Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. Xantusia Rfyersiana

Home , Iguanidae, Island night lizard, Night lizard, Xantusia

REPTILIA: SQUAMATA: SAURIA: XANTUSIIDAE Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles.

Fders, GM.and CA. Drost. 1991. Xanhsia riwdana. Xantusia rfyersiana Cope Island Night Lizard

Xanruria ritmsiam Cope,1883(1884):29.ThenameXuntusia riw- siaM was fua used without description in an address by Cope &on., 1879:801). Type-loality was given as Vnknown, be- yondthat it is Californian." LaterrestrictedtoSmNicolas Island, [VenNra Co.]California by Rivers(1889). Holotype, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology (MVZ) 8278, adult (sex unknown), collected in July, 1863 by J.G. Cooper (examined by GMF). KIa~narimiana: Savage, 1957:83. SeeNomendatural History.

Content. Two subspecies arc recognized: riwmimu and mficdata.

DeRnltion. Xunbrsia riwmimu is a large xantusiid (maxi- mum SVL 102 mm in males, 109 mm in fdes)with 16 longitudinal rows of ventnl scales, 60 - 92 dorsal scales at midbody, two rows of supraocularsabove each eye, one frontonad, two frontals, and two parietals (Bezy et al., 1980; Savage, 1957,1963). The body scales are smooth and the caudal scales are faintly keeled (Savage, 1957). The b,y teeth are strongly triconodont. The eye is large with a vertically -100 KM elliptical pupil and lacks movable eyelids (Cope, 1900). Xanbrsia riversianuis viviparous with a definite placental connection(Savage, Map. Range of Xuntusia rifmsiam. The type-1di is too im- 1%3). The sexes are not dimorphic. Dorsal cdor pattern is highly precise to plot. variable, most commonly mottled or reticulated, but occasionally plainorstriped. Dorsal colorationranges fromlight gray (irequent) to olive-brown (most common) to dark brown or black. Olive individuals are fairly common on Santa Barbara Island, but abdent on Descriptions. Details of extemd mmholoav, scale counts. San Clemente and San Nicolas Islands, whereas reddish-brown andcolorationhave been described by ~ez~eial. (19jb), cope(l 883; individualsare absent from Santa Barbara Island, but predominate on 1900). Savage (1955,1957,1963). and Van Denburnh (1895.1922). the other two islands (Bezy et d., 1980; Fellers and Drost, 1991; Gen& de&iPtio& have be& published by Ghlk Ld ~ing Savage, 1955; Van Denburgh, 1897). (1979), Smith (1946a), and Stebbins (1954,1972,1985). Bezy (1972) described the karyotype (2N = 40, with 18macrochromosomes and Diagnosis. Xunhsia rimmiama is disthguished from its 22 microchrmosomes). congeners by having sixteen rows of vuunl scales and two rows d supraoculars . Illustrations. Behlu and King (1979), Bezy (19891, and

Figure Adult female Xunarsia richmiuma from Svltl Barha Island. Photographad in March 1981 by G.M.Fellus.

