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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition

PART 8 GLOSSARY

This part of the manual presents definitions for the various transit terms discussed and referenced in the manual. Other important terms related to transit planning and operations are included so that this glossary can serve as readily accessible and easily updated resource for transit applications beyond the evaluation of transit capacity and quality of service. As a result, this glossary includes local definitions and local terminology, even when these may be inconsistent with formal usage in the manual. Many systems have their own specific, historically derived, terminology: a and guard on one system can be an operator and on another. Modal definitions can be confusing. What is clearly by definition may be termed streetcar, semi-, or transit in a specific . It is recommended that in these cases local usage should prevail.

AADT — annual average daily ATP — automatic protection. AADT—, transit ; see traffic, annual average ATS — automatic train supervision; daily. automatic system. AAR — Association of ATU — Amalgamated Transit Union; see American Railroads; see union, transit. organizations,A Association of American Railroads. AVL — automatic location system. AASHTO — American Association of State AW0, AW1, AW2, AW3 — see , weight and Transportation Officials; see designations. organizations, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. absolute block — see block, absolute. AAWDT — annual average weekday traffic; absolute permissive block — see block, see traffic, annual average weekday. absolute permissive. ABS — automatic block signal; see control acceleration — increase in velocity per unit system, automatic block signal. time; in transit, usually measured in feet per second squared (meters per second squared) AC — . or, in the , sometimes in miles ADA — Americans with Disabilities Act of per hour per second. 1990; see legislation, Americans with Disabilities access, limited (controlled access) — in Act of 1990. transportation, to have entry and exit limited ADB — advanced design ; see bus, to predetermined points, as with rail rapid advanced design and ATTB. transit or freeways. ADT — average daily traffic; see traffic, accessibility — 1. A measure of the ability or average daily. ease of all people to among various ATTB — Advanced . origins and destinations. 2. In transportation AFC — automatic collection; see fare modeling and planning, the sum of the travel collection system, automatic. times from one zone to all other zones in a region, weighted by the relative AGT — automated guideway transit; attractiveness of the destination zones automated guided transit; see transit system, involved. 3. In traffic assignment, a measure automated guideway. of the relative access of an area or zone to ALRT — advanced light rail transit, see population, employment opportunities, transit system, light rail. community services, and utilities. APC— automatic counter. accessibility, persons with disabilities (full APM — automated people-mover, see people- accessibility) — the extent to which facilities mover. are free of barriers and usable by persons APTA — American Public Transportation with disabilities, including users. Association; see organizations, American Public accessibility, station — a measure of the Transportation Association. ability of all people within a defined area to APTS — Advanced Public Transportation get to a specific transit station. Systems. accessibility, transit — 1. A measure of the ATC system — availability to all people of travel to and from system. various origins and destinations by transit. 2. ATIS — Advanced Traveler Information A measure of the ability of all people to get to Systems. and from the nearest transit stop or station and their actual origin or destination. 3. In ATO — automatic train operation. Part 8/GLOSSARY Page 8-1 Glossary

Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition accessible station—area, fare common usage, often used to mean the agency, transit — see . paid ability of persons with disabilities to use — see brake, air; and brake, automatic transit. air. accessible station — see station, accessible. air distance — see distance, air. accessible vehicle — see vehicle, accessible. alight — to get off or out of a transportation accessible transit system — see transit vehicle. system, accessible. alignment — in transportation, the accessible transportation facilities — horizontal and vertical layout of a roadway, transportation facilities that are barrier-free, railroad, transit route, or other facility as it allowing their use by all travelers, including, would appear in plan and profile. The elderly, transportation disadvantaged, and alignment is usually described on the plans persons with disabilities. by the use of technical data, such as grades, access mode — see mode, access. coordinates, bearings, and horizontal and vertical curves, see also roadbed and formation. access time — see time, access. all-or-nothing trip assignment — see trip active vehicle — see vehicle, active. assignment, all-or-nothing. activity center — see major activity center. all-stop station — see station, all-stop. act — see legislation. alternate fuel — alternatives to conventional add fare — 1. an additional fare to upgrade for urban transit , intended an existing . 2. an additional fare paid to reduce , includes methanol, on exit from a distance based fare system propane, CNG (compressed ), when there are insufficient funds remaining LNG (liquefied natural gas), hydrogen (for on a stored value ticket, see also fare, fuel cells) and biomass derived fuels. All differential. carry premium costs that trend in larger or adult cash fare — see fare, adult cash. more cost-conscious operators toward “clean advanced design bus — see bus, advanced diesel” solutions. See also buses, hybrid. design. alternating-current motor — see motor, Advanced Public Transportation Systems — alternating-current. collection of to increase alternative fuel — see fuel, alternative. efficiency of public transportation systems Amalgamated Transit Union — see union, and offer users greater access to information transit. on system operation. amenity, passenger — see passenger amenity. Advanced Railroad Crossing — American Association of State Highway and National ITS Market Package Transportation Officials — see organizations, that manages highway traffic at highway-rail intersections where operational requirements American Association of State Highway and demand advanced features (e.g., where rail Transportation Officials. speeds are greater than 80 mph or 128 km/h). American Public Transit Association — see It includes all capabilities from the Standard organizations, American Public Transportation Railroad Grade Crossing Market Package and Association. augments these with additional safety American Public Transportation features to mitigate the risks associated with Association — see organizations, American higher rail speeds. Public Transportation Association. Advanced Traveler Information Systems — a.m. peak — see peak. technologies that provide travelers and — see U.S. Government, National transportation professionals with the Railroad Passenger Corporation. information they need to make decisions, annual average daily traffic — see traffic, from daily individual travel decisions to annual average daily. larger-scale decisions that affect the entire system, such as those concerning incident annual average weekday traffic — see traffic, management. annual average weekday. advisory committee — see organizations, area, auto-free — see auto-free zone. citizen advisory committee. area, auto-restricted — see auto-restricted — ropeways on which zone. are transported in cabins or on chairs and area, coverage — in transit operations, the that circulate in one direction between geographical area that a transit system is terminals without reversing the travel . considered to serve, normally based on aerial structure — in transportation, any acceptable walking distances (e.g., ¼ mile, 0.4 structure other than a culvert that carries a km) from loading points. For suburban rail roadway or or other guideway above transit that depends on automobile access an earth or water surface; see also guideway, (park-and-ride or kiss-and-ride), coverage elevated. may extend several miles (kilometers). Coverage is usually computed for transit- aerial — ropeways on which supportive areas. See also area, service. passengers are transported in cable- supported carriers and are not in contact area, fare paid — 1. An area that a passenger with the ground or surface, and in may enter only after having paid a fare or which the carrier(s) reciprocate between with proper credentials. 2. The area in a terminals. Also called a reversible tramway. station that is set off by barriers, gates, or other structures to permit ready access to agencies, federal — see U.S. Government. transit only by those who have paid or agency, regional planning — see secured passes before entering. organizations, regional planning agency.

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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition

area, free — a portion of a transportation Association of American Railroads — see area, free—automatic vehicle location facility that people are permitted to enter organizations, Association of American Railroads. system (AVL) without the payment of a fare. attendant — the individual assigned to area, fringe — the portion of a municipality particular duties or functions in the operation immediately outside the central business of a ropeway. Also called a conductor. district or the portion of an attraction, trip — see trip attraction. outside of a central city or (urban attributes, service — see service attributes. fringe) that is characterized by a variety of business, industrial, service, and some authority, transit — see transit district. residential activity. automated guideway transit — see transit area, loading — see loading area. system, automated guideway. area, service — 1. The jurisdiction in which automated people-mover — see people-mover. the transit property operates. 2. The automatic block signal — see signal, geographic region in which a transit system automatic block. provides service or that a transit system is automatic block signal control system — see required to serve. See also area, coverage. control system, automatic block signal. area, transit-supportive — an area with automatic coupler — see coupler, automatic. sufficient population and/or employment automatic fare collection — see fare collection density to warrant at least hourly fixed-route system, automatic. transit service. automatic passenger counter (APC) — an area, urbanized (UA) — as defined by the automated system that counts the number of Bureau of the Census, a population passengers and alighting a transit concentration of at least 50,000 inhabitants, vehicle. The information may used for later generally consisting of a central city and the data analysis, or for real-time activities, such surrounding, closely settled, contiguous as providing signal priority only to buses that territory (). The boundary is based are at least half full. primarily on a of at least 1,000 people/mi2 (370 people/km2) but also automatic signal — see signal, automatic. includes some less densely settled areas, as automatic train control system (ATC as such areas as industrial parks and system) — l. A system for automatically railroad yards, if they are within areas of controlling train movement, enforcing train dense urban development. The boundaries of safety, and directing train operations by UAs, the specific criteria used to determine ; see also automatic train operation, UAs, or both may change in subsequent automatic train protection, and automatic train censuses. It should be noted that some supervision. 2. A trackside system working in publications abbreviate urbanized area UZA. conjunction with equipment installed on the area occupancy — in station and other train, arranged so that its operation will facility design and in pedestrian movement, automatically result in the application of the the area provided per person. brakes to stop or control a train's speed at designated restrictions, should the operator arterial roadway — a signalized that not respond. The system usually works in primarily serves through traffic and conjunction with signals (more correctly secondarily provides access to abutting called ). properties; signal spacing is typically 2 miles (3 km) or less. automatic train operation (ATO) — the subsystem within automatic train control that arterial service — see service, arterial. performs such functions as speed control, or articulated — programmed stopping, and (sometimes) an extra-long, high-capacity bus or trolleybus operation. that has the rear body section or sections automatic train protection (ATP) — the flexibly but permanently connected to the subsystem within automatic train control that forward section. The arrangement allows the provides fail-safe protection against vehicle to bend in curves and yet have no collisions, and sometimes against excessive interior barrier to movement between the speed or other hazardous conditions. two parts. The puller type features a powered center while the pusher type features a automatic train stop system (ATS) — a powered rear axle. Articulated buses with system that works in conjunction with powered center and rear exist but are equipment installed on the electric rail car or not common. Typically, an articulated bus is locomotive to apply the brakes at designated 54-60 ft (16-18 m) long with a passenger restrictions or on a ’s signal, seating capacity of 60 to 80 and a total should the operator not respond properly. capacity of 100 to 140. automatic train supervision (ATS) — the articulated rail vehicle () — 1. subsystem within automatic train control that An extra-long rail vehicle with two or more monitors , adjusts the performance of bodies connected by joint mechanisms that individual trains to maintain schedules, and allow bending in curves yet provide a provides data for adjusting service to continuous interior Typically, the vehicle is minimize the inconveniences otherwise 55-100 ft (17-33 m) long. It is common on caused by irregularities. May also be used for light rail but is also found on several heavy systems that merely display train status and rail systems. 2. with rely on staff intervention for any corrective separate bodies that share a common center . . automatic vehicle location system (AVL) — aspect, signal — see signal aspect. a system that determines the location of carrying special electronic assignment, traffic or trip — see trip equipment that communicates a signal back assignment. to a central control facility. AVLs are used for Part 8/GLOSSARY Page 8-3 Glossary

Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition

automobile equivalent unit detecting irregularity in service and are often separate haul rope(s) to control motion of the (AEU)—board combined with a -aided dispatch carriers (see also monocable system). system. -friendly — characterized by features automobile equivalent unit (AEU) — and elements that make bicycling safe and measure of a vessel’s capacity to convenient. A bicycle-friendly environment vehicles that reflects the amount of space at a transit stop might include bicycle used by each vehicle type. Vehicle types are parking that is well-lit, sheltered, secure, and assigned a size in AEUs based on the space easily accessed. they occupy compared with a standard bicycle locker — a lockable, enclosed automobile. container used for storing a bicycle. Typically automobile or auto occupancy — see vehicle provided at major transit stops and stations occupancy. and rented on a monthly basis. availability, transit system — see transit bicycle rack — 1. A fixed post or framework system availability. to which may be secured and locked, average daily traffic — see traffic, average typically provided on a first-come, first- daily. served basis. 2. A device mounted to a transit vehicle that allows bicycles to be transported average fare — see fare, average. outside the passenger compartment. average speed — see velocity, effective. Typically provided on a first-come, first- average trip length — passenger miles served basis; many transit operators require divided by unlinked passenger trips. Can be that passengers obtain a permit to use them. computed for pedestrian trips and vehicle bidirectional car — see car, bidirectional. trips, based on special surveys. bidirectional transit unit — see double-ended transit unit. barn — older term for streetcar bi-level car — see car, bi-level. storage (also known as a carhouse), or for buses (), blister — see bus bay. infrequently applied for light and block — 1. A section of track or guideway of heavy rail vehicles (alternates: defined limits on which the movement of Byard, depot , shop, maintenance and storage trains is governed by block signals, cab facility.) signals, or both; also known as a signal block. barrier-free — containing no obstacles that 2. A section of track of defined length, the occupancy of which is regulated by fixed would prevent use by persons with signal(s), telephone or radio orders, or disabilities or any other person. timetables; also known as a block section. 3. barrier-free fare collection system — see fare The daily operating schedule of a transit unit collection system, self-service barrier free. (vehicle or train) between pull-out and pull- base fare — see fare, base. in, including scheduled and deadhead base — see headway, base. service. A block may consist of a number of base period (off-peak period) — in transit, runs. the time of day during which vehicle block, absolute — a signal block that no train requirements and schedules are not may enter while the block is occupied by influenced by peak-period passenger volume another train. demands (e.g., between morning and block, absolute permissive — a signal afternoon peak periods). At this time, transit system for a single track or guideway that riding is fairly constant and usually moderate prevents simultaneous opposing train in volume when compared with peak-period movements between sidings but permits travel. See also off peak. following movements at a safe distance. base-period fleet — in transit, the number of block, signal — a standard railroad signal transit units (vehicles or trains) required to system that uses a fixed signal at the entrance maintain base-period schedules. of a block to govern the separation of trains base-period service — see service, base-period. entering the block; see also block. basic fare — see fare, base. block control system, dynamic — see control basic operating unit — in rail rapid transit, system, . the smallest number of rapid transit vehicles block control system, fixed — see control that can operate independently in revenue system, fixed block. service, usually one to three (exceptionally block control system, manual — see control more) cars. system, manual block. battery bus — see bus, electric. block control system, moving — see control bay, bus — see bus bay. system, moving block. beacon — short-range roadside transceiver block indicator — a device, generally located for communicating between vehicles and the near a turnout , that is used to indicate traffic management . Common the presence of a train in the block or blocks technologies include microwave leading to that switch. and infrared. block section — see block. belt, passenger — see . block signal — see signal, block. berth, bus — see bus bay. block signal control — see control system, berth, — see ferry berth. block signal; and control system, automatic block berth, train — see train berth. signal. bicable system — an aerial ropeway that uses board — to go on to or into a transportation track cable(s) to support the carriers and vehicle.

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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition

— an upright fixed block (usually sense and correct wheel slip or slide by bollard—bulb ) used to prevent the unauthorized modulating braking or reducing acceleration. or unintended entry of vehicles into an area. brake, track (electromagnetic brake, brake, air — a brake in which the mechanism magnetic brake) — a brake that consists of is actuated by manipulation of air pressure. electromagnets suspended above the track The term is often used to describe brakes that rail between the two wheels on both sides of employ air under pressure above brake a truck. When applied, the brakes are atmospheric, in contrast to vacuum brakes, attracted onto the rails, exerting braking which employ pressure below atmospheric. force through . The brakes are difficult brake, blended — see brake, dynamic. to apply gradually and so are reserved for emergencies (often from battery power) and brake, continuous (trainlined brake) — a system of brakes interconnected among rail are always supplementary to another braking system. This type of brake is used on cars so that the brakes on all cars in the train light rail vehicles and streetcars and on some can be operated simultaneously from the locomotive or from any car in a multiple-unit heavy rail cars (modulated electromagnetic track brakes are used on the train. SkyTrain.) brake, disc — a brake used primarily on rail passenger cars that uses brake shoes clamped brake, trainlined — see brake, continuous. by calipers against flat steel discs. brake shoe — the non-rotating portion of a brake, dynamic (electric brake, tread or assembly. The shoe is pressed against the tread, disc, or drum when electrodynamic brake, motor brake) — a system of electrical braking in which the the brake is applied. traction motors, used as generators, retard braking, closed loop — braking under the vehicle by converting its kinetic energy continuous modulation by means of feedback into electrical energy. This energy is absorbed from the train control system. by resistors. See also brake, regenerative. braking, emergency (emergency Dynamic brakes may be used to control train application) — in rail operations, applying speed and to brake a train to a low speed, the brakes to stop in the minimum distance after which air brakes are blended in to bring possible for the equipment, usually at a the train to a full stop. higher retardation rate than that obtained brake, electric or electrodynamic — 1. with a maximum service brake application. alternate to air brake for some streetcars and Once the brake application is initiated, it light rail vehicles — most notably often cannot be released until the train has immediately post-war PCC cars. 2. braking stopped or a predetermined time has passed. through electric motors, see brake, dynamic. braking, full service — see braking, maximum brake, electromagnetic — see brake, track. service. brake, electropneumatic (pneumatic brake) braking, maximum service (full service — an automatic air brake that has electrically braking) — in rail operations, a non- controlled valves to expedite applying and emergency brake application that obtains the releasing the brakes. maximum brake rate that is normally regarded as comfortable for passengers and brake, friction (mechanical brake) — a brake that presses brake shoes against the running consistent with the design of the primary wheel tread or pads against inboard or brake system. outboard disc surfaces. braking, open-loop — unmodulated braking without feedback control from the train brake, hydraulic — hydraulically operated brake typical of automotive practice, used on control system. small buses and and entering use on braking, programmed — automatically some rail vehicles as alternate to air brake. controlled braking that causes a train to stop or reduce its speed to a predetermined level brake, magnetic — see brake, track. at a designated point within a specified range brake, mechanical — see brake, friction. of deviation. brake, motor — see brake, dynamic. braking rate — see deceleration. brake, pneumatic — see brake, braking, service (service application) — in electropneumatic. rail operations, retardation produced by the brake, regenerative — a form of dynamic primary train braking system at the brake in which the electrical energy maximum rate of retardation regarded as generated by braking is returned to the comfortable for repeated use in service power supply line instead of being dissipated stopping. See brake, service for rates. in resistors. In rare cases the traction sub- broad gauge — see gauge, broad. stations can return this power to the electric utility or burn it in resistors, then the line is Broadcast Traveler Information — National ITS Architecture Market Package that always receptive, eliminating on-board provides the user with a basic set of ATIS resistors. services. It involves the collection of traffic brake, service — l. The primary train brake conditions, advisories, general public system. 2. The braking rate used for normal transportation, toll and parking information, deceleration requirements, in contrast to incident information, and air quality and emergency braking, which may provide weather information, and the dissemination greater retardation. Typically 0.13g, 3.0 of this information over a wide area through mph/s, or 1.3 m/s2, a level beyond which existing and low-cost user standing passengers become uncomfortable equipment (e.g., FM subcarrier, cellular data or may loose their balance. broadcast). brake, slip-slide control — an electronic bulb — see . control used on most current rail vehicles to

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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition

bull wheel—bus, urban transit bull wheel — a terminal sheave that deflects pollution. When maximum power is required the haul rope 150 degrees or more. When the generator plus batteries feed the traction under power, the sheave is referred to as a motor(s), often hub type. At other times the drive sheave (or drive bull wheel). When generator and regenerative braking power acting as a movable tensioning device, it is charges the batteries. Combinations can referred to as a tension sheave (or tension include fuel cells and/or . bull wheel). When it is acting simply as a bus, (over-the- ) — a fixed return for the haul rope, it is referred to large bus with luggage space, used primarily as a fixed return sheave (or fixed return bull for transportation between cities. It usually wheel). has reclining seats and restroom facilities. bunching — with transit units, a situation bus, limited stop — see service, limited stop. that occurs when passenger demand is high bus, local — see service, local bus. and dwell times at stops are longer than scheduled. Headways become shorter than bus, low-floor — a bus without steps at scheduled, and platoons of transit units entrances and exit. The low floor may extend (vehicles or trains) develop, with longer throughout the bus or may use a ramp or intervals between platoons. The same effect steps to access the raised rear portion over a (one transit unit caught by the following) can conventional axle and drive train. Wheelchair also be caused by lack of protection from access is provided by a retracting ramp. general road or by traffic bus, motor (motor coach) — a bus that has a signal timing. Bunching can become self-contained source of motive power, cumulative and can result in delay to usually a diesel . passengers and unused capacity. bus, New Look — generally refers to a bus bus — a self-propelled, rubber-tired road model manufactured by in vehicle designed to carry a substantial the United States and between 1959 number of passengers (at least 16, various and 1983. New Look buses are characterized legal definitions may differ slightly as to by large slanting windows, often with an minimum capacity), commonly operated on additional row of small windows to allow and highways. A bus has enough standing passengers to see out. Also similar headroom to allow passengers to stand designs from other makers. Colloquial term: upright after entering. may be by fishbowl. internal combustion engine, electric motors bus, owl — see run, owl. or hybrid; see also alternate fuels. Smaller bus, replica streetcar — see bus, trolley replica. capacity road transit vehicles, often without full headroom, are termed vans. bus, school — 1. A vehicle operated by a public or private school or by a private bus, advanced design (ADB) — a prototype contractor for the purpose of transporting bus, originally introduced in the mid-1970s, children (through grade 12) to and from that incorporates new styling and design school or to and from other school-sponsored features specified by the then Urban Mass activities. The vehicle is externally Transportation Administration. identifiable as a , typically by color bus, articulated — see articulated bus or (yellow) and lettering that identifies the articulated trolleybus. school or school district served by the bus, battery — see bus, electric. vehicle. This definition includes vehicles bus, commuter — see service, commuter. designed and built as school buses as well as other vehicles, such as vans and station bus, cruiser — name for highway coaches wagons. See also service, school bus. 2. A used in transit service (probably a contraction vehicle designed and built as a school bus, of Scenicruiser or Americruiser), high floor typically with body-on-chassis construction. over luggage compartments with depressed Such a vehicle may be used for other aisle, usually with single, swing front door. purposes than school bus service (e.g., bus, double-decker — a high-capacity bus military or church service.) that has two levels of seating, one over the bus, small — bus that is less than 20 ft (6 m) other, connected by one or two stairways. long. Total bus height is usually 13-14.5 ft (4.0-4.4 m), and typical passenger seating capacity bus, standard urban (transit coach, urban ranges from 60 to 80 people. transit bus) — a bus for use in frequent-stop service with front and (usually) center , bus, dual-mode — 1. A bus designed to normally with a rear-mounted engine and operate both on city streets and on rails or low-back seating. Typically 35-40 ft (10-12 m) other types of guideway; also known as a long. dual-control bus. 2. Sometimes used to refer to a trolleybus with a diesel or engine bus, subscription — see service, subscription that can operate away from overhead wires; bus. also known as a dual-powered bus. bus, suburban transit (suburban coach) — a bus, electric (battery bus) — a bus that is bus with front doors only, normally with propelled by electric motors mounted on the high-backed seats, reading lights, and vehicle. The power source, usually a battery without luggage compartments or restroom or battery pack, is located in the vehicle or on facilities for use in longer-distance service a . with relatively few stops. bus, express — see service, express bus. bus, trolley — see trolleybus. bus, hybrid — a bus combining two power bus, trolley replica — a bus with an exterior sources, usually a small diesel, gas, or (and usually an interior) designed to look like Sterling engine and batteries. The engine a vintage streetcar. drives an electrical generator at constant bus, urban transit — see bus, standard urban. speed , optimizing efficiency and minimizing Glossary Page 8-6 Part 8/GLOSSARY

Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition

bus bay — 1. A branch from or widening of a bus — several buses operating bus bay—cableway road that permits buses to stop, without together as a convoy, with each bus following obstructing traffic, while laying over or while the operating characteristics of the one in passengers board and alight; also known as a front. blister, duckout, turnout, pullout, pull-off or lay- buspool — group of people who share the by. As reentry of the bus into the traffic use and cost of a special bus transportation stream can be difficult, many transit agencies service between designated origins and discourage their construction. 2. A specially destinations on a regular basis; for example, designed or designated location at a transit daily trips to work. stop, station, terminal, or transfer center at bus priority — see lane, bus. which a bus stops to allow passengers to board and alight; also known as a bus dock or bus priority system — a system of traffic bus berth. 3. A lane for parking or storing controls in which buses are given special buses in a garage facility, often for treatment over general vehicular traffic (e.g., maintenance purposes. bus priority , preemption of traffic signals, or adjustment of green times for bus bay, angle — a bus bay design similar to buses.) an angled parking space that requires buses to back up to exit; allows more buses to stop bus priority system, metered freeway — a in a given linear space. Typically used when means of giving buses preferential access to buses will occupy the berth for a long period enter a freeway by restraining the entrance of of time (for example, at an intercity bus other vehicles through the use of ramp terminal). metering; see also freeway, metered. bus bay, drive-through (pull-through) — a — see transit system, bus bus bay design providing several adjacent rapid. loading islands, between which buses drive bus run — see run, bus. through, stop, and then exit. Allows bus bus shelter — see transit shelter. stops to be located in a compact area. — see stop, transit. Sometimes used at intermodal transfer centers, as all buses can wait with their front — see bus bay. destination signs facing the direction busway — a special roadway designed for passengers will arrive from (e.g., from a rail exclusive use by buses. It may be constructed station exit). at, above, or below grade and may be located bus bay, linear — a bus bay design where in separate rights-of-way or within highway buses stop directly behind each other; corridors. Variations include grade- requires the bus in front to leave its bus bay separated, at-grade, and median busways. before the bus behind it can exit. Often used Sometimes called a . when buses will use the bus bay only for a bypass, queue — see queue jumper. short time (e.g., at an on-street bus stop). bypass lane — see queue jumper. Also called on-line bus stop. bus bay, sawtooth — a bus bay design where CBD — central business the is indented in a sawtooth pattern, district. allowing buses to enter and exit bus bays independently of other buses. Often used at CNG — Compressed transit centers. natural gas. bus berth — see bus bay and loading area. CTC — Centralized traffic control; see control system, bus bulb — an extension of the into cenCtralized traffic. the roadway for passenger loading without the bus pulling into the curb, gives priority to CUTA — Urban Transit buses and eases reentry into traffic, often Association; see organizations, Canadian Urban landscaped and fitted with bus shelter and Transit Association. other passenger amenities. Also called bus cab — l. The space or compartment in a bulge, curb bulge, and . locomotive or a powered rail car containing bus dock or turnout — see bus bay. the operating controls and providing shelter and seats for the engine crew or motor bus gate — 1. A control operator 2. A . for approaches. Signals located upstream from the intersection stop traffic in cab car — see car, cab. regular lanes while the remains cab signal — see control system, cab signal. open, allowing buses to proceed to any lane cabin — an enclosed or semi-enclosed at the intersection signal ahead of other compartment for transporting passengers. traffic. 2. In some areas, a crossing gate on Most often used on aerial tramways and highway ramps that opens only for buses. 3. detachable-grip aerial lifts. A bus-only passageway between suburban cable — consisting of several sub-divisions, controlled by a gate, or a pit strands twisted together. that is too wide for automobiles to pass — examples in , also known as a vehicle cable, track — a wire rope or strand used to support a carrier or carriers on a bicable trap. system. business district — see central business district — see car, cable. and outlying business district. cable-hauled automated people-mover — bus lane — see lane, bus. see people-mover. bus mile (bus kilometer) — one bus cableway — a ropeway similar to an aerial operated for 1 mile (kilometer.) tramway, but having the added ability to raise bus-only street — see street, bus-only. and lower a load during transport. Generally only used for freight movement. Part 8/GLOSSARY Page 8-7 Glossary

Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition

call, road—car, double deck call, road — see road call. capacity, seating (seated capacity) — the cam controller — a device to regulate number of passenger seats in a vehicle. direction, accelerating, running, and braking capacity, standing — the number of standing of an with switched resistor passengers that can be accommodated in a control. Cams on a rotating shaft open or vehicle under specified comfort standards, close spring-loaded contacts that make or expressed in area per standee. break electric circuits between the power capacity, theoretical line — see capacity, line. supply and the traction motors. capacity, vehicle — 1. The maximum number Canadian Urban Transit Association — see of passengers that the vehicle is designed to organizations, Canadian Urban Transit accommodate comfortably, seated and Association. standing; may sometimes refer to number of capacity, achievable — the maximum seats only. Also known as normal vehicle number of passengers that can be transported capacity or total vehicle capacity. 2. The over a given section of a transit line in one maximum number of vehicles that can be direction during a given time period, factored accommodated in a given time by a transit down to reflect the uneven passenger facility. demand during the peak hour, uneven capital cost — nonrecurring or infrequently vehicle occupancy and, for rail, the uneven recurring costs of long-term assets, such as loading of cars within a train. Usually the land, guideways, stations, , and maximum capacity with unlimited vehicles, vehicles. These costs often include related if constrained by number of vehicles this expenses: for example, depreciation and must be clearly stated. property . See also operating costs. capacity, crush () — the maximum captive (transit) rider — see rider, captive feasible passenger capacity of a vehicle, that transit. is, the capacity at which one more — 1. A vehicle running on rails, for cannot enter without causing serious example, streetcar, light rail car, rapid transit discomfort to the others. Note that the crush car, . 2. An automobile. load specification for some rail transit vehicles does not relate to an achievable car, articulated — see articulated rail vehicle. passenger loading level but is an artificial car, bidirectional (double-ended) (DE) — a figure representing the additional weight for powered rail car that has controls at both which the car structure is designed or for ends and symmetrically designed sides and which the propulsion and braking system ends for operation in either direction. will meet minimum performance criteria. car, bi-level — a rail car that has two levels capacity, design — 1. for transit lines, a for passenger accommodation. The upper synonym for person capacity. 2. for transit level may extend through the entire length of vehicles, a synonym for scheduled design load. the car or only over a part of it. In this latter 3. For highways, the maximum number of case the car has three different levels, two in vehicles that can pass over a given section of the middle and an intermediate level over the a lane or roadway in one or both directions at each end, hence the term tri-level is during a given time period under prevailing occasionally seen. Bi-level cars include environmental (e.g., weather and light), double-deck and gallery cars. roadway, and traffic conditions. car, cab — 1. A rail car with a driving cab. 2. capacity, fleet ( stock capacity) — 1. A passenger-carrying car used in push-pull the total number of passenger spaces in all service and fitted with a cab at one end, to be vehicles of a transit fleet. 2. Maximum system used to operate the train when the or line capacity when the entire fleet, less locomotive is pushing; see also car, commuter maintenance spares, are deployed, not in rail. common use. car, cable — 1. An individually controlled capacity, line — the maximum number of rail passenger vehicle operating in mixed passenger spaces that can be moved past a street traffic and propelled by gripping a fixed point in one direction per unit of time continuously moving endless cable located in (usually 1 hour) without station stops or an underground slot between the rails. The dwells; see also capacity, achievable and cable (which can haul many cable cars capacity, design. (Real operating conditions simultaneously) is powered by a large will reduce this capacity. Except for busways stationary motor at a central location. 2. A without stops, this is an academic measure term sometimes applied to aerial tramways. that should be avoided.) car, — a passenger rail car capacity, normal vehicle — see capacity, designed for commuter rail services, usually vehicle. with more seats than a conventional long- capacity, person — the maximum number of distance rail passenger car. The car may be persons that can be carried past a given hauled by a locomotive, have a self-contained location during a given time period under internal combustion engine, or be electrically specified operating conditions without propelled by power from a or unreasonable delay, hazard, or restriction. overhead wire. See also car, cab. Usually measured in terms of persons per car, diesel multiple-unit — see car, multiple- hour. unit. capacity, productive — a measure of car, diesel rail — see car, rail diesel. efficiency or performance. The product of car, double-deck — a bi-level rail car with a passenger capacity along a transit line and second level that covers the full width of the speed. car but may or may not extend the full capacity, — see capacity, fleet. length.

