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TR NEWS 317 SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER 2018 19 Photo: Hal Dick, Flickr - - - - ). Some 2 According to a recent tally, more thanappli 100 Automated transit comes in a variety applica of transit (PRT) technologies in various planning, con struction, and operation stages—may serve as theo retical and practical laboratories to examine various aspects automated transit of technologies and their successes and failures in meeting the needs of various markets. cations along the continuous spectrum automated of guideway transit (AGT) technologies can be seen tions, both top- and bottom-supported ( systems roll rubber on tires, are some pneumatically levitated,some are propelled with rotary electric motors, and are some cable-drawn. Many real-world applications—based on driverless metro (DLM), automatedpeople mover (APM), and personal rapid - - - - ). 1 gle and others not only grabbed the attention ofattention the grabbed only not others and gle the general public, researchers, and government he rapid development of driverless cars by Goo mated vehicles, except these are mechanically captive to their guideways” ( “Some the of strongest progress in vehicle auto mation has already been made in the fieldof tran sit. Indeed, could one consider the wide variety airportof people movers and automated urban metros to be examples existing of deployed auto T agencies, it also created the opportunity for a thorough and of automated transit applications examination According their impact on and implications for society. a leader in autonomous vehicle to Steven Shladover, research,

automated vehicles. transit technology may provide insight into the development of JFK ’s AirTrain. AirTrain. JFK Airport’s Established, real- world automated Newark. and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, The author is Professor, The author is Professor, Department of Civil RONGFANG LIU RONGFANG Automated Transit Applications Transit Automated Examples Real-World 20 TR NEWS 317 SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER 2018 (Source: M0tty, 2015.) for Line14,ParisMétro. FIGURE 1RouteMap completely automated. Métro’s Line14is

ter circulators and public transit systems. systems. public transit and circulators ter activity-cen major as areas, metropolitan and town down to expanded but has or circulators shuttles as use airport to no longer limited is technology AGT ( world the around For detailed definitions of various automated various of definitions For detailed 3 ). After more than four decades, four decades, than more ). After - - to double that of the other lines. lines. other of the doubleto that km/h—close 40 of nearly speed average an allowing well, out as spaced more are Stations . eight-car accommodate can thus and old stations longer than and larger are stations 120-m-long the for example, network— of the rest for the labs testing as served 1, at left). Figure 13(see Line of Métro branch Asnières of the assimilation and Clichy to extension of possibility the with Saint-Lazare from originate to later modified was line the operation, complicated its To population. simplify large its despite public by served poorly is that area southeast—an Blanche Maison the to of Paris west north the in 14 Maillot Porte Line from Métro new a Météor” create to “Project proposed Parisiens innovation. and technology in lead to determination French showed the once again century 20th late the in Paris in of DLM implementation The century. 19th the in innovation and of technology embrace of Parisians’ Tower asymbol is Eiffel The Driverless Metro inParis systems. capacity hicle low-ve to medium- to high- from studies, case a few highlight to below included is book 4of the Chapter Applications and Operation, author’s the see istics, character respective their and applications transit 14 incorporated innovations that that innovations 14 Line incorporated Métro Paris 1987,In Autonome des Regie the Automated Transit: Planning, Automated ( 4 ). An excerpt from from ). excerpt An district in the the in district

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, W , P : P a i med i k i e in l hoto TR NEWS 317 SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER 2018 21 Automated in Panjang, Singapore, Bukit provides transit access to more than 139,000 city residents. A double-loop Bukit Panjang, surrounds stations and serving 14 3 million approximately people annually. - - The average speed the of Bukit Panjang ALRT line

is km/h; 25 about takes it approximately 28 minutes to traverse the entire line. The cars have a capacity of passengers—20105 sitting and standing. 85 Downtown Unliketransit-scale applications automatedtran of technology,sit which usually have fixed routes and schedules and charge transit , APMs generally serve as circulators or connectors to main transit, rubber-tired vehicles transported peak-hour 10,000 translating ridersin 2015, toan approximate annual ridership more than of 3 million assuming an aver age peak-period percent loading daily of 10 of traffic.

C : P , W , T in alv hoto a i med i k i eo ------). The Bukit ). 6 ). The Bukit Panjang). line is a 7 ). 5 The Bukit Panjang line operates from to a.m. 5:00 The Bukit Panjang ALRT line opened in Singa Most importantly, the line is auto completely

hour and hour minutes6 the for rest Nineteen the of day. 1:00 a.m. along a.m. a double-track1:00 stations. with loop 14 The is approximately 2–4 minutes rush for 139,000 residents139,000 ( critical that element makes the new town accessible and desirable as a residential location. Panjang line connects to the mass line Choaat Kang Chu Station and loops around Bukit Panjang (“Long Hill”), a new town with more than line plays a significant role in accomplishingSinga nationalpore’s transit access goal to establish public transportation access within a quarter-mile (400-m) walk every of citizen in the country ( pore As in November a feeder 1999. to mass rapid transit and services, the 7.8-km Bukit Panjang together offer central control, minimize noise, and reduce wear and tear rails on laid to the standard gauge ( in various locations around the ALRT world. com bines proven technology with two significant innova tions: linear motors and steerable axle bogies, which Amalgamating theadvantages Métro, of lightrail tran (LRT),sit and APM, a series automated light of rail transit (ALRT) applications have been implemented line in a national capital city. in Automated Light Rail Transit Singapore mated and runswithout anydrivers. This wasa first Parisfor Métro as well as a major metropolitan for

