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State of the Environment Report for the Republic of Turkey

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State of the Environment Report for the Republic of Turkey REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND URBANISATION STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT REPORT FOR REPUBLIC OF TURKEY GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT, PERMIT AND INSPECTION DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL INVENTORY AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT ANKARA-2016 www.csb.gov.tr STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT REPORT FOR REPUBLIC OF TURKEY CONTRIBUTORS: M. Mustafa SATILMIŞ, General Director Mahmut DAĞAŞAN, Deputy General Director Metin GÜRCÜ, Head of Department PREPARED AND EDITING BY: Müjgan KUNT, Director of Division Demet GÜRBÜZLER, Urban Planner İbrahim Fatih ERKAL, Mining Engineer, MSc Suat HACIHASANOĞLU, Environment and Urbanisation Specialist Erdem ÖZER, Environment and Urbanisation Specialist TO GET INFORMATION ON THIS PUBLICATION: Department of Environmental Inventory and Information Management Directorate of Division of State of the Environment Reports Phone: +90 (312) 410 18 07 Fax: +90 (312) 419 21 92 e-mail: [email protected] This publication is copyrighted by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation under the Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works Numbered: 5846. Any part of the publication may not be copied, reproduced or distributed by real and legal entity without permission. ISBN : 978-605-5294-53-3 Publication : 30-2 Number Address : Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation Directorate General of Environmental Impact Assessment, Permit and Inspection Mustafa Kemal Mahallesi Eskişehir Devlet Yolu (Dumlupınar Boulevard) 9.km. No:278 Çankaya/Ankara/TURKEY Website : http://www.csb.gov.tr/gm/ced Translated and Printed By: SAR MATBAA YAYINCILIK [email protected] Phone: +90 (312) 222 9 300 ANKARA - 2016 “PREVENTIVE MEASURES SHOULD BE TaKEN BEFORE THE dIsasTERS; THERE IS NO USE IN BEWAILING AFTER GETTING INTO TROUBLE.” Mustafa Kemal ATATÜRK Both the state and individuals are collectively responsible for combating environmental problems that threaten humanity globally. Our country has been pulling its own weight in line with international agreements by being sensitive to bringing solutions to environmental problems and considering national priorities; and it actively participate in actions to be taken for the future of humanity. Implementation of environmental policies require awareness of each individual of the society, education and awareness-raising campaigns, individual measures, long-term planning and integration of sustainable development policies. This is only possible through obtaining accurate and reliable information and data. The developed environmental policies nowadays have a decisive effects on urbanisation, economy, energy and many other areas. We have been working very hard in pursuit of handing down the next generations a country where biological diversity is conserved, natural resources are managed through sustainable development approach, environmental pollution is prevented, environmental friendly, the vision of planned urbanisation and branded cities dominated. I believe that the “State of the Environment Report for Republic of Turkey”, which has been prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation by evaluating the latest data and information, will contribute to increase necessary environmental awareness and sensitivity for sustainability of a viable environment, as well as presenting the developments about the environmental state of our country. Recep Tayyip ERDOĞAN The President Our government aspire after human-oriented sustainable development and with an inclusive development approach, it aims to reach each individual and region of the country, mobilize all energy of the country and accomplish our vision for 2023 and beyond by acting collectively. The right to a healthy environment is one of the basic human rights. Thus, each step and action towards protecting of the environment will be taken for welfare of the humanity. It is clear that a healthy society is possible only through solving the environmental problems. Accordingly, we aspire to solve these common problems and we develop policies that will enable us to work collectively with educational institutions, non- governmental organizations, written and visual media and all individuals of the society and foster international cooperation. We regard the environment as a kind of deposit and carry out environmental management with responsibility to future generations. On the other hand, it is our fundamental priority to create viable cities when we consider that most of the population lives in urban areas in the world and culture and welfare fosters in cities. The main focus in solving the environmental problem is on being aware of the problems and identifying them. Thus, we attach importance to works that present current conditions and guide us in process of taking measures. Within this purpose; State of the Environment Report for Republic of Turkey is prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation every four years. This report is of great importance to us since it presents all environmental values of our country and helps us in being aware of the present condition and in developing environmental problems with a view to protect the environment and prevent environmental pollutions from the source before they spread. I wish that the State of the Environment Report for Republic of Turkey will be effective all over the country and I would like to express my thanks to all those who have contributed to this report. Binali YILDIRIM The Prime Minister Our Ministry aspires to carry out necessary works and activities, within the frame of sustainable development principles, to protect the environment and prevent pollution in the source through an inspection, participation and solution oriented approach by adopting a vision of viable environment and branded cities. We assume the obligation of contributing to resolution of globally experienced environmental problems, protecting the nature and handing down a more viable environment to the next generations. It is essential to present current conditions first and make situation assessment in order to tackle environmental problems more effectively. “State of the Environment Report for Republic of Turkey” has been prepared to evaluate all environmental assets of Turkey with a view to protect the environment and solve the environmental problems. This work is of great importance since it shows the relationship between the environment and related sectors, presents an overview of current situation, and acts as a formal source for academic studies and related institutions and organizations. “State of the Environment Report for Republic of Turkey” has been prepared under the light of up-to-date data collected at the end of hard works and I would like to congratulate every contributors, especially the staff of the General Directorate of Environmental Impact Assessment, Permit and Inspection and I would like to express my thanks to all public institutions and organizations that contributed to this work by providing data and information. I wish this report to be helpful in raising environmental awareness for protecting the environment and sustainability of a viable environment as well as meeting the need of our people for data and information. Mehmet ÖZHASEKİ Minister of Environment and Urbanisation REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND URBANISATION TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 1. General View 1 2. Geography 2 3. Climate 3 4. Population 4 5. Natural Resources 5 5.1. Petroleum 5 5.2. Natural Gas 5 5.3. Coal 5 5.4. Geothermal 6 5.5. Solar Energy 7 5.6. Mines 7 5.7. Forest Wealth 8 5.8. Pastures, Grasslands, Grazing Lands, Summer Pastures, Winter Pastures 11 6. Energy 14 6.1. Renewable Energy Resources 14 6.1.1. Works on Producing Energy from Waste 17 6.2. Electricity Production 17 6.3. Total Primary Energy Supply 18 6.4. Sectoral Energy Consumption 18 6.5. Works on Energy Efficiency 20 7. Transportation 20 7.1. Road Transport 21 7.2. Railway, Sea and Air Transport 21 7.3. Number of Vehicles in Turkey 22 8. Tourism 22 9. Agriculture and Livestock 23 9.1. Organic Farming and Good Farming Practices 23 9.2. Environmentally Based Agricultural Land Protection Program Practices 24 9.3. Use of Renewable Energy Resources 25 9.3.1. Manure Management System and Biogas Facilities 25 9.3.2. National Solar Power Plant 25 9.3.3. Use of Fertilizer, Soil Improver and Pesticides 25 9.4. Protection and Use of Farm Lands 25 9.5. Topics under the “Measure No. 201 on Preparation for Implementing Activities Related to 26 Environment and Rural Areas” 9.6. Land Use Planning 26 9.7. Fisheries 27 A. AIR 33 A.1. Protection of Air Quality 33 A.1.1 Air Pollutants from Transportation 34 A.2. Measurement Stations 35 State of the Environment Report for Republic of Turkey XIII REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND URBANISATION Page A.2.1. Continuous Emission Measurement Systems 47 A.3. Exhaust Gas Emission Control 48 A.4. Noise 48 A.5. Conclusion and Evaluation 51 B. CLIMATE CHANGE 57 B.1. Climate Change in Turkey and Related Works 58 B.2. Amount of Greenhouse Gasses at National Level (CO2 equivalent-ton) 59 B.3. Sink Areas in Turkey 63 B.4. Works on Emission Trade in Turkey 64 B.5. Works on Adaptation to Climate Change in Turkey 65 B.6. Works against Ozone Depleting Substances in Turkey 65 B.7. Conclusion and Evaluation 66 C. WATER AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT 71 C.1. Water Resources and Potential in Turkey 71 C.1.1. Surface Waters 74 C.1.2. Groundwaters 75 C.1.3. Seas 75 C.1.3.1. Factors Affecting Marine Environment 75 C.1.3.1.1. Pollution from Ships 76 C.1.3.1.2. Marine Litter Management 77 C.1.3.1.3. Sea Bottom Dredging Activities 77 C.1.3.1.4. Risk Management and Emergency Action towards Pollution from Marine Accidents 78 C.1.3.2. Environment-Friendly Programs for Seas 80 C.1.3.2.1. Blue Flag and Bathing Water Program 80 C.1.3.2.2. Green Star Program 81 C.1.3.3. Legally Protected Marine Areas 82 C.1.3.4. Integrated Marine Pollution Monitoring Activities 83 C.1.3.5.
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