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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition car, electric multiple-unit — see car, multiple- side, designed for fast boarding and alighting car, electric multiple-unit—carrier unit. from high-level platforms. car, electric rail — an electric rail car car, self-propelled or self-powered — see powered by current from an overhead wire car, rail motor. or third rail.. car, single-unit (SU) — a powered rail car, car, gallery — a bi-level rail car that has equipped with a control cab at one or both seating and access aisles on a second level ends, that operates alone. along each side of an open well. Tickets of car, streetcar — an electrically powered rail passengers on the second level can be car, with width and turning radius suitable inspected or collected from the lower level. for operating on city streets and equipped Now unique to and . with lower skirt and safety devices to protect car, light rail (LRV, light rail vehicle) — a pedestrian falling under car; see also car, light streetcar or rail vehicle similar to a streetcar, rail. often articulated, operating on light rail car, track — a self-propelled rail car (e.g., systems with substantial amounts of burro , highway rail car, detector car, segregated track and higher speeds than weed burner, tie tamper) that is used in traditional on-street streetcar operation. maintenance service and that may or may not Designs available with folding steps, capable operate signals or shunt track circuits. of boarding and discharging passengers at car, trailer — l. An unpowered rail car either track or car-floor level, as in San operated in trains with powered cars (rapid Francisco and Hannover. See also car, transit) or towed by (regional streetcar. rail). 2. In some rail rapid transit systems, a car, light rail vehicle, low-floor — a light rail trailer may be powered; however, it does not vehicle with low floor for level boarding and have operator control and thus can only be exiting. Floor height is 10-14 in. (250-350 operated in consists with cars that do. mm), requiring a platform or raised curb at car, trolley — 1. A local term for a streetcar. this height. Wheelchair access is provided 2. Recently, also a local term for a bus with a directly or by a hinged or removable body simulating that of an old streetcar (see plate, or by an electrically operated streetcar, replica). retractable plate. Partial low-floor light rail vehicles have internal steps to access high- car, unidirectional — a rail car (usually light floor area(s) over trucks and (rarely) any rail or streetcar) that has doors on one side articulations. In this way conventional trucks and an operating cab at only one end so that and propulsion equipment can be used. it must be turned around by separate means (loop tracks or wyes) at terminals. car, motor — see car, rail motor. car, urban rail — a light rail, rail rapid car, multiple-unit (MU) — a powered rail car transit, or commuter rail car. arranged either for independent operation or for simultaneous operation with other similar car, weight designations — AW0, empty cars, when connected to form a train of such weight, AW1, weight with seated passenger cars. It may be designated as DMU (diesel load, AW2, weight with average peak-hour multiple-unit) or EMU (electric multiple-unit), passenger load, AW3, crush loaded weight. depending on the source of power. Passengers are usually assumed to weigh an average of 155 lb (70 kg). Peak-hour car, PCC (PCC, Presidents’ Conference passenger load is normally based on 0.4 p/ft2 Committee car) — a streetcar first produced (4 passengers/) of floor space in North in 1935. Its performance and efficiency were America, 0.4-0.5 p/ft2 (4-5 p/m2) in significantly improved over those of any 2 2 and 0.5-0.6 p/ft (5-6 p/m ) in , after streetcar previously built. The PCC car, discounting space used for cabs, stairwells characterized by lightweight construction, and seated passengers at 0.2/ft2 (2/m2). smooth and rapid acceleration and Crush loads are 0.6, 0.6-0.7, and 0.8 p/ft2 (6, deceleration, and soft ride, became the 6-7 and 8 p/m2) respectively. Caution: some standard for U.S. streetcars for many years. systems and manufacturers use different About 5,500 cars were manufactured in designations, some systems report loading in , 16,000 in Europe, and many excess of 0.8 p/ft2 (8 p/m2). using PCC features in , as recently as 1997. See organizations, Presidents’ Conference car equivalence, passenger — see passenger Committee. car equivalence. car, powered — see car, rail motor. carhouse — see barn. car, rail diesel (RDC, diesel rail car) — a car operator — see operator, train. self-powered rail car, usually with two diesel — an arrangement in which two or capable of multiple-unit operation. more people share the use, cost, or both of (DMU) traveling in privately owned automobiles car, rail motor (motor car, powered car, self- between fixed points on a regular basis; see powered car, self-propelled car) — a rail car also . that is propelled by an or carpool, casual — an informal carpool where internal combustion engine located on the car commuters gather at a location to be picked itself, see car, electric rail and car, rail diesel. up at random by motorists who do not have car, rail rapid transit (rapid transit car, sufficient passengers to use an HOV facility car, heavy rail car) — bidirectional (U.S. West Coast usage). See also slug. rail car for rapid transit systems, usually carpool lane — see lane, carpool; and lane, powered, equipped, and with a exclusive carpool. control cab at one or both ends. carrier — 1. A person or company in the Characterized by multiple double doors per business of transporting passengers or goods. 2. The structural and mechanical assemblage

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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition

carrier, common—command in or on which the passengers of a ropeway alternating current motors, which may and control system system are transported. Unless qualified, the themselves contain a “chopper,” usually to carrier includes the carriage or grip, hanger, control regenerative braking. and cabin or chair. circuit, track — see . carrier, common — in urban transportation, a circulator service — see service, circulator. company or agency certified by a regulatory city, central — see central city. body to carry all passengers who fulfill the contract (e.g., pay the required fare). The city transit service — see service, city transit. service is open to the public. civil — in rail operations, the — commonly used type of ferry maximum speed authorized for each section vessel. Water jet propulsion combines of track, as determined primarily by the relatively good fuel economy with speed and alignment, profile, and structure. passenger comfort. clearance time — see time, clearance. catenary system — that form of electric clock headway— see headway, clock. overhead contact system (OCS) in which the close-in time — see time, close-in. overhead contact wire is supported from one close-up — in rail transit operations the or more longitudinal wires or cables process where a train approaching a station (messengers), either directly by hangers (simple will close-up to the train berthed in the catenary) or by hangers in combination with station to the minimum distance permitted auxiliary conductors and clamps (compound by the signaling or train control system. This catenary). Attachment of the contact wire to is usually the critical line condition that, the messenger is made at frequent and combined with the dwell at the maximum uniform intervals to produce a contact load section station, establishes the minimum surface nearly parallel to the top of the headway. running rails. closed-loop braking — see braking, closed- center, major activity — see major activity loop. center. coach, motor — see bus, motor. center, modal — see transit center. coach, over-the-road — see bus, intercity. center platform — see platform, center. coach, suburban — see bus, suburban transit. central business district (CBD) — defined by coach, transit — see bus, standard urban. the Bureau of the Census, an area of high coach, trolley — see trolleybus. land valuation characterized by a high coasting (freewheeling) — of a vehicle, concentration of businesses, service running without influence of either the businesses, , , and theaters, as propulsion or braking systems, that is, with well as by a high traffic flow. A CBD follows tractive and braking forces at zero. Use of census tract boundaries; that is, it consists of coasting on rail transit sometimes increased one or more whole census tracts. CBDs are outside peak periods to reduce energy identified only in central cities of MSAs and consumption. Desirable feature of automatic other cities with populations of 50,000 or train operation. more. See also outlying business district. coefficient, riding frequency or habit — see central city — as defined by the Bureau of riding frequency coefficient. the Census, the largest city, or one of the coefficient, utilization — see definition of largest cities, in a metropolitan statistical area load factor. or urbanized area. The criteria for designating a central city vary with the type coefficient of directness — 1. The ratio of the of area and the particular census. length (measured in units of either distance or time) of a transit trip between two points centralized traffic control system — see and the length of the most direct highway control system, centralized traffic. route between the two points. 2. The ratio of chair — an open or semi-open seat used on the length (measured in units of either an aerial lift. distance or time) of a trip between two points check — in transit operations, a record of 1. by one mode and the length of the trip by the passenger volume on all transit units that another mode. pass a specific location or time point (also coefficient of variation — the standard known as a passenger riding count or check), 2. deviation divided by the mean. Usually the actual time the unit passes it (also known expressed as a percentage. as a schedule check), 3. the number of cog railway (, mountain passengers who board and alight at each stop railway) — a rail transportation mode with on a route or line (also known as an on-and-off auxiliary or full traction provided by a count or check), or any combination of these geared wheel in the middle of a powered axle items. The checker may ride the transit unit that is engaged with a rack (toothed bar) (an on-board or ride check), follow it in another installed along the track center. This system vehicle, or check the transit units from a used to overcome steep gradients. Similar Fell particular location (a point or corner check). system uses adhesion grip on center rail choice rider — see rider, choice. without teeth. chopper — solid-state electronic device that collector, current — see . controls electric current flow to traction command and control system (C&C) — in motors by rapidly turning the power on and rail systems, any means of adjusting and off, resulting in gradual vehicle acceleration maintaining prescribed headways; effecting at reduced current use. Replaced less efficient starting and stopping, merging, and switched resistor controls from 1960s. Now switching; and controlling other such replaced with more advanced power functions. It is usually considered to include conversion units (PCU) feeding three phase Glossary Page 8-10 Part 8/GLOSSARY

Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition

transit unit (car or train) protection, transit integration of routes, schedules, fare —control system, unit operation, and line supervision to ensure structures, information systems, and modal fixed block safe movement of the transit unit within the transfer facilities. system. Preferred usage is train control system. consist — in rail systems, the makeup or See also control system. composition (number and specific identity) of common carrier — see carrier, common. individual units of a train. Pronounced with commission — 1. Eastern Canadian term for the first syllable emphasized. transit agency — particularly in . 2. To contact rail — see rail, third. prepare new transit vehicles or other contact shoe, overhead — see overhead contact hardware for revenue service. shoe. based control system — see contact wire (trolley wire) — an overhead control system, moving block. electric conductor that supplies power to commute — regular travel between home electric rail vehicles and . and a fixed location (e.g., work, school). The continuous brake — see brake, continuous. term is often applied only to travel in the continuous inductive train control system — direction of the main flow of traffic, to see control system, continuous train. distinguish from reverse commute. continuous train control system — see commute, reverse — a commute in the control system, continuous train. direction opposite to the main flow of traffic, for example, from the central city to a continuous welded rail — see rail, continuous during the morning peak. Increasingly welded. common with growth in suburban contraflow — movement in a direction employment. Valuable to operator as opposite to the normal flow of traffic. The provides additional passengers and revenue term usually refers to flow opposite to the at little or no marginal cost. heavier flow of traffic. See also commute, commute ticket — in rail systems, a ticket reverse. sold at a reduced rate for a fixed or unlimited — see lane, contraflow. number of trips in a designated area during a control, deadman — see deadman control. specified time period. control, quality — see quality control. commuter — a person who regularly control device, grade crossing traffic — see between home and a fixed location (e.g., grade crossing traffic control device. work, school.) controlled access — see access, limited. commuter bus — see service, commuter. controlled access right-of-way — see right-of- commuter lane — see lane, high-occupancy way, limited. vehicle. controller, cam — see cam controller. commuter rail — see transit system, commuter rail. controls, passenger — see passenger controls. commuter rail car — see car, commuter rail. control system, automatic block signal (ABS) — a system of governing train commuter service — see service, commuter. separation in which the signals are controlled compound catenary — see catenary system. by the trains themselves. The presence or concession — in transit, the right to operate a absence of a train in a block is determined by transit service for a given number of years. a track circuit. If the circuitry fails, a May or may not include: public contribution restrictive signal is displayed. to capital and operating costs; regulation of control system, automatic train — see service standards and fares charged; design automatic train control system. or construction of any facilities. control system, block signal — a standard conductor — 1. In rail transit operations, the railroad signal system that uses a fixed signal operating employee who may control the at the entrance of a block to govern the doors on rail transit vehicles, or who may separation of trains entering the block. have fare-collecting duties, or both. Also control system, cab signal — in rail systems, called a guard on some systems. 2. In railroad a signal located in the cab, indicating a operations, the operating employee in charge condition affecting the movement of a train of the train and train crew. 3. In some bus and used in conjunction with operations, an operating employee (other signals and in conjunction with or in lieu of than the ) who collects fares and block signals. Can indicate status of next may control doors. 4. The individual signal(s) or show designated maximum assigned to particular duties or functions in speed. the operation of a ropeway. control system, centralized traffic (CTC) — confidence level — a statement of assurance in rail systems, a traffic control system in of the accuracy of a statistical statement, e.g., which signals and are controlled if it is asserted that a population parameter is from a remotely located (centralized traffic indeed within the computed confidence control) panel. interval at confidence level α, this means that the risk of error is 1-α. For example, a 95% control system, communication based — see confidence level has a risk of 5%. control system, moving block. confidence limit — a boundary of the control system, fixed block — an automatic confidence interval, usually referred to as train control system that records the presence lower and upper confidence limits. of a train (or a part of it) in each track section (block) and activates the signals on the line to connectivity — the ability of a public indicate the block is occupied. In some cases, transportation network to provide service to a following train is prevented from entering the maximum number of origin-and- destination trip pairs through the optimal Part 8/GLOSSARY Page 8-11 Glossary

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control system, manual block— the block by a forced emergency stop, see is the ratio of operating current collector automatic train stop. revenue to operating costs. control system, manual block — a system of costs — see capital costs and operating costs. manually governing train movement in a count — 1. In transportation, a process that block or a series of consecutive blocks by tallies a particular movement of people or means of signals, train orders, telephone, or vehicles past a given point during a stated radio. time period. It may be a directional or a two- control system, manual train — system in way value and is also known as a traffic count which train movement is controlled by the 2. In transportation, a volume of people or operator (motorman) or engineer. vehicles. control system, moving block — an count, cordon — see cordon count. automatic train control system that spaces count, on-and-off — see check. trains according to their location and relative count, passenger — see passenger count. velocity, and stopping performance, plus a safety distance. Often includes automatic count, passenger riding — see check. train operation. Moving-block signaling count, traffic — see traffic count. systems are also called transmission or coupler — a device for connecting one rail communication based systems. The latter is vehicle to another. The mechanism is usually becoming the preferred term. placed in a standard location at both ends of control system, multiple-unit — a system all rail cars and locomotives. that controls the operation of two or more rail coupler, automatic — 1. A coupler that motor cars in a train through the operates automatically. It may also be simultaneous control of the train by one capable of uncoupling automatically. May operator. have to take place on tangent track although control system, overlay — A train control some designs have automatic centering and system, usually software controlled, that is can be used on curves. 2. An automatic overlaid on top of a conventionally fixed connector that joins electric or pneumatic block control system. Permits closer headway train lines together between rail cars. of trains equipped for the overlay while coverage area — see area, coverage. providing operation and safe separation of critical line condition — in rail transit non-equipped trains. operations the factor that constrains control system, traffic — see control system, headway. This is usually the close-in at the centralized traffic. maximum load section station or the terminal control system, transmission based — see turnback process, occasionally at junctions. control system, moving block. crossing, grade (railroad grade crossing) — a controlling dwell — the dwell, usually at the crossing or intersection of highways, railroad busiest station on a rail transit line, that, tracks, other guideways, or pedestrian walks, added to the minimum separation time of the or combinations of these at the same level or train control system for the applicable speed, grade. sets the closest headway possible. Can also crossing, highway/railroad — a place, at apply to a bus line. grade or grade separated, where highway conventional — transportation traffic crosses railroad tracks. systems that consist of steel-wheeled trains crossing, railway — see crossing, track. running on duo-rail tracks. Trains may be crossing, track (railway crossing) — an self-propelled or hauled by locomotive, with assembly of rails and frogs that allows diesel or electric propulsion. crossing of two tracks at grade. conveyor, passenger or pedestrian — see crossing control device, grade — see grade moving walkway. crossing traffic control device. cordon count — in planning, a count of — 1. In rail systems, a track with vehicles and people across a designated two switches that connects two parallel (cordon) line to determine 1. the total flow tracks. 2. Pedestrian or vehicular links (at (people and vehicles by mode and time grade or grade separated) across a period) into and out of the study area and 2. transportation facility. the accumulation (people and vehicles) within the cordon area by time of day. crosstie (, tie) — the transverse member of the track structure to which the cordon line — in planning, an imaginary line rails are fastened. Its function is to provide circumscribing a specific geographic study proper gauge and to cushion, distribute, and area. transmit the stresses of traffic through the corner check — see check. ballast to the roadbed; normally or corridor — in planning, a broad geographical concrete; can be metal or . Also known band that follows a general directional flow as a sleeper. or connects major sources of trips. It may crosstown service — see service, crosstown. contain a number of streets and highways cruise speed or velocity — see velocity, cruise. and transit lines and routes. cruiser — see bus, cruiser. cost recovery ratio — the ratio of total revenues to total costs; the inverse of crush load — see capacity, crush. operating ratio. It is often used for evaluation curb bulb — see bus bulb. of alternative plans. Usually total direct curb extension — see bus bulb. operating and maintenance costs are used current collector — the mechanical although outside the United States; many component on an electric rail car that makes agencies include annualized capital costs contact with the conductor that distributes and/or depreciation in the calculation.

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the electric current; see also overhead contact consumed at various levels of price or levels customer satisfaction survey— shoe, , third-rail shoe, and . of service offered (by the transportation detachable-grip lift customer satisfaction survey — see survey, system.) customer satisfaction. demand, effective — the number of people -and-cover — a method of construction or vehicles prepared to travel in a given that consists of excavating the terrain from situation, at a given price. ground level, placing a structure in the demand jitney service — see service, jitney. excavation, and then filling over the Demand Response Transit Operations — structure. National ITS Architecture Market Package cutting — see run cutting. that performs automatic driver assignment and monitoring as well as vehicle routing and scheduling for demand-responsive DC — 1. District of transit services. Columbia. 2. . demand-responsive transportation system DE — double ended, rail or streetcar with driving — see transportation system, demand-responsive. positions at both ends. denial, service — see service denial. DHV — design hourly density, pedestrian — average number of Dvolume. pedestrians per unit of area within a walkway or queuing area; expressed as DMU — diesel multiple-unit car; see car, multiple-unit. pedestrians per square foot or meter. DOT — department of transportation; see density, population — average number of people per unit area; typically expressed as organizations, department of transportation; and persons per square mile or square kilometer. U.S. Government, Department of Transportation. DPM — ; see people density, train — see train density. mover, downtown. department of transportation — see day pass or daypass — ticket for unlimited organizations, department of transportation; and travel for one day, usually to end of service U.S. Government, Department of Transportation. the following day, may be for one or more departments, U.S. — see U.S. Government. zones of travel, may be restricted in morning dependent, transit — see transit dependent. peak period, may be good for one adult, one depot — see garage, terminal, carhouse and concession rider or for a family or similar barn. group. Can be valid through a weekend. — 1. To run off the track. 2. A track Often contains “scratch” panels for user to safety device designed to guide a rail car off designate day and month of use. the rails at a selected location to prevent deadhead — an unproductive or non- collisions or other accidents, commonly used revenue move without passengers aboard, on spurs or sidings to prevent unattended often to and from a garage, or from one route rolling cars from fouling the main line; also to another. (Some agencies carry passengers known as a derailer. on these runs and still use the term — an instance of the wheels of a deadhead.) rail vehicle coming off the track. deadman control — a pedal, handle, or other deropement — the term used when a rope or form of switch, or combination thereof, that cable leaves its operating position relative to the operator must keep in a depressed or the groove of a sheave, carriage wheel, or twisted position while a rail vehicle (or train) saddle. is moving. If the control is released, the power is cut off and the brakes are applied. design capacity — see capacity, design. deceleration, retardation, braking rate — design hourly volume (DHV) — the amount decrease in velocity per unit time; in transit of traffic a transportation facility is designed practice, often measured in ft/s2 (m/s2) or, in to carry in 1 hr. the United States, mph/s. desire line — a straight line on a map that deck, vessel — a platform in a vessel that connects the origin and destination of a trip accommodates passengers and/or autos. (theoretically, the ideal or most desirable route) and may indicate by its width or default value — a design value that is based density the volume of trips between that on experience or on studied conclusions and origin and destination. that is used as a substitute value when an actual value is not available. destination — 1. The point at which a trip terminates. 2. In planning, the zone in which defensible space — a concept in architecture a trip ends. and urban design that precludes designs resulting in dark alleys, corners, or spaces or blind — a sign on a where visibility and openness to other people transit unit (vehicle or train) indicating the is severely limited. route and/or or letter, direction, destination of the unit, or any delay, re-entry — the time required for a combination thereof. Destination signs are suitable gap in traffic to occur to allow a bus most commonly located on the front of the to re-enter the street from an off-line stop; a transit unit but may also be located on the component of clearance time. Re-entry delay back, side, or both. Includes roll signs printed is influenced by the traffic volume in the curb on cloth or plastic and electronic signs, most lane and upstream traffic signals. usually dot matrix. See also head sign. delay time — see time, delay. detachable-grip lift — a ropeway system on demand — 1. The quantity (of which carriers circulate around the system transportation) desired. 2. In an economic alternately attaching to and detaching from a sense, a schedule of the quantities (of travel)

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deviation, point—driving moving haul rope. The ropeway system may transportation systems, the process of wheels be monocable or bicable. relaying service instructions to drivers. The deviation, point — see point deviation. procedure may include vehicle scheduling, routing, and monitoring, and it can be device, grade crossing traffic control — see manual or partly or fully automated. 3. The grade crossing traffic control device. relaying of service instructions to vehicle device, signal-actuating — see pedestrian drivers or operators. signal-actuating device and vehicle signal- distance, air — straight-line measure of actuating device. walking distance between two points that device, traffic control — see traffic control does not consider the availability, device. connectivity, or condition of pathways dial-a-bus or dial-a-ride — see transportation between the two points; used in planning- system, dial-a-ride. level calculation of service coverage. diamond lane — see lane, diamond. Compare with distance, walk. diesel- — see locomotive, distance, linked trip — see trip distance, diesel-electric. linked. diesel multiple-unit car (DMU) — see car, distance, maximum walking — the multiple-unit. maximum distance that people will walk to diesel rail car — see car, rail diesel. transit; affected by grade, pedestrian environment, and pedestrian characteristics. differential fare — see fare, differential. distance, total travel — see trip distance, direct current (DC) — fixed polarity linked. electrical distribution system universally used for heavy rail, light rail and distance, walk —measure of walking trolleybuses. For a given load at the voltages distance between two points following used, there are lower losses and longer continuous pathways or . Compare distances possible between feeder points and with distance, air. sub-stations than with alternating current distribution, flow — see trip assignment. (AC). distribution, trip — see trip distribution. direct current motor — see motor, direct district, central business — see central current. business district. directional route miles — see route miles. district, outlying business — see outlying directional split — the proportional business district. distribution between opposite flows of traffic diversity, loading — a measure of the on two-way facilities. unevenness of the passenger loading of directness, coefficient of — see coefficient of transit vehicles in time (e.g., between buses directness. or trains on the same route) or location (e.g., disability, public transportation — see between cars of a train). See also peak hour definition of persons with disabilities. factor. disadvantaged, transportation — see dock — 1. Facility defined as a multiple transportation disadvantaged. number of berths providing access to vessels. 2. The process of “parking” a vessel and disc brake — see brake, disc. tying it into its berth. discharge — in transit operations, to let door, double-stream — a door on a transit passengers exit the vehicle. vehicle with sufficient width (generally 3.75- disembark — to transfer from a vessel to 4.5 ft or 1.14-1.37 m) to permit two shore. passengers to board and/or alight disincentive — something that discourages simultaneously. A handrail may or may not people from acting in a certain way. For be provided to separate the two passenger example, high parking fees or tolls are streams. disincentives to automobile use. door, single-stream — a door on a transit dispatcher — 1. In bus operations, the vehicle that allows passenger flow in only individual who assigns buses to runs, makes one direction at a time. up work assignments to fill runs, directs the district, transit — see transit district. operators at the start of their assignments, door-to-door service — see service, door-to- and in some cases, maintains a constant door. awareness of status of the operation, via radio, telephone, or other means. 2. In rail double — see extra section. operations, an operating person whose double-deck car — see car, double-deck. function it is to dispatch transit units (cars or double-decker bus — see bus, double-decker. trains), monitor their operation, and double-ended car — see car, bidirectional. intervene in the event of disruption of double-ended transit unit (bidirectional schedule or when any change in service or routing is required. 3. In demand-responsive transit unit) — rail car or train with an transportation, the person who assigns the operating cab at each end. vehicles to customers and notifies the downtown people mover — see people mover, appropriate drivers and who may schedule downtown. and route vehicles and monitor their draft — the depth of a vessel’s keel below the operation. water line. dispatching — 1. In rail operations, the driving wheels — wheels that are powered process of starting a transit unit (car or train) by a motor or engine and that provide the into service from a terminal, yard, or transfer tractive effort, through contact with the track. 2. In demand-responsive running surface, that propels the vehicle.

