The Ruins of Palmyra Otherwise Tedmor in The

‘ T H E

P U B L I S H E R

T O T H E

R E A D E R .

S the a e t t t u t i t m a not princip l m ri of works of his kind is r h, y e be amifs to e x . to t l an a t th a e A pr ﬁ his, uch ccoun of m nn r in which i t w as e ta e and e e te as l e the an o und r k n, x cu d, wi l giv publick p ortun it at e t it deferves p y of judging wh cr di .

Two gentlemen whore cu rioﬁty had carried them more th a n once to ' the t e t a t a to ta thou ht that a a e e con in n , p r icul rly I ly, g , voy g , prop rly con d u éled to the lt e a a e a e a t t the ali the M e , mo r m rk bl pl c s of n iqui y, on co of diterranean t e amu fem ent and e e t to themfelves , migh produc improv m n , as We l as e a a ta e to the l fom dv n g publick.

I had a ea ee t the a e t e te e to v ili t t e m e As lr dy f n mol of pl c s h y in nd d , h y did the at to m e t e t t h at ea a nd I honour of communic ing h ir hough s upon h d, i t eat l afure e o b a eea e a a t w h gr p e accept d their kind invitation t e of fo gr bl p r y .

The e e -I had tho fe e t e e ffe e t t t knowl dg of g n l m n, in di r n ours hrough F a e and ta ro mifed a ll the fuccefs w e th fuch a a e r nc I ly, p could wi from voy g ; t e fi riél friendfli i o ne a t e t e e a t t e and t he h ir p for no h r, h ir lov of n iqui i s fi e a t and t e e e acc ufi omed feveral ea to t a e n r s, h ir b ing w ll for y rs r v lling , ’ e e c ircum ftances e re uili te to fcheme bu t a e to b e m et w r v ry q our , r r ly t two erfo ns t talte and leifure fuch e e are wi h in p , who wi h for nquiri s, e a t to the ex ence and at e t e qu l bo h p f igu of h m.

It w as a ee t at a o t erfon ta w hofe a t e as an a gr d h f ur h p in I ly , bili i s rchi teél: and d raftfm an we e be abfolu tel necefrar e e a t t . w r acqu in d wi h, would y y \Ve a The a te to and ﬁ e him the a e. ccordingly wro him , x d for voy g dr wings h e a e a e e all thofe have feen t e t at w e n ot m d , h v convinc d who h m , h could a e e e an e ﬁ t u r o fe h v mploy d y body mor for our p p .

R e was a te a e e e e e a i aire om ppoin d for our pl c of r nd zvous, wh r h v ng p d th e te t et e we e e to ee to Na e and t e e to e a win r og h r, w r proc d pl s, h r mb rk the f ri n a a lhi e and tte ou t t in p g on bo rd p hir d for us in London, ﬁ d wi h e e t we t be ufeful t s we e e w t v ry hing could hink might . All hi p rform d i h out e at a a ex e t a few a t a e e ac d vi ing from our origin l pl n , c p in p r icul rs, wh r cidents i t was im te at eceffar oﬂi ble to forefee a e o e a n . p , m d f m l r ions y

W e aﬂed the te t et e at R e and e e m olt t at t e p win r og h r om , mploy d of h im i n refrelhmg our m e mories with regard to the a n tie nt hiﬂ o ry and geography I the t i e we ro o o e of coun r s p p fed t fe .

W e m et fli i at a e he f r n She t a our p N pl s in t p i g. brough from London a t e s conlifl in c hiefl r of a l the ee hiltoria ns and e libr ry, g v l Gr k po s , fom book a t t e and the b e t v a e te at at e at a in ltru m en ts of n iqui i s, l oy g wri rs, wh m h m ic l a w e R E A D E R T O T H E . we t neceflar and fu ch t as t be e refe nts the though y, hings migh prop r p for Tur kit rand ees ot e to the cou rfe a e we fli o u ld be e , or h rs, whom , in ofourvoy g , oblig d elv s to addrefs our f e .

i te m ofl the iﬂ ands the e a a t ee e W e vil d of of Archip l go, p r of Gr c in Europe th e liatick and ea coalts the Hellef o nt t and Bof horu s A Europ n of p , Propon is p , as far as the B a - fea m o lt the a a ts a a Phte l ck , of inl nd p r of Ali Minor, Syri , ni ’ i Paleltine t c a and . , Egyp

The a t e w e e t th rou h furnilh t e te ta v rious coun ri s w n g , , nodoub , much n r inm ent ffe e t t Bu t e e we m t ea u s a e fu m e a te ofdi r n for s. how v r igh ch of h v f vouri cu ‘ riofi t to e at e a e reatelt atte t was at e t e a t e t y indulg , wh ng g d our g n ion r h r h ir n i n t a refent ﬂ a h n p te.

It is im po ﬂible to confi der with indifference tho fe countries which gave bir th to ette s and a t e e fo ldie s at hilo fo hers et and a rtifts a e l r r s, wh r r , or ors , p p , po s h v fhew n the boldelt a nd ha iell ﬂ ts en an d e the reateft pp igh of g ius, don g honour to a at hum n n ure.

