energy requirements(using a regulatory instrument) which is, for example, forcing the On the production side the project actions are: several energy related products (using a communication instrument) to help consumers choose the - the development of a guide for Chinese manufacturers (mainly SMEs) on eco-design for transformers to reduce their environmental impact; and has also established the EU Ecolabel for certain product groups (communication instrument) that On the consumption side the project activities are: To catalyse and stimulate innovation, the Commission also encourages public authorities to use - awareness-raising among end-users (power transmission and distribution utilities and energy-intensive an economic Coordinating regulations, eco-labelling and SPP improves both the production and consumption - the development of tools to demonstrate the potential energy and costs savings from higher
PRODUCT INTERVENTIONS - Overall approach
Cut out the least Drive the existing market Encourage development sustainable products towards greater of new, more sustainable sustainability products ENERGY LABEL
Interventions: · Pricing and trading · Voluntary initiatives GPP Interventions: · Producer responsibility Interventions: Minimum standards Business support Support innovation · ECODESIGN · · · Procurement · Labelling ECOLABEL · Public information LESS PRODUCT SUSTAINABILITY MORE
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The project is implemented by the International Copper Association China in partnership with the China National Institute of Standardisation, the China Electrical Equipment Industrial Association, the Resources for understanding SCP - Global Outlook on Sustainable Consumption and Production Policies - Taking Action Together To ensure the success of outreach activities, the project collaborates with the network of local Energy (Chapter 1 & 2), exposes the interlinked crises that the world is facing with the current unsustainable Conservation and Supervision Centres, established by local governments to coordinate, facilitate and patterns of production and consumption; explores the evolution of the SCP concept and its UNEP (2012), Global Outlook on SCP Policies: Taking Action Together. Paris: United Nations Environment Programme. electricity savings would be of almost 900 million kWh per year (which would cut CO2 and SO2 emissions - SWITCH-Asia SCP Manual for Policy Makers (Chapters 1 & 2) presents a detailed introduction UNEP (2012b). Sustainable Consumption and Production: A Handbook for Policy Makers. With Cases from
- SCP for Poverty Alleviation (Chapter 4 & 5) highlights in its conclusions the economic and sectors (food and agriculture, energy, housing and other sectors, transport, water and waste, UNEP,(2012a). Sustainable Consumption and Production for Poverty Alleviation. Paris : United National - ABC OF SCP. Clarifying concepts on sustainable consumption and production (whole document) UNEP (2010). ABC OF SCP. Clarifying concepts on sustainable consumption and production. Paris: United Nations Environment Programme. 98 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Resources for planning and mainstreaming SCP cleaner and safer production, sustainable lifestyles, sustainable cities, sustainable public - and Production (Chapters 3, 4 & 5) provides a framework for designing and developing SCP UNEP (2012b). Sustainable Consumption and Production: A Handbook for Policy Makers. With Cases from programmes, including indicators through the policy cycle and elaborates on the importance of UNEP (2008). Planning for Change. Guidelines for National Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and - Production. Paris: United Nations Environment Programme. objectives, priority areas and outputs to implement the SCP perspective and tools to support the implementation of the Barcelona Convention and protocols (SWITCH-Med programme) - SCP Indicators for Developing Countries (Chapters 4, Appendix 1 & 3) provides guidance for SCP/RAC (2013). SCP Roadmap for the Mediterranean: A Strategic Process to Consolidate the Mediterranean’s policy makers in developing countries on selecting indicators that measure progress towards more (unpublished). Paris: United Nations Environment Programme. Resources to Understand and Identify Policy Instruments - - SWITCH-Med Baseline report (Chapter 3) highlights how SCP tools add value and are needed to Development Planning (Chapters 4, 5 & 6) presents an approach to mainstream SCP into achieve the objectives of the Barcelona Convention, its protocol and regional plans and compiles SCP/RAC (2013). SCP, a Cornerstone in the Implementation of the Barcelona Convention and its Protocols. Barcelona (unpublished). Development Planning. Paris: United Nations Environment Programme. - EEA-OECD Environmental policy instruments database, is a database that provide information mainly on environmentally related economic and voluntary instruments in various countries, mainly OECD member and accession countries and European Environment Agency member countries, - Global Outlook on Sustainable Consumption and Production Policies - Taking Action Together (whole document) - (whole document) Paris: United Nations Environment Programme. GTZ: Germany. - SWITCH-Asia SCP Manual for Policy Makers (Part A: Chapters 2, 3 & 4), presents recommendations, examples and resources to develop, implement, monitor and evaluate SCP - SWITCH Asia SCP Policy Toolbox for Practical Use (whole document, especially the case studies) SCP opportunities and successful initiatives within the region and details opportunities in 100 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