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dual control or mode — see transit system, — see bus, electric. dual control or mode—exclusive dual-mode; and bus, dual-mode. electric locomotive — see locomotive, electric. carpool lane dual-mode bus — see bus, dual-mode. electric motor — see motor. dual-mode light rail — see transit system, electric multiple-unit car — see car, multiple- light rail, dual-mode. unit. dual-mode transit system — see transit electric rail car — see car, electric rail. system, dual-mode. Electric Railway Presidents’ Conference dual-mode vehicle — see vehicle, dual-mode. Committee — see organizations, Presidents’ dual-powered bus — see bus, dual-mode. Conference Committee. dual-powered locomotive — see locomotive, electric sub-station — , breakers dual-powered. (and ) to convert supply from dual-power propulsion system — see electric utility to direct current supply for propulsion system, dual-power. rapid transit, streetcar or trolleybus systems. dwell time — see time, dwell. electric trolleybus — see trolleybus. dynamic block control system — see control (railway electrification) — in system, moving block. rail systems, a term used to describe the installation of overhead wire or third-rail dynamic brake — see brake, dynamic. power distribution facilities to enable Dynamic Ridesharing — National ITS operation of electrically powered transit Architecture Market Package that enhances vehicles. the Interactive Traveler Information package by adding an infrastructure providing electrodynamic brake — see brake, dynamic. dynamic ridesharing/ride matching electromagnetic brake — see brake, track. capability. electropneumatic brake — see brake, Dynamic Route Guidance — National ITS electropneumatic. Architecture Market Package that offers the elevated, the — see transit system, rail rapid. user advanced route planning and guidance elevated guideway — see guideway, elevated. which is responsive to current conditions. elevated-on-fill guideway — see guideway, dynamic routing — in demand-responsive elevated-on fill. transportation systems, the process of — a mechanical device for moving constantly modifying vehicle routes to people vertically between different levels of a accommodate service requests received after building or transit station. the vehicle began operations, as distinguished from predetermined routes elevator, inclined — see . assigned to a vehicle. embark — 1. To transfer from shore to a vessel. 2. To board a vessel. EMU — electric multiple-unit car; emergency application or braking — see see car, multiple-unit. braking, emergency. EPA — Environmental Protection En-Route Transit Information — National Agency; see U.S. Government, ITS Program User Service that provides Environmental Protection Agency. information to travelers using public transportation after they begin their trips. edEge treat ment — A standardized surface feature or a physical barrier built in or end, head — see head end. applied to the walking surface to warn end, trip — see trip end. visually impaired people of hazards along end wall — see station end wall. the path of travel. engine, — an internal effective demand — see demand, effective. combustion engine in which the hot effectiveness — 1. In transportation, the compressed gases of combustion drive a correspondence of provided service to turbine. intended output or objectives, particularly engine, internal combustion (ICE) — an the character and location of service; in other engine in which the power is developed words, producing the intended result (doing through the expansive force of fuel that is the right things). 2. In transit, the degree to fired or discharged within a closed chamber which the desired level of service is being or cylinder. provided to meet stated goals and objectives; equity — in transportation, a normative for example, the percentage of a given service measure of fairness among transportation area population that is within the desired ¼ users. mile (400 meters) of a transit stop. equivalence, passenger car — see passenger effectiveness, measure of — see performance car equivalence. indicator. — a device providing a continuous effective operating speed — see speed, overall series of pallets or treads for standing trip. pedestrians, transporting pedestrians both effective velocity — see velocity, effective. vertically and horizontally. egress time — see time, egress. exact fare — see fare, exact. el — abbreviation for elevated (railway), excess time — see time, excess. mainly east coast; see transit system, rail rapid. exclusive bus lane — see lane, exclusive elasticity — the percentage change in transit. demand for service for each 1% change in the exclusive carpool lane — see lane, exclusive price or amount of that service. carpool. electric brake — see brake, dynamic.

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exclusive right-of-way— exclusive right-of-way — see right-of-way, paying a single cash fare to take a one-zone farecard reader exclusive. ride. On systems with time-based fares it is exclusive transit facilities — transportation normally the peak period fare, system infrastructure elements that are set fare, concession — British and Canadian aside for the use of transit vehicles only. term for a reduced fare for various classes or Examples include some freeway ramps, passengers: children, , seniors. A queue jumpers, bus lanes, off-street bus single concession fare reduces the complexity loading or unloading areas, and separated of having multiple fares for different classes and fully controlled rights-of-way. of passengers into two, full and concession. exclusive transit lane — see lane, exclusive fare, exact — a transit operations policy that transit. precludes the making of change for exclusive transit right-of-way — see right-of- passengers. A passenger must therefore have way, exclusive transit. the correct change for the fare or else overpay it. Almost universal on North bus — see service, express bus. transit except where ticket kiosks or ticket express service — see service, express. vending make change. expressway — a divided arterial highway for fare, flat — method of travel pricing that through traffic. An expressway has full or uses a single fare for the entire service area partial control of access and generally has regardless of the trip’s distance, time of day, grade separations at major intersections. area of travel, or other characteristics. extra section (double) (overload) (duplicate fare, graduated — a fare that is proportional Br.) — a second bus added to accompany a to the distance traveled (also known as regularly scheduled bus to handle passenger mileage fare) or to the length of time that a overloads. passenger may a service. fare, mileage — see fare, graduated. FHWA — Federal Highway fare, off-peak or peak — see fare, time-of-day. Administration; see U.S. Government, Federal Highway fare, peak period surcharge — see fare, time- of-day. Administration. fare, pre-paid — any fare not paid on-board FRA — Federal Railroad a transit vehicle (e.g., a , a ticket AdFministr ation; see U.S. Government, Federal purchased at a prior to boarding a Railroad Administration. vehicle, or a fare paid prior to entering a fare- FTA — Federal Transit Administration; see ). U.S. Government, Federal Transit fare, reduced — a special fare for children, Administration. students, senior citizens, or others that is less facilities, accessible transportation — see than the regular fare. accessible transportation facilities. fare, regular — see fare, base. facilities, exclusive transit — see exclusive fare, single-coin— a fare that can be paid transit facilities. with a single coin (e.g., a quarter) or token. facility, intermodal transfer — see transit fare, time-of-day — a fare that varies by time center. of day. It is usually higher during peak travel factor, K — see K factor. periods (peak fare) and lower during non- factor, load — see load factor. peak travel periods (off-peak fare). factor, peak hour — see peak hour factor. fare, zone (zoned fare) — a method of transit factor, travel time — see travel time factor. pricing that is based on the geographical fail-safe — incorporating a feature that partitioning of the service area. The price is ensures that malfunctions that affect safety determined by the location and number of will cause the system to revert to a state that zones traversed. Zone fares are frequently is safe. used as a method of charging graduated or distance-based fares but may also be used to far-side stop — see stop, far-side. provide for differential fares for certain fare — 1. The required payment for a ride on markets. a public transportation vehicle. It may be farebox — a device that accepts coins, bills, paid by any acceptable means, for example, tickets, tokens, or other fare media given by cash, token, ticket, transfer, farecard, passengers as payment for rides. voucher, or pass or user fee. 2. A passenger who pays a fare. farebox, registering — a farebox that counts the money and fare media processed and fare, adult cash — basic full fare paid by one records fare information. adult for one ride, may exclude transfer and zone charges. farebox recovery ratio — see fare recovery ratio. fare, average — the arithmetic average of all fares paid by all revenue passengers, farebox revenue — see revenue, farebox. including those who received special or farecard — see magnetic farecard. reduced fares. It is usually derived by or farecard reader — a device that determines generally equivalent to dividing total fare the value stored in a farecard when the revenue by total origin-to-destination trips, farecard is inserted. A farecard reader may although it may be based on unlinked trips. also be used for appropriately altering the fare, base (basic fare, regular fare, full fare) value stored in a farecard when used in — the price (with no discounts) charged to an conjunction with a passenger turnstile, gate adult for regular local service or, for systems or registering farebox. with zone pricing, a one-zone fare with no discounts, that is, what it costs an adult

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fare collection system — the procedures and ferry, urban — that have at least one fare collection system—freeway, devices used to collect fares and to terminal within an urbanized area, excluding metered accumulate and account for fares paid. international, rural, rural interstate, island, fare collection system, automatic (AFC) — and urban park ferries. the controls and equipment that ferry berth — a platform extending from a automatically admit passengers on insertion shore over water and supported by piles or of the correct fare in an acceptable form, pillars, used to secure and provide access to which may be coins, tokens, tickets, or vessels. farecards ( magnetically encoded or smart ferry passenger loading platform — see card). On systems with distance based fares platform, ferry. stored value farecards must be inserted again few-to-few service — see service, few-to-few. on exit, at which point an additional fare may be subtracted. The system may include few-to-many service — see service, few-to- special equipment for transporting and many. counting revenues. first-track miles or kilometers — see right– fare collection system, proof of payment, of-way miles. self-service, barrier-free, open — various fishbowl — see, bus, New Look. names for an open fare collection system that fixed-block control system — see control has no turnstiles or fare gates. Proof of system, fixed-block. payment is the preferred name. It requires that fixed-grip lift — ropeway system on which the passenger display proof of payment (e.g., carriers remain attached to a haul rope. The validated ticket, prepaid pass, valid transfer) ropeway system may be either continuous or while on board the transit vehicle or in other intermittently circulating, and either designated fare paid areas. Enforced through monocable or bicable. random checking by specific transit employees, staff or police with the fixed guideway transit system — see transit power to collect premium “on-board” fares system, fixed guideway. (more common in Europe) or issue tickets or fixed route — see transportation system, fixed citations, typically resulting in revenue loss route. below 2-3%. Widely used in Europe and on fixed signal — see signal, fixed. North American light rail systems, the flag stop service — see service, flag stop. system combines flexibility and low cost with the fewest impediments to passengers with flange, wheel — see wheel flange. disabilities. Often combined with “self- flat fare — see fare, flat. service” ticket vending machines. fleet, (rolling stock) — the vehicles in a Erroneously called an “honor” system, a transit system. Usually, “fleet” refers to name that applies only to systems without highway vehicles and “rolling stock” to rail enforcement. vehicles. fare recovery ratio (farebox recovery ratio) fleet, base-period — see base-period fleet. — the ratio of fare revenue to direct fleet capacity — see capacity, fleet. operating expenses; see also operating ratio. flotsam — floating refuse or debris. fare-registering fare gate (turnstile) — a fare gate that records the fares paid. flow, passenger — see passenger flow. fare structure — the system set up to flow distribution — see trip assignment. determine how much is to be paid by various flow rate (rate of flow) — in transportation, categories of passengers using the system in the number of units (passengers or vehicles) any given circumstance. passing a point on a transportation facility fare gate — a device that unlocks to allow a during some period of time, usually counted or recomputed in units per hour. For passenger to enter the paid area after a pass, example, if 8 buses pass a point in the first , farecard, or the correct amount of half hour and 15 in the second, the volume money or tokens has been inserted into it. for the hour is 23. However, the flow rate for federal agencies — see U.S. Government. the first half hour is 16 buses/h, and for the Federal Highway Administration — see U.S. second half hour the flow rate is 30 buses/h. Government, Federal Highway Administration. See also volume. Federal Railroad Administration — see U.S. flying — see junction, flying. Government, Federal Railroad Administration. force, tractive — see tractive effort. Federal Transit Act of 1964 — see legislation, forecasting — in planning, the process of Federal Transit Act of 1964. determining the future conditions, Federal Transit Administration — see U.S. magnitudes, and patterns within the urban Government, Federal Transit Administration. area, such as future population, demographic feeder service — see service, feeder. characteristics, travel demand. ferry — a vessel that carries passengers, free area — see area, free. vehicles, and/or goods over a body of water, free transfer — see transfer, free. usually for short distances and with frequent, freeway — a divided highway for through regular service. A ferry is generally a traffic that has full access control and grade conventional shallow-draft , but separations at all intersections. In some , , and are countries, it is also known as a motorway. also used. Often such vessels are double- freeway, metered — a freeway to which ended with a pilot at each end for control purposes so that the vessel need not access is controlled by entrance ramp signals that use fixed-time signal settings or are be turned around for the next trip. regulated by a computerized surveillance system. This procedure is used to prevent

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freewheeling—grade crossing freeway congestion. See also bus priority gas turbine engine — see engine, gas turbine. traffic control device system, metered freeway. gate, bus — see bus gate. freewheeling — see coasting. gather service — see service, many-to-one. frequency, service — see service frequency. gauge, broad (wide gauge) — a rail track frequency coefficient, riding — see riding gauge greater than standard, wide gauge is frequency coefficient. slightly greater, broad gauge is substantially frequency distribution, trip length — see greater. trip length frequency distribution. gauge, narrow — rail that is less friction brake — see brake, friction. than standard, commonly 3 ft 3.4 in. or 1,000 mm (meter gauge), or 3 ft 6 in. or 1,067 mm fringe, urban — see urban fringe. (Cape gauge). fringe area — see area, fringe. gauge, standard — a rail track gauge that is frog — a track component used at the 4 ft 8.5 in. (1,435 mm) wide. intersection of two running rails to provide support and guidance for the wheels. It gauge, track — the distance between the inside faces of the two rails of a track allows wheels on each rail to cross the other measured 5/8 in. (16 mm) below the top of rail. Also applied to similar overhead components on electric rail or trolleybus the rails and perpendicular to the gauge line. systems. On streetcar systems the flangeway gauge, wide — see gauge, broad. at the frog can be ramped up. Cars run on — a track configuration where their flanges substantially reducing track the four rails are interlaced without switches. noise. Used as an alternative to single-track sections fuel, alternative — a non- fuel where insufficient space exists for double with lower pollution that traditional diesel; tracks, saving capital and maintenance costs, includes alcohol fuels, mineral fuels, as well as potential operating problems due methanol, propane, hydrogen, compressed to frozen or clogged switch points. and liquefied natural gas. gear, running — see running gear. full accessibility — see accessibility, persons generation, trip — see trip generation. with disabilities. generator, trip — see trip generator. full service braking — see braking, maximum Geographic Information System (GIS) — a service. computerized database management system railway — a passenger in which geographic databases are related to transportation mode consisting of a pair of one another via a common set of location rail vehicles (or short trains) permanently coordinates. GIS can provide a spatial, attached to two ends of the same cable, interactive visual representation of transit counterbalancing each other. It may have a operations and allows users to make queries single track with a turnout or a double track. and selections of database records based on In the former case, wheels on one side of the geographic proximity and attributes such as car(s) will have double flanges, on the other bus stop activity levels and demographic side, no flanges. This system is used to data. overcome steep gradients. See also ropeway, Global Positioning System (GPS) — A inclined plane, and inclined elevator. system that determines the real-time position —a form of detachable-grip aerial lift of vehicles using with a that uses two track cables to support the satellite. Also, refers more specifically to a carrier, rather than the usual one, in order to government-owned system of 24 Earth- provide greater stability during windy orbiting satellites that transmit data to conditions. The name was coined from the ground-based receivers and provides words funicular and télépherique, the extremely accurate latitude/longitude French-Swiss name for . ground positions. furniture, street — see street furniture. — 1. A cabin used on an aerial lift. 2. Name popularly used to describe a continuously circulating aerial lift using GIS — Geographic Information System. cabins. GPS — Global Positioning government, U.S. — see U.S. Government. System. governor — 1. A device that keeps a transit vehicle from exceeding a set (maximum) GRT — group rapid transit; see G speed. 2. A device that holds the rotational transit system, group rapid. speed of an engine approximately constant GTO — Gate turn off thyristor, used in regardless of the load or prevents it from chopper controls for electric rail cars and exceeding a predetermined value. trolleybuses. grade — or gradient, rise in elevation within gallery car — see car, gallery. a specified distance. As an example, a 1% gangway — a walking surface which spans grade is a 1 ft (m) rise in elevation in 100 ft any two marine facilities or vessels. (m) of horizontal distance, in Britain Gangways are not fixed and their expressed as 1/100 or 1 in 100, and in Europe depends on the relative position of the 10°/1000. facilities they are spanning. grade crossing — see crossing, grade. garage — in bus systems, the location in grade crossing protection signal — see which buses are stored and serviced and signal, grade crossing protection. where operators report for work and receive grade crossing traffic control device — any supplies and assignments. Also sometimes form of protective or warning device known as a depot or barn. installed at a railroad or transit guideway

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grade crossing for the protection of highway headway — the time interval between the —Highway-Rail or street traffic. passing of the front ends of successive transit Intersection (HRI) grade separation — a vertical separation of units (vehicles or trains) moving along the intersecting facilities (road, rail, etc.) by the same lane or track (or other guideway) in the provision of crossing structures. same direction, usually expressed in minutes; see also service frequency. graduated fare — see fare, graduated. headway, base — the scheduled headway grid network — see network, grid. between transit unit (vehicle or train) trips, grips, detachable — grips that are attached between peak periods. and detached from the moving haul rope at station(s) or terminal(s) during normal headway, clock — the scheduled headway between transit unit (vehicle or train) trips, operation. based on even times, i.e., 60, 30, 20, 15, 10 and grips, fixed — grips that remain 7½ minutes. continuously attached to the haul rope headway, interference — headway that is so during normal operation. close that one vehicle or train interferes with group, low mobility — see transportation or delays the next. disadvantaged. headway, non-interference — headway such group rapid transit — see transit system, that in normal operations one train does not group rapid. delay another. group riders — see riders, group. headway, policy — 1. Headway prescribed guided busway — see busway, guided. by reasons other than matching capacity to guideway — in transit systems, a track or demand. 2. The maximum permissible other riding surface (including supporting headway as established by the transit agency structure) that supports and physically or (often) the policy board, usually for off- guides transit vehicles specially designed to peak, low-demand periods. travel exclusively on it. headway adherence — the consistency or guideway, elevated — a grade-separated evenness of the scheduled interval between guideway on a structure that provides transit vehicles. A reliability measure based overhead clearance for vehicles at ground on the coefficient of variation of headways of level; see also aerial structure. transit vehicles serving a particular route guideway, elevated-on-fill — a grade- arriving at a stop. separated guideway above the prevailing headway management — a technique for surface of the terrain that is supported by an managing the operation of transit units embankment instead of by a structure. (vehicles or trains) that focuses on guideway, open cut — a guideway below the maintaining a certain spacing between units prevailing surface of the terrain in a on the same line, instead of on adhering to a like excavation (cut or cutting). timetable. For example, if units become bunched, corrective measures might include delaying the units at the rear of the bunch to HCM — Highway Capacity provide regular headways and hence load Manual. distribution, even at the expense of reducing HEP — head end power, see timetable adherence. locomotive, passenger. heavy rail — see transit system, rail rapid. H HOV — high-occupancy high-occupancy vehicle — see vehicle, high- vehicle; see vehicle, high-occupancy. occupancy. HOV lane — high-occupancy-vehicle lane; high-occupancy-vehicle lane — see lane, see lane, high-occupancy-vehicle. high-occupancy-vehicle. HOV Lane Management — National ITS high platform — see platform, high. Architecture Market Package that manages high voltage — see voltage, high. HOV lanes by coordinating freeway ramp meters and connector signals with HOV lane highway, street, or road — 1. General terms usage signals. Preferential treatment is given denoting a public way for purposes of to HOV lanes using special bypasses, vehicular travel, including the entire area reserved lanes, and exclusive rights-of-way within the right-of-way. The recommended that may vary by time of day. usages are as follows: in urban areas, highway or street; in rural areas, street or HRI — Highway-Rail Intersection. road. 2. Street, in common general usage, habit coefficient, riding — see riding refers to the vehicular travel way, as frequency coefficient. distinguished from the sidewalk (the handicapped — see persons with disabilities. pedestrian travel way). hanger — structural element connecting a Highway Capacity Manual — A standard cabin, chair, or other passenger-carrying reference used to calculate the capacity and device to the ropeway track cable carriage or quality of service of roadway facilities. haul rope grip. Highway-Rail Intersection (HRI) — haul rope — a wire rope used on a ropeway National ITS Program User Service that that provides motion to carriers and is integrates ITS technology into already powered by the drive sheave. existing HRI warning systems to enhance head end — the beginning or forward their safety effectiveness and operational portion of any train. efficiency. At railroad grade crossings, HRI technologies located both in-vehicle and head sign — a sign indicating the destination along the roadside ensure that train of the transit unit (vehicle or train), usually movements are coordinated with traffic located above the windshield.

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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition highway/RR crossing— signals and that drivers are alerted to ITS Data — National ITS Intelligent Transportation approaching trains. Architecture Market Package that includes all Systems (ITS) highway/RR crossing — see crossing, the data collection and management highway/railroad. capabilities provided by the ITS Data Mart, and adds the functionality and interface home-based trip — see trip, home-based. definitions that allow collection of data from honor system — type of fare collection multiple agencies and data sources spanning system without controls or checks, once across modal and jurisdictional boundaries. common only in the and Eastern Europe but now rapidly impedance — l. In transportation generally, any condition that restricts or discourages disappearing. Often incorrectly used to travel, or a measure of that condition. 2. In describe enforced proof of payment fare collection system, see fare collection system, transportation modeling, any such condition explicitly accounted for within the model. open, proof of payment, self-service, and barrier- Time and costs are the factors usually free. considered, but others may also be examined. hot, running — see running hot. inbound trip — see trip, inbound. hour(s), rush — see peak. inclined elevator —an elevator capable of hours of service — 1. The number of hours both horizontal and vertical movement along during the day between the start and end of a fixed path. Differs from inclined planes in service on a transit route, also known as the that only one cabin is used and no attendant service span. 2. For calculating transit level of is needed to operate it. service, the number of hours during a day inclined plane (incline, inclined railway) — when service is provided at least hourly on a a special type of rail vehicle permanently transit route. attached to and hauled by a cable, used for hub (timed transfer focal point) — transit steep gradients, operating on one or two center or interchange for connections or tracks. When two counter-balanced vehicles transfers between modes and/or routes. operate on railway-type tracks, it is also Connections are usually timed in clock- known as a funicular railway. headway pulses and allow convenient index — a performance measure developed transfer between local routes and to express by weighting two or more other performance routes. The express routes can connect to the city center and to other hubs, thus offering measures. better suburb-to-suburb trips than possible indication, signal — see signal indication. with a system. Hubs are best indicator, block — see block indicator. located at activity centers such as shopping indicator, performance — see performance malls, suburban town centers and campuses. indicator hub-and-spoke — type of route structure induced demand or traffic — see traffic, based on timed connections that increases induced. connectivity and productivity, see hub. induction loop sensor — see loop detector. hub miles (hub kilometers) — actual logged induction motor — see motor, induction. miles (kilometers) of vehicle operation, usually read from a hubometer or odometer. information, service or user — see user information. hull — the frame or body of a vessel, exclusive of masts, engines, or information services — see Railroad Research superstructures. Information Service, Transportation Research Information Services, and Urban Mass Transportation Research Information Service. ICE — internal combustion engine; infrastructure — l. In transit systems, all the see engine, internal combustion. fixed components of the transit system, such ISTEA — Intermodal Surface as rights-of-way, tracks, signal equipment, Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991. stations, park-and-ride lots, bus stops, ITE — Institute of Transportation maintenance facilities. 2. In transportation EnIgin eers; see organizations, Institute of planning, all the relevant elements of the Transportation Engineers. environment in which a transportation system operates. ITS — Intelligent Transportation Systems. inspector (road supervisor, route supervisor, ITS America — Intelligent Transportation street supervisor, road foreman) — a transit Society of America. A non-profit, public/ employee who evaluates performance, private scientific and educational corporation enforces safety and work rules, and attempts that works to advance a national program for to solve problems; an inspector may be safer, more economical, more energy mobile (covering several districts in a radio- efficient, and environmentally sound equipped vehicle) or fixed (assigned to a post highway travel in the United States. Federal at a designated intersection). advisory committee used by the U.S. Department of Transportation. Institute of Transportation Engineers — see organizations, Institute of Transportation ITS Data Mart — National ITS Architecture Engineers. Market Package that provides a focused archive that data collected and owned insulated rail joint — see rail joint, insulated. by a single entity (e.g., agency). This focused Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) — archive typically includes data covering a electronics, communications, or information single transportation mode and one processing used singly or in combination to jurisdiction that is collected from an improve the efficiency or safety of a surface operational data store and archived for future transportation system. use.

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integration, intermodal — see intermodal intersection — the point at which two or integration, intermodal—knot integration. more roadways meet or cross. Interactive Traveler Information — National intersection, point of — see point of ITS Architecture Market Package that intersection. provides tailored information in response to — see transit system, interurban. a traveler request. The traveler can obtain maiden — full height tri-part turnstile current information regarding traffic with interlocking metal bars, impervious to conditions, transit services, ride share/ride fraud or , used mainly on older match, parking management, and pricing East Coast rapid transit systems, mainly for information. exiting station platforms, also on interchange — 1. facility for passenger subway for unattended, token actuated, transfers or connection between routes or entrances. modes, see hub. 2. The system of — see center platform. interconnecting ramps between two or more intersecting travel ways (highways, transit island, loading or pedestrian — see loading guideways, etc.) that are grade separated. island. interchange center, modal — see transit center. jaywalk — to illegally cross a street in intercity bus — see bus, intercity. the middle of the block or against a pedestrian signal. intercity transportation — 1. Transportation between cities. 2. Transportation service J jerk — time rate of change of provided between cities by certificated acceleration or deceleration of a carriers, usually on a fixed route with a fixed vehicle, measured in ft/s3 (m/s3). schedule. jitney — A transit mode comprising interface, transportation — see transportation passenger cars or vans operating on fixed interface. routes (sometimes with minor deviations) as demand warrants without fixed schedules or interline — 1. interchange of passengers fixed stops. See also transportation system, between one or more bus lines, rail transit jitney; service, jitney; and público. lines, or railroads. 2. transfer of transit vehicles or trains between routes during a journey, linked — see trip, linked. day to improve staff or vehicle assignment journey time — see time, journey. efficiency. jumper, queue — see queue jumper. interlocking — in rail systems, an junction — 1. In transit operations, a location arrangement of switch, lock, and signal at which transit routes or lines converge or devices that is located where rail tracks cross, diverge. 2. In traffic , an join, separate, and so on. The devices are intersection. interconnected in such a way that their junction, flying — a grade-separated rail movements must succeed each other in a junction, allowing merging and diverging predetermined order, thereby preventing movements to be made without conflict and opposing or conflicting train movements. with minimal impact on capacity. interlocking limit — the track length between the most remote opposing home signals of an interlocking. K&M — see pendulum suspension. interlocking, solid-state — an interlocking with logic based on computers rather than K&R — kiss and ride. traditional relays or, now obsolete, K factor — in vehicle mechanical locks. K operations, the ratio of the intermodal — 1. The ability to connect, and minimum operating separation between two make connections between, modes of vehicles to the maximum emergency transportation. 2. Those issues or activities stopping distance. Normally, the factor is which involve or affect more than one mode greater than 1 to provide a margin of safety. of transportation, including transportation kilometer— for all terms containing connections, choices, cooperation and “kilometer” see equivalent term with “mile.” coordination of various modes. kiosk — in the transportation context, an intermodal integration — service interactive computer center for traffic- or coordination between two or more different travel-related information. Usually located in transportation modes. This arrangement may shopping malls, hotels, , businesses, include joint (transfer) stations, coordinated and transit terminals, kiosks provide pre- scheduling, joint fares, and combined public recorded and real-time information using information activities. text, sound, graphics, and video clips. intermodal transfer facility — see transit kiss-and-ride (kiss ‘n’ ride, K&R) — An center. access mode to transit whereby passengers intermodalism — seamless integration of (usually commuters) are driven to a transit multiple travel modes. stop and left to board a transit unit and then met after their return trip. Transit stations, internal combustion engine — see engine, usually rail, often provide a designated area internal combustion. for dropping off and picking up such International Union of — passengers. see organizations, International Union of Public knot — nautical unit of speed; equivalent to 1 Transport. nautical mile (1.15 miles or 1.852 kilometers) interrupted flow — transit vehicles moving per hour. along a roadway or track and having to make service stops at regular intervals.

