On the Hierarchy of Perpetrators During the Armenian Genocide Suren Manukyan
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Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust: from Impunity to Retributive Justice*
The Historical and Legal Interconnections Between the Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust: From Impunity to Retributive Justice* Vahakn N. Dadrian I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 504 II. THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND AFTERMATH OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ............... 507 A. Outlines of the Problem .......................................................................... 507 B. Conflict in the U.S. Government Regarding the Lausanne Treaty ........................ 511 M. COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF THE TwO CASES ........................................................... 517 A. The Historical Vulnerability of the Jews and Armenians to Victimization ............... 517 B. The Factorsof Power and Opportunity........................................................ 519 C. Strategiesfor Taking Advantage of the Opportunity Structure ............................ 521 1. The Use of Wartime Emergency Powers by the Executive ......................... 521 2. The Role of PoliticalParties ........................................................... 524 3. Trial Balloons ............................................................................. 529 IV. THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE AS A PRECEDENT AND A PRECURSOR OF THE HOLOCAUST ........... 531 A. Nazi Germany's Knowledge of the Fate of the Armenians ................................. 532 B. Hitler'sAppreciation of the Armenian Genocide............................................. 537 C. The Legacy of Genghis Kum as a Functional -
A Forgotten Siege the Kutul Amare Victory and the British Soldiers in Yozgat City
Teacher Education and Curriculum Studies 2020; 5(3): 46-52 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/tecs doi: 10.11648/j.tecs.20200503.11 ISSN: 2575-498X (Print); ISSN: 2575-4971 (Online) A Forgotten Siege the Kutul Amare Victory and the British Soldiers in Yozgat City Mehmet Ertug Yavuz The Foreign Languages School, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey Email address: To cite this article: Mehmet Ertug Yavuz. A Forgotten Siege the Kutul Amare Victory and the British Soldiers in Yozgat City. Teacher Education and Curriculum Studies. Vol. 5, No. 3, 2020, pp. 46-52. doi: 10.11648/j.tecs.20200503.11 Received : June 28, 2019; Accepted : November 6, 2019; Published : June 20, 2020 Abstract: Kutul Amare was the second greatest victory won by the Turks during the First World War after Çanakkale This article tells you about the war from an objective perspective, how and why the war was finally politically won by the British, who was in charge at the time, how did the war progressed and how certain things changed during the time of this war, the imprisoning of the British soldiers in Yozgat City, This is what exactly makes this war so important and interesting. The (weak/ill-so called by the Europeans at those times) Ottoman forces withdrew and reinforced “Selman-i Pak”, under the command of Colonel 'Bearded Nurettin Bey'. While the reinforcement continued, Mirliva-the Major General- Halil Pasha the Uncle of Enver Pasa, entered the frontline with a corps and changed the course of the battle. General Townshend, with 4500 loss regressed to Kutu'l-Amare. -
Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi * Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tarih Anabilim Dali Yüksek Lisans Programi Xx. Yüzyil
KARADENİZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ * SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS PROGRAMI XX. YÜZYILIN İLK ÇEYREĞİNDE TRABZON’DA GAYRİMÜSLİMLER YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Dilek KANTARCI OCAK - 2019 TRABZON KARADENİZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ * SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS PROGRAMI XX. YÜZYILIN İLK ÇEYREĞİNDE TRABZON’DA GAYRİMÜSLİMLER YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Dilek KANTARCI Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Melek ÖKSÜZ OCAK - 2019 TRABZON BİLDİRİM Tez içindeki bütün bilgilerin etik davranış ve akademik kurallar çerçevesinde elde edilerek sunulduğunu, ayrıca KTÜ-Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Tez Yazım Kılavuzu’na uygun olarak hazırlanan bu Çalışmada bana ait olmayan her türlü ifade ve bilginin kaynağına eksiksiz atıf yapıldığını aksinin ortaya çıkması durumunda her tür yasal sonucu kabul ettiğimi beyan ediyorum. Dilek KANTARCI 28.01.2019 IV ÖNSÖZ Bu çalışmada 1900-1925 yılları arasında Trabzon’da yaşayan Rum ve Ermenilerin şehrin sosyal, ekonomik ve kültürel yapısına etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu sürecin içinde yer alan Ermeni sevk ve iskânı konusunda birçok araştırma yapılmış fakat bu araştırmalar daha çok siyasi boyutta kalmış sevk ve iskân hareketinin sosyo ekonomik boyuttaki etkileri yeterli düzeyde araştırılmamıştır. 1916-1918 Rus İşgal Dönemi ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalarda azınlık konusundan ziyade muhaceret konusu üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, XX. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde Trabzon şehrinde yaşayan Rum ve Ermeni topluluklarının şehrin siyasi, idari, ticari, sanatsal ve zanaatsal yapısı içerisindeki yerlerini ortaya koymaktır. Bu tarih aralığında yer alan Sevk ve İskan, Rus İşgali, Muhaceret dönemleri ayrıntılı olarak işlenmiş; Mübadele Dönemi ise kısaca irdeleniştir. Böylece Trabzon’daki Rum ve Ermeni varlığı dönemsel olarak değil geniş bir perspektifte değerlendirilmiştir. Öncelikle tez çalışmamın konusunun seçimi ve tezin yazımı esnasında beni kısıtlamayıp isteklerimi göz önünde bulundurarak bana yardımcı olan tez danışmanım Prof. -
