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TC. Devlet Yıllığı 1928–1929, İstanbul 1929, S

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TC. Devlet Yıllığı 1928–1929, İstanbul 1929, S T.C. ATATÜRK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ ORTAÖĞRETİM SOSYAL ALANLAR EĞİTİMİ ANA BİLİM DALI ERCAN ÇAĞLAYAN BİNGÖL (ÇAPAKÇUR) VE ÇEVRESİNDE ERMENİ - MÜSLÜMAN İLİŞKİLERİ (1856–1914) YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ TEZ YÖNETİCİSİ Doç. Dr. Muammer DEMİREL ERZURUM - 2008 I İÇİNDEKİLER SAYFA NO ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ……………………………………………………………….. II ÖZET……………………………………………………………………………….......V ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………........VI ÖNSÖZ…………………………………………………………… ………………….VII KISALTMALAR…………………………………………………………………….VIII GİRİŞ…………………………………………………………………………………… 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM …………………………………………………………………… 7 1. YÖRENİN TARİHİNE KISA BİR BAKIŞ ……………………………………... 7 1. 1. Giriş …………………………………………………………………………….. 7 1. 2. Bingöl’ün Tarih Boyunca Aldığı İsimler ………………………………………. 9 1. 3. İslam Öncesi Dönemde Çapakçur …………………………………………….. 11 1. 4. İslami Dönemde Çapakçur ……………………………………………………. 14 1. 5. Selçuklular Döneminde Çapakçur …………………………………………….. 14 1. 6. Artuklular Döneminde Çapakçur ……………………………………………… 15 1. 7. Eyyubiler Döneminde Çapakçur …………………………………………….... 16 1. 8. Akkoyunlular ve Karakoyunlular Döneminde Çapakçur ……………………... 18 1. 9. Osmanlı Döneminde Çapakçur ………………………………………………... 20 1. 10. Çapakçur’un İdari Teşkilatlanması …………………………………………... 22 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM …………………………………………………………………… 24 2. ÇAPAKÇUR VE ÇEVRESİNİN DEMOGRAFİK YAPISI ……………………. 24 2. 1. Ermenilerin Yaşadıkları Başlıca Yerleşim Birimleri…………………………… 24 2. 2. XVI. Yüzyılda Yörenin Demografik Yapısı …………………………………… 25 2. 3. XIX. Yüzyılda Yörenin Demografik Yapısı …………………………………… 30 2. 4. 1915’ten Önce Vilayet-i Sitte ve Çapakçur Yöresinin Nüfusu ………………… 31 2. 5. Kamus’ul Alam’da Çapakçur ve Çevresinin Demografik Yapısı ……………… 35 2. 5. 1. Genç sancağı ………………………………………………………………… 35 2. 5. 2. Kiğı Kazası ………………………………………………………………….. 35 2. 5. 3. Ginc Kazası …………………………………………………………………. 36 2. 5. 4. Zıkte Nahiyesi ………………………………………………………………. 36 II 2. 6. Erzurum ve Bitlis Vilayet Salnamelerine Göre Çapakçur ve Çevresinin Demografik Yapısı ………………………………………………………………….. 37 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM …………………………………………………………………. 41 3. ÇAPAKÇUR VE ÇEVRESİNDE ERMENİ-MÜSLÜMAN İLİŞKİLERİ ………. 41 3. 1. Ermenilerin Devlet Memuru Olma Özgürlükleri ve Çapakçur’da İdarede Yer Alan Ermeniler …………………………………………………………………………….. 41 3. 2. Çapakçur’da Ermenilerin Din Değiştirme ve Eski Dinlerine Dönme Özgürlükleri………………………………………………………………………….. 47 3. 3. Çapakçur’da Ermenilerin Kilise İnşa ve Tamir Etme Özgürlükleri …………… 55 3. 4. Çapakçur’da Ermeni Okulları ve Ermenilerin Eğitim Özgürlüğü ……………… 61 3. 5. Çapakçur’da Ermenilerle Ekonomik ve Sosyal Alanda İlişkiler ………………. 65 DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM ……………………………………………………………… 71 4. ERMENİ-MÜSLÜMAN İLİŞKİLERİNİN BOZULMASI VE ÇIKAN OLAYLAR ………………………………………………………………………………………… 71 4. 1. Olayların Çıkmasında Yabancı Konsolosların Etkisi …………………………… 72 4. 2. Çapakçur Olayları ………………………………………………………………. 78 4. 3. Genç Olayları …………………………………………………………………… 82 4. 4. Kiğı Olayları …………………………………………………………………….. 90 4. 