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“L”—legislation, Title 49 USC “L” — abbreviation for elevated lane, reversible bus — a highway or street (railway), mainly Chicago, see lane that is reserved for the exclusive use of transit system, rail rapid. buses and other high-occupancy vehicles and LIM — ; that can be operated in alternate directions see motor, linear induction. during the two peak-hour periods. It may be the center lane in an arterial street that is LNGL — L iquefied Natural Gas. used for left-turning traffic in off-peak hours. LOS — level of service. Usually, bus operators who use this facility LRT — light rail transit; see transit system, are required to have special training and a light rail. permit, and the buses may be subject to LRV — light rail vehicle; see car, light rail. access or operation controls or both. See lane, lane, bus (bus priority lane, preferential bus contraflow. lane, priority bus lane) — a highway or lay-by — l. In rail systems, a side track. 2. In street lane reserved primarily for buses, bus systems, see bus bay. either all day or during specified periods. It , vehicle — see time, layover. may be used by other traffic under certain layover time — see time, layover. circumstances, such as making a right or left layover zone — a designated stopover turn, or by taxis, , or that meet specific requirements described in location for a transit vehicle at or near the end of the route or line or at a turnback point. the traffic laws of the specific jurisdiction. legislation, Americans with Disabilities Act lane, bypass — see queue jumper. of 1990 (ADA) — federal civil rights law lane, carpool — a highway or street lane which ensures people with disabilities equal intended primarily for carpools, , opportunity to fully participate in society, the and other high-occupancy vehicles, including ability to live independently, and the ability buses, either all day or during specified to be economically sufficient. periods. It may be used by other traffic under certain circumstances, such as while making legislation, Federal Transit Act of 1964 — federal legislation enacted in 1964 that a right turn. Minimum occupancy is established the federal mass transportation contentious, many requirements for a minimum of three passengers have been program. Formerly known as the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964. Repealed in 1994 reduced to two through political pressure or and reenacted as chapter 53 of title 49, United legal action. States Code. lane, contraflow — a highway or street lane on which vehicles operate in a direction legislation, Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) — opposite to what would be the normal flow signed into federal law on December 18, of traffic in that lane. Such lanes may be permanently designated contraflow lanes, or, 1991, it provided authorizations for highways, highway safety and mass transit more usually, they may be used as for 6 years and served as the basis of federal contraflow lanes only during certain hours of the day. Frequently, the use of a contraflow surface transportation programs. Renewed and amended in 1998 for 6 years as TEA-21, lane is restricted to public transit and see legislation, TEA-21. (possibly) other specially designated vehicles. legislation, National Environmental Policy lane, diamond — a high-occupancy-vehicle lane physically marked by diamonds painted Act of 1969 (NEPA) — a comprehensive federal law requiring an analysis of the on the pavement and often indicated by environmental impacts of federal actions, diamond-shaped signs as well. Often used synonymously with high-occupancy-vehicle such as the approval of grants, and the preparation of an environmental impact lane. statement for every major federal action that lane, exclusive carpool — a highway or significantly affects the quality of the street lane reserved for carpools and environment. vanpools. legislation, TEA-21 — 1998 Transportation lane, exclusive transit (reserved transit lane) Efficiency Act for the 21st Century, provides — a highway or street lane reserved for authorizations for highways, highway safety, buses, light rail vehicles, or both. and mass transit for 6 years and is the basis lane, high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV lane) — of federal surface transportation programs, a highway or street lane reserved for the use replaces ISTEA. of high-occupancy vehicles (HOVs), see lane, legislation, Title 49 United States Code, carpool. Chapter 53–Mass Transportation — federal lane, priority — a highway or street lane legislation establishing the federal mass reserved (generally during specified hours) transportation program. Formerly known as for one or more specified categories of the Federal Transit Act of 1964, and before vehicles, for example, buses, carpools, that, the Urban Mass Transportation Act of vanpools. 1964. lane, ramp meter bypass — a form of legislation, Title 49 United States Code, preferential treatment in which a bypass lane Chapter 53–Mass Transportation, Section on metered freeway on-ramps is provided for 5335 — the section of the United States Code the exclusive use of high-occupancy vehicles. that authorizes the Secretary of lane, reserved transit — see lane, exclusive Transportation to request and receive transit. statistical information about the financing lane, reversible — a highway or street lane and operations of public mass transportation on which the direction of traffic flow can be systems eligible for Section 5307 grants on changed to use maximum roadway capacity the basis of a uniform system of accounts and records. This information is compiled in the during peak-period demands. Glossary Page 8-22 Part 8/GLOSSARY

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National Transit Database. Formerly Section 15 or vehicles that pass over any of the sections; legislation, Urban Mass of the Federal Transit Act of 1964. see also route miles. Transportation Act of 1964—loading legislation, Urban Mass Transportation Act line volume — see passenger volume. island of 1964 — see legislation, Federal Transit Act of link — in planning, a section of a 1964. transportation system network defined by level of service (LOS) — l. A designated intersection points (nodes) at each end; that range of values for a particular service is, a link connects two nodes. It may be one measure (e.g., “A” through “F” or “1” way or two way. through “8”), based on users’ perceptions linked journey or trip or passenger trip — (see quality of service) of the aspect of see trip, linked. transportation performance being measured. linked trip distance — see trip distance, 2. The amount of transit service provided. linked. levitation, magnetic — see magnetic levitation. linked trip time — see time, linked trip. lift, wheelchair — see . link load — in planning, the assigned light rail — see transit system, light rail; and volume of traffic on a link; see also system, light rail rapid. volume. light rail car — see car, light rail. link volume — in planning, the total number light rail, dual-mode— see transit system, of highway vehicles or transit passengers light rail, dual-mode. assigned to a network link. light rail rapid transit — see transit system, load, crush — see capacity, crush. light rail rapid. load, link — see link load. light rail transit — see transit system, light load, passenger — see passenger load. rail. load, scheduled design — the maximum light rail vehicle — see car, light rail. number of people that agency policy calls for limit, civil speed — see civil speed limit. being on-board a transit vehicle at a given limited access — see access, limited. time. It can be expressed as an average load over a half-hour, hour, or other time period, limited service — see service, limited. or as a value not to be exceeded more than a limited-stop service — see service, limited- certain percentage of time (or at all). Service stop. is scheduled to ensure that sufficient vehicles limits, interlocking — see interlocking limits. are operated that passenger loads do not limits, yard — see yard limits. exceed the limits set by the agency policy. line — 1. A transportation company (e.g., a load factor — 1. The ratio of used capacity to bus line). 2. A transit service operated over a offered capacity of equipment or a facility specified route or combination of routes. 3. during a specified time period. It is usually An active (in-use) railroad track or AGT expressed as a percentage of seats occupied guideway. 4. In network coding, a route and at a given point or (in continuous form) its service level, including mode designation passenger miles (km) divided by seat miles (type of service), line number, headway, and (km). For rail services, the load factor is sequence of transfer points (nodes). These sometimes expressed as passenger miles (km) factors describe the line's route as an ordered per train mile (km) to account for the ability set. to couple rail cars together to achieve line, cordon — see cordon line. efficiency. 2. The ratio of passengers actually carried versus the total passenger capacity of line, desire — see desire line. a vehicle; also known as a utilization line, main — the principal roadway, rail coefficient. tracks, or other type of transportation right- load point, maximum — see maximum load of-way over which all or most of the traffic point. moves. load section, maximum — see maximum load line speed — see speed, line. section. linear electric motor — see motor, linear load shedding — 1. reducing the amount of electric. conventional transit service at peak hours by linear induction motor — see motor, linear encouraging the use of operations induction. to carry some of the peak-period passengers. line capacity — see capacity, line; and capacity, 2. disconnecting part of electric traction theoretical line. network at time of power shortage or sub- line-clear — in rail transit, operation such station failure. Available power will then be that trains do not have to stop or slow down rotated from section to section of line to due to the train ahead but receive a move all trains into a station , or to keep part succession of green signals. See also headway, of the line operating normally. non-interference. loading, link — see link loading. line haul — see service, line haul. loading area — a curbside space where miles (line kilometers, miles or single bus can stop load and unload kilometers of directional roadway) — the passengers. Bus stops include one or more sum of the actual physical length (measured loading areas. See also bus bay and stop, in only one direction) of all streets, highways, transit. or rights-of-way traversed by a loading island — 1. A pedestrian refuge transportation system (including exclusive within the right-of-way and traffic lanes of a rights-of-way and specially controlled highway or street. It is provided at facilities), regardless of the number of routes designated transit stops for the protection of passengers from traffic while they wait for and board or alight from transit vehicles; also Part 8/GLOSSARY Page 8-23 Glossary

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local bus—many-to-one service known as a pedestrian or boarding island. 2. A MAC — major activity protected spot for the loading and unloading center. of passengers. It may be located within a rail MAC system — major transit or . 3. On streetcar and light activity center system; see rail systems, a passenger loading platform in transit system, major activity the middle of the street, level with the street center.M or more usually raised to curb height, often — magnetic levitation. protected with a bollard facing traffic, also known as a safety island. MG set —see motor-generator. local bus or service — see service, local bus. MLP — maximum load point. local train — see train, local. MLS — maximum load section. location referencing — technology that more MSA — metropolitan statistical area. precisely identifies locations of vehicles, MU — multiple unit; see car, multiple-unit. locations, and travelers. Used with GPS and MUTCD — Manual on Uniform Traffic Control AVL technologies. Devices. location, vehicle — see automatic vehicle magnetic brake — see brake, track. location system. magnetic farecard — a card containing a locomotive — a powered rail vehicle used for magnetic tape strip or other electronic means towing rail cars. It does not carry passengers of indicating the value purchased. The card is and is usually powered by electric motors or usually obtained from a diesel engines. and must be inserted into a farecard reader to locomotive, diesel-electric — a locomotive gain access to the paid area of the transit that uses one or more diesel engines to drive system. In systems with fares by distance the electric generators that in turn supply electric card must also be inserted into a farecard motors geared to the driving axles. By far the reader to exit the paid area, see also smart dominant type of locomotive in North card and fare collection system, automatic. America. magnetic levitation (MAGLEV) — support locomotive, dual-powered — a locomotive technology that keeps a vehicle vertically that is capable of both diesel and electric separated from its track or riding surface by operation, generally specific to services magnetic force, either attractive or repulsive. entering New City (Grand Central After interest in the 1970s and 1980s this Terminal) where diesel operation is limited. technology has been discredited for urban locomotive, electric — a locomotive in which transit use and is essentially moribund. the propulsion is effected by electric motors main line — see line, main. mounted on the vehicle. The maintenance — the upkeep of vehicles, comes from an external source, usually plant, machinery, and equipment. It may be overhead catenary. scheduled, planned, progressive, or periodic locomotive, passenger — a locomotive on the basis of pre-established intervals of commonly used for hauling passenger trains time, hours, or mileage, and employ and generally designed to operate at higher preprinted checklists (preventive maintenance), speeds and lower tractive effort than a freight or it may be unscheduled or corrective, in locomotive of equal power. Usually which case it is generally not interval based. equipped with head end power that, through major activity center (MAC, activity center) power take-off from the existing generator, a — a geographical area characterized by a separate generator, or power conversion large transient population and heavy traffic unit(s), provides heat, light, and air volumes and densities; for example, central conditioning power for the passenger cars. business district, major air terminal, large loop — l. A transit route or guideway layout university, large , industrial that is of a closed continuous form, such as a park, sports arena. circle. 2. A terminal track layout or bus major activity center transit system — see that reverses the direction of a transit system, major activity center. vehicle without the vehicle itself reversing. mall, transit — see street, transit. loop detectors — a loop of wire embedded in management, headway — see headway the roadbed that carries a small electric management. current used to sense a passing vehicle and to yield information about the presence of the management, transportation system — see vehicle. Loop detectors are also used to transportation system management. actuate traffic signals and detect roadway manual block control system — see control incidents. system, manual block. low-floor bus — see bus, low-floor. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices low-floor light rail vehicle — see car, light — standard reference published by the U.S. rail vehicle, low-floor. Department of Transportation guiding the usage of traffic and on- rail control low-floor streetcar — see car, light rail devices. vehicle, low-floor. manual train control — see control system, low mobility group — see transportation manual train. disadvantaged. many-to-few service — see service, many-to- low platform — see platform, low. few. low voltage — see voltage, low. many-to-many service — see service, many-to- many. many-to-one service — see service, many-to- one.

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market — 1. The potential or actual mid-block stop — see stop, mid-block. market—motor consumers (or both) of a (transportation) — a bus with a passenger capacity product or service. A general market denotes of approximately 20-30 people. the entire population of a designated mileage fare — see fare, graduated. geographical area, whereas a specialized market denotes particular groups, such as the miles of route or roadway — see route miles. elderly, persons with disabilities, or students. miles of travel, vehicle — see vehicle miles of 2. The extent of demand for a transportation travel. commodity or service. mini-high platform — see platform, mini-high. Market Package — the building blocks of the — a small bus, typically capable of National ITS Architecture. Derived from the carrying 20 passengers or fewer. It is most User Services, the Market Packages provide a often used for making short trips, demand- finer-grained breakdown tailored to fit— responsive transportation, community separately or in combination—real-world services or bus pools. transportation problems and needs. missed trip — see trip, missed. market share — the percentage of a mixed mode street — see street, mixed mode. (transportation) market realized by or available to a particular (transportation) mixed or mixed-flow traffic — see traffic, provider. mixed. married pair — two semi-permanently mixed traffic operations — the operation of coupled rail cars (A car and car) that share transit vehicles on nonexclusive rights-of- some mechanical and electrical equipment way with non-transit vehicles. and must be operated together as . mobility — the ability to satisfy the demand mass transit, mass transportation — urban to move a person or good. public transport by bus, rail, or other modal interchange center — see transit conveyance, either publicly or privately center. owned, providing general or special service modal split (mode split) — 1. The proportion to the public on a regular and continuing of total person trips that uses each of various basis (not including school bus, charter, or specified modes of transportation. 2. The sightseeing service). The term has developed process of separating total person trips into a negative connotation and its use is the modes of travel used; see also urban discouraged in favor of urban transport, transportation modeling system and model, transit, public transit, public transport or sequential. public transportation. mode — 1. A transport category maximum load point (MLP) — see maximum characterized by specific right-of-way, load section. technological and operational features, 2. A maximum load section (MLS) — the section particular form of travel, for example, of a transit line or route that carries the walking, traveling by automobile, traveling highest total number of passengers for that by bus, traveling by train. line or route and direction. Maximum load mode, access — a feeder mode to the point is commonly but inaccurately used in principal mode of transportation; for place of this term. example, walking, kiss and ride, park and maximum service braking — see braking, ride. maximum service. mode, dual — see transit system, dual-mode. maximum theoretical velocity — see velocity, mode, transit — a category of transit systems maximum theoretical. characterized by common characteristics of measure of effectiveness — see performance technology, right-of-way, and type of measure and service measure, transit. operation. Examples of different transit mechanical brake — see brake, friction. modes are regular bus service, express bus service, light rail transit, rail rapid transit, median () — the portion of a and commuter rail. divided highway or guideway that separates the opposing flows of traffic. model — l. A mathematical or conceptual presentation of relationships and actions messenger — see definition of catenary within a system. It is used for analysis of the system. system or its evaluation under various metered freeway — see freeway, metered. conditions; examples include land use, metered freeway bus priority system — see economic, socioeconomic, transportation. 2. bus priority system, metered freeway. A mathematical description of a real-life metering, ramp — see ramp metering. situation that uses data on past and present conditions to make a projection about the metro— short for , the future. most common international term for subway, heavy rail, rail rapid transit, increasingly mode split — see modal split. used in North America, see transit system, rail monocable system — a ropeway system that rapid. uses a single haul rope to both support and metropolitan railway — see transit system, control motion of the carriers. rail rapid. — see transit system, monorail. micro-peaking — short peak periods and monthly pass — see pass, monthly. surges within the 15-minute or hourly peak. mooring — a secure object to which a vessel For stations and stops, micro-peaking is may be tied. likely to occur just after a transit vehicle motor (electric motor) — a machine that arrives and discharges passengers; may transforms electrical energy into mechanical result in increased crowding for a short energy (torque). duration. 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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition motor, alternating-current— motor, alternating-current — an electric may stand or walk while being transported; National ITS Architecture motor (asynchronous, synchronous, see also ramp, moving. induction, etc.) that operates on alternating Multi-modal Coordination — National ITS current, generally three phase. The dominant Architecture Market Package that establishes motor type on modern electric transit two-way communications between multiple vehicles from the mid-1990s. transit and traffic agencies to improve service motor, direct current — an electric motor coordination. Intermodal coordination (shunt, compound, etc.) that operates on between transit agencies can increase traveler direct current. convenience at transfer points and also motor, electric — see motor. improve operating efficiency. Coordination between traffic and transit management is motor, induction — an asynchronous alternating-current rotary motor that intended to improve on-time performance of the transit system to the extent that this can converts alternating-current electric power, be accommodated without degrading overall delivered to the primary winding (usually the stator) and carried as induced current by performance of the traffic network. the secondary winding (usually the rotor), multimodal —the availability of into mechanical power. transportation options using different modes motor, linear induction (LIM), single-sided within a system or corridor. linear induction, linear electric — an electric multimodal transit agency — a transit motor that produces mechanical force agency operating more than one mode of through linear, instead of rotary, motion, service. used to propel vehicles along a track or other multiple-unit car — see car, multiple-unit. guideway. The vehicle borne motor creates a multiple-unit control system — see control “moving” magnetic field that is translated system, multiple-unit. into linear motion via an inert steel guideway

reaction rail, often laminated and aluminum covered. Used on the ALRT and AGT NCHRP — National systems in Vancouver, Toronto Cooperative Highway (Scarborough), , JFK Research Program. , and . NCTRP — National motor, series-wound — a motor in which the Cooperative Transit Research andN Development Program. field circuit is connected in series with the armature circuit, often called a . NEPA — National Environmental Policy Act; motor, shunt — a type of rotary electric see legislation, National Environmental Policy motor in which the field coils are connected Act of 1969. in parallel with the motor armature. NFPA — NFPA 130 — National motor, synchronous — a synchronous Prevention Association 130. Standards for fire machine that transforms electrical power and life safety on fixed guideway transit from any alternating-current system into systems. Adopted into law in Canada and the mechanical power. The average speed of United States, and, in part or whole, in some normal operation is equal to the frequency of other jurisdictions. Even where not adopted the power system to which it is connected. the standards are generally applied in designing new fixed guideway systems motor, traction — an electric motor, usually worldwide. Older rail transit systems are not direct current and series wound, that propels required to retrofit to these standards, first a vehicle by exerting its torque through the issued in 1983. Separate standards issued in wheels; see also motor, series-wound. 1998 for automated guideway transit. motor brake — see brake, dynamic. Available from NFPA, Batterymarch Park, motor bus — see bus, motor. Quincy, MA 02269 USA. motor car, rail — see car, rail motor. NPTS — Nationwide Personal motor coach — see bus, motor. Transportation Study. motor-generator (MG set) — an electrical NTD — see National Transit Database. motor, usually at line voltage, mechanically NTSB — National Transportation Safety coupled to a direct current generator to Board; see U.S. Government, National provide low voltage (12, 24 or 32 volts, Transportation Safety Board. sometimes higher) supply for rail transit cars narrow gauge — see gauge, narrow. and trolleybuses. Now replaced with solid- National Cooperative Highway Research state DC-DC converters. Program (NCHRP) — a program established motor operator or motorman — see operator, by the American Association of State train. Highway Officials (now American move, reverse — see reverse move. Association of State Highway and mover, people — see people mover. Transportation Officials) to provide a moving block control system — see control mechanism for a national coordinated program of cooperative research employing system, moving block. modern scientific techniques. The NCHRP is moving ramp — see ramp, moving. administered by the Transportation Research moving sidewalk — see moving walkway. Board. moving walkway (moving sidewalk, National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 passenger or pedestrian conveyor, — see legislation, National Environmental Policy passenger belt, travelator) — a fixed, level or Act of 1969. gently inclined (up to 12°) conveyor device National ITS Architecture — a common (usually a flexible belt) on which pedestrians framework for ITS interoperability. The National ITS Architecture comprises the Glossary Page 8-26 Part 8/GLOSSARY

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logical architecture and physical architecture off-line — not in the main flow of traffic or National Railroad Passenger that satisfy a defined set of User Services. The not on the main line of traffic, for example, Corporation—operating margin National ITS Architecture is maintained by off-line station. the U.S. DOT and is available on the DOT off-line station — see station, off-line. web site at http://www.its.dot.gov/. off peak — the periods of time outside the National Railroad Passenger Corporation — peak periods; see also base period. see U.S. Government, National Railroad off-peak fare — see fare, time-of-day. Passenger Corporation off-peak period — see base period. National Transit Database (NTD) — a database compiled by the Federal Transit off-street terminal — see terminal, off-street. Administration of operating and financial on-and-off check or count — see check. statistics for over 600 transit agencies in the on-board check — see check. United States (those systems eligible for one-to-many service — see service, one-to- grants under Title 49 United States Code, many. Chapter 53–Mass Transportation, Section 5307.) Formerly known as Section 15 of the one-way trip — see trip. Federal Transit Act. one-zone ride — a transit ride within the National Transportation Safety Board — see limits of one fare zone. U.S. Government, National Transportation on-line — in the main flow of traffic. Safety Board. on-line station — see station, on-line. Nationwide Personal Transportation Study on-time performance — the proportion of (NPTS) — the NPTS, conducted periodically the time that a transit system adheres to its by the Bureau of the Census, has been the published schedule times within stated primary source of national data on travel tolerances; for example, a transit unit (vehicle patterns and frequency, transit use for all or train) arriving, passing, or leaving a purposes, and the characteristics of transit predetermined point (time point) along its users versus all travelers. route or line within a time period that is no near-side stop — see stop, near-side. more than x minutes earlier and no more network — l. In planning, a system of links than y minutes later than a published and nodes that describes a transportation schedule time. (Values of 0 minutes for x and system. 2. In highway engineering, the 5 minutes for y are the most common. On configuration of highways that constitutes frequent rail services the headway can be the total system. 3. In transit operations, a used for x, with greater values indicating that system of transit lines or routes, usually the late train interferes with (delays) the designed for coordinated operation. following one.) network, grid — 1. In planning, an open cut guideway — see guideway, open cut. imaginary network of evenly spaced open-loop braking — see braking, open-loop. horizontal and vertical bars or lines that open fare system — see fare collection system, divides a study area into small geographic proof of payment, self-service, barrier-free, open. zones. 2. In transit operations, a service operating costs — the sum of all recurring pattern in which two sets of parallel routes costs (e.g., labor, fuel) that can be associated intersect each other at right angles. with the operation and maintenance of the network, radial — in transit operations, a system during the period under service pattern in which most routes consideration. Operating costs usually converge into and diverge from a central hub exclude such fixed costs as depreciation on or activity center (e.g., central business plant and equipment, interest paid for loans district), like the spokes of a wheel. The hub on capital equipment, and property taxes on may serve as a major transfer point. capital items. See also capital costs. New Look bus — see bus, New Look, fishbowl. operating employees (operating personnel) node — in planning, a point that represents — l. Employees whose major function is an intersection of two or more links, operating the service, such as station highways, or transit lines or routes or a zone employees, bus drivers, train operators, and centroid; used in trip assignment. conductors. 2. In rail operations, those non-fixed route — see transportation system, employees that have direct and supervisory non-fixed route. responsibility for the movement of transit units (cars or trains), embodying both on- non-home-based trip — see trip, non-home- board and wayside duties. based. operating expenses — the total of all non transportation revenue — see revenue, expenses associated with operation of an non transportation. individual mode by a given operator. In the normal vehicle capacity — see capacity, United States, total operating expense is vehicle. reported on of Form 301 for a single not-in-service time — see time, deadhead. mode system, and is derived from Form 310 for a multimodal system. Operating expenses include distributions of “joint expenses” to OBD — outlying business individual modes, and exclude “reconciling district. items” such as interest expenses and OCS — overhead contact depreciation. Do not confuse with “vehicle system. operations expense.” O-D study — origin- operating margin — 1. the amount of time destiOnation st udy. that a train can run behind schedule without occupancy, area — see area occupancy. interfering with following trains. 2. imprecise occupancy, vehicle — see vehicle occupancy. reference to operating ratio.