'A Reign of Terror'
‘A Reign of Terror’ CUP Rule in Diyarbekir Province, 1913-1923 Uğur Ü. Üngör University of Amsterdam, Department of History Master’s thesis ‘Holocaust and Genocide Studies’ June 2005 ‘A Reign of Terror’ CUP Rule in Diyarbekir Province, 1913-1923 Uğur Ü. Üngör University of Amsterdam Department of History Master’s thesis ‘Holocaust and Genocide Studies’ Supervisors: Prof. Johannes Houwink ten Cate, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies Dr. Karel Berkhoff, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies June 2005 2 Contents Preface 4 Introduction 6 1 ‘Turkey for the Turks’, 1913-1914 10 1.1 Crises in the Ottoman Empire 10 1.2 ‘Nationalization’ of the population 17 1.3 Diyarbekir province before World War I 21 1.4 Social relations between the groups 26 2 Persecution of Christian communities, 1915 33 2.1 Mobilization and war 33 2.2 The ‘reign of terror’ begins 39 2.3 ‘Burn, destroy, kill’ 48 2.4 Center and periphery 63 2.5 Widening and narrowing scopes of persecution 73 3 Deportations of Kurds and settlement of Muslims, 1916-1917 78 3.1 Deportations of Kurds, 1916 81 3.2 Settlement of Muslims, 1917 92 3.3 The aftermath of the war, 1918 95 3.4 The Kemalists take control, 1919-1923 101 4 Conclusion 110 Bibliography 116 Appendix 1: DH.ŞFR 64/39 130 Appendix 2: DH.ŞFR 87/40 132 Appendix 3: DH.ŞFR 86/45 134 Appendix 4: Family tree of Y.A. 136 Maps 138 3 Preface A little less than two decades ago, in my childhood, I became fascinated with violence, whether it was children bullying each other in school, fathers beating up their daughters for sneaking out on a date, or the omnipresent racism that I did not understand at the time. -
A Tale of Two Republics
A Tale of Two Republics: Why Liberalism Succeeded in America but Faltered in Brazil Matthew Braz Honors 490: Senior Honors Seminar Professor Blais May 1, 2019 Braz1 The history of human civilization in the Western Hemisphere begins in when hunter gathers first stepped foot onto North America, and continued their march south to the tip of Patagonia. In a land diverse in geography and people, these human tribes would form new societies vying for resources to become the dominant power. And of all societies to flourish, the Mesoamerican civilizations including the Olmec and later the Aztec would rise as the most powerful empire in North America. South of Panama, the Inca would establish an empire in the Andes Mountains as the dominant power of South America. Yet the powerful Aztecs warriors and the high Incan forts would not withstand the guns nor devastating germs of European colonizers who would replace these native empires as the dominant power. Now it was the empires of Europe who were the true superpowers of the Western Hemisphere, establishing political, cultural, and economic control both continents. European colonialism would reshape the Western Hemisphere into a new world born from the ashes of Native People. Their former lands were fenced for European colonizers, of men and women who sought wealth that this new world provided. That wealth needed extraction, and so millions of enslaved people were chained and shipped from Africa towards the horrors of chattel slavery. The combination of these different people and cultures reshaped the Western Hemisphere, and the result of this clash of cultures is still evident today 527 years after Columbus arrived in Hispaniola. -
Brazil-Turkey Fundação Alexandre De Gusmão Fundação Two Emerging Powers Intensify Emerging Powers Two
coleção Internacionais Relações Relações coleção coleção Internacionais 811 Ekrem Eddy Güzeldere is a political Eddy Güzeldere Ekrem Ekrem Eddy Güzeldere The bilateral relations of Brazil and Turkey scientist from Munich with a specialization Within the theoretic frame of role theory, this book represents a first attempt at are a little researched subject. Therefore, this in international relations. He holds a PhD describing the bilateral relations of Brazil and Turkey since the 1850s until 2017 book offers a first attempt at analyzing both (2017) from the University of Hamburg. with an emphasis on contemporary relations. Both states are treated as emerging the political, economic, cultural and academic From 2005 to October 2015 he worked in powers, which intensify their relations, because of two main motivations: to raise bilateral relations, especially since they have Istanbul for the German political foundation