, Steinhart (1990) presented color photographs. Bhck and white Bursey (1990). Goldberg (l9W studied cestodes, and Fellers and photographshave been published by Bezy (1988), Bezyet al. (1980), Drost (1991), Lucker (1951), ReadandAmrei(1952), Telford(1965), Fellers and Drost (1982, 1991), Smith (19464, and Van Denburgh and Yamaguti (1961) studied nematodes; the latter included a com- (1922). Stebbins (1954, 1985) and Van Denburgh (1897, 1909 prehensive key. Lefcourt and Blaustein (1991) related parasite load provided line drawings of the entire animal. Hecht (1956) provided and brightness. Telford (1970) provided a general discussion of a line drawing of the lower jaw. Specificmorphological aspects were endoparasitism illustrated as follows: scalation (Cope, 1900; Savage, 1963); scale microstructure (Peterson and Bay, 1985); hyoid musdes (Camp, Nomenclatud History. Savage (1957) placed Xanbrsia 1923); hyoid (Cope, 1892); skull (Maowell and Bogert, 1954; Sav- riGIBniana in the monotypic genus Kkmhrina(iihonor of Laurence age, 1963); cochlear duct (Miller, 1966); pectoral girdle (Savage, M. Klauber). Bezy (1972) arguedforretainingthespeciesinthegenus 1963); brain (Rodriguez and La Pointe, 1969,1970); pars intermedii Xantucia based on karyotypic analyses. Most recent authors have (Rodriguez et al., 1971); visual cells (Walls, 1942). Bezy (1972) and adopted this usage, but the issue has not been fully resolved (see Bezy et al. (1980) illustrated the karyotype. Van Denburgh (1922) Crother et al., 1986). We have followed BQy's placement of the included a black and white photograph of an individual with a species, based on the relatively small karyotypic and electrophoretic bifurcated tail. Bey (1989) provided a cdor photograph of typical diierences between X. rimiana and mainland Xanhrsia (Bey, habitat. 1972; Bezy et al., 1980; Bezy and Sites, 1987). The early nomencla- tural history of the species is summarized by Klauber (1931). - Distribution. Xantusia riwmirma occurs on San Clemente, San Nicdas, and Santa Barbara Islands off the cow of southern Etymology. The patronym wmiana honors J.J. Rivers of California. It is also known fromone small islet (Sutil Island) 1.3 km the University of California. The name rsticuhta (from the Latin offshore from Santa Barbva Island (Bezy et a]., 1980). Early literature rsticula, meaning 'networks") refers to the dorsal pattern erroneously reponed X. rimianafrom Santa Cataliia Island as well (Rivers, 1889; Van Denburgh, 1897). Its occurrence there was Comment. In spite of the common name, 'Island Night disputed by Van Denburgh and Slevin (1914) and no specimens are Lizard,'' all available evidence indicates that Xantucia rivsrsianaare known from that island. strictly diurnal (Fellers and Drost, 1991; Regal, 1968). 'Island Spec- tacled Lizard" has been propwed as a more appropriate common Fossil Record. None, but the Eocene Wyoming fossil name for the species (Regal, 1968), but this has not been generally Paleoxantusia was described as Wig intermediate between accepted (e.g. Banks et a]., 1987; Colh, 1990; Laudenslayer and Klade+na (= X. rimirma) and Xantucia (- X. vigilis and X. Grenfell, 1983). benshaun) (Savage, 1963). Smith (1946b) described X. riw&ana reticulaka from San Clemente Island based on a single specimen and compared it with Pertinent Ute!- The systematics and biogeography of three X. rimiaMfrom San Nicolas Island The characteristics used X. riua*siana were discussed by Bezy et 11. (1980), Bezy and Sites to differentiate the subspecies were shown to be unreliable in (19871, Crother a al. (1986), Savage (1951,1955, 1957, 1967), and separating hdsfrom any of the three islands (Savage, 1951). Sites et al. (1986). Subsequently, Savage (1955) revived the name X. rimiana Camp (1923) ~rovideda general discussion of morphology. mticuhka (for lizards on San Clemente and Santa BarbIslands). Osteology was studied by Brinkman (l980), Cope (1 892), and Savage Savage (1963) and Wermuth (1%5) both induded the subspecific (1963), and external morphology by Savage (1963) and Van names X. riuersiana rsticulaka and X. rimiana rjVerSiaM on their Denburgh (1922). Aspects of sdation