’ Ci rcu m ltances ate and fi tu atio n o therw ife t a e e interefli n ofclim , rivi l , b com g t at e t t eat m en and eat aélio ns hifto r and et from h conn c ion wi h gr , gr , which y po ry h ave given them : The life ofMil tiades or Leonidas could never be read with fo leafu re as the a M a at at the ﬁ rei h ts Thermo much p , on pl insof r hon or g of py lae the lliad has new ea t e the a the Scam and er a nd the Od ffe ; b u i s on b nks of , y y i s mofl leali n the t e e e Ul ffes t a e e and e p g in coun ri s wh r y r v ll d Hom r fung.

The a t a leafu re it is t e w an a at n a e the f ot p r icul r p , ru , hich im gin io w rm d upon p e e e thofe fcenes hero ick a élio n s the t a e e can ee r c iv s from of , r v ll r only f l , nor is it to be m ate efc ri tio n But c laﬂical n ot a e co munic d by d p . ground only m k s us a a relilh the et hillo ria n e bu t fo m etim es e to e - {la lw ys po , or mor , h lps us und r nd t e ette e e w e t t the refent a e the t was t he h m b r. W h r hough p f c of coun ry belt e t an a t e t a t we a e d ra ftfni a n ta e a e m a e comm n on n i n u hor , m d our k vi w, or k a a it t t ta e t w e e ten e to et a e a . e e r an pl n of This for of n r inm n x d d po ic l g og phy, d f ent a t t t eat leafure i n a a a the Scam a ndrian a p for nigh wi h gr p , m king m pof pl in, w t e a i h Hom r in our h nds.

lnfc w a and a e t ri tions w e e as t e e , o e a e p copi d h y f ll in our y c rri d _ h m rbl s whenever it w as po llib le ; for the avarice or fu perﬁ ition of the inh abitants made t at ta t d o et a e h sk difﬁcul an f m im cs impr cticabl .

The O t t w e had an m anu fc ri ts was am the only ppor uni y ofprocuring y p , ong M a ronite churches of Syria an d though thofe w e m et with in Greek w ere very tt e intereﬁ in e t e as to t e fu b etfl a a e et it d id n ot difcou ra e li l g, i h r h ir j or l ngu g , y g m u rcha li n feveral a and Arabic k the am e a e as w e fe us fro p g in Syri c , in f pl c s , cho at e to e a eat m a bad t s t a the s ea an r h r bring hom gr ny hing ; h n run ri k ofl ving y t i n lan ua es w e no t u n erfl d d an . hing curious i g g did

Architeélu re took up our chief attenti on ; a n d in this enqu iry our e xpecta t e e e fatis ti ed e t a t art ll be fe nli ble t at the ions w r mor fully . All lov rs of h mu h m eafu res the a t e t R e M o n lieu r Def o dtez a e ee of n i n buildings of om , by g , h v b n of the greatefl ufe : \Ve ima gined that by attem pting to follow th e fame method n thofe t e e e a te t e had i ts at eali a r e at the i coun ri s wh r rchi c ur origin, or l r iv d i hefl e ee t a e tta e w f rvice h e e i t h s e a e t e . g d gr of p rf c ion v r in d, migh do ’ T O T HE R ELA D E R.

' ' w ch e th t ve t at w e vifi ted m oﬂ: the a esin i a It as i ﬂy wi his i w, h of pl c Al Mi nor e e w e e e t an e a i a a e we fel , wh r could xp c y r m ins of bu ldings of good g ; " e o n to e et the t e we e e at t urfu it a t la i n dom had r af r gr roubl w r in his p , p r icu rly n a a Few e e fo c om l a tl fu c h as not to referve a a a d . , Lydi , Ioni C ri ruins w r p e y p ve r a a e a e t ef eciall as w e had i e o u rfelves t t y v lu bl fr gm n s, p y prov d d wi h ools for d an d fo me tim es e e the eafants i n t at w a feveral a to igging . mploy d p h y, for d ys, u r ofe good p p .

The e am e the t ee ee e a te t e whic h we met t x pl s of hr Gr k ord rs in rchi c ur , wi h, ‘ ' t furnilh a t e a e hiftor the e and ro refs t at art at leall the migh ol r bl y of rif p g of h ,

“ ‘ the t e e e to t at Diocleli an e a e it e e t . W ch ng s und rw n , from im of P ricl s h of t t i t be e e to e a a ﬁ rlt as t at a t a t the hough would pr p r giv P lmyr , h p r bou which urio ﬁt the feems lt relli n the fuccefs t eet g y of publick mo p g ; which his work m s, w t the t ell ill d etermine he fate of .

' w as fc heme ari d fu ch the manner in we a e it t raétic e Such our , which c rri d in o p , i n f i ht e difcou ra in fi t e i nfe arable an u e ta p g of fom g g dif cul i s , p from nd r king of t i and t at e tt ou t we e a e t eat fa h s kind hough , our f ing knowingly ng g d wi h gr t e ex ence and a e e t the e i t a e anfw ered igu , p d ng r, y , upon