their status in international affairs and for economic reasons. In the period of 2003 been intensifying in the 2000s. However, there Heinrich Böll, an international ESI think until 2011, Brazil and Turkey succeeded in intensifying their relations in many is also a historic chapter about the relations in tank, as a journalist and political analyst fields, with 2010 being the year of most intensive politico-diplomatic relations, the 19th century, which in its depth, using both for international media and consultancies. because of both a major diplomatic initiative, the Tehran Declaration, and an Turkish and Portuguese-language sources, Before moving to Istanbul, he worked in ambitious Strategic Partnership. The economic relations reached a high in 2011 represents a first endeavor in English. -
Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915
Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915 by Yektan Turkyilmaz Department of Cultural Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Orin Starn, Supervisor ___________________________ Baker, Lee ___________________________ Ewing, Katherine P. ___________________________ Horowitz, Donald L. ___________________________ Kurzman, Charles Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 i v ABSTRACT Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915 by Yektan Turkyilmaz Department of Cultural Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Orin Starn, Supervisor ___________________________ Baker, Lee ___________________________ Ewing, Katherine P. ___________________________ Horowitz, Donald L. ___________________________ Kurzman, Charles An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 Copyright by Yektan Turkyilmaz 2011 Abstract This dissertation examines the conflict in Eastern Anatolia in the early 20th century and the memory politics around it. It shows how discourses of victimhood have been engines of grievance that power the politics of fear, hatred and competing, exclusionary -
The Northern Black Sea Region in Classical Antiquity 4
The Northern Black Sea Region by Kerstin Susanne Jobst In historical studies, the Black Sea region is viewed as a separate historical region which has been shaped in particular by vast migration and acculturation processes. Another prominent feature of the region's history is the great diversity of religions and cultures which existed there up to the 20th century. The region is understood as a complex interwoven entity. This article focuses on the northern Black Sea region, which in the present day is primarily inhabited by Slavic people. Most of this region currently belongs to Ukraine, which has been an independent state since 1991. It consists primarily of the former imperial Russian administrative province of Novorossiia (not including Bessarabia, which for a time was administered as part of Novorossiia) and the Crimean Peninsula, including the adjoining areas to the north. The article also discusses how the region, which has been inhabited by Scythians, Sarmatians, Greeks, Romans, Goths, Huns, Khazars, Italians, Tatars, East Slavs and others, fitted into broader geographical and political contexts. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Space of Myths and Legends 3. The Northern Black Sea Region in Classical Antiquity 4. From the Khazar Empire to the Crimean Khanate and the Ottomans 5. Russian Rule: The Region as Novorossiia 6. World War, Revolutions and Soviet Rule 7. From the Second World War until the End of the Soviet Union 8. Summary and Future Perspective 9. Appendix 1. Sources 2. Literature 3. Notes Indices Citation Introduction -
Imperial Ghosts
Colonial ideas, modern warfare: how British perceptions affected their campaign against the Ottomans, 1914-1916 by Cameron Winter A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Cameron Winter, April, 2017 ABSTRACT COLONIAL IDEAS, MODERN WARFARE: HOW BRITISH PERCEPTIONS AFFECTED THEIR CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE OTTOMANS, 1914-1916 Cameron Winter Advisor: University of Guelph, 2017 Professor R Worringer This thesis is an investigation of British campaign against the Ottoman Sultanate during the first two years of WWI. Despite Britain’s purported superiority in all things military and technological, the Ottomans dealt the British several stinging reverses at the Dardanelles and in Mesopotamia, culminating in the capture of a British division at Kut. It is the argument of this thesis that these failures on the part of the British were the direct result of Britain’s colonialist attitudes towards Muslims, and that a reading of both the secondary literature and available primary materials demonstrates this thoroughly. By examining memoirs, diaries, cabinet documents and minutes of War Council meetings, it becomes clear that Lord Kitchener, Winston Churchill, Austen Chamberlain, and other British leaders suffered from a fundamental misunderstanding about the nature of Islam and of the Ottoman Army, and that this misunderstanding underwrote all of their subsequent failures over the 1914-1916 period. iii Table of Contents Introduction: One Debacle -