- Sustainable Food: A Recipe for Food Security and Environmental Protection? This Science SWITCH Asia Network Facility (no date). Sustainable Consumption and Production Policies: A Policy Toolbox The report summarises the vast range of solutions that researchers and agricultural experts have for Practical Use. Paris: United Nations Environment Programme. suggested to ensure that the nutritional needs of the world’s population are met, while reducing European Commission (2013). In-Depth Report. Sustainable Food A Recipe for Food Security and - SWITCH Asia SCP Manual for Policy Makers (Part B) includes case studies highlighting SCP Environmental Protection (under revision) opportunities and successful initiatives within the region and details opportunities in cleaner and safer production, sustainable lifestyles, sustainable cities, sustainable public procurement and - A Guide to Developing a Sustainable Food Purchasing Policy is a guide intended to help universities, colleges, hospitals, and other institutions – as well as those advocating for food system UNEP (2012b). Sustainable Consumption and Production: A Handbook for Policy Makers. With Cases from Food Alliance (2013). A Guide to Developing a Sustainable Food Purchasing Policy. - SWITCH Asia projects database, - Sustainable Seafood Coalition seafood buying decisions in order to help transform the oceans back to thriving, healthy ecosystems Resources for food and agriculture - (KariaNet) is a regional network for the management and sharing of knowledge, information and experience in agriculture and rural Resources for goods manufacturing and consumption - The International Sustainable Public Procurement Initiative led by UNEP (UNEP SPPI) is a multi- - gives a comprehensive overview of sustainability claims for food stakeholder platform for actors working on the promotion and implementation of sustainable products (environmental issues, geographical indications, organic standards, fair trade requirements): - FAO SAVE FOOD: Global Initiative on Food Losses and Waste Reduction, published the Food Wastage Footprint, which analyses impacts of global food wastage from the environmental point - Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication The Chapter gives a good overview FAO (2013). Toolkit Reducing the Food Wastage Footprint. Food and Agriculture Organization of the UNEP (2011) Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. United Nations. United Nations Environment Programme www.unep.org/greeneconomy pp 239 - 282. 102 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
- is the regional solid waste exchange of information and expertise network in Mashreq Future will enable teachers to plan learning experiences that empower their students to develop and and Maghreb countries, the web page includes country reports and the D-Waste Atlas, an open evaluate alternative visions of a sustainable future and to work creatively with others to help bring UNESCO (2013). Teaching and Learning for a Sustainable Future – Sustainable Tourism Resources for tourism - Making Tourism More Sustainable. A Guide for Policy Makers is a comprehensive guide for implementation of sustainable tourism policies, including policy instruments, resources, indicators Resources for housing and construction UNEP/WTO (2005). Making Tourism More Sustainable. A Guide for Policy Makers. United Nations Environment - The Sustainable Buildings and Climate Initiative led by UNEP (UNEP SBCI) is a multi-stakeholder Programme, World Tourism Organisation. platform for the building sector, working on the promotion of sustainable building policies and - The guide Sustainable Housing for Sustainable Cities gives a good overview of the key concepts - The Global Partnership for Sustainable Tourism, coordinated by UNEP, is a multi-stakeholder related to sustainable housing and neighbourhoods and provides an overview of sustainable homepage includes a series of Strategic Partnership projects: UN Habitat (2012). Sustainable Housing for Sustainable Cities: A Policy Framework for Developing Countries. Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements Programme. - The Tour Operators’ Initiative is a voluntary network of tour operators committed to integrating - The project European Policies to Promote Sustainable Consumption Patterns EUPOPP analysed CORPUS project wants to promote evidence based policy making in the area of sustainable household - Reference Document on Best Environmental Management Practice in the Tourism Sector is and - Reference Document on Best Environmental Management Practice in the Building and Construction Sector JRC (2012c). Reference Document on Best Environmental Management Practice in the Tourism Sector. European Commission Joint Research Centre. the sector, from land planning to the building end of life and from selection of best environmentally - Teaching and Learning for a Sustainable Future is a multimedia teacher education programme JRC (2012b). Reference Document on Best Environmental Management Practice in the Building and published by UNESCO that contains 100 hours of professional development for use in pre-service Construction Sector. Final Report, September 2012.European Commission Joint Research Centre. teacher courses as well as the in-service education of teachers, curriculum developers, education 104 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