were presented by Bezy a al. lists of xantusiids. (1980). Etheridge (1967) discussed caudal vertebrae, and Greer Beqet al. (1980) found differences between the island popu- (1976) and Miller (1966) reported on the structure of the ear and lations by using multivariate analysis of several morphological and cochlear duct, respectively. Svuaure and function of the endocrine physiological characters, but did not comment on the status of the ponion of the lower brain was studied by Rodriguez and La Pointe subspecies. Bey et al. (1980) outlined additional characters of (1969,1970) and Rodriguez et al. (1971). DeWolfe andTelford (1966) scalation, coloration, body size, and dutch size which show signifi- reponed on testis histology, and Peterson and Bezy (1985) discussed cant differences among all three islands, but they also noted that sdemiaosuucture. genetic diceamong the three populations is small. San Clemente Fellers and Drost (1991) conducted an extensive ecological and Santa Barbara are closest with respect to both morphologid study of X. tiversiam on Santa Barbara Island They discussed characters and genetic distance, and Sul Nicolas is most distant growth, ecdysis, size distribution, longevity, injury rates, food habits, compared to either of the other two islands. seasonal and daily activity, movement, home range, habitat, color and color patterns, predation, density,and populationsize. Mautz (ii 1. Xiantusfa riverslanu riuerslanu Cope press) reponed on growth and energetics, movement, habitat, and density for X. rimiana on San Clemente Island. Bezy (1989) and Xantusia riwniana Cope, 1883 (1884):29. See species account. Regal (1968) provided descriptive data on habitat relationships. Xanhrsia riuersimur riw&a~' Smith, 1946b:92. Fiuse of tri- Additional food data are presented by Brattstrom (1952), Knowlton nomial. (1%9), and Schwenkrneyer (1949). Behavior is discussed by Fellers and Drost (l989, 1991; movement, diurnal and seasonal activity -tion. bngi~diddorsd scales rows usually < 72 (63- peaks), Regal (1966, 1967, 1968, 1974, 1978; thermal behavior, 78, X= 70.2); transverse scale rows < 131 (117-138, X = 124.3. activity rhythms, locomotor activity, and social behavior), and Van Denburgh (1919; diurnal activity). Bowler (1977) notes a minimum 2. Xantusia tJuerdana twtkulata Smith age of 5.3 years for a captive X. rimiana(wi1d-caught as an adult). Xunruria rimiamare viviparous and have a defieplacen- d connection between the female parent and developing embryo Xantusia ri~~15ianarsticuhka Smith, 1%6b:392. Tplocality, 'San Clemente Island, ILos Angeles County, California].' Hdo- (Savage, 1963). Other studies of reproduction include fecundity type, National Museum of Natural History (USNM) 124381 (AmreinandAmrein, 1951; Brattstrom, 1951; Bayet al., 1980; Shaw, (Cochran, 1%1), adult (sex unknown), collected during the 1%9), proportion offermles bearing young(Fellen and Drost, 1991), summer of 1940 by C.W. Kern (not examined by authors). and annual cycle (Goldberg and Bezy, 1974). Bratmom (1965) reported some body temperature data, and Regal (1970) discussed Definition. Longitudinaldorsal desrows usually > 72 (73- thermoregulation. Guman (1971) provided some data on hemo- 82, X = 77.6 for San Clemente, 73-86; X 81.6 for Santa Barbara>; globii electrophoresis, and Pough (1977) discussed oxygen affiiy - transverse scale rows > 130 (132-153, R - 142.2, San Clemente; 142- of the blood. Johnson and Lillywhite (1979) reported on digestive 152, X 147.8, Santa Babara). efficiency. Mautz (1979,1980,1982, in press) discussed metabolism, - energetics, and water loss. Endocrine physiology was studied by La Pointe (1%9), La Pointe and Jacobson (1974), and La Pointe and Rodriguez (1974). Fellers and Drost (1991) reported on ticks and chiggers para- Amrein, Y.U. 1952. Eineria cystis-fek var. ammicanu, n. var. in sitiziig Xanhrsia riuenimra. Coccidian parasites are discussed by southern Califomia lizards. J. Parasitol. 38:183184. Amrein (1952), Bovee andTelford (I%%, 1965b), andGoldberg and -and M.B. Amrein. 1951. The number of young found in the Is- land Night Lizard. 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