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The Ottoman Age of Exploration

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The Ottoman Age of Exploration the ottoman age of exploration the Ottomanof explorationAge Giancarlo Casale 1 2010 3 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dares Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Th ailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Casale, Giancarlo. Th e Ottoman age of exploration / Giancarlo Casale. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-537782-8 1. Turkey—History—16th century. 2. Indian Ocean Region—Discovery and exploration—Turkish. 3. Turkey—Commerce—History—16th century. 4. Navigation—Turkey—History—16th century. I. Title. DR507.C37 2010 910.9182'409031—dc22 2009019822 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper for my several parents This page intentionally left blank Ne revādur ki bir bölük Etrāk Hind’e varmış gibi ticāret ide, Ya‘nī kim re ’s-i māl-i cüz’īden Nef ‘-i küllī bulub riyāset ide? Is it right that a bunch of Turkish bumpkins Should engage in commerce as if gone to India? Th at from a very small capital Th ey should make huge gains and become exalted persons? —mustafa li, Counsel for Sultans (1581) This page intentionally left blank acknowledgments ome years ago, shortly after graduating from my PhD program, I presented my S mother with a copy of my dissertation. In retrospect, this was probably a cruel thing to do. But she dutifully spent several hours slogging through its pages, until fi nally, after closing the back cover and looking up with an encouraging smile, she said, “Well, the acknowledgments are defi nitely my favorite part!” For the record, it is my sincere hope that most readers of the present work will not be of the same opinion. Still, I have to admit the wisdom in Mom’s words, for there are few parts of the writing process quite so gratifying as the chance to acknowledge the long list of debts accumulated over many years of hard work. So let me begin by thanking someone who is sadly no longer with us: the late and much lamented Şinasi Tekin, who lived just long enough to see me safely exit the hallowed halls of Harvard University with diploma in hand. Since then, in my vainer moments, I have sometimes imagined that the experience of sharing with me some of his vast knowledge of the Ottoman Turkish language was exactly how Şinasi Bey had hoped to spend his golden years—although my generally appalling performance in his classes suggests rather the opposite view. In any case, I am certain that had it not been for his limitless patience, wisdom, and good humor, the book before you would quite simply have never been completed. Similarly, a special and all-too-rarely acknowledged debt of gratitude is owed to my academic advisor, Cemal Kafadar, who more than a decade ago dragged me, kicking and screaming like a beardless devshirme recruit, into the strange and terri- fying world of Ottoman history. It is only recently, having survived the ordeal, grad- uated from the palace school, and gained a comfortable appointment for myself in the provinces, that I am fi nally in a position to appreciate my time spent with him. Many other individuals have contributed to my research in ways they may not even realize. Salih Özbaran, through his many pioneering books and articles on the history of Ottoman-Portuguese relations, has been a continual source of inspiration through- acknowledgments | x out my work, although we met in person on only one brief occasion. In a more hands- on fashion, Gary Shaw and Bruce Masters of Wesleyan University, Wheeler Th ackston and James Hankins of Harvard, and Hakan Karateke, now of the University of Chicago, have all been mentors to me and, throughout the years, tireless advocates. My colleagues from graduate school, especially Selim Kuru, Dimitri Kastritsis, Aaron Shakow, Ilham Khuri-Makdisi, Aslı Niyazioğlu, Erdem Çıpa, Bruce Fudge, T. J. Fitzgerald, Rachel Goshgarian, Emine Fetvacı, and Nicolas Trépanier, all served as constant intellectual companions and occasional dance partners (or, in some cases, the reverse) during my most formative years of work on this project. Naghmeh Sohrabi, another member of this group, gets a special line of acknowledgment all her own, since on a previous occasion she failed to receive one and made me pay dearly for the omission. Also included in this category, in an ex offi cio capacity, is my longtime friend Chris Woods, despite (or perhaps because of ) the laudable suspi- cion with which he generally views academic life. During my time in the fi eld as a research fellow in Istanbul, I was equally fortu- nate to benefi t from the guidance of many selfl ess archivists and librarians, particu- larly Ahmed Kılıç of the Başbakanlık State Archives, Gülendam Nakipoğlu and Zeynep Çelik of Topkapı Palace Library, Ülkü Altındağ of the Topkapı Palace Archives, and Havva Koç at the Istanbul Archaeology Museum, as well as the entire staff of Süleymaniye Library. In addition, Tony Greenwood of the American Research Institute in Turkey provided both hospitality and timely institutional support on more than one occasion; Mahmut Ak of Istanbul University kindly shared his expert knowledge of Ottoman geography; and Tarig Noor, now of the University of Khartoum, proved endlessly patient in helping me confront the hor- rors of mühimme paleography. Meanwhile, Louis Fishman was my perpetual partner in crime, both at the archives and in many of Istanbul’s less reputable nocturnal establishments, as was Pino Cossuto. Steve Bryant and Joseph Logan were also regulars at the nocturnal establishments, although during the daytime, our paths tended to diverge. For similar reasons, I would also like to express my appreciation and deep aff ection for all Istanbul-based members of both the Çıpa and Griffi n families. During my much briefer stay in Portugal, the staff s of the Biblioteca Nacional, the Torre do Tombo Archives, and the Lisbon Fulbright Offi ce were all extraordi- narily helpful. An enormous debt of gratitude is also owed to Jorge Flores, Isabel Miranda, Andre Cuckov, and Sarah Watson. Since arriving at the University of Minnesota in 2005, I have been blessed to fi nd myself in the most supportive environment a young scholar could hope for. I am particularly grateful to Carol Hakim, Michael Lower, Carla Rahn Phillips, Jim Tracy, M. J. Maynes, Eric Weitz, Marguerite Ragnow, and Bali Sahota. Th e University of Minnesota also provided me with generous institutional support, including a McKnight Summer Research Fellowship in 2006, a single-semester leave in the fall of 2007, a Grant-in-Aid for Faculty Research from fall 2007 to spring 2009, and a fellowship at the Minnesota Institute for Advanced Study in the fall of 2008. acknowledgments | xi An embarrassing number of other institutions, both private and public, also con- tributed generous fi nancial support for my research. Th ese include Harvard’s Weatherhead Center for International Aff airs, the Social Science Research Council, the American Research Institute in Turkey, the Fulbright-Hayes fellowship pro- gram, the Institute for Turkish Studies, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Koç Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations. Esteemed colleagues at several outside institutions were kind enough to read drafts of various versions of this manuscript and to provide me with invaluable feed- back. Th ese include Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Walter Andrews, Daniel Headrick, Alex Snell, Hardy Griffi n, and two anonymous readers from Oxford University Press. In addition, Rebecca Moss, Scott Lesh, and Felipe Rojas helped me prepare the illus- trations that appear in this book, and my research assistant John Wing (now Prof. Wing of the College of Staten Island) prepared the maps. I am equally grateful to my editor Susan Ferber, for all of her wise advice and attention to detail. All remain- ing errors in the text, of which I am sure there are too many to count, are naturally mine alone. Before concluding, I must also say a word about my dizzyingly complicated fam- ily, whose convoluted and mercurial organization has played no small part in inform- ing my understanding of sixteenth-century Ottoman court politics. Yet through it all, each of its individual members has displayed unfailing confi dence in me, even when I had none in myself, and loved me always, as I love all of them. In this sense, no matter how dispersed across the globe or divided into rival households they may fi nd themselves in the future, for me they will always be united between the pages of this book. Finally, I would like to thank Sinem Arcak for things too numerous and too per- sonal to enumerate here. But most of all, I thank her for making Minnesota, quite contrary to all conventional wisdom, the warmest home I have ever had. This page intentionally
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