E : P , F , S win r hoto ckr i l oo 22 TR NEWS 317 SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER 2018

Photo: Mr. Granger, Wikimedia or activitycenters. to maintransit,highway, vehicles connecttravelers automated transit Mover. Smaller, The DetroitPeople residential apartments. a majorhoteland thathouses is integratedintoa Millender Centerstation Detroit PeopleMover’s as shown in Figure 2(above). Figure in shown as loop, single-track 2.9-mile is that guideway elevated on an operates system transit guideway automated 1987. in fully The service its America—opened in applications mover people downtown of three 1970s, People the ment Mover—one in Detroit the govern U.S. federal the by enacted or DPM, gram, cars. pod PRT than larger and trains DLM than vehicles—smaller intermediate-capacity use usually systems APM afare. not require or may may that points or interesting more two between or shuttles circulators, center activity major and airport, town, down include Examples centers. orhighway, activity A product of the Downtown People Pro Mover Downtown of the A product - - - FIGURE 2Detroit PeopleMover. $8.5 million per year. year. per $8.5 million funds— of the rest the supplies of Detroit City The expenses. operating of the 15 percent only covers disabilities) with riders and for seniors percent 50 ( operate to year per $10 it requires and million million $200 was Mover ( on weekends period for ashorter and 6:30 2:00 a.m. on a.m. weekdays and between day the throughout minutes 3–5 every run trains The . into integrated are Hall, Cobo and ( loop one-way elevated on an running trains two-car with of Detroit, district business central the through The initial capital cost of the Detroit People Detroit of the cost capital initial The 13stations People connects Mover Detroit The 8 ). Two of these stations, Millender Center Center Millender ). Two stations, of these 8 ). The 75-cent fare (discounted (discounted ). fare 75-cent The 9

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FIGURE 3 AirTrain at JFK FIGURE 3 AirTrain International Airport. (Source: Authority and New of New York 2005.) Jersey, JFK Airport’s AirTrain AirTrain JFK Airport’s combines APM with technology urban metropolitan applications. As one of the nation’s busiestAs transit the of one nation’s hubs, Jamaica Station serves more than quarter a a of million commuters daily via three subway lines, bus lines,31 and LIRR rail commuter lines. Shortly after the construction AirTrain, of the renovation Jamaicaof station took place. This ushered in a series infrastructure of improvement projects, as well as in economic development the immediate surrounding areas. example, For JFK Corporate Square—a 300,000-sf office complex downtownin area and the larger borough, an automated transit application was born. - - - - ). When the APM). was linked to 11 )—tonearby destinations City in New York 10 The initial goal AirTrain of was to provide air pas AirTrain usesAGT technology from Bombardier.

a broadera vision the for redevelopment theof Jamaica sengers and airport employees with rail access to JFK InternationalAirport from the Howard Beach and Jamaica stations ( as subway the and New York the (LIRR). route thatroute connects all six terminal stations. The Howard Beach and Jamaica Station routes connect the terminals with regional mass-transit such hubs, minutes between terminals. serves AirTrain three mainAll routes: Terminals Route, Howard Beach Route, and Jamaica Station Route. As shown in Fig right), theure All 3 (at Terminals Route is a circular The capacity trains the of system’s ranges from one carsto four passengers 75–78 at per car. head way is approximately minutes, taking 10 2 about airport circulator and loop two extensions to urban transit systems equal miles. 6.3 and New Jersey. The 8.1-mile-long APM,and The 8.1-mile-long New Jersey. which cost billion to build, began$1.9 construction in and 1998 opened inDecember Its 2003. 10-station, 1.8-mile connects JFK International Airport—the busiest internationalair passenger gateway to the ( The AirTrain at John F. KennedyThe AirTrain (JFK) F. John at International Airport is in included New in York this article because its of uniquecombination airport of APM andurban metro in one AGT technology application. AirTrain AirTrain at JFK Airport AirTrain

: P : P ay b xa i hoto Photo: Travis Wise, Wikimedia - - - ). Encouraged ). by 13 As Ultra second anniversary PRT’s May of 2013, TheMorgantown System After starting a small, on testing scale, the initial below. The Ultra PRT below. fleet comprises 21 vehicles, or and total“pods,” travel time between the two termi nals is 5 minutes. about fullof operation, the pods collectively had operated more for than 26,000vehicle hours,transported more than million 1.2 passengers, and traveled more than 2.5 million vehicle-km ( positive experiences from operators and passengers, features multiberth, a bypassing-station layout. Each station is composed off-line of channels vehicle for berthing, a key feature that affords direct operation between origin and destination stations. at Heathrow Ultra PRT International Airport Although thehas concept been around more for than a half a century, a true PRT application largely has materialized, not with only three limited PRT applications around Theseas world earlyof 2018. applications, with their small guideway footprints andsmall, to six-personfour- vehicles, are located inHeathrow International Airport, ; Masdar AbuCity, Dhabi; South and Korea. Suncheon Bay, Ultra PRT system Heathrow at International Airport has a 3.8-km guideway double (2.4-mi) that con nects three stations—two in the Terminal 5 busi ness car park and Terminalat one 5 itself, as shown