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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition operating ratio—organizations, operating ratio — the ratio of operating organizations, Association of American Transportation Research Board expenses to operating revenue; the inverse of Railroads (AAR) — an association cost recovery ratio. It is used as a measure of made up of individual railroads in the United financial efficiency. See also fare recovery ratio. States, Canada, and . It performs a operating revenue, total — see revenue, total variety of technical services for the railroads, operating. and its purposes include the promotion of railroad interests and the operating speed — see speed, running; and and coordination of operating and speed, schedule. mechanical activities within the railroad operating speed, effective — see speed, industry. overall trip. organizations, Canadian Urban Transit operating time — see time, operating. Association (CUTA) — an industry operating unit — see basic operating unit. association made up of individual transit operation — see operator and property. operators and suppliers in Canada. operation, automatic train — see automatic organizations, department of transportation train operation. (DOT) — a municipal, county, state, or operation, train — see train operation. federal agency responsible for transportation; see also U.S. Government, Department of operational characteristic — any Transportation. characteristic of transit service operation, i.e., this route is frequently overcrowded. organizations, Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) — a society of professionals operations, mixed traffic — see mixed traffic in transportation and traffic engineering. It operations. promotes , research, the operator — 1. An employee of a transit development of public awareness, and the system whose workday is spent in the exchange of professional information in these operation of a transit unit (vehicle or train), areas with the goal of contributing such as a bus driver or train operator. Such individually and collectively toward meeting an employee may also be known as a platform human needs for mobility and safety. operator. 2. The organization that runs a organizations, International Union of Public transportation system on a day-to-day basis. Transport (UITP) — an association that pools also known as an operation, property, agency or information and experience of urban and system; see also property. interurban transportation undertakings for operator, car — see operator, train. joint study and research and promotes operator, motor — see operator, train. technical and economic development. operator, rapid transit — see operator, train. organizations, Presidents’ Conference operator, streetcar — see operator, train. Committee (PCC, Electric Railway Presidents’ Conference Committee) — a operator, train (motor operator, engineer) — group of leading streetcar producers and the operating employee who controls the operators who, between 1930 and 1935, movement of a rail transit unit (vehicle or sponsored the development of the PCC car. train.) Specific titles are also used, such as car This car had performance characteristics operator, rapid transit operator, streetcar superior to any previous model of streetcar operator. and became the standard of U.S. streetcars order, slow — see slow order. for many years. See also car, PCC. orders — authorization to move a train, as organizations, Public Utilities Commission given by a train dispatcher either in writing (PUC, Public Service Commission, PSC) — or orally. a state agency whose responsibilities include organizations — see also U.S. Government regulation of for-hire (public and private) and union, transit. carriers of passengers and goods within a organizations, American Association of state. Other jurisdictions (e.g., a city) may State Highway and Transportation Officials also have a PUC or PSC that regulates for- (AASHTO) — membership includes state hire carriers within that jurisdiction. and territorial highway and transportation organizations, regional planning agency departments and agencies and the U.S. (RPA) — a non-profit, quasi-public Department of Transportation. Its goal is to organization whose policy board is develop and improve methods of composed of member municipal government administration, design, construction, representatives. It makes recommendations operation, and maintenance of a nationwide related to land use, the environment, human integrated transportation system. It studies resources, housing, and transportation for a transportation problems, advises Congress specific region. on legislation, and develops standards and organizations, Transportation Research policies. Board — a unit of the National Research organizations, American Public Council, operating under the corporate Transportation Association (APTA) — a authority of the private and nonprofit non-profit international industry association National Academy of Sciences. The purpose made up of transit systems and other of TRB is to advance knowledge concerning organizations and institutions connected to the nature and performance of transportation or concerned with the transit industry. It systems by stimulating research and performs a variety of services for the disseminating the information derived industry, and its objectives include therefrom. Its affiliates and participants promotion of transit interests, information include transportation professionals in exchange, research, and policy development. government, academia, and industry. Known as the American Public Transit Associat ion prior to 2000. Glossary Page 8-28 Part 8/GLOSSARY

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origin — 1. The point at which a trip begins. pantograph — a device for collecting current origin—passenger 2. In planning, the zone in which a trip from an overhead conductor, characterized begins. by a hinged vertical arm operated by springs origin-destination service — see service, or compressed air and a wide, horizontal origin-to-destination. contact surface that glides along the wire. Older versions usually consist of two origin-destination study (O-D study) — a study of the origins and destinations of the parallel, hinged, double-diamond frames. trips of vehicles or travelers. It may also paratransit — forms of transportation include trip purposes and frequencies. services that are more flexible and personalized than conventional fixed-route, out-of-service (not in service) — a transit fixed-schedule service but not including such vehicle or facility that is not available for exclusory services as charter bus trips. The transporting passengers. vehicles are usually low- or medium-capacity outbound trip — see trip, outbound. highway vehicles, and the service offered is outlying business district (OBD) — the adjustable in various degrees to individual portion of an urban area that is normally users’ desires. Its categories are public, which separated from the central business district is available to any user who pays a pre- and fringe area but that supports determined fare (e.g., taxi, jitney, dial-a-ride), considerable business activity and has its and semi-public, which is available only to own traffic circulation, superimposed on people of a certain group, such as the elderly, some through traffic. employees of a company, or residents of a overall travel time — see time, linked trip. neighborhood (e.g., vanpools, subscription overall trip speed — see speed, overall trip. buses). See also transit system, demand- responsive. overhead — colloquial abbreviation for overhead contact system in electric traction, paratransit, complementary — paratransit see OCS. service provided within a certain distance of fixed-route transit service to accommodate overhead contact shoe (contact shoe, trolley disabled passengers unable to use the fixed- shoe) — a metal bar, usually with graphite route service. Required by the Americans insert, for collecting current from an with Disabilities Act. overhead conductor along which it slides. It is held in place by a trolley pole, pantograph park-and-ride (park ‘n’ ride, P&R) — an or bow. access mode to transit in which patrons drive private automobiles or ride bicycles to a overhead contact system (OCS) — the transit station, stop, or carpool/vanpool overhead electric supply system for rail and waiting area and park the vehicle in the area trolleybus systems, including contact wire, provided for that purpose (park-and-ride lot, catenary, messenger wires, supporting masts, park-and-pool lot, commuter , span wires and bracket arms. bicycle rack or locker). They then ride the overload — see extra section. transit system or take a car or vanpool to overload factor — a safety factor applied in their destinations. designing a vehicle staging lot. The factor is parking facility — an area, which may be obtained by dividing the vessel vehicle enclosed or open, attended or unattended, in carrying capacity into the staging lot which automobiles may be left, with or capacity. Allows for storage for more vehicles without payment of a fee, while the than can be accommodated on the vessel. occupants of the automobiles are using other overspeed governor — see governor. facilities or services. over-the-road coach — see bus, intercity. parking turnover — the ratio of the total owl bus or run — see run, owl. number of parked vehicles accommodated during a given period in a specified area to owl service — see service, owl. the total number of parking spaces in that area. P&R — . pass — 1. A means of transit prepayment, PCC — Presidents’ Conference usually a card, that a transit passenger Committee; see organizations, displays to the operator, conductor, or fare Presidents’ Conference Committee; inspector or processes through automatic fare and car, PCC. collection equipment instead of paying a cash PCCP car — Presidents’ Conference fare. Passes are usually sold by the week or Committee car; see car, PCC. month. In some areas, to encourage , they are also sold for shorter periods, PCE — passenger car equivalence. sometimes with restricted hours for their use. PRT — ; see transit 2. A means, usually a card, of granting free system, personal rapid, and transit system, access to a transit system. This type of pass is automated guideway transit. issued to employees, visiting dignitaries, PSC — Public Service Commission; see police, and so on. Employee passes usually organizations, Public Utilities Commission. carry some form of identification. See also PUC — Public Utilities Commission; see daypass. organizations, Public Utilities Commission. pass, monthly — a pass valid for unlimited paid area — see area, paid. riding within certain designated zones for a 1-month period, or sometimes for a 30-day paid area transfer — see transfer, paid area. period from purchase or initial use. paid miles — see revenue vehicle miles. passenger — a person who rides a paid transfer — see transfer, paid. transportation vehicle, excluding the pair, married — see married pair. operator or other crew members of that transportation vehicle; see also customer.

Part 8/GLOSSARY Page 8-29 Glossary

Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition passenger, revenue—people- passenger, revenue — a passenger who pays passenger volume (line volume) — the total mover (or has prepaid) a fare. number of passengers carried (boarded) on a passenger, transfer — a passenger who transit line during a given period. changes from one route or line to another passing track — see . route or line. pass-up — circumstance in which a bus or passenger amenity — an object or facility train is full when it arrives at a stop and (such as a shelter, telephone, or information waiting passengers are forced to wait for the display) intended to enhance passenger next vehicle or find another means of making comfort or transit usability. their trip. passenger belt — see moving walkway. path — in planning, any series of links where passenger car equivalence (PCE) — the each succeeding link has the ending node of a representation of larger vehicles, such as previous link as its beginning node. buses, as equal to a quantity of automobiles patron — see rider. (passenger cars) for use in level of service patronage — see ridership. and capacity analyses. peak (peak period, rush hours) — 1. The passenger controls — 1. a system of railings, period during which the maximum amount booths, turnstiles, fare gates and other of travel occurs. It may be specified as the fixtures for collecting fares and otherwise morning (a.m.) or afternoon or evening (p.m.) directing the movement of passengers. The peak. 2. The period when demand for controls may also be used to maintain the transportation service is heaviest. distinction between fare-paid and unpaid peak/base ratio (peak/off-peak ratio) — 1. people. 2. on proof-of-payment fare collection The ratio between the number of vehicles systems, the process of checking and operating in passenger service during the enforcing fare payment. peak hours and that during the base period. passenger conveyor — see moving walkway. 2. The ratio between the number of passenger count — a count of the passengers passengers carried during the peak hours on a vehicle or who use a particular facility. and during the base period. A low ratio (<2- passenger environment survey — see survey, 3) characterizes large cities with healthy passenger environment. transit systems. passenger flow (passenger traffic) — the peak fare — see fare, time-of-day. number of passengers who pass a given peak-hour conversion factor — see peak hour location in a specified direction during a factor. given period. peak hour factor (peak-hour conversion passenger load — the number of passengers factor) — 1. The ratio of the volume during on a transit unit (vehicle or train) at a the peak hour to the maximum rate of flow specified point. during a selected period within the peak passenger locomotive — see locomotive, hour, usually 15 or 20 minutes. 2. The ratio of passenger. the volume during the peak hour to the passenger mile (passenger kilometer) — the volume during the peak period, usually the transportation of one passenger a distance of peak 2 hours, typically 60%. 1 mile (km) peak-hour pricing — see pricing, peak-hour. passenger miles (passenger kilometers) — peak period — see peak. the total number of passengers carried by a peak period surcharge — see fare, time-of-day. transit system for a unit of time multiplied by peak service — see service, peak. the number of miles (kilometers) they travel. pedestrian — a person traveling on foot. The ratio of passenger miles (kilometers) and seat or place miles (kilometers) provides a pedestrian conveyor — see moving walkway. measure of efficiency. pedestrian density — see density, pedestrian. passenger miles per train mile (passenger pedestrian-friendly — characterized by kilometers per train kilometer) — the features and elements that make walking safe number of passenger miles (kilometers) and convenient. A pedestrian-friendly accomplished by a given train mile environment near a transit stop might have (kilometer). The measure is the equivalent of pedestrian pushbuttons at street crossings load factor for buses, , or , but it and direct, paved access to adjacent also adjusts for distortions introduced as cars development. are added to trains. As an example, 100 pedestrian island — see loading island. people in one rail car of 100-passenger pedestrian refuge — a space designed for the capacity is a load factor of 100%. If a car is use and protection of pedestrians, including added for 10 more passengers, the load factor both the safety zone and the area at the drops to 55%, yet in many ways, productivity approach that is usually outlined by has gone up, not down. protective deflecting or warning devices; see passenger platform — see platform. also loading island. passenger riding count or check — see check. penalty, transfer — see transfer penalty. passenger service time — see time, passenger pendulum suspension (K&M) — type of service. overhead suspension for trolleybuses that passenger station — see station. provides more flexible wire and allows faster passenger traffic — see passenger flow. speeds — particularly around curves. Attributed to dominant Swiss manufacturer, passenger trip — see trip, linked; trip, Kummler+Matter. passenger; and trip, unlinked. people-mover — an automated passenger vehicle — see vehicle, passenger. transportation system (e.g., continuous belt

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system or automated guideway transit) that platform, high — a platform at or near the people-mover, downtown— provides short-haul collection and floor elevation of the transit unit (vehicle or Presidents’ Conference Committee distribution service, usually in a major train), eliminating the need for steps on the activity center. Preferred term is automated transit unit. guideway transit although some regard platform, low — a platform at or near the top people-mover as a subset of AGT. of the running surface of the transit unit people-mover, downtown (DPM) — a (vehicle or train), requiring the passenger to people-mover that primarily serves internal use steps to board and alight. movements in a central business district. platform, mini-high (high block platform) performance, on-time — see on-time — a small high-level platform that usually performance. provides access only to the first door of a performance measure (performance light rail train in order to allow boarding by indicator, measure of effectiveness) — a , scooters, etc. quantitative measure of how well an activity, platform, side — a passenger platform task, or function is being performed. In located to the outside of the tracks or transportation systems, it is usually guideways, as distinguished from a center computed by relating a measure of service platform located between the tracks or output or use to a measure of service input or guideways. cost. platform operator — see operator. performance measurement system — the platform time — see time, platform. measures, data collection procedures, platoon, bus — see bus platoon. evaluation methods, goals, and reporting methods used to monitor an agency’s p.m. peak — see peak. effectiveness, efficiency, service quality, and pneumatic brake — see brake, goal achievement for the purposes of electropneumatic. improving decision-making and meeting pocket track — a third track to store spare or objectives. disabled trains, or to act a crossover or a period, base or off-peak — see base period. turn-back, often located between the two period, peak — see peak. main tracks and often with switches at both ends. peripheral parking — see parking, fringe. point, maximum load — see maximum load permissive block — see block, absolute point. permissive. point, time — see time point. person capacity — see capacity, person. point, turnover — see turnover point. person trip — see trip, person. point check — see check. personal rapid transit — see transit system, personal rapid. point deviation — a transit routing pattern in which the vehicle passes through pre- Personal Transportation Study, Nationwide specified points in accordance with a — see Nationwide Personal Transportation prearranged schedule but is not given a Study. specific route to follow between these points. Personalized Public Transit — National ITS It may provide door-to-door or curb-to-curb Program User Service in which flexibly service. See also service, point deviation. routed transit vehicles offer more convenient points — a pair of linked, movable tapered service to customers. rails used in rail switches that allow a train to personnel, operating — see operating pass from one line to another. Points are also employees. used for the same function in overhead persons with disabilities —people who have wiring for trolleybuses. physical or mental impairments that pole, trolley — see trolley pole. substantially limit one or more major life policy headway — see headway, policy. activities. In the context of transportation, the term usually refers to people for whom the pool — see buspool, carpool, and vanpool. use of conventional transit facilities would be power, dual — see propulsion system, dual- impossible or would create a hardship. power and bus, hybrid. plan, sketch — see sketch planning. powered car — see car, rail motor. plan, system — see system planning. power rail — see rail, third. platform — the front portion of a bus or power-to-weight ratio — a measure of the streetcar where passengers board. performance of locomotives. A higher power- platform, ferry — a platform (usually to-weight ratio provides better acceleration floating) located between the stable approach characteristics. and vessel, from which passengers embark preemption, signal — see signal preemption. onto, or disembark from, the vessel. preferential bus lane — see lane, bus. platform, passenger — that portion of a pre-metro system — see transit system, pre- transit facility directly adjacent to the tracks metro. or roadway at which transit units (vehicles or Pre-Trip Travel Information — National ITS trains) stop to load and unload passengers. Program User Service that provides Within stations, it is often called a station information for selecting the best platform. transportation mode, departure time, and platform, center (island) — a passenger route. platform located between two tracks or Presidents’ Conference Committee — see guideways so that it can serve them both. organizations, Presidents’ Conference Committee; and car, PCC.

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Presidents’ Conference Presidents’ Conference Committee car — sources, for example, an internal combustion Committee car—purpose, trip see car, PCC. engine and electricity. preventive maintenance — see definition of protection, train — see automatic train maintenance. protection. pricing — a strategy for charging users. It proximity card — see smart card. may be used to ration demand (change public automobile service system — see behavior), cover costs, or achieve other policy transportation system, public automobile service. objectives. Public Service or Utilities Commission — pricing, peak-hour — charging higher prices see organizations, Public Utilities Commission. for peak-period service than for off-peak public service vehicle — see vehicle, public service. service. pricing, time-of-day — varying the price of public transit — passenger transportation service during the day. service, usually local in scope, that is priority lane — see lane, priority. available to any person who pays a priority lane, bus — see lane, bus. prescribed fare. It operates on established priority system, bus — see bus priority schedules along designated routes or lines system. with specific stops and is designed to move relatively large numbers of people at one private transportation — l. Any transport time. Examples include bus, light rail, rapid service that is restricted to certain people and is therefore not open to the public at large. 2. transit. Owned or operated by an individual or public transit agency — see property, transit group, for his, her, or its own purposes or district. benefit, not by a governmental entity. public transportation — transportation productions, trip — see trip productions. service to the public on a regular basis using productive capacity — see capacity, vehicles that transport more than one person for compensation, usually but not exclusively productive. over a set route or routes from one fixed productivity — the ratio of units of point to another. Routes and schedules of this transportation output to units of input service may be predetermined by the (consumed resource); for example, vehicle operator or may be determined through a miles (vehicle kilometers) per operator hour, cooperative arrangement. Subcategories or passenger miles (passenger kilometers) per include public transit service and paratransit unit cost of operation. services that are available to the general program, National Cooperative Highway public. Research — see National Cooperative Highway public transportation, urban — see urban Research Program and National Cooperative public transportation. Transit Research and Development Program. public transportation disability — see program, Research, Development, and persons with disabilities. Demonstration — see Research, Development, Public Transportation Management — and Demonstration Program. National ITS Program User Service that program, Service and Methods automates operations, planning, and Demonstration — see Service and Methods management functions of public transit Demonstration Program. systems. programmed braking — see braking, Public Travel Security — National ITS programmed. Program User Service that creates a secure progression, automatic — see automatic environment for public transportation progression. patrons and operators. progression, signal — coordination of a set public way — any public street, road, of traffic signals such that vehicles moving , , lane, or highway, including down a street receive green signal indications those portions of any public place that have at several traffic signals in a row. been designated for use by pedestrians, proof-of-payment — see fare collection system, bicycles, and motor vehicles. proof of payment. publicly owned transit system — see transit property (operation, operator, system) — in system, publicly owned. the transit industry, a public transit agency or público — In , a transit mode a private transit company with responsibility comprising passenger vans or class C buses for transportation services such as bus, ferry, operating with fixed routes but no fixed rail; see also transit district. schedules. Públicos are a privately owned propulsion, ferry — the process of driving or and operated mass transit service that is propelling by way of a machine consisting of market-oriented and unsubsidized but a power-driven shaft with radiating blades, regulated through a public service placed so as to thrust air or water in a desired commission, state, or local government. direction when spinning. Públicos are operated under franchise propulsion system — the motors, driving agreements, fares are regulated by route, and mechanism, controls, and other devices that there are special requirements. propel a vehicle, frequently assumes electric Vehicle capacity varies from 8 to 24, and the operation. vehicles may be owned or leased by the operator. propulsion system, dual-power — a propulsion system that is capable of puller — an articulated bus with the center operation from two different types of power axle powered. purpose, trip — see trip purpose.

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push-pull train — see train, push-pull. rail, girder — rail with a built in flange push-pull train—ramp, moving push-through — a bus-operating technique groove used on streetcar and light rail lines used in busy peak-hour street operations that are laid in-street where other motor when heavy passenger loads can combine vehicles must travel. with general road traffic delays to create rail, power — see rail, third. bunching. A push-through is an unscheduled rail, running — a rail that supports and bus that is held at a key point to be inserted guides the flanged wheels of the rail vehicle. by an inspector or street supervisor into a rail, standard — a 39-ft (11.89-m) section of route when a serious gap occurs. It is used to rail. prevent worsening of service. rail, third (contact rail, power rail) — an pusher — an articulated bus with the rear electric conductor, located alongside the axle powered. running rail, from which power is collected by means of a sliding shoe attached to the quadrant analysis — method truck of electric rail cars or locomotives. of evaluating customer Traditionally made of mild steel, composite satisfaction survey results in rail, often aluminum with a which the customer-rated cover, is appearing on some new systems. importance of an attribute is rail, welded — two or more rails welded Q plotted against the customer- together at their ends to form a length less rated satisfaction with that than 400 ft (120 m); see also rail, continuous attribute. welded. quality, ride — see ride quality. — a light, self-propelled rail vehicle quality, service — see definition of level of with a body resembling that of a bus or using service. bus components, two-axle versions are noted quality control — the system of collection, for poor ride quality. analysis, and interpretation of measurements rail car, electric — see car, electric rail. and other data concerning prescribed rail car, type — see car, type designations. characteristics of a material, process, or rail car, urban — see car, urban rail. product, for determining the degree of conformance with specified requirements. rail car, weight — see car, weight designations. quality of service — the overall measured or rail diesel car — see car, rail diesel. perceived quality of transportation service rail motor car — see car, rail motor. from the user’s or passenger’s point of view, rail rapid transit — see transit system, rail rather than from the operating agency’s point rapid. of view. Defined for transit systems, route rail rapid transit car — see car, rail rapid segments, and stops by level of service. transit. queue — A line of vehicles or people waiting railroad, commuter — see transit system, to be served by the system in which the rate commuter rail. of flow from the front of the line determines the average speed within the line. Slowly railroad grade crossing — see crossing, moving vehicles or people joining the rear of railroad grade. the queue are usually considered a part of the Railroad Research Information Service queue. (RRIS) — a computer-based information (er) — 1. A short section of storage and retrieval system developed by exclusive or preferential lane that enables the Transportation Research Board with specified vehicles to bypass an automobile financial support from the Federal Railroad queue or a congested section of traffic. A Administration. It consists of summaries of queue jumper is often used at signal- research projects in progress and abstracts of controlled freeway on-ramps in congested published works. urban areas to allow high-occupancy vehicles railroad tie — see crosstie. preference. It is also known as a bypass lane or rail transit system — see transit system, rail. queue bypass. 2. A person who violates rail transport, conventional — see passenger controls. conventional rail transport. rail vehicle, articulated — see articulated rail RDC — rail diesel car; see car, vehicle. rail diesel. railway — alternate term for railroad, ROW — right-of-way. especially Canadian and British. RPA — regional planning railway, cog — see cog railway. R agency; see organizations, regional railway, funicular — see funicular railway. planning agency. railway, inclined plane (incline) — see RRIS — Railroad Research Information inclined plane. Service. railway, metropolitan — see transit system, rack railway — see cog railway. rail rapid. radial network — see network, radial. railway, rack — see cog railway. rail, contact — see rail, third. railway, street — old term for streetcar rail, continuous welded (CWR) — a number system, see transit system, streetcar. of standard length rails welded together into railway crossing — see crossing, track. a single length of 400 ft or more (120 m or more). It provides a smoother running railway electrification — see electrification. surface and ride than jointed rail. ramp, moving — an inclined moving walkway.

Part 8/GLOSSARY Page 8-33 Glossary

Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition ramp, meter bypass lane—ride, ramp, meter bypass lane — see lane, ramp convenience in the TCQSM quality of service one-zone meter bypass. framework. ramp metering — 1. The process of reroute — to divert to a route other than the facilitating traffic flow on freeways by scheduled route, usually with preplanning regulating the amount of traffic entering the and for a longer period than that for a detour. freeway through the use of control devices on Research Information Service — see entrance ramps. 2. The procedure of Highway Research Information Service, Railroad equipping a freeway approach ramp with a Research Information Service, Transportation metering device and traffic signal that allow Research Information Services, and Urban Mass the vehicles to enter the freeway at a Transportation Research Information Service. predetermined rate. Research Program — see National Cooperative rapid bus— see transit system, bus rapid. Highway Research Program, National rapid, the — see transit system, rail rapid. Cooperative Transit Research and Development transit — see transit system, rail Program and Transit Cooperative Research rapid. Program. rapid transit— generic term introduced in reserved transit lane — see lane, exclusive the 1890s to denote any transit that was faster transit. than its predecessor , most particularly for the response time — see time, response. replacement of with electric retardation — see deceleration. streetcars, now generally used for rail revenue, farebox — the passenger payments systems on exclusive right-of-way, i.e., heavy for rides, including cash, farecards, tickets, rail or metro. See adjacent listings and tokens, pass receipts, and transfer and zone specific entries under transit systems. charges but excluding charter revenue. rapid transit car — see car, rail rapid transit. revenue, non-transportation (other) — rapid transit operator — see operator, rapid revenue earned by activities not associated transit. with the provision of the system's transit rapid transit system — see rapid transit and service, for example, sales of maintenance specific entries under transit systems: bus services, rental of vehicles and buildings, rapid, group rapid, light rail rapid, personal rapid, non-transit parking lots, sale of rail rapid, rapid. space, and investment income. rate of flow — see flow rate. revenue, total operating — the sum of ratio, cost recovery — see cost recovery ratio. regular passenger revenue, charter revenue, and other miscellaneous revenues, such as ratio, fare or farebox recovery — see fare those from advertising or concessions. recovery ratio. revenue miles (revenue kilometers) — miles ratio, operating — see operating ratio. (kilometers) operated by vehicles available ratio, peak/base or peak/off-peak — see for passenger service. peak/base ratio. revenue passenger — see passenger, revenue. ratio, power-to-weight — see power-to-weight revenue passenger trips — the number of ratio. fare-paying transit passengers with each ratio, travel time — see travel time ratio. person counted once per trip; excludes reader, farecard — see farecard reader. transfer and non-revenue trips. recovery ratio — see cost recovery ratio and revenue seat mile (revenue seat kilometer) fare recovery ratio. — the movement of one transit passenger recovery time — see time, layover. seat over 1 mile (km). In other words, the station — see electric sub-station. total number of revenue seat miles (kilometers) for a vehicle is obtained by reduced fare — see fare, reduced. multiplying the number of revenue seats in re-entry delay — see delay, re-entry. the vehicle by the number of revenue miles refuge, pedestrian — see pedestrian refuge. (kilometers) traveled. — see brake, regenerative. revenue service — see service, revenue. regional planning agency — see revenue track miles or kilometers — see organizations, regional planning agency. track miles, revenue. service — see service, regional revenue vehicle — see vehicle, revenue. rail. revenue vehicle miles (revenue vehicle regional transit service — see service, regional kilometers, paid miles or kilometers) — the transit. distance in miles (kilometers) that a revenue register or registering farebox — see farebox, vehicle is operated while it is available for registering. passenger service. regular fare — see fare, base. reverse commute — see commute, reverse. relationship, speed-flow — see speed-flow reverse move — the forward movement of a relationship. train going against the normal direction of traffic. relay, track — see track relay. reversible bus lane — see lane, reversible bus. relay time — see time, layover. — see lane, reversible. reliability — how often transit service is provided as promised; affects waiting time, ride, check — see check ride. consistency of passenger arrivals from day to Ride Matching and Reservation — National day, total trip time, and loading levels. The ITS Program User Service that makes ride service measure of route-level comfort and sharing easier and more convenient. ride, one-zone — see one-zone ride.