- Hazardous waste protocol: Protocol on the Prevention of Pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by - Whole Building Design Guide has the goal of creating a successful high-performance building Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal by applying an integrated design and team approach to the project during the planning and National Institute of Building Science (2013) Whole Building Design Guide - Regional Plan on the elimination of POPs: Regional Plan on the elimination in the framework of the implementation of Article 15 of the LBS Protocol, 1996 of Alpha hexachlorocyclohexane; Beta hexachlorocyclohexane; Hexabromobiphenyl; Chlordecone; Pentachlorobenzene; Tetrabromodiphenyl ether and Pentabromodiphenyl ether; Hexabromodiphenyl ether and - Health Hazards in Construction intended as training material for the purpose of informing Construction Safety Council (2012). Health Hazards in Construction. Illinois: Construction Safety Council. - Regional Plan on the reduction of BOD5 in the food sector: Regional Plan on the reduction of BOD5 in the food sector in the framework of the implementation of Article 15 of the LBS Protocol Resources for the Barcelona Convention, its Protocols and Regional Plans - Regional Plan on Marine Litter Management in the Mediterranean: Regional Plan on Marine Litter Management, in the Mediterranean in the framework of Article 15 of the Land-based Sources The official documents relating to the Barcelona Convention can be downloaded from the Protocol following links:
- Mediterranean Action Plan: Action Plan for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Sus- tainable Development of the Coastal Areas of the Mediterranean Resources for the Stockholm Convention - Barcelona Convention: Convention for the Protection Of The Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution Signed 16 February 1976, in force 12 February 1978 (revised in Barcelona, Spain, on 10 June 1995 as - Stockholm Convention (Protecting Human Health and the Environment from Persistent Organic the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediter- Pollutants): Adopted at a Conference of Plenipotentiaries on 22nd May 2001 in Stockholm, Sweden, ranean) the environment from chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in fatty tissue of humans and wildlife, and have - LBS Protocol: Protocol for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution from Land- Based Sources and Activities
- ICZM Protocol: Protocol on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in the Mediterranean 106 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
- Policies to Promote Sustainable Consumption DEC (2012) Guidelines for managing asbestos at Department of Environment and Conservation,
Comunicación en la Gestión de las Situaciones de Production a Reality - A Guide for Business and Policy y Análisis de Políticas Públicas, 6, julio-diciembre, impact and Damage Cost Assessment of Pesticides in Both the Demand and the Supply Side of the Market on Eco-Labelling and Sustainable Public Procurement, to Successfully Implement Sustainable Public Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of Environmental Management Practice in the Building Accessed on September 13th Environmental Management Practice in the Tourism Prince Mahidol Award Conference on Mainstreaming Supply of the Biosphere’s Regenerative Capacity: The Health into Public Policies Bangkok, Thailand, 28-30 National Footprint Accounts’ Underlying Methodology
and Marble Industry through Private Public Community the Mediterranean and Black Sea: Major drivers for 108 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Collaborating Centre on Sustainable Consumption and (HBCDs) via Dust Ingestion, but Not Diet, Correlates with Report for the European Commission DG Environment, for the Development of a National SCP Monitoring on Sustainable Development (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Space Session VII on SCP Monitoring in Asia, 15 College of Family Physicians, Permanent Representative of Brazil to the United in Residents of 91 PCB-contaminated and 108 non- Nations addressed to the Secretary-General of Safety Standards and Eco-labelling to Open up the United Nations Conference on Sustainable International Markets for the Food and Beverage Germany: Collaborating Centre on Sustainable Mediterranean Region: Prevalence and Possible Mediterranean Fisheries: Tentative Assessment of the Formal, Healthier, Safer Cleaner e-Waste Recycling Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency en/car-pl/introduction/pam Collaborating Centre on Sustainable Consumption and of the UNECE CLRTAP Task Force on Persistent Organic Implementation of the Barcelona Convention and its Nairobi: United Nations Human Settlements Collaborating Centre on Sustainable Consumption and National Programmes on Sustainable Consumption Wuppertal, Germany: Collaborating Centre on to Climate Change: Sustainable Consumption and Plan Bleu’s Programme of Work 2009-2012, Technical Germany: Collaborating Centre on Sustainable on Environment and development (Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 Sustainable Consumption and Production Policies - A 110 SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit SWITCH-Med SCP Toolkit
Consumption and Production Policies: Taking Action
Athens: United Nations Environment Programme/
and Development in the Mediterranean, Athens: for the Eastern Mediterranean, Regional Centre for United Nations Environment Programme/ int/entity/ceha/
Implementing Policies to Enhance the Productivity of Environment Programme [Sustainable Buildings and
Programme [Sustainable Buildings and Climate
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