Photo: Ultra Global Limited 2013 ). In ). 12 are closely tied to PRT is when it demand on mode; that is, direct from origin to destination station. included in multimillion-dollar joint capital projects projects capital joint multimillion-dollar in included Cityby New York and the Port Authority New of York and New Jersey. Rapid Transit Morgantown Group The Morgantown Personal Rapid Transit System is anautomated tri-mode transit system—demand, schedule, and circulation—in northeastern . The Morgantown people mover should be classified as group rapid transit becauseits of intermediate vehicle size and capacity. Each vehicle has a capacity passengers—eight 21 of seated and the reststanding. operating The system’s characteristics Jamaica—welcomed its first tenants ( 2001 in turn, further improvements to AirTrain have been

International Airport. Ultra PRT at Heathrow Ultra PRT , and commuter AirTrain. New York’s Jamaica Jamaica New York’s as a Station serves bus, hub for subway, TR NEWS 317 SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER 2018 SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER 317 NEWS TR 24 TR NEWS 317 SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER 2018 25 The Morgantown The Morgantown Transit Personal Rapid size and System has a rapid transit capacity of vehicle. . - - - - , Vol. 142, , Vol. , Dec. 6, 2001. Queens Chronicle Railway International Gazette Proceedings of the 1996 Rapid Transit Proceedings of the 1996 Rapid Transit . John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, N. J., 2016. N. J., . John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, , APTA, , D.C., 1996, pp. 156–161. Washington, , APTA, Automated Transit: Planning, Operation, and Planning, Operation, Transit: Automated A. Integrated Transportation and Land Use Planning: A. Integrated Transportation Art in the Stations. . www.thepeople Mover. Art in the Stations. Detroit People Jurisdictions Among and Across Coordination Facilitating and Management, Policy Center for Transportation Rudin 2009. New York, University, New York Hendrick, D. Jamaica’s JFK Corporate Square Gets First MTA. Anchor Tenant: June 2015. Accessed Provides Environmentally Inc. Ultra Ultra Global PRT, Solutions. www.ultra Sustainable 21st-century Transport March 2015. globalprt.com/about-us/. 2015. Accessed (APTA), Washington, D.C., 1992. D.C., Washington, (APTA), 2015. August ton.edu/jbs/itrans/trans21.htm. Accessed R.Liu, Applications Longest Fully- The World’s E. BC Transit: T. Parkinson, Metro. Automated No. 2, 1986. in an Urban Use of AGT Robbins, A. S. Singapore’s First Environment. In Conference Housing and Development Board. www. Bukit Panjang. hdb.gov.sg/cs/infoweb/about-us/history/hdb-towns-your- home/bukit-panjang&rendermode=preview#. 2015. December 2017. Accessed Movers: Systems and Case Studies. People T. Panayotova, University of , Gainesville, 2003. 2012. Accessed mover.com/Grand-Circus-Park.id.60.htm. May 2015. Passenger Administration. Aviation Federal (Enplanement) and All-Cargo Data for U.S. . www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcar December go_stats/passenger/?year=all. 2015. Accessed 2015. Trans.21. Fall 2014 Airport APMs. https://faculty.washing 2014 Airport APMs. Fall Trans.21.

9. 10. 11. Cerreno, 12. 13. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 3. ------). 13 . Report FHWA-HRT- . Report FHWA-HRT- Automated Guideway Transit Systems: A Guideway Transit Automated Recent InternationalRecent Cooperativein Activity . American Public Transportation Association . American Public Transportation presents a comprehensive review automated of 12-033. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2012. U.S. Department of Transportation, 12-033. FHWA, Swede, G. A. Systems in Operation, Design, and/or Compendium of AGT Construction Shladover, S. Shladover, Systems Automation Vehicle–Highway Building the on extensive research conducted

2. References 1. transit technology and its applications and offers some lessons the for ongoing development of auto mated vehicles. over more than half a century and expansive com munications with a large network of professionals, AutomatedPlanning, Operation, Transit: and Applica tions ingand testing stages, each form AGT of has or one more applications in real-world operation. ers—similarto automated roadway vehicles. Unlike automated and automated roadway vehicles, manyhowever, which of are still in various develop vice characteristics.common A thread connecting these members the of AGT family is operation via central control systems withoutonboard human driv Automated transit applications in come many forms that may be called different names depending on their configuration,operating environment, ser and Holdings Limited is considering the expansion the of Ultra system ( Conclusion

P . P . M B : , W , hoto ell w o n a i r a i med i k i