5. Talori Olayları ………………………………………………………………… 105 SONUÇ……………………………………………………………………………… 119 BİBLİYOGRAFYA ………………………………………………………………… 122 ÖZGEÇMİŞ ………………………………………………………………………… 130 III ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ SAYFA NO Çizelge 2. 2. 1. XVI. Yüzyılda Diyarbekir Beylerbeyliğine Bağlı Olan Çapakçur, Kiğı ve Hançuk Sancaklarındaki Müslim ve Gayrimüslim Köy Sayıları....…….................. 26 Çizelge 2. 3. 1. XIX. Yüzyılın Sonlarında Vilayet-i Sitte’de Müslüman ve Ermeni Nüfus.............................................................................................................................. 30 Çizelge 2. 4. 1. 1914 Yılı Nüfus İstatistiklerine Göre Vilayet-i Sitte’de Nüfus....…..... 31 Çizelge 2. 4. 2. XIX. yüzyılın Sonunda Bitlis ve Erzurum Vilayetlerinin Nüfus Durumu.......................................................................................................................... 32 Çizelge 2. 4. 3. 1893 Tarihli Erzurum Vilayeti Nüfus Sayımı Sonuçlarına Göre Kiğı Kazası’nın Nüfusu…………………………………………………………………….. 32 Çizelge 2. 4. 4. 1893 Tarihli Bitlis Vilayeti Nüfus Sayımı Sonuçlarına Göre Genç Sancağı’nın Nüfusu..………………………………………………………………...... 33 Çizelge 2. 4. 5. Dâhiliye Nezareti Sicil-i Nüfus İdare-i Umumiyesi Müdüriyeti Memalik-i Osmaniye’nin 1330/1914 yılı Nüfus İstatistiği....………………………..... 34 Çizelge 2. 5. 4. 1. Şemseddin Sami’nin Kamus’ul Alam Adlı Eserinde Genç Sancağı ve Kiğı Kazası ile ilgili Nüfus Bilgileri………………………………………………....... 36 Çizelge. 2. 6. 1. Erzurum vilayet salnamelerinde Yıllara Göre Kiğı Kazasının Nüfusu.38 IV ÖZET YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ BİNGÖL (ÇAPAKÇUR) VE ÇEVRESİNDE ERMENİ - MÜSLÜMAN İLİŞKİLERİ (1856–1914) ERCAN ÇAĞLAYAN Danışman: Doç.Dr. Muammer DEMİREL 2008- SAYFA: 129 Jüri: Doç. Dr. Muammer DEMİREL Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ersin GÜLSOY Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hasan ŞAHİN Bu çalışmada, Islahat Fermanı’nın yayımlanmasından (1856), I. Dünya Savaşı’nın çıkmasına (1914) kadar olan dönemde, Bingöl (Çapakçur) ve çevresinde Ermeni- Müslüman ilişkilerini, daha ziyade arşiv kayıtlarından istifade ederek ortaya koymaya çalıştık. Tez, giriş, dört bölüm ve sonuç kısmından oluşmaktadır. Giriş kısmında, Ermeni sorununun ortaya çıkmasından önce iki toplum arasındaki ilişkiler ele alınmış; Ermeni olaylarının başlamasında Islahat Fermanı, Ermeni Milleti Nizamnamesi ve Berlin Antlaşması’nın etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca bu gelişmelerden sonra Ermenilerin örgütlenmeleri ve Anadolu’da çıkarmış oldukları isyanlara kısaca değinilmiştir. Birinci bölümde, yörenin tarihine değinilerek yörede hâkim olan medeniyetler hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, yörede meskûn milletler ve yörenin demografik yapısı kaleme alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde, yöredeki Ermenilerle Müslümanlar arasında dinî, kültürel, eğitsel, sosyal ve ekonomik ilişkiler ele alınmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde, XIX. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde Ermeni- Müslüman ilişkilerinin bozulmaya başlaması, olayların çıkmasında yabancı konsolosların etkisi ve yörede Ermenilerin çıkarmış olduğu isyanları kaleme aldık. Sonuç bölümünde, bugünkü Bingöl sınırları içerisinde, Osmanlı hâkimiyeti boyunca Müslüman nüfusun Ermeni nüfusa nazaran olukça fazla olduğunu; Ermenilerin din, eğitim, kültür ve ekonomi alanlarında geniş bir özgürlüğe sahip olduklarını ortaya koyduk. Son olarak, Fransız İhtilali’nin getirmiş olduğu milliyetçilik akımının etkisinde kalan Ermenilerin, Müslümanlarla, son yüzyılda ciddi sorunlar yaşadıklarını ve bu durumun iki toplum arasında büyük kırılmalara neden olduğu gerçeğiyle çalışmamızı neticelendirdik. V ABSTRACT MASTER THESIS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARMENIANS AND MUSLIMS IN BİNGÖL (CHAPAKCHUR) AND SURROUNDS (1856–1914) ERCAN ÇAĞLAYAN Supervisor: Assos. Prof. Dr. Muammer DEMİREL 2008 – PAGE: 129 Jury : Assos. Prof. Dr. Muammer DEMİREL Assist. Prof. Dr. Ersin GÜLSOY Assist. Prof. Dr. Hasan ŞAHİN In this thesis, based on archive registry, I have tried to set forth the relationships between Armenians and Muslims in Bingöl and surrounds, especially during the period from Islahat Fermanı to the I. World War. The thesis is consisting of introduction, four chapter and conclusion. In the introduction part, the relationships of the two societies before the Armenian problem are handled. The effects of Islahat Fermanı, National Regulation of Armenian (Ermeni Milleti Nizamnamesi) and Berlin Agreement on starting point of Armenian trouble are mentioned. Also after these situations, Armenian community and the troubles coming from them are mentioned shortly. In the first part, the information about the dominating civilization of the region is given. In the second part, the residential nation in the region and the demographic situation of the region are (written down mentioned) typed. In the third part, the religional, cultural, educational, social and economical relations between Muslims and Armenians of the region are mentional. In the fourth part, I have mentioned and write about how the relationships between the Armenians and Muslims broke down, the effects of the foreign consul on the problem and the riots those are brought out by the Armenians. In the conclusion part; I have mentioned that, inside today’s Bingöl border during Ottoman Empire, Muslim population was extremely much more than Armenians population and Armenian had completely freedom about education, religion, culture and economy. Finally I have concluded my thesis with the truth that; in the last century the Armenians under the effect of the nationalism which comes from French Revulation had very big troubles with the Muslims and this caused a very deep impact, problem between the two societies. VI ÖNSÖZ Anadolu coğrafyasında Müslüman ve Ermeni halklar asırlarca bir arada yaşamış; aynı acıları, kaygıları, sevinçleri ve mutlulukları beraberce paylaşarak birbirleriyle kader ortaklığı yapmışlardır. Osmanlı toplumunda birçok alanda varlık gösteren Ermeniler, devlete ve diğer milletlere karşı sadık olmalarından dolayı asırlarca, ‘’Millet- i Sadıka’’ olarak adlandırılmışlardır. 1856’da yayımlanan Islahat Fermanı’ndan sonra devlet memuru olma hakkını elde eden Ermeniler Bakanlık dâhil birçok önemli görevde bulunmuşlardır. 1863 yılında yayımlanan Ermeni Milleti Nizamnamesi ile Ermeniler her alandaki özgürlüklerini daha da genişletme ve geliştirme imkânını elde etmişlerdir. Din, eğitim ve kültürel alanda geniş özgürlüklere sahip olan Ermeniler, Anadolu’da birçok kilise, manastır, okul ve gazete açmışlardır. 1878 yılında imzalanan Berlin Antlaşması ile Ermeniler ilk defa uluslararası bir antlaşmada yer almış ve bu tarihten itibaren Batılı büyük devletlerin de destek ve kışkırtmalarıyla bağımsızlık için mücadeleye girişerek,
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