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ride, shared — see shared ride. right-of-way, segregated — roadway or ride, shared—route ride quality — a measure of the comfort level right-of-way reserved for transit use, but experienced by a passenger in a moving which permits other modes to cross the right- vehicle, including the vibration intensity and of-way at defined locations such as grade frequency, accelerations (longitudinal, crossings. transverse, and vertical), jerk, pitch, yaw, and right-of-way, shared — roadway or right-of- roll. way which permits other traffic to mix with rider — l. A passenger on any revenue transit vehicles, as is the case with most service vehicle; also known as a patron. 2. In streetcar and bus lines. government reporting, someone making an right-of-way miles (right-of-way kilometers, unlinked trip. first-track miles or kilometers) — the length rider, captive — a person limited by of right-of-way occupied by one or more circumstances to use one mode of lanes or tracks; see also route miles. transportation; see also transit dependent and road — see highway, street, or road. transportation disadvantaged. road, collector — see street, collector- rider, captive transit — a person who does distributor. not have a private vehicle available or cannot roadbed — l. In railroad construction, the drive (for any reason) and who must use foundation on which the ballast and track transit to make the desired trip; see also rest. 2. In highway construction, the graded transit dependent and transportation portion of a highway within top and side disadvantaged. , prepared as a foundation for the rider, choice — a person who has at least two pavement structure and . modes of travel available and selects one to road call — a mechanical failure of a bus in use. revenue service that necessitates removing riders, group — riders who have a common the bus from service until repairs are made. origin and destination or some demographic road miles (road kilometers) — linear miles variable in common and travel together in (kilometers) of highway as measured along the same vehicle. the centerline of the right-of-way. ridership (patronage) — the number of road supervisor — see inspector. people making one way trips on a public roadway — that portion of a highway built, transportation system in a given time period. designed, or ordinarily used for vehicular ridesharing — a form of transportation, other travel, except the berm or shoulder. If a than public transit, in which more than one highway includes two or more separate person shares in the use of the vehicle, such roadways, the term means any such roadway as a bus, , or automobile, to make a trip. separately but not all such roadways riding check or count, passenger — see collectively. check. rolling stock — see fleet. riding frequency coefficient (riding habit rolling stock capacity — see capacity, fleet. coefficient) — the number of passenger trips rope — in ropeways, the term rope means during a designated time period divided by wire rope, which consists of several strands the resident population of the area served, twisted together. The terms rope, wire rope, such as transit trips per capita per year. and cable are interchangeable except where, right-of-way (ROW) — 1. A general term by the context, the general term cable refers denoting land, property, or interest therein, to either a wire rope or strand used as a track usually in a strip, acquired for or devoted to cable. transportation purposes. For transit, rights- ropeway — includes all devices that carry, of-way may be categorized by degree of their pull, or push along a level or inclined path separation: fully controlled without grade (excluding ) by means of a haul rope crossings, also known as grade-separated, or other flexible element that is driven by a exclusive, or private ROW; longitudinally power unit remaining essentially at a single physically separated from other traffic (by location. See aerial lift, , , barriers, grade separation, etc.) but cableway, funicular railway, inclined plane, and with grade crossings; or surface streets with . mixed traffic, although transit may have preferential treatment. 2. The precedence ropeway, continuously circulating — a accorded to one vehicle or person over ropeway providing multiple carriers, cars, or another. trains that move around a route forming a loop. Examples include aerial lifts (gondolas), right-of-way, controlled access — lanes cable cars, and cable-hauled automated people- restricted for at least a portion of the day for movers. use by transit vehicles and/or other high- occupancy vehicles. Use of controlled access ropeway, reversible — a ropeway that lanes may also be permitted for vehicles operates in a back-and-forth, shuttle manner. preparing to turn. The restriction must be Usually operates with two carriers, but sufficiently enforced so that 95% of vehicles sometimes only one. Examples include using the lanes during the restricted period inclined planes and aerial tramways. are authorized to use them. round trip — see trip, round. right-of-way, exclusive — roadway or other route — 1. The geographical path followed right-of-way reserved at all times for transit by a vehicle or traveler from start to finish of use and/or other high occupancy vehicles. a given trip. 2. A designated, specified path right-of-way, exclusive transit — a right-of- to which a transit unit (vehicle or train) is way that is fully grade separated or access assigned. Several routes may traverse a single controlled and is used exclusively by transit. portion of road or line. 3. In traffic assignments, a continuous group of links that

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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition route deviation service— connects two centroids, normally the path running hot (running sharp) — running seating, longitudinal that requires the minimum time to traverse. ahead of schedule. Unacceptable practice on 4. In rail operations, a determined succession most systems. of contiguous blocks between two controlled running rail — see rail, running. interlocked signals. running speed — see speed, running. route deviation service — see service, route running time — see time, running. deviation. (s) — see peak. Route Guidance — National ITS Program User Service that provides travelers with simple instructions on how to best reach their destinations. SE — Single Ended, rail or streetcar with driving position only route miles (route kilometers) — various at one end, requires loop to turn definitions exist for this statistic: 1. One-way around at end of line. duplicating is total mileage (kilometers) of routes, where the roadway or guideway SLT — shuttle-loop transit; see Stransit syste m, shuttle-loop. segments of each individual route are summed up in one direction. For example, a SOV — single-occupant vehicle; see vehicle, 1-mile (km) segment over which buses single—occupant. operate in both directions would be reported SU — single unit; see car, single-unit. as 2 miles (km); also known as directional saddle monorail — see transit system, route miles (kilometers) or miles (kilometers) of monorail. roadway or route. 2. One-way non-duplicating safety distance — 1. Minimum separation of is total mileage (kilometers) of routes, where trains with various control systems 2. In a a particular roadway or guideway segment is moving-block signaling system, the specific only counted once regardless of number of distance between the target point and the routes or direction of travel on that segment; train or obstruction ahead. See control system. also known as line miles (kilometers) or miles (kilometers) of directional roadway. 3. Two-way safety island — see loading island. mileage (kilometers) is total mileage scatter service — see service, one-to-many. (kilometers) of each route covered from start schedule — 1. A listing or diagrammatic to finish. No attention is given to direction of presentation in time sequence of every trip routes or number of routes using any and every time point of each trip, from start particular segment of roadway or guideway. to finish of service, on a transit line or route. route structure — 1. A network of transit 2. In transit or railroad operations, a routes. 2. The pattern of transit routes, for published table of departure or arrival times example, grid, radial. See network. (or both) for arranged service over a transit route supervisor — see inspector. line or route or a specific section of railroad; see also timetable. routing, dynamic — see dynamic routing. schedule check — see check. routing, through — see through routing. schedule checker — see checker. rule — in rail operations, a law or order authoritatively governing conduct or action. schedule speed — see speed, schedule. run — 1. The movement of a transit unit scheduling — in transit operations, the (vehicle or train) in one direction from the process of preparing the operating plan beginning of a route to the end of it; also (schedule) for a transit line or network on the known as a trip. 2. An operator’s assignment basis of passenger demand, policy or level of of trips for a day of operation; also known as service, and operating elements (travel times, a work run. etc.) run, bus — the daily assignment of a bus, school bus — see bus, school. numbered and listed in a master schedule. school bus service — see service, school bus. Each vehicle displays its bus run number. scratch ticket — a ticket on which the user run, owl — a run that operates during the can scratch overprinting off to indicate, zone, late night through early morning hours; most and/or month, day (and time) of validity. commonly, midnight to 0400h or the start of Commonly used on day passes. the next day’s service. Some systems seating or seated capacity — see capacity, designate hours after midnight, when seating. operated by vehicles starting the previous seating, 2+1 — (“two-by-one”) transverse day, as 2500h, 2600h and so on. seating arrangement providing three seats run cutting — the process of organizing all per row, two on one side of the aisle and one scheduled trips operated by the transit on the other side of the aisle. system into runs for the assignment of seating, 2+2 — transverse seating operating personnel and vehicles. arrangement providing four seats per row, run number — a two- or three-digit number two on each side of the aisle. displayed on a hand set or flip-dot display in seating, 2+3 — transverse seating the lower windscreen displaying the run or arrangement providing five seats per row, schedule slot the vehicle is in; primarily used two on one side of the aisle and three on the as information to inspectors, street other side of the aisle; not popular with supervisors, or checkers. passengers. This seating arrangement running gear — the vehicle parts whose constrains aisle width, which may make the functions are related to the movement of the provision of wheelchair access difficult. vehicle, including the wheels, axles, bearings, seating, longitudinal — seats that are placed and suspension system. parallel to the sides of a transit vehicle, so that passengers sit sideways relative to the

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direction of travel. This seating arrangement vehicle and the doors. See also service, curb-to- seating, transverse—service, line haul increases the aisle width, allowing more curb. standing room, but may be less comfortable service, express — service that has fewer for seated passengers. stops and a higher operating speed than seating, transverse — seats that are placed regular service. Often used an alternative perpendicular to the sides of a transit vehicle, term for limited-stop service; when agencies so that passengers face forward or backward provide both types of service, the express relative to the direction of travel. This seating service tends to have much longer sections of arrangement is often used when it is desired non-stop running. for most passengers to have a seat, although service, express bus — bus service with a it is also possible to have single transverse limited number of stops, either from a seats on either side of the vehicle, with a collector area directly to a specific destination wide aisle in between. or in a particular corridor with stops en route seat mile, revenue — see revenue seat mile. at major transfer points or activity centers. section — for sections of legislation, see Express bus service usually uses freeways or legislation entries. busways where they are available. section, block — see block. service, feeder — 1. Local transportation service that provides passengers with section, extra — see extra section. connections with a major transportation section, maximum load — see maximum load service. 2. Local transit service that provides section. passengers with connections to main-line self-propelled locomotive — see locomotive, arterial service; an express transit service self-propelled. station; a rail rapid transit, commuter rail, or self-propelled or self-powered car — see car, intercity rail station; or an express bus stop or rail motor. terminal, see also service, community. self-service, barrier-free fare collection service, few-to-few — a service that picks up system — see fare collection system, open, passengers at a limited number of origins barrier-free, proof of payment, self-service. and delivers them to a limited number of semi-metro system — see transit system, semi- destinations. metro. service, few-to-many — a service that picks sensor, induction loop — see induction loop up passengers at a few pre-selected origins, sensor. typically activity centers or transfer points, and delivers them to many destinations. separation, grade — see grade separation. service, flag stop — l. In paratransit separation, track — see track separation. operations, a service accessed by hail. 2. In separation, train — see train separation. rail operations, a nonscheduled stop that may series, time — see time series. be served if proper notice is given by a series-wound motor — see motor, series- passenger or prospective passenger. wound. service, gather — see service, many-to-one. service, arterial — generally major (long or service, jitney — a route deviation service in heavily patronized) transit routes that which small or medium-sized vehicles, such operate on principal or major surface arterial as large automobiles, vans, or , are streets. used. The vehicles are usually owned by the service, base-period — the level of transit drivers and the service is often operations during the base period. independently operated. However it is authorized or regulated and distinct from service, bus rapid transit — see transit unofficial, and usually illegal, “jitney service” system, bus rapid transit. where often-uninsured private cars or vans service, circulator — bus service confined to solicit passengers — often running ahead of a specific locale, such as a downtown area or transit buses. See also transportation system, a suburban neighborhood, with connections jitney. to major traffic corridors. service, level of — see level of service. service, city transit — transit serving an service, limited — l. A transit service that urban area, as distinguished from short-haul operates only during a certain period of the and regional transit service. day, or that serves only specific stops (also service, community — short feeder or loop known as limited-stop service) or in a specified route serving a local community, often area, or that serves only certain segments of operated with smaller buses. the population. 2. Line service with some service, commuter — transportation restrictions on boarding and alighting. provided on a regularly scheduled basis service, limited-stop — a bus service, often during peak travel periods for users operated in conjunction with a local service, to work, school, and similar that does not serve every stop, providing a destinations. higher operating speed. It represents a service, crosstown — non-radial transit middle ground between high-access, low- service that does not enter the central speed local service and low-access, higher- business district. speed express service. service, demand jitney — see service, jitney. service, line haul — 1. Transportation service service, door-to-door — a service that picks along a single corridor, without branches, up passengers at the door of their place of with stops along the way. Usually service is origin and delivers them to the door of their intensive (high capacity) and may use place of destination. This service may exclusive right-of-way. 2. May also be used to necessitate passenger assistance between the describe express service or even main-line service, as opposed to feeder service.

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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition service, local—service service, local — 1. Transit service that passenger to a destination, after which it application involves frequent stops and consequent low returns to its route. It is a form of demand- average speeds, the purpose of which is to responsive transit. See also service, jitney. deliver and pick up transit passengers close service, scatter — see service, one-to-many. to their destinations or origins. 2. Transit service, school bus — service designed to operation in which all transit units (vehicles transport children to or from any regularly or trains) stop at all stations. 3. Transit service conducted public or private school or school- in a city or its immediate vicinity, as related activities, either on an exclusive or distinguished from regional transit service or nonexclusive basis. interurban lines. service, shoppers’ special — service service, local bus — a bus service that picks provided during off-peak hours that is up and discharges passengers at frequent, designed to carry passengers to or from designated places (stops) on city streets. shopping areas. service, many-to-few — a service that picks service, short-haul transit — low-speed up passengers at many different origins and transit service for circulation within small delivers them to a few destinations. areas that usually have high travel density, service, many-to-many — a service that picks such as central business districts, campuses, up passengers at many different origins and airports, exhibition grounds, and other major delivers them to many different destinations activity centers. within the service area. service, shuttle — 1. Service provided by service, many-to-one (gather service) — a vehicles that travel back and forth over a service that collects passengers from many particular route, especially a short one, or one origins and delivers them to a specific point, that connects two transportation systems or for example, an building, , centers, or one that acts as a feeder to a or bus stop. longer route. Shuttle services usually offer service, one-to-many (scatter service) — a frequent service, often without a published service that picks up passengers at one point timetable. 2. For rail and other guideway of origin and delivers them to many systems, a service in which a single vehicle or destinations. train operates on a short line, reversing service, origin-to-destination — service in direction at each terminal. which the passenger carrying vehicle will not service, skip-stop — service in which stop along the way to pick up additional alternate transit units (vehicles or trains) stop passengers. at alternate sets of stations on the same route. service, owl — transit service provided late Each set consists of some joint and some at night, usually from midnight to between alternate stations. 0300h and start of service the next day. service, subscription bus — l. A bus service service, peak — service during peak periods. in which routes and schedules are prearranged to meet the travel needs of service, point deviation — public transportation service in which the transit riders who sign up for the service in advance. The level of service is generally higher than vehicle is required to arrive at designated that of regular passenger service (fewer transit stops in accordance with a prearranged schedule but is not given a stops, shorter travel time, and greater comfort), and the buses are usually obtained specific route to follow between these stops. through charter or contractual arrangements. It allows the vehicle to provide curbside service for those who request it. See also point 2. Commuter bus express service operated for a guaranteed number of patrons from a deviation. given area on a prepaid, reserved seat basis. service, public automobile — see Subscription buses are often arranged for and transportation system, public automobile service. partly subsidized by an employer to serve a service, radial — service that connects the specific work location. CBD with outlying areas. service, subscription van — service similar service, regional rail — alternate term for to that provided by a subscription bus, except commuter rail, specific to East Coast; see that the van may be privately owned, leased transit system, commuter rail. from a public or private company, or service, regional transit — long bus or rail provided by the employer. The driver is transit lines with few stations and high usually a member of the group. operating speeds. They primarily serve long service, subsidized taxi — a taxicab service trips within metropolitan regions, as in which the fares are lower than actual taxi distinguished from city transit service and fares and the taxi company is reimbursed the local short-haul transit service. difference. The service may be provided to service, research information — see Railroad the general public or to special groups, such Research Information Service, Transportation as elderly people. Funds for the subsidy can Research Information Services, and Urban Mass come from a variety of sources, including Transportation Research Information Service. local taxes or social service agency program service, revenue — 1. Transit service funds. Often an economical way to provide excluding deadheading or . 2. Any better off-peak service in low-density areas service scheduled for passenger trips. that cannot support fixed routes. service, route deviation — public service, taxicab (exclusive ride taxi, taxi transportation service on an exclusive basis service) — demand responsive public that operates along a public way on a fixed transportation service on an exclusive basis, route (but not a fixed schedule). The vehicle in a vehicle licensed to render that service; may deviate from the route occasionally in see also shared ride and service, subsidized taxi. service application — see braking, service. respo nse to demand for service or to take a Glossary Page 8-38 Part 8/GLOSSARY

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service area — see area, service. shuttle service — see service, shuttle. service area—signal preemption service attributes — those aspects of a shuttle system — see transit system, shuttle. transportation system that affect travel — see platform, side. decisions about its use, such as travel time, side track — see siding. reliability, comfort (e.g., crowding, standees), cost, ease of use, and safety. sidewalk, moving — see moving walkway. service brake — see brake, service. siding (passing track, side track) — a track adjacent to a main or a secondary track, for service braking — see braking, service; and meeting, passing, or storing cars or trains, see braking, maximum service. also pocket track. service coverage — see area, coverage sign, dash — see dash sign. service denial — circumstance in which a sign, destination — see destination sign. demand-responsive transit trip cannot be provided at the requested time, even though sign, dot matrix— a type of destination, service is operated at that time. dash, side or rear sign consisting of electrically actuated dots that present either a service frequency — the number of transit matte black or bright (usually fluorescent units (vehicles or trains) on a given route or yellow) face that make up individual letters line, moving in the same direction, that pass or numbers. Early designs had very poor a given point within a specified interval of visibility and reliability, but improvements time, usually 1 hour; see also headway. and the ability to display upper and lower service information — see user information. case and double lines, have made the signs service measure, transit — 1. A quantitative acceptable. Versions with back-lit liquid performance measure that best describes a crystal displays or high intensity light particular aspect of transit service and emitting diodes were introduced in late represents the passenger’s point of view. 2. A 1990s. Favored for the ease with which signs transit performance measure for which can be reprogrammed and buses transferred transit levels of service are defined, referred from garage to garage, but this flexibility is to in the Highway Capacity Manual as a often abused by alternating unnecessary measure of effectiveness. messages, such as HAVE A GOOD DAY, that can service performance or quality — see confuse potential passengers. definition of level of service. sign, head — see head sign. service span — see hours of service. signal, automatic — a signal that is service track miles (kilometers) — see track controlled automatically by certain miles, service. conditions of the track section that it protects. service volume — the maximum number of signal, automatic block — a system in which vehicles that can pass a given point during a signals are actuated automatically by the specified period while a specified level of presence of a train on the track section, service is maintained. usually with an electric track circuit to detect the presence of any vehicle, and any broken share, market — see market share. rails. shared ride — a trip, other than by signal, block — a fixed signal installed at the conventional public transit, on which the passengers enter at one or more points of entrance of a block to govern trains entering origin and disembark at one or more and using that section of track. destinations and for which each passenger is signal, cab — see control system, cab signal. charged an individual fare. Shared ride taxi signal, fixed — in rail operations, a signal at service is a way of using for a fixed location that indicates a condition that paratransit. affects the movement of a train. sharp, running — see running hot. signal, grade crossing protection — a sheaves — pulleys or wheels grooved for railroad crossing flashing light signal or rope. automatic gate actuated by the approach of a shedding, load — see load shedding. train at a grade crossing. signal, wayside — in rail operations, a fixed shelter — see transit shelter. signal that is located along the track right-of- shoe, brake — see brake shoe. way. shoe, overhead contact — see overhead contact signal, traffic — see traffic signal. shoe. signal-actuating device — see pedestrian shoe, third-rail — see third-rail shoe. signal-actuating device and vehicle signal- shoe, trolley — see overhead contact shoe. actuating device. shoofly — a temporary track to allow rail signal aspect — 1. The appearance of a fixed operations to bypass construction activities. signal conveying an indication, as viewed shop — see workshop. from the direction of an approaching rail shoppers’ special service — see service, unit. 2. The appearance of a cab signal shoppers’ special. conveying an indication, as viewed by an observer in the cab of a rail unit. short-haul transit service — see service, short- haul transit. signal block — see block. — see turn back. signal indication — the information conveyed by a signal. shunt — in rail operations, to shift or switch, as a train car; also the itself. signal preemption — in highway operations, an automatic or manual device for altering shunt motor — see motor, shunt. the normal signal phasing or the sequence of shuttle-loop transit — see transit system, a traffic signal to provide preferential shuttle-loop.

Part 8/GLOSSARY Page 8-39 Glossary

Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition signal progression—station, treatment for specific types of vehicles, such speed, running — the highest safe speed at accessible as buses or trains. which a vehicle is normally operated on a signal progression — see progression, signal. given roadway or guideway under prevailing traffic and environmental simple catenary — see catenary system. conditions; the speed between points, not single-occupant vehicle (SOV) — see vehicle, including stopped time. In some areas, also single-occupant. known as operating speed, sometimes civil single-unit car — see car, single-unit. speed. lift — a continuously circulating aerial lift speed, schedule — the one-way distance using chairs as carriers. between terminals divided by the scheduled skip-stop service — see service, skip-stop. travel time between the terminals; exclusive slack time — see operating margin. of layover or recovery time, in some areas, also known as operating speed. sleeper — 1. An inert passenger who remains on a transit vehicle at end of run, often speed-flow relationship — the relationship inebriated. 2. A railroad tie; see crosstie. between the flow (volume) of units on a transportation facility and the speed of those slow order — a location where trains must units. As flow increases, speed tends to temporarily travel more slowly than decrease. maximum authorized track speed for that location. speed limit, civil — see civil speed limit. spill-back — a situation that may occur in slug — 1. A commuter, who, lacking membership in a carpool, regularly waits at on-street light rail transit operations when designated pick-up points, hoping to catch a trains or motor vehicles fail to clear a ride in a carpool vehicle with an unfilled seat. signalized intersection and so prevent the (particular to US East Coast). See also carpool, following train from entering that block. casual. 2. Persons who, for a fee, will ride in a Particularly acute in downtown streets where car so as to increase the occupancy to allow the light rail train can be the full length of the the car to use an HOV lane. block. small bus — see bus, small. split, directional — see directional split. smart card — stored-value ticket with built- split, modal or mode — see modal split. in semiconductor chip. The chip is loaded spot time — see time, layover. with monetary value which is decremented stable approach — relative to the passenger for each ride, in flat amounts or, with exit loading platform or vessel, the last non- checks, for distance-based fares. Early floating structure, including land, that variants required insertion or contact with passengers access on their way to the vessel. farebox or fare gate and were time staging lot, vehicle — the area provided for consuming. Most versions in transit are vehicles waiting to load onto auto ferries. proximity cards and require only to be held close to the farebox or fare gate inductive standard gauge — see gauge, standard. detector plate. standard rail — see rail, standard. soft suspension — see pendulum suspension. Standard Railroad Grade Crossing — National ITS Architecture Market Package space — in the context of transportation vehicle capacity, a space is a seat or the that manages highway traffic at highway-rail intersections where operational requirements standing area for one passenger, typically a do not dictate more advanced features (e.g., seat consumes 5 ft2 (0.5 m2) of floor space and where rail speeds are greater than 80 mph or a 2.5 ft2 (0.25 m2). 128 km/h). Both passive (e.g., the space, defensible — see defensible space. sign) and active warning systems (e.g., spacing — the distance between consecutive flashing lights and gates) are supported. vehicles, measured front to front. standard urban bus — see bus, standard special trackwork — see trackwork, special. urban. special work —term for both special standees — the number of standing trackwork and junctions on overhead electric passengers on a transit vehicle. collection systems. standing capacity — see capacity, standing. speed — see velocity. station — l. An off-street facility (typically) speed, average — see velocity, effective. where passengers wait for, board, alight, or speed, cruise — see velocity, cruise. transfer between transit units (vehicles or speed, cycle — see speed, overall trip. trains). A station usually provides information and a waiting area and may have speed, effective operating — see speed, boarding and alighting platforms, ticket or overall trip. farecard sales, fare collection, and other speed, line — the speed of the haul rope used related facilities; also known as a passenger on a ropeway system, measured in ft/s or station. 2. The location to which operating m/s. employees report and from which their work speed, operating — vague term with originates. 3. In , the different interpretations, see speed, running; location along a cordon line at which and speed, schedule. interviews are made. 4. In railroad speed, overall trip (effective operating operations, a place designated in the speed, cycle speed) — in transit operations, timetable by name, at which a train may stop the average speed achieved per round trip, for traffic or to enter or leave the main track, including layover and recovery time but or from which fixed signals are operated. excluding deadheading time. It is calculated station, accessible — a public transportation by individual trips, by running time periods, passenger facility that provides ready access, or for the entire schedule. is usable, and does not have physical barriers Glossary Page 8-40 Part 8/GLOSSARY

Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition

that prohibit and/or restrict access by streetcar — an electrically powered rail car station, all-stop—superelevation individuals with disabilities, including that is operated singly or in short trains in individuals who use wheelchairs. mixed traffic on track in city streets. In some station, all-stop — in transit systems with areas, it is also known as a trolley car and, skip-stop schedule or express service, a primarily in Europe and , as a . station that is served by all scheduled transit streetcar, heritage — an old streetcar or units (vehicles or trains). streetcar built to resemble an older vehicle, station, cornfield — a transit station electrically operated on rail tracks, generally provided in a relatively undeveloped area, to in downtown areas, for local distribution and allow for low-cost parking, to protect against tourists. Not to be confused with rubber-tired future increases in land costs once the area replica streetcars (see bus, trolley replica). Also develops, and/or to allow the planned known as a vintage streetcar or vintage trolley. development of transit-oriented uses around streetcar, vintage — see streetcar, heritage. the station. streetcar, low-floor — a streetcar with low station, off-line — a station at which a transit floor for level boarding and exiting. Floor is unit (vehicle or train) stops outside the main typically 12-14 in. (300-350 mm) high track or travel lane so that other units can requiring a platform or raised curb at this pass while passengers board and alight; height. Wheelchair access is provided found on a few automated guideway transit directly or by a hinged or removable bridge systems and busways. plate. station, on-line — a station in which transit streetcar, partial low-floor — a low-floor units (vehicles or trains) stop on the main streetcar with steps or ramps to access high- track or travel lane. This is the common floor area(s) over trucks and/or any design, and the term is used only to articulations. In this way conventional trucks distinguish this station from off-line stations. and propulsion equipment can be used; station, passenger — see station. sometimes termed hybrid low-floor. station accessibility — see accessibility, streetcar operator — see operator, train. station. streetcar, replica — see bus, trolley replica. station platform — see platform, passenger. streetcar system — see transit system, stinger — a portable cable to connect electric streetcar. rail vehicles to traction power while in the street furniture — equipment placed on the workshop. street (off the vehicle lanes), such as lights, stock, rolling — see fleet. benches, signs, bus shelters, kiosks, and stop, far-side — a transit stop located beyond plants in containers. an intersection. It requires that transit units street railway — early term for streetcar (vehicles or trains) cross the intersection system. see transit system, streetcar. before stopping to serve passengers. street supervisor — see inspector. stop, mid-block — a transit stop located at a strip, median — see median. point away from intersections. structure, aerial — see aerial structure. stop, near-side — a transit stop located on structure, fare — see fare structure. the approach side of an intersection. The structure, route — see route structure. transit units (vehicles or trains) stop to serve passengers before crossing the intersection. stub terminal — see terminal, stub. stop, off-line — see station, off-line. study, origin-destination — see origin- destination study. stop, on-line — see station, on-line. subscription bus service — see service, stop, terminal — a transit stop located at subscription bus. either end of a transit route or line. subscription van service — see service, stop, transit — an area where passengers subscription van. wait for, board, alight, and transfer between transit units (vehicles or trains). It is usually subsidized taxi service — see service, indicated by distinctive signs and by curb or subsidized taxi. pavement markings and may provide service sub-station— see electric sub-station. information, shelter, seating, or any suburb — see definition of area, urbanized. combination of these. Stops are often suburban coach or suburban transit bus — designated by the mode offering service, for see bus, suburban transit. example, bus stop, car stop. subway — 1. That portion of a transportation stopped time — see time, stopped. facility or system that is constructed beneath stored-value card— a magnetic striped or the ground surface, regardless of its method smart (electronic) farecard, purchased with a of construction. 2. An underground rail rapid set monetary value, from which the cost of transit system or the through which it each trip is decremented, see also fare runs. 3. In local usage, sometimes used for collection system, automatic and smart card. the entire heavy rail or rapid transit system, street — see highway, street, or road. even if it is not all beneath the ground street, bus-only — a street devoted to bus surface. traffic only. subway car — see car, rail rapid transit. street, mixed mode — a street carrying superelevation — l. In track construction, the mixed traffic, that is, having no exclusive vertical distance that the outer rail is set transit lanes or priority lanes for transit. above the inner rail on a curve, expressed as street, transit — a street reserved for transit the vertical distance of the outer rail over the vehicles only. inner rail or as the transverse grade percent. Permits increased operating speed on curves,

Part 8/GLOSSARY Page 8-41 Glossary

Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition supervision, train— cannot exceed a maximum, typically 10%, to system, honor — see fare collection system, telecommuting allow for trains that may stop or operate at self-service, barrier free. below design speed on the curve. 2. In system, performance measurement — see highway construction, the banking of the performance measurement system. roadway on a curve. system, propulsion — see propulsion system. supervision, train — see automatic train system, transit — see transit system. supervision. system, transportation — see transportation supervisor, road, route, or street — see system. inspector. system, trolley — see transit system, streetcar. supported monorail — see transit system, monorail. system effectiveness — system effectiveness is the probability that the system can surface lift— a ropeway on which successfully meet a proper operational passengers are propelled by means of a demand within a prescribed acceptable time circulating overhead wire rope while when operated under specified conditions. remaining in contact with the ground or snow surface. Connection between the system management, transportation — see passengers and the wire rope is by means of transportation system management. a device attached to, and circulating with, the system performance — see definition of level haul rope, known as a “towing device.” of service. survey, customer satisfaction — survey used system planning — in transportation, a to help transit operators identify the quality procedure for developing an integrated of service factors of greatest importance to means of providing adequate facilities for the customers; can identify areas and trends of movement of people and goods, involving existing passenger satisfaction and the degree regional analysis of transportation needs and to which particular factors influence the identification of transportation corridors customer satisfaction. involved. survey, passenger environment — survey in system safety — the application of which trained checkers travel through the Operating, Technical, and Management transit system and rate trip attributes (such as techniques and principles to the safety vehicle cleanliness and audibility of station aspects of a system throughout its life to announcements) to provide a quantitative reduce hazards to the lowest level possible evaluation of factors that passengers would through the most effective use of available think of qualitatively. resources. survey, travel — the collection of data that system safety engineering — the application describe the social, economic, and travel of scientific and engineering principles characteristics of people who make trips by during the design, development, various modes of transportation. manufacture and operation of a system to suspended monorail — see transit system, meet or exceed established safety goals. monorail. switch — 1. The movable rails of a turnout TCRP — Transit Cooperative that divert the wheels of passing rolling stock Research Program. from one track to either one of two branching TDM — Transportation Demand from it. 2. To move rail cars from one place to Management. another within a defined territory, such as an TEA-21 — Transportation industry, a yard, or a terminal. EfficiencyT Act for the 21st Century. See switch, track — see turnout. legislation, TEA-21. switch throw and lock time — see time, TRB — Transportation Research Board; see switch throw and lock. organizations, Transportation Research Board. symmetrical monorail — see transit system, TRIS — Transportation Research monorail. Information Services. synchronous motor — see motor, synchronous. TSM — Transportation System Management. synfuel or synthetic fuel — see fuel, synthetic. TTS — timed transfer system. system — see operator and property. TVM — ticket vending machine. system, automated highway — see automated TWU — Transport Workers Union; see union, highway system. transit. system, automatic train control — see target point — a continually advancing or automatic train control system. fixed stopping point in a moving-block system, automatic train stop — see automatic signaling system at which a train must train stop system. always be able to stop under the most system, automatic vehicle location — see adverse conditions , including partial braking automatic vehicle location system. failure. See control system, moving-block. system, bus priority — see bus priority taxicab — a passenger automobile or a system. specially designed vehicle driven by a professional driver in a for-hire taxi. system, catenary — see catenary system. taxicab service — see service, taxicab. system, command and control — see command and control system. taxi service, subsidized — see service, subsidized taxi. system, control — see control system. telecommuting — the substitution, either system, fare collection — see fare collection partially or completely, of transportation to a system. conventional office through the use of computer and telecommunications Glossary Page 8-42 Part 8/GLOSSARY