The Age of Exploration (Also Called the Age of Discovery) Began in the 1400S and Continued Through the 1600S. It Was a Period Of
Activity 1 of 3 for NTI May 18 - 22 - Introduction to Exploration of North America Go to: https://www.ducksters.com/history/renaissance/age_of_exploration_and_discovery.php Click on the link above to read the article. There is a feature at the bottom that will allow you to have the text read to you, if you want. After you read the article, answer the questions below. You can highlight or bold your answers if completing electronically. I have copied the website text below if you need it. The Age of Exploration (also called the Age of Discovery) began in the 1400s and continued through the 1600s. It was a period of time when the European nations began exploring the world. They discovered new routes to India, much of the Far East, and the Americas. The Age of Exploration took place at the same time as the Renaissance. Why explore? Outfitting an expedition could be expensive and risky. Many ships never returned. So why did the Europeans want to explore? The simple answer is money. Although, some individual explorers wanted to gain fame or experience adventure, the main purpose of an expedition was to make money. How did expeditions make money? Expeditions made money primarily by discovering new trade routes for their nations. When the Ottoman Empire captured Constantinople in 1453, many existing trade routes to India and China were shut down. These trade routes were very valuable as they brought in expensive products such as spices and silk. New expeditions tried to discover oceangoing routes to India and the Far East. Some expeditions became rich by discovering gold and silver, such as the expeditions of the Spanish to the Americas. -
Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES
3 Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES CULTURAL INTERACTION In the 20th century, the collapse • Seljuks •Malik Shah Turkish people converted to of the Turkish empire left ethnic •vizier Islam and founded new empires and religious hostilities that still that would renew Muslim affect the world. civilization. SETTING THE STAGE To the east of Constantinople and south of Russia, the mighty Muslim empire of the Abbasids had ruled since the eighth century. (See Chapter 10.) By the mid-tenth century, however, their control of the region would end as a powerful group known as the Turks emerged. TAKING NOTES The Rise of the Turks Clarifying Use a chart to show important As powerful as the Abbasids were, they constantly struggled to maintain control events and features of of their empire. Spain broke away in 756, six years after the Abbasids came to the various occupations power. After setting up their capital in Baghdad, the of Baghdad. Abbasids lost their grip on other parts of the empire as Black Sea well: Morocco in 788 and Tunisia in 800. In 809, they lost Constantinople Occupiers Events Aegean Sea some regions of Persia. Then, in 868, the Abbasids lost ANATOLIA Abbasids control of Egypt. Persians Finally, in 945, Persian armies moved into Baghdad and Mediterranean Sea Seljuks put an end to the power of the caliph, an Islamic religious Mongols or political leader. Even though the caliph continued as the religious leader of Islam, he gave up all political power to the new Persian ruler. It wasn’t long, however, before the Persians themselves fell to a powerful group in the region. -
The Dispossession of Ottoman Armenians During the World War I Genocide
The Dispossession of Ottoman Armenians during the World War I Genocide Dr. Uğur Ümit Üngör Associate Professor Department of History Utrecht University This paper traces the Turkish government’s economic policies towards the Armenian population from the Young Turk coup d’état in 1913 to the fall of the regime in 1918. It will chart how this policy moved from boycott to discrimination, into confiscation and outright plunder, resulting in the mass pauperization of the victims. It identifies main currents and developments of this ruthless policy and how it affected Ottoman Armenian communities. The boycott movement Well before the war, the hawks within the Committee of Union and Progress urged peremptorily for the nationalist ideology to be translated into real economic action. The CUP launched a boycott movement against Western businesses as well as Ottoman Christians. In the period 1911-1914, the scope of the boycott movement gradually expanded and intensified. Initially economic boycotts were initiated against Habsburg businesses, soon to be followed by boycotts of Greek merchants, and in early 1914 ultimately also employed against Armenians. In a painstaking study of the boycott movement in the Ottoman Empire, Doğan Çetinkaya has concluded that the boycotts enjoyed the endorsement among wide circles of supporters, including port workers, immigrants, merchants, urban notables, low-ranking officers, professional classes, and peasants. The boycotts were truly a national project, a mass movement that transcended the antipathies and struggles that may have existed between classes. United in a tightly-organized empire-wide network, local trading networks and traditional guild organizations joined hands in the movement.