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technologies (e.g., telephones, personal time, deadhead (not-in-service time) — time terminal—time, switch throw and lock computers, modems, facsimile machines, spent moving a revenue vehicle in non- electronic mail). revenue service. terminal — 1. The end station or stop on a time, delay — the amount of time by which a transit line or route, regardless of whether transit unit (vehicle or train) in service is special facilities exist for reversing the vehicle delayed from its scheduled time. or handling passengers; also known as a time, dwell — the time a transit unit (vehicle terminus. 2. An assemblage of facilities or train) spends at a station or stop, provided by a railroad or intercity bus measured as the interval between its service at a terminus or at an intermediate stopping and starting. location for the handling of passengers and time, egress — the time elapsed on a trip the receiving, classifying, assembling, and from the moment of alighting from a vehicle dispatching of trains or dispatching of buses; to the moment of arriving at the point of also known as a depot. destination. terminal, off-street — a transit terminal or time, excess — time delay associated with point for transit vehicles that is travel to or between major transit routes, for located away from other vehicular traffic. example, time spent walking, waiting, or terminal, stub — a dead-end terminal in transferring. which the entering rail (or other guided) time, layover (recovery time, relay time, transit unit must depart by the same spot time, turnaround time) — time built guideway on which it entered. Because no into a schedule between arrivals and loop is provided, a bidirectional transit unit departures, used for the recovery of delays (vehicle or train) is necessary. and preparation for the return trip. The term terminal layout sheet — see sheet, terminal may refer to transit units (also known as layout. vehicle layover) or operators. Note that layover terminal stop — see stop, terminal. time may include recovery time and operator terminal time — see time, terminal. rest time as two specific components. terminus — see terminal. time, linked trip (overall travel time, total territory, train control — see train control travel time) — in transportation planning, the time duration of a linked trip, that is, territory. from the point of origin to the final theoretical line capacity — see capacity, destination, including waiting and walking theoretical line. time at transfer points and trip ends. third rail — see rail, third. time, not-in-service — see time, deadhead. third-rail shoe — a graphite sliding contact time, operating — the actual time required attached to the trucks of electric rail vehicles for a transit unit (vehicle or train) to move for the purpose of collecting current from the from one point to another, including making third-rail distribution system; uses gravity or stops. spring pressure. time, overall travel — see time, linked trip. throughput — 1. The volume of vehicles time, passenger flow, passenger service — passing or people transported past a point or the average time a single passenger takes to series of points during a given period of time. pass through a transit vehicle doorway when 2. Traffic. boarding or alighting, includes any fare through routing — the efficient practice of collection time. joining the ends of radial transit routes, with time, platform — 1. The time a transit unit is similar demand, to travel through downtown instead of having each route turn back in the in revenue service 2.. The period during which an operator is charged with the downtown and return to its origin. operation or care of a transit unit (vehicle or ticket — 1. A printed card or piece of paper train), including operating time in revenue that gives a person a specific right to ride on service and deadhead, layover, and other a train or transit vehicle. 2. To provide a time that the unit may be in operation but not ticket or tickets. in passenger service. 3. The time the operator ticket, commutation — see commutation is actually on the assigned transit unit; also ticket. known as work time. tie — see crosstie. time, recovery — see time, layover. time, access — the time elapsed on a trip time, response — in demand-responsive from the moment of leaving the point of operations, the time between a passenger's origin (i.e. home or work) to the moment of request for service and the passenger pickup. boarding a vehicle. time, running — the actual time required for time, clearance — all time losses at a stop a transit unit (vehicle or train) to move from other than passenger dwell times. It can be one point to another, excluding time for viewed as the minimum time between one stops. transit vehicle leaving a stop and the time, slack — see operating margin. following vehicle entering, including any time, stopped — time on a trip spent delay associated with waiting for a sufficient stationary because of the stoppage of other gap in traffic to allow a transit vehicle to re- enter the travel lane. traffic. time, close-in — the minimum time from time, switch throw and lock — the time required for the points of a rail switch to when a train starts to leave the most move from being lined for one direction of restrictive station until the following train can berth at that station (without speed travel to being lined for the alternative direction of travel, including any time restrictions or stops).

Part 8/GLOSSARY Page 8-43 Glossary

Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition time, terminal—track miles, needed for the points to be safely locked into token — 1. A pre-paid, non-monetary service the new position. stamped piece used in payment for transit time, terminal — 1. For passengers, the time service, usually one trip, usually metal, required at the ends of trips to park and pick sometimes plastic, sometimes with punched- up their private vehicles, including any out center or bi-metal to deter forgery. 2. An necessary walking time. 2. For rail vehicles, object allowing a train operator possession of the time allowed at a terminal between a single track section of line, handed-off to a arrival and departure for turning vehicles, signalman or the operator of the opposing recovering delays, and preparing for the train. return trip. 3. The time required for a total bus mile equivalents — the number of passenger to pass through a terminal when vehicle miles that would have been operated there is a change of mode. by a transit mode if the service had been time, total travel — see time, linked trip. provided by motor buses. Based on average seating plus standing capacity of the vehicle time, transfer — the time required to effect a change of mode or to transfer between routes as compared with the capacity including standees (typically 65-75 people) of a or lines of the same mode. In transportation standard-size motorbus. modeling this time is weighted, typically by a factor of 1.5. total operating revenue — see revenue, total time, trip — see time, linked trip; and time, operating. unlinked trip. total travel distance — see distance, linked trip. time, turnaround — see time, layover. time, unlinked trip — in planning, the time total travel time — see time, linked trip. duration of an unlinked trip, that is, one total vehicle capacity — see capacity, vehicle. made on a single vehicle. towing device — a carrier, fixed or time, wait — the time spent waiting for a detachable, used on surface lifts and tows to transit vehicle. pull passengers. Classification or description is by the device configuration and action of time, weighted — a measure of travel time the extension element (i.e., handle, button, J- where certain components (e.g., wait time) are factored upward, see also time, transfer. bar, T-bar, platter, etc.). track — l. An assembly of rails, supporting time, work — see time, platform. ties, and fastenings over which rail vehicles timed connection or transfer — see transfer, travel. 2. A linear cam or way that physically timed. guides (and usually supports) any matching timed transfer focal point — see hub. vehicle used for transportation. 3. The width timed transfer system — a transit network of a wheeled vehicle from wheel to wheel, consisting of one or more nodes (transit usually measured between the outsides of the centers) and routes or lines radiating from rims. 4. The distance between the centers of them. The system is designed so that transit the tread of parallel wheels, as of an vehicles on all or most of the routes or lines automobile. are scheduled to arrive at a transit center — see brake, track. simultaneously and depart a few minutes track cable — see cable, track. later; thus transfers among all the routes and lines involve virtually no waiting. Typically track car — see car, track. used in suburban areas and for night service track circuit — an electrical circuit that where headways are long. Transit centers makes use of both rails to detect train (also known as timed transfer focal points or occupancy of the track and, in response, to hubs) are ideally located at major activity actuate signals, train control devices, and centers, see also hub. grade crossing protective equipment. time-of-day fare — see fare, time-of-day. track crossing — see crossing, track. time-of-day pricing — see pricing, time-of- track, double — a section of rail right-of-way day. where two parallel tracks are provided (i.e., time point (timepoint) — a point on a line or four running rails). route for which the time that transit units track gauge — see gauge, track. (vehicles or trains) are scheduled to pass is track, passing — see siding. specified; usually, the leaving time is used. track, pocket — see pocket track. time window — a period of time before and track, side — see siding. after a scheduled demand-responsive trip trackless trolley— trolleybus, mainly East arrival in which the vehicle will arrive. If the Coast usage, see trolleybus. vehicle arrives within that window, it is considered “on time.” Time windows are track miles (track kilometers) — the sum of used because the unpredictability of traffic the one-way linear miles (kilometers) of all and the shared-ride nature of DRT service trackage in a system, including all main track make it difficult to predict the exact vehicle and trackage in yards, car barns, switches, arrival time. and turnouts. timetable — l. Usually refers to a printed track miles, revenue (revenue track schedule for the public. 2. A listing of the kilometers) — the number of miles times at which transit units (vehicles or (kilometers) of track used in passenger- trains) are due at specified time points; also carrying service. known as a schedule. 3. In railroad operations, track miles, service (service track the authority for the movement of regular kilometers) — the number of miles trains subject to the rules. It contains (kilometers) of track used exclusively in non- classified schedules with special instructions revenue service. for the movement of trains and locomotives. Glossary Page 8-44 Part 8/GLOSSARY

Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition

track separation — the distance between movements that seek to use the same space; track separation—transfer tracks. Significant in calculating terminal uses combinations of green, yellow, and red layover time at turnbacks and junctions. indications. track special work — see trackwork, special. trailer car — see car, trailer. track switch — see turnout. train — 1. Two or more transit vehicles track trip — a device that is located near the physically connected and operated as a unit; track and interconnected with the signal see also transit unit. 2. One or more system so that it triggers the emergency locomotives or self—propelled rail cars, with brakes of any train that passes when the or without other cars but with marker lights. signal is red. train, bad order — a train that is in need of trackless trolley— trolleybus, mainly East repair. Coast usage, see trolleybus. train, local — a train that stops at every trackwork — the rails, switches, frogs, station on the line; see also service, local. crossings, fastenings, pads, ties, and ballast train, push-pull — a locomotive and a set of or track-support slab over which rail cars are cars equipped with one or more cab cars operated. from which the locomotive can be controlled. trackwork, special (track special work) — all The train is either pulled and controlled from rails, track structures, and fittings, other than the locomotive in the conventional manner or plain unguarded track, that is neither curved pushed by the locomotive and controlled nor fabricated before laying. from the leading car. traction — 1. Colloquial term for all electric train berth — in rail operations, the space transit. 2. Grip of wheel on rail or on designated for a train of given length to road. occupy when it is stopped at a station platform, in a terminal, on a transfer track, or traction motor — see motor, traction. at some other designated place. traction interlock, traction safety interlock train control — see automatic train control — in rail transit, a series circuit of electrical switches at each door that prohibit a train system. from starting unless all passenger doors are train control system, manual — see control closed and locked. system, manual train. traction pole — pole, mast, or standard train control territory — the portion of a supporting electric overhead for streetcars railroad division or district that is equipped and trolleybuses, sometimes other electric with an automatic train control system. traction modes. train density — 1. The number of trains that traction sub-station — see electric sub-station. can be operated safely over a segment of railroad in each direction during a 24-hour tractive effort () — the force exerted by a locomotive or other powered period. 2. The average number of trains that pass over a specified section of railroad in a vehicle on its driving wheels. It is equal to the specified period. In rail transit, usually weight on the driving wheels times the coefficient of adhesion. expressed in trains per hour. trade union — see union. trainlined brake — see brake, continuous. traffic, annual average daily (AADT) — train operation — the way in which a train is operated, for example, automatic with daily traffic that is averaged over a calendar automatic overspeed control, or manual with or . either automatic or manual speed control, or traffic, annual average weekday (AAWDT) skip-stop. — daily traffic that is averaged over a train operation, automatic — see automatic calendar or fiscal year and that includes only weekdays (Mondays through Fridays). It train operation. may also exclude holidays. train operator — see operator, train. traffic, average daily (ADT) — the average train performance — see performance, train. number of vehicles that pass a specified point train protection, automatic — see automatic during a 24-hour period. train protection. traffic, mixed (mixed flow traffic) — traffic train separation — in a train signaling that contains different vehicle categories or system, the minimum distance between different modes. trains for a train to come to a complete stop, traffic, passenger — see passenger flow. with a suitable safety margin between it and the train ahead. traffic assignment — see trip assignment. train stop system, automatic — see automatic traffic checker — see checker. train stop system. traffic control device, grade crossing — see train supervision, automatic — see automatic grade crossing traffic control device. train supervision. traffic control system, centralized — see control system, centralized traffic. tram — see streetcar. traffic count — a record of the number of tramway — see transit system, streetcar. vehicles, people aboard vehicles, or both, that tramway, aerial — see aerial tramway. pass a given checkpoint during a given time transfer — l. A passenger’s change from one period. It may be classified by type of vehicle. transit unit (vehicle or train) or mode to See also count. another transit unit or mode. 2. A slip of traffic operations, mixed — see mixed traffic paper, card, or other instrument issued to operations. passengers (either free or with a transfer fee) that gives the right to change from one transit traffic signal — a traffic control device that allocates time among conflicting traffic unit or mode to another according to certain

Part 8/GLOSSARY Page 8-45 Glossary

Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition transfer, free—transit system, rules that may limit the direction of travel or possesses the authority to impose a property accessible the time in which the change may be made. . Transit agencies can directly operate transfer, free — a transfer that requires no transit service or contract out for all or part of additional payment. the total transit service provided. Such transfer, paid — a transfer that requires an political divisions may also be known as a transit agency or transit authority; see also additional payment (transfer fee), either at the time of purchase or at the time of boarding property. another transit unit (vehicle or train). transit facilities, exclusive — see exclusive transfer, paid area — a transfer in a transit facilities. controlled area, within which all patrons will Transit Fixed-Route Operations — National have paid a fare, that allows boarding of ITS Architecture Market Package that transit units (vehicles or trains) through all performs automatic driver assignment and doors, without fare inspection — most monitoring, as well as vehicle routing and notably in Toronto. scheduling for fixed-route services. transfer, timed — l. A transfer that is valid transit lane, exclusive or reserved — see lane, only for a specified time. 2. The scheduling of exclusive transit. intersecting transit routes so that they are Transit Maintenance — National ITS due to arrive at a transfer point Architecture Market Package that supports simultaneously, eliminating waiting time for automatic maintenance scheduling and transfer passengers; also known as a timed monitoring. connection. See also timed transfer system. — see street, transit. transfer center — see transit center. transit mode — see mode, transit. transfer facility, intermodal — see transit Transit Passenger and Fare Management — center. National ITS Architecture Market Package transfer fee — see definition of transfer, paid. that allows for the management of passenger transfer passenger — see passenger, transfer. loading and fare payments on-board vehicles transfer penalty — a time value representing using electronic means. The payment instrument may be either a stored value or additional disutility associated with transferring between transit routes or credit card. services beyond passenger-perceived transit performance measure — a differences in transfer and in-vehicle time. quantitative or qualitative factor used to evaluate a particular aspect of transit service. transfer surcharge — see transfer, paid. See quality of service. transfer time — see time, transfer. transit priority measures — a blanket term transit, mass or public — see public transit. for measures such as busways, queue jumpers, transit accessibility — see accessibility, transit. signal preemption, etc. that give transit transit agency or authority — see transit vehicles priority over other road users. district. Transit Security — National ITS Architecture transit bus — see bus, standard urban; and bus, Market Package that provides for the suburban transit. physical security of transit passengers. An transit car — see car, rail rapid transit. on-board security system is deployed to perform surveillance and warn of potentially transit center — a transit stop or station at hazardous situations. Public areas (e.g., stops, the meeting point of several routes or lines or park-and-ride lots, stations) are also of different modes of transportation. It is monitored. located on or off the street and is designed to handle the movement of transit units transit service measure — a quantitative (vehicles or trains) and the boarding, performance measure that best describes a alighting, and transferring of passengers particular aspect of transit service and between routes or lines (in which case it is represents the passenger’s point of view. See also known as a transfer center) or different quality of service. modes (also known as a modal interchange transit shelter — a building or other center, intermodal transfer facility or an hub). structure constructed at a transit stop. It may Transit Cooperative Research Program — a be designated by the mode offering service, major transit research program provided for for example, bus shelter. A transit shelter in the Intermodal Surface Transportation provides protection from the weather and Efficiency Act of 1991 and established by the may provide seating or schedule information Federal Transit Administration in 1992. The or both for the convenience of waiting program is administered by the passengers. Transportation Research Board on behalf of transit stop — see stop, transit. the Federal Transit Administration and the transit street — see street, transit. American Public Transportation Association. transit-supportive area — see area, transit- The program emphasizes the distribution of supportive. research information for practical use. transit system — the facilities, equipment, transit dependent — having to rely on transit personnel, and procedures needed to provide services instead of the private automobile to and maintain public transit service. meet one's travel needs; see also rider, captive; transit system, accessible — a transit system rider, captive transit; and transportation that can transport any mobile person, disadvantaged. including those who are physically disabled, transit district — a geographical or political and in which the vehicles and stops or division created specifically for the single stations are designed to accommodate purpose of providing transportation services. patrons who are confined to wheelchairs. It is a separate legal entity and usually

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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition

transit system, automated guideway South Shore & South Bend is the only transit system, AGT—transit system, (automated guideway transit, (AGT) — A remaining system. rail rapid transportation system in which automated, transit system, light rail (LRT) — as defined driverless vehicles operate on fixed by the TRB Subcommittee on Light Rail guideways with exclusive right-of-way. Transit, “a metropolitan electric railway transit system, bus rapid (bus rapid transit, system characterized by its ability to operate BRT) — an inexact term describing a bus single cars or short trains along exclusive operation providing service similar to rail rights-of-way at ground level, on aerial transit, at a lower cost. BRT systems are structures, in subways, or occasionally, in characterized by several of the following streets, and to board and discharge components: exclusive transitways, enhanced passengers at track or car floor level.” stations, easily identified vehicles, high- Automated systems sharing some frequency all-day service, simple route characteristics of heavy rail are often called structures, simplified fare collection, and ITS advanced light rail systems. See also transit technologies. Integrating these components is system, diesel light rail. intended to improve bus speed, reliability, transit system, light rail, dual-mode — light and identity. rail transit with operation extended over transit system, commuter rail — The portion railroad trackage that is shared with other of passenger railroad operations that carries trains. First examples in and passengers within urban areas, or between Saarbrucken, , with cars equipped urban areas and their suburbs, but differs to operate at 750 volts DC and 15,000 volts from rail rapid transit in that the passenger AC. cars generally are heavier, the average trip transit system, light rail rapid — A Buffalo- lengths are usually longer, there are few only designation referring to a subway standing passengers, and the operations are system with light rail type equipment and carried out over tracks that are part of the operation on a downtown mall. railroad system in the area. In some areas it is transit system, major activity center (MAC called regional rail. system) — a transit system that provides transit system, diesel light rail (DLR) — A service for short trips within small, densely rail transit system similar to light rail, but populated major activity centers, such as with trains drawing power from diesel shopping centers and downtown areas. engines, rather than from overhead electric transit system, monorail — a transit system wires, and often using freight tracks for a consisting of vehicles supported and guided portion of the route. DLR systems differ from by a single guideway (rail or beam), usually commuter rail in that the vehicles used are elevated. The basic types are supported or not FRA-compliant in terms of straddle, in which vehicles straddle the crashworthiness, and therefore must be guideway or are laterally supported by it; separated from freight operations in either and suspended, in which vehicles hang space (separate trackage) or time (freight directly below the guideway (symmetrical movements only allowed during times when monorail) or to one side of it (asymmetrical the DLR system is not operating). monorail). transit system, dual-mode — a broad transit system, personal rapid (PRT) — a category of systems wherein vehicles may be theoretical concept for an automated operated in both of two different types of guideway transit system that would operate operation or propulsion, for example, small units (two to six passengers) under manually steered and guided, on highways computer control over an elaborate system of and on guideways, or with diesel and electric guideways. Off-line stations would provide traction. demand-responsive service (except, perhaps, transit system, fixed guideway — 1. A during peak periods) with very short transportation system composed of vehicles headways with travel between origin and that can operate only on their own destination stations without stopping. Only guideways, which were constructed for that system with some of these features is in purpose. Examples are heavy rail, light rail, Morgantown, West . and monorail. 2. Federal usage of the term in transit system, pre-metro — a light rail funding legislation also includes bus priority transit system designed with provisions for lanes, exclusive right-of-way bus operations, easy conversion to heavy rail (rail rapid trolley coaches, and ferryboats as fixed transit). guideway transit. transit system, publicly owned — a transit transit system, group rapid (GRT) — an system owned by any municipality, county, automated guideway transit system that uses regional authority, state, or other medium-sized vehicles operating governmental agency, including a system automatically as single units or coupled operated or managed by a private company trains on exclusive rights-of-way with special under contract to the government agency guideways. The vehicles are usually rubber owner. tired and electrically propelled. The systems are sometimes referred to as people-mover transit system, rail — any of the family of systems but the preferred term is automated transit modes with rail technology, see guideway transit. adjacent listings. transit system, heavy rail — see transit transit system, rail rapid (heavy rail, rapid system, rail rapid. rail) — a transit system using trains of high- performance, electrically powered rail cars transit system, interurban — electric rail operating in exclusive rights-of-way, usually transit service between cities and towns, without grade crossings, with high platform often running on-street within towns. Once stations. The tracks may be in underground common in North America, the Chicago,

Part 8/GLOSSARY Page 8-47 Glossary

Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition transit system, rapid— , on elevated structures, in open cuts, transponder — electronic device designed to Transportation Study, at surface level, or any combination thereof. store information. Electronic readers access Nationwide Personal Some local terms used are elevated, the el, the the information stored on these devices for “L,” the rapid, the subway, metro, (for such functions as toll collection, trucking metropolitan railway), underground (British), activities, and transit signal priority. and U-Bahn (Untergrundbahn) and transport, conventional rail — see (German). (Note that Stadtbahn is distinct conventional rail transport. from S-Bahn, which is generally a commuter Transport Workers Union — see union, rail type operation.) transit. transit system, rapid — transit service which transportation, department of — see is operated completely separate from all organizations, department of transportation; and other modes of transportation. The term “rail U.S. Government, Department of Transportation. rapid transit” frequently refers both to operation of light rail transit vehicles over transportation, intercity — see intercity exclusive right-of-way and heavy rail transit transportation. vehicles; the term “bus rapid transit” refers to transportation, mass — see mass operation of motor buses over exclusive bus transportation. or busways. transportation, private — see private transit system, semi-metro — a light rail transportation. transit system that uses exclusive right-of- transportation, public — see public way for much of its length, usually at surface transportation. grade but occasionally in tunnels or on aerial transportation, purchased — see purchased structures. Also similar to transit system, pre- transportation. metro — built for later conversion to heavy rail. Particular to several European countries transportation, urban public — see urban and now little used. public transportation. transit system, shuttle — a transit system transportation demand management (TDM) that is characterized by a back-and-forth — the concept of managing or reducing operation, usually over a short distance. travel demand rather than increasing the supply of transportation facilities. It may transit system, streetcar (street railway, include programs to shift demand from tramway, trolley) — a street transit system single-occupant vehicles to other modes such consisting of electrically powered rail as transit and ridesharing, to shift demand to vehicles operating in single or multiple-unit, off-peak periods, or to eliminate demand for mostly on surface streets with mixed traffic. some trips. transit system availability — a measure of transportation disadvantaged (low-mobility the capability of a transit system to be used group) — people whose range of by potential passengers, including such transportation alternatives is limited, factors as the hours the system is in especially in the availability of relatively operation, route spacing, and accessibility to easy-to-use and inexpensive alternatives for persons with disabilities. trip making. Examples include the young, the Transit Traveler Information — National elderly, the poor, persons with disabilities, ITS Architecture Market Package that and those who do not have automobiles. See provides transit users at transit stops and on- also transit dependent; rider, captive; and rider, board transit vehicles with ready access to captive transit. transit information. The information services transportation facilities — see accessible include transit stop annunciation, imminent transportation facilities. arrival signs, and real-time transit schedule displays that are of general interest to transit transportation improvements, low—capital users. Systems that provide custom transit — see low-capital transportation improvements. trip itineraries and other tailored transit transportation interface — the point or information services are also represented by facility at which two or more modes of this market package. transportation meet or at which two or more transit union — see union, transit. transit system routes or lines meet. transit unit — one or more transit vehicles transportation modeling system, urban — coupled and operated together. The term see urban transportation modeling system. includes single vehicles (bus, rail, or other transportation planning process, urban — guideway) and multi-car trains (rail or other see urban transportation planning process. guideway). Transportation Research Board — see transit unit, bidirectional or double-ended organizations, Transportation Research Board. — see double-ended transit unit. Transportation Research Information Transit Vehicle Tracking — National ITS Services (TRIS) — a national network of Architecture Market Package that provides transportation research information services for an AVL system to track the transit developed by the Transportation Research vehicles’ real-time schedule adherence and Board. TRIS consists of the Air Transport updates the transit system’s schedule in real- Information Service, Highway Research time. Information Service, Maritime Research transitway — A dedicated right-of-way or Information Service, Railroad Research roadway used by transit vehicles (buses or Information Service, and Urban Mass trains). Sometimes used, as in , as a Transportation Research Information Service. synonym for busway. Transportation Study, Nationwide Personal transmission-based control system — see — see Nationwide Personal Transportation control system, moving block. Study.

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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition

transportation system — l. A system that paratransit services, and highway or road transportation system—trip, linked provides for the movement of people, goods, systems, including private vehicles and or both. 2. A coordinated system made up of pedestrians. one or several modes serving a common transportation system management (TSM) purpose, the movement of people, goods, or — that part of the urban transportation both. planning process undertaken to improve the transportation system, demand-actuated — efficiency of the existing transportation see transportation system, demand-responsive. system. The intent is to make better use of the transportation system, demand-responsive existing transportation system by using (demand-actuated transportation system, short-term, low-capital transportation demand-response transportation system) — improvements that generally cost less and passenger cars, vans or buses with fewer than can be implemented more quickly than other 25 seats operating in response to calls from system development actions. passengers or their agents to the transit trap — in railway cars, a manually raised and operator, who then dispatches a vehicle to lowered floor section that covers the steps at pick up the passengers and transport them to the ends of the car. When raised, the trap their destinations. A demand-responsive allows passengers to use the car steps at operation is characterized by the following: stations without high platforms. When (a) The vehicles do not operate over a fixed lowered, the trap provides nearly level route or on a fixed schedule except, perhaps, boarding at high platform stations, and keeps on a temporary basis to satisfy a special need; passengers out of the step area when the and (b) typically, the vehicle may be train is in motion. dispatched to pick up several passengers at Travel Demand Management — National different pick-up points before taking them ITS Program User Service that supports to their respective destinations and may even policies and regulations designed to mitigate be interrupted en route to these destinations the environmental and social impacts of to pick up other passengers. The following traffic congestion. See also Transportation types of operations fall under the above Demand Management. definitions provided they are not on a travel distance — see trip distance, linked. scheduled fixed-route basis: many origins– many destinations, many origins–one travel survey — see survey, travel. destination, one origin–many destinations, travel time, overall or total — see time, linked and one origin–one destination. trip. transportation system, dial-a-ride — a travel time difference — the door-to-door demand-responsive system in which curb-to- difference between automobile and transit curb transportation is provided to patrons travel times, including walking, waiting, and who request service by telephone, either on transfer times as applicable. A quality of an ad hoc or subscription basis. It is also service measure representing how much known as dial-a-bus when buses are the longer (or in some cases, shorter) a trip will vehicles used. take by transit. transportation system, fixed-route — service travel time factor — an empirically provided on a repetitive, fixed-schedule basis determined set of factors in which each factor along a specific route with vehicles stopping expresses the effect of one particular travel to pick up and deliver passengers to specific time increment of trip interchanges between locations; each fixed-route trip serves the zones. same origins and destinations, unlike travel time ratio — the ratio that compares demand response. Includes route deviation travel times between a pair of points via two service, where revenue vehicles deviate from different modes or facility types. fixed routes on a discretionary basis. Traveler Services Information — National transportation system, jitney — public ITS Program User Service that provides a transportation rendered in small or medium- business directory, or “yellow pages,” of sized vehicles that are licensed to render that service information. service at a fixed rate or fare for each treatment, edge — see edge treatment. passenger. The vehicles operate on fixed routes along public ways, from which they treatment, preferential — see preferential may deviate from time to time in response to treatment. a demand for service or to take passengers to trip — l. A one-way movement of a person or their destinations, thereafter returning to the vehicle between two points for a specific fixed route. The scheduling and organization purpose; sometimes called a one-way trip to of this type of system vary among distinguish it from a round trip. 2. In rail jurisdictions. It is used extensively in cities of operations, a mechanical lever or block signal developing countries that have inadequate that, when in the upright position, activates a transit service. See also service, jitney and train's emergency braking system. 3. The público. movement of a transit unit (vehicle or train) transportation system, non-fixed route — in one direction from the beginning of a route service not provided on a repetitive, fixed- to the end of it; also known as a run. schedule basis along a specific route to trip, inbound — a trip toward the central specific locations. Demand response is the urban area, into the central business district, only non-fixed-route mode. or to a timed transfer point or major activity transportation system, urban — the system center. of transportation elements (both private and trip, linked (linked journey, linked public) that provides for the movement of passenger trip) — a trip from the point of people and goods in an urban area. The origin to the final destination, regardless of components include transit systems, the number of modes or vehicles used.

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Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition trip, missed—turnout trip, missed — demand-responsive transit trip productions — in planning, the number trip that is scheduled and booked but for of trips, daily or for a specified time interval, which the transit vehicle does not show up. that are produced from and return to a given A measure of reliability. zone, generally the zone of residence. Trip trip, non-home-based — a trip that has productions can also be defined as the home neither its origin nor its destination at a end of home-based trips or the origin of non- residence. home-based trips. trip, one-way — see trip. trip purpose — the primary reason for trip, outbound — a trip away from the making a trip, for example, work, shopping, central urban area, out of the central business medical appointment, recreation. district, or away from a timed transfer point trip time — see time, linked trip and time, or major activity center. unlinked trip. trip, passenger — one passenger making a trolley — l. An apparatus, such as a grooved one-way trip from origin to destination. wheel or shoe, at the end of a pole, used for collecting electric current from an overhead trip, person — a trip made by a person by wire and transmitting it to a motor of a any mode or combination of modes for any streetcar, trolleybus, or similar vehicle, where purpose. it is used for traction and other purposes. 2. trip, round — the movement of a person or a Colloquial term for streetcar, and in some vehicle from a point of origin to a destination cities, trolleybus, vintage, and/or replica and then back to the same point of origin. streetcar (see bus, trolley replica). trip, track — see track trip. trolley bus — alternate spelling for trolleybus, trip, unlinked — 1. A trip made in a single the single word is recommended. vehicle. 2. The boarding of one transit vehicle trolleybus (electric trolleybus, trolley coach, in revenue service; also known as an unlinked trackless trolley) — an electrically propelled passenger trip. 3. Any segment of a linked trip. bus that obtains power via two trolley poles trip, vehicle — the one-way movement of a from a dual (positive and negative) overhead vehicle between two points. wire system along routes. It may be able to trip arm — see track trip. travel a limited distance using battery power trip assignment (flow distribution, traffic or an auxiliary internal combustion engine. assignment) — in planning, a process by The power-collecting apparatus is designed which trips, described by mode, purpose, to allow the bus to maneuver in mixed traffic origin, destination, and time of day, are over several lanes. allocated among the paths or routes in a trolleybus, articulated — see articulated bus network by one of a number of models; see or articulated trolleybus. also urban transportation modeling system. trolley car — see car, trolley. trip attraction — in transportation planning, trolley coach — see trolleybus. the non-home end of a home-based trip or trolley pole — 1. A swiveling spring-loaded the destination of a non-home-based trip. pole attached on the roof of a trolleybus or trip distance, linked (total travel distance) streetcar that holds a wheel or sliding shoe in — the distance traveled on a linked trip, that contact with the overhead conductor (which is, the distance from the point of origin to the usually takes the form of a thick wire), final destination, including the walking collects current from it, and transmits the distance at trip ends and at transfer points. current to the motor on the vehicle, for trip distance, unlinked — the distance example, a streetcar or trolleybus. 2. Inexact traveled on an unlinked trip, for example, a reference to traction pole or mast support trip on a single vehicle. trolleybus or streetcar overhead contact trip distribution — in planning, the process wiring. of estimating movement of trips between trolley replica bus — see bus, trolley replica. zones by using surveys or models; see also trolley shoe — see overhead contact shoe. urban transportation modeling system and trolley system — see transit system, streetcar. model, sequential. trolley wire — see contact wire. trip end — a trip origin or a trip destination. truck (, British usage) — in rail trip generation — in planning, the transportation, a rail vehicle component that determination or prediction of the number of consists of a frame, normally two axles, trips produced by and attracted to each zone; brakes, suspension, and other parts, which see also urban transportation modeling system supports the vehicle body and can swivel and model, sequential. under it on curves. A truck usually also trip generator — a land use from which trips contains traction motors. are produced, such as a dwelling unit, a turbine engine — see engine, turbine. store, a , or an office. turn, short — see turn back. tripper — 1. In transit operations, a short piece of work that cannot be incorporated turnaround time — see time, layover. into a full day’s run, usually scheduled turn back — l. In transit operations, to cut during peak hours. 2. In transit operations, a short a transit trip (to turn back before short work schedule for operators, usually 1- reaching the end of the route or line), usually 3 hours long; for example, during peak to get back on schedule or to meet peak periods. 3. On some transit properties, a short passenger demands; also known as a short run that is less than 8 hours long. 4. On some turn. 2. In rail operations, a point along a transit properties, a transit service that track at which a train may reverse direction. operates on only a portion of a route, usually turnout — 1. In rail transportation, the at peak hours. assembly of a switch and a frog with closure

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rails by which rolling stock or trains can United Transportation Union — see union, turnout, bus—U.S. Government, travel from a track onto either one of two transit. Department of Transportation diverging tracks; also known as a track switch. unlimited access — see access, unlimited. 2. A short side track or passage that enables unlinked passenger trip — see trip, unlinked. trains, automobiles, and similar vehicles to pass one another. 3. A short on a unlinked trip — see trip, unlinked. highway. unlinked trip distance — see trip distance, turnout, bus — see bus bay. unlinked. turnover, parking — see parking turnover. unlinked trip time — see time, unlinked trip. turnover point — a point along a transit urban ferryboat — see ferryboat, urban. route at which a large proportion of urban fringe — that part of an urbanized passengers leave and board a transit unit. area outside the central city or cities. turnstile — a mechanical device used to Urban Mass Transportation Act — see control and/or measure pedestrian entry or legislation, Urban Mass Transportation Act of exit from an area. It uses a bar that rotates out 1964. of the way when a pedestrian presses against Urban Mass Transportation Administration it. When used as a fare gate, the bars unlock — see U.S. Government, Federal Transit only after the correct fare has been paid. Administration. turnstile, fare-registering — see fare- Urban Mass Transportation Research registering fare gate. Information Service (UMTRIS) — a turntable — a circular, rotating mechanical computer-based information storage and device that allows a rail car to be turned in retrieval system developed by the place to change its direction of travel. It may Transportation Research Board under be motorized, or as in the case of San contract to the Federal Transit Francisco’s cable cars, require operators to Administration. It consists of summaries of physically push the car to turn it around. research projects in progress and abstracts of published works. See also Transportation Research Information Services. UA — urbanized area; see area, urbanized. urban place — a U.S. Bureau of the Census designated area (less than 50,000 population) UITP — see organizations, consisting of closely settled territory not International Union of Public populous enough to form an urbanized area. Transport. urban public transportation — UMTUA — Ur ban Mass Transportation transportation systems for intraurban or Administration; previous name for FTA, see intraregional travel, available for use by any U.S. Government, Federal Transit person who pays the established fare. It Administration. consists of transit and paratransit. UMTRIS — Urban Mass Transportation urban rail car — see car, urban rail. Research Information Service. urban transit bus — see bus, standard urban. U.S. DOT — U.S. Department of Transportation; see U.S. Government, urban transportation system — see Department of Transportation. transportation system, urban. UTU — United Transportation Union; see urbanized area — see area, urbanized. union, transit. U.S. Department of Transportation — see UZA — used by some to indicate an U.S. Government, Department of Transportation. urbanized area, although the Bureau of the user information (service information) — Census uses UA; see area, urbanized. information on fares, stopping places, underground — see transit system, rail rapid. schedules, and other aspects of service essential to the efficient use of public transit. unidirectional car — see car, unidirectional. The term also refers to devices employed to uninterrupted flow — transit vehicles convey such information, including bus stop moving along a roadway or track without signs, timetable brochures or books, stopping. This term is most applicable to telephone inquiries, and computerized user- transit service on freeways or on its own interactive systems. right-of-way. User Services — services available to users of union, transit — one of the many unions ITS (drivers, passengers, system operators) as representing various segments of the transit set forth by ITS America. industry’s work force. Three major ones in U.S. Government, Amtrak — see U.S. the United States and Canada are the Government, National Railroad Passenger Amalgamated Transit Union (ATU), the Corporation. Transport Workers Union (TWU), and the United Transportation Union (UTU). Their U.S. Government, Department of Energy membership is limited to operators, (DOE) — a cabinet-level federal agency mechanics, and other non-supervisory whose responsibilities include improving the employees. A non-affiliated Independent energy efficiency of transportation. Canadian Transit Union has raided older U.S. Government, Department of Health, unions and represents some transit systems Education, and Welfare (HEW) — a cabinet- in Canada, the largest being BC Transit. level federal agency that provides funds for unit, basic operating — see basic operating many specialized transportation services in unit. urbanized and rural areas as part of its social service programs. unit, transit — see transit unit. U.S. Government, Department of United States Government — see U.S. Transportation (DOT) — a cabinet-level Government.

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U.S. Government, Federal federal agency responsible for the planning, modified van is a standard van which has Highway Administration— safety, and system and technology undergone some structural changes, usually vehicle location system development of national transportation, made to increase its size and particularly its including highways, mass transit, aircraft, height. The seating capacity of modified vans and . is approximately 9 to 18 passengers. U.S. Government, Federal Highway van, subscription — see service, subscription Administration (FHWA) — a component of van. the U.S. Department of Transportation, vanpool — vans and/or buses seating less established to ensure development of an than 25 persons operating as a voluntary effective national road and highway commuter ride sharing arrangement, which transportation system. It assists states in provides transportation to a group of constructing highways and roads and individuals traveling directly between their provides financial aid at the local level, homes and their regular places of work including joint administration with the within the same geographical area. The vans Federal Transit Administration of the 49 USC should have a seating capacity greater than Section 5311 (formerly Section 18 of the seven persons, including the driver. It is a Federal Transit Act) program. mass transit service operated by a public U.S. Government, Federal Railroad entity, or in which a public entity owns, Administration (FRA) — an agency of the purchases, or leases the vehicles. Other forms U.S. government, established in 1966 as part of public participation to encourage of the U.S. Department of Transportation. It ridesharing arrangements such as the coordinates government activities that are provision of parking spaces, utilization of related to the railroad industry. high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, and U.S. Government, Federal Transit coordination or clearing house service, do not Administration (FTA) — a component of the necessarily qualify as public vanpools. U.S. Department of Transportation, delegated vehicle, accessible — public transportation by the Secretary of Transportation to revenue vehicles which do not restrict access, administer the federal transit program under are usable, and provide allocated space Chapter 53 of Title 49, United States Code and/or priority seating for individuals who and various other statutes. Formerly known use wheelchairs. as the Urban Mass Transportation vehicle, active — the vehicles that are Administration. available to operate in revenue service, U.S. Government, National Railroad including vehicles temporarily out of service Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) — an for routine maintenance and minor repairs. agency created by Congress in 1970 to vehicle, articulated rail — see articulated rail operate the national railroad passenger vehicle. system. It also operates commuter rail service vehicle, dual-mode — a vehicle that operates under contract, usually to metropolitan both manually on public streets and transit agencies. automatically on an automated guideway. U.S. Government, National Transportation May also be used to describe vehicles with Safety Board (NTSB) — an independent more than one source of power; for example, agency of the federal government whose a bus that can be propelled by a responsibilities include investigating or an electric motor. transportation accidents and conducting vehicle, high-occupancy (HOV) — any studies, and making recommendations on passenger vehicle that meets or exceeds a transportation safety measures and practices certain predetermined minimum number of to government agencies, the transportation passengers, for example, more than two or industry, and others. three people per automobile. Buses, carpools, U.S. Government, Urban Mass and vanpools are HOV vehicles. Transportation Administration (UMTA) — vehicle, light rail — see car, light rail. former name of the Federal Transit Administration; see U.S. Government, Federal vehicle, public service — a vehicle used for Transit Administration. public passenger transport. utilization coefficient — see load factor. vehicle, revenue — a vehicle used to provide passenger transit service for which remuneration is normally required. It is VKT — vehicle kilometers of distinct from non-revenue equipment, which travel; see vehicle miles of travel. is used to build or maintain facilities, provide VMT — vehicle miles of travel. supervision, and so on. validation — the marking of a vehicle, single-occupant (SOV) — a vehicle ticket, pass, or transfer for the occupied by the driver only. Vpurpose of verifying its legitimate use for vehicle capacity — see capacity, vehicle. paid travel, usually giving time and place of vehicle hours — The hours a vehicle travels marking. while in revenue service (vehicle revenue validator — component of ticket vending hours) plus deadhead hours. For rail machine or separate machine that stamps vehicles, vehicle hours refer to passenger car date, time, and sometimes location on pre- hours. Vehicle hours exclude hours for purchased ticket or pass to validate or cancel charter services, school bus service, operator same. training and maintenance testing. value, default — see default value. vehicle layover — see time, layover. van — vehicles having a typical seating vehicle location system — see automatic capacity of 5 to 15 passengers and classified vehicle location system. as a van by vehicle manufacturers. A

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vehicle miles (or kilometers) — the miles a volume, design hourly — see design hourly vehicle miles— vehicle travels while in revenue service volume. (vehicle revenue miles plus deadhead miles). volume, line — see passenger volume. For rail vehicles, vehicle miles refer to volume, link — see link volume. passenger car miles. Vehicle miles exclude miles for charter services, school bus service, volume, passenger — see passenger volume. operator training and maintenance testing. volume, service — see service volume. vehicle miles, revenue — see revenue vehicle miles. wait assessment — A vehicle miles of travel (VMT; vehicle measure of headway kilometers of travel, VKT) — l. On regularity. Defined as the highways, a measurement of the total miles percentage of transit vehicle (kilometers) traveled by all vehicles in the arrivals where the actual area for a specified time period. It is hWeadway exceed s the scheduled headway by calculated by the number of vehicles times more than 3 minutes. the miles (kilometers) traveled in a given area wait time — see time, wait. or on a given highway during the time walkway, moving — see moving walkway. period. 2. In transit, the number of vehicle miles (kilometers) operated on a given route walk distance — see distance, walk. or line or network during a specified time walking distance — see distance, walking. period. wake — wave motion that is left behind the vehicle occupancy — the number of people path of a moving vessel. aboard a vehicle at a given time; also known water sheet — the horizontal surface area of as auto or automobile occupancy when the the water available for maneuvering and reference is to automobile travel only. docking or mooring at a shore facility. vehicle signal-actuating device — a device — 1. A ferry system in which small to control traffic signals that is activated by watercraft serve short cross-waterway or vehicles. waterway circulation routes. 2. Ferry service vehicle staging lot — see staging lot, vehicle. providing personal, demand-responsive vehicle trip — see trip, vehicle. service over water, similar to a taxi. 3. The type of small watercraft used by water taxi velocity (speed) — the distance passed per systems. unit of time, or the rate of change in location relative to time. For transportation vehicles, it way, bicycle — see bicycle route. is usually measured in miles (kilometers) per way, public — see public way. hour. wayside — along the right-of-way, usually of velocity, cruise (cruise speed) — the forward rail system. velocity that a vehicle maintains when it is wayside control system — see control system, neither accelerating nor decelerating. It is wayside. usually less than maximum design speed but wayside lift — see wheelchair lift. can be equal to it. wayside signal — see signal, wayside. velocity, effective (average speed) — 1. The average velocity at which a vehicle travels. weighted time — see time, weighted. For transit vehicles, it includes dwell times at welded rail — see rail, welded. stops or stations, acceleration, and wheelchair lift — a device used to raise and deceleration. 2. Vehicle miles divided by lower a platform that facilitates transit vehicle hours. vehicle accessibility for wheelchair users and velocity, maximum theoretical — the highest other persons with disabilities. Wheelchair theoretical velocity that a vehicle is lifts may be attached to or built into a transit physically capable of achieving, usually vehicle or may be located on the station specified on level, tangent road or track with platform (wayside lifts). full service load. wheel flange — in rail systems, a projecting viaduct — see aerial structure. edge or rim on the circumference of a steel vintage streetcar — see streetcar, heritage. wheel that is designed to keep the wheel on a rail. vintage trolley — see streetcar, heritage. wheels, driving — see driving wheels. voltage, high — in rail transportation, the prime propulsion power voltage supplied by wide gauge — see gauge, broad. an overhead wire or third rail, usually 550, windscreen card — a printed or handwritten 650, 750, 1,000, 1,500 and 3,000 volts DC; and card usually placed in the bottom of the curb- 11,000, 15,000, and 25,000 volts AC. side windscreen to denote a destination or voltage, low — in rail transportation, the service information such as “via…”, express, voltage used for most auxiliary systems (e.g., limited stop, short turn, and so forth. Often illumination, fans, public address systems), used when the destination blind does not usually 24 or 72 volts direct current or 110 to contain the desired destination or to display a 240 volts alternating current. secondary destination or route deviation. voltage drop — the decrease in voltage in a wire, contact or trolley — see contact wire. current-carrying conductor. workshop (shop) — section of yard, depot, volume — in transportation, the number of maintenance and storage facility, or garage units (passengers or vehicles) that pass a where maintenance is carried out on vehicles. point on a transportation facility during a wye — a triangular rail junction to turn trains specified interval of time, usually 1 hour; see or streetcars around without the need for a also flow rate. loop.

Part 8/GLOSSARY Page 8-53 Glossary

Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition yard—zone or zoned fare yard — 1. In rail systems, a facility within defined limits that has a system of tracks used for making up trains, storing rail cars, and other purposes. 2. In tYransit syst ems, an open storage lot for light rail vehicles, streetcars, electric trolley buses, and motor buses. yard limits — a slow-speed area on main railroad tracks that often extends 5-10 miles (8-16 km) from either end of a yard. For transit operations, this distance is much shorter: it is usually confined to the yard itself or to a short lead, usually less than 1 mile (1.6 km) in length. Yellow Pages and Reservation — National ITS Architecture Market Package that enhances the Interactive Traveler Information package by making infrastructure-provided yellow pages and reservation services available to the user.

zone, auto-free — see auto-free zone. zone, auto-restricted — see auto- restricted zone. Z zone, layover — see layover zone. zone accessibility — see accessibility, zone. zone or zoned fare — see fare, zone.

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LIST OF SYMBOLS This portion of the glossary lists all of the symbols used in equations in the Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual and their units. The symbol descriptions given below may be abridged versions of the descriptions given in the text, particularly where a symbol is used in multiple equations.

a...... initial service acceleration rate, ft/s2 or m/s2 2 2 ag...... acceleration due to gravity, ft/s or m/s Ad ...... number of disembarking autos, AEUs Ae...... number of embarking autos, AEUs B ...... bus facility vehicle capacity, bus/h b...... separation safety factor—surrogate for blocks Bl ...... loading area bus capacity, bus/h Bp ...... maximum bus capacity of critical bus stop in pattern, bus/h Bs ...... bus stop vehicle capacity, bus/h Bs,min ...... minimum bus stop capacity along a bus facility, bus/h B1…Bn...... vehicle capacities of a set of routes in a skip-stop pattern, bus/h c...... capacity of a lane, veh/h cr ...... right-turn capacity, veh/h cv...... coefficient of variation of dwell times cv...... coefficient of variation of embarking and disembarking times cvh ...... coefficient of variation of headways C...... cycle length, s Cc ...... car capacity, peak 15 minutes, p/car Cc ...... carrier capacity, p/carrier Cd...... disembarking capacity at the constraining point, p/min Ce ...... embarking capacity at the constraining point, p/min Cg...... gangway capacity, p/min/channel Ch...... cars operated per hour, car/h Cmax...... longest cycle length in line’s on-street section, s Cw ...... capacity of the waiting area exit, p/min/channel Cx...... capacity of the walkway exit, p/min/channel d...... service deceleration rate, ft/s2 or m/s2 d1 ...... distance for one-block stop pattern, ft or m d2 ...... distance for multiple-block stop pattern, ft or m dc...... average carrier/train/car spacing on the line, ft/carrier or m/carrier deb ...... distance from front of stopped train to start of station exit block, ft or m dec...... delay exceeding 30 s, s dp ...... average pedestrian delay, s 2 2 ds...... deceleration rate, ft/s or m/s dts...... track separation, ft or m dx ...... distance from cross-over to platform, ft or m D ...... pedestrian density, p/ft2 or p/m2 Dn ...... number of doorways

Dw...... doorway width, ft or m f ...... bus (vessel) frequency, bus/h or vessels/h fa ...... arrival type adjustment factor for the ability to fully utilize the bus stops in a skip-stop operation fb ...... bus-bus interference adjustment factor fbr ...... braking safety factor feff ...... effective frequency, bus/h fg ...... grade factor

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fi...... adjacent lane impedance factor fk ...... skip-stop capacity adjustment factor fl...... bus stop location factor fm ...... mixed traffic adjustment factor fmin ...... minimum frequency to accommodate peak-15-minute passenger demand without overcrowding bus, bus/h fp ...... bus-passing activity factor fpop...... population factor fpx ...... pedestrian crossing factor fr ...... right-turn adjustment factor fs ...... stop pattern adjustment factor fsa ...... switch angle factor fsc ...... street connectivity factor g...... effective green time for vehicle or pedestrian signals, s g/C ...... ratio of effective green time to total traffic signal cycle length Gi ...... grade into station, percent Go...... grade out of station, percent h...... train headway, s hgs ...... minimum grade-separated headway, s hj ...... limiting headway at junctions, s hl ...... line headway, s hlr ...... minimum light rail headway, s hos ...... minimum on-street train headway, s hst...... minimum single-track headway, s hv ...... vehicle headway, s/auto lv ...... line voltage as a percentage of specification L ...... (longest) train length, ft or m La ...... articulation length for light rail, ft or m Lc ...... vehicle interior length, ft or m Ll...... line length, ft or m Lp ...... platform length, ft or m Lr ...... distance between the gangway and front of vehicle staging area, ft or m Lst...... length of single-track section, ft or m Lt ...... train length, ft or m Lw...... walkway length, ft or m Lx ...... crossing distance for pedestrians, ft or m M...... pedestrian space, ft2/p or m2/p N ...... seating arrangement constant Nb ...... number of berths at dock Nc ...... number of cars per train Nca ...... number of channels for autos Nce ...... number of channels at the walkway exit Ncg ...... number of gangway channels Ncw...... number of channels exiting the waiting area Nel...... number of effective loading areas Nf...... number of fare collectors Np ...... number of buses making the maneuver from the curb lane to the adjacent lane Ns ...... number of stops per direction Nss ...... number of alternating skip-stops in pattern Nst...... number of stations on single-track section Nv ...... number of vehicles

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P ...... person capacity, p/h P ...... person (auto) capacity on the route’s maximum load section, p/h or autos/h P15...... passenger volume during the peak 15 minutes, p Pa ...... alighting passengers through the busiest door during the peak period, p/bus Pb ...... boarding passengers through the busiest door during the peak period, p/bus Pc ...... maximum design load per car, p/car Pc ...... maximum schedule load per car, p/car Pd ...... disembarking passenger volume, p Pe ...... embarking passenger volume, p Pe ...... positioning error, ft or m Ph ...... passenger volume during the peak hour, p Pi ...... number of people involved in activity i Pl ...... average load per late bus during the peak 15 minutes, p/bus Pm ...... linear passenger loading level, p/ft or p/m Pmax...... maximum schedule load per bus, p/bus PHF...... peak hour factor r...... transit stop service radius, mi or m r0...... ideal transit stop service radius, mi or m s...... standard deviation of dwell times S ...... speed, ft/min or m/min 2 2 Sa ...... area of single seat, ft or m Sb ...... single setback allowance, ft or m 2 2 Savail ...... space available within the area analyzed, ft or m 2 2 Si...... space required for activity i, ft or m Sm ...... speed margin Smb ...... moving-block safety distance, ft or m Sp ...... walking speed, ft/s or m/s 2 2 Ssp ...... space per standing passenger, ft or m St ...... travel speed, mph or km/h Sw...... seat pitch, ft or m ta ...... passenger alighting time, s/p tb ...... passenger boarding time, s/p tbr ...... brake system reaction time, s tc ...... clearance time, s tcg ...... pedestrian critical gap, s tcs ...... train control separation, s td ...... dwell time, s ted ...... total embarking and disembarking time, s/vessel tf ...... fare collection time, s/p ti ...... dwell time value that will not be exceeded more often than the desired failure rate, s tjl...... time lost to braking jerk limitation, s tl ...... bus running time losses, min/mi or min/km tl ...... terminal layover time, s toc ...... door opening and closing time, s

tom ...... operating margin, s

tos ...... time for overspeed governor to operate, s

tps ...... pedestrian start-up and end clearance time, s tr ...... base bus running time, min/mi or min/km ts ...... switch throw and lock time, s tst ...... time to cover single-track section, s

Part 8/GLOSSARY Page 8-57 List of Symbols

Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual—2nd Edition

tv ...... vessel service time, s/vessel T ...... line capacity, train/h or carrier/h or car/h Tavail ...... time available as defined for the analysis period, s Ti ...... time required for activity i, s 2 2 TSavail ...... time-space available, ft -s or m -s 2 2 TSreq...... time-space required, ft -s or m -s ...... pedestrian flow rate, p/ft/min or p/m/min v...... traffic volume in a lane, veh/h v...... vehicular flow rate, veh/s va ...... station approach speed, ft/s or m/s vb ...... bus volume in the bus lane, bus/h vd ...... disembarking passenger speed on walkway, ft/min or m/min ve...... embarking passenger speed on walkway, ft/min or m/min vl ...... line speed, ft/s or m/s vl ...... line speed, mph or km/h v ...... maximum line speed, ft/s or m/s max v ...... bus volume in pattern, bus/h p vr...... right-turn volume, veh/h vv ...... vehicle entering/exiting speed, ft/s or m/s V...... dock vessel capacity, vessels/h

Vb ...... vessel capacity of the berth, vessels/h

Vbi...... vessel capacity of berth i, vessels/h

Vc...... passenger (auto) capacity of the vessel, p/vessel or autos/vessel Wc...... vehicle interior width, ft or m Ws...... width, ft or m Z...... standard normal variable corresponding to a desired failure rate

List of Symbols Page 8-58 Part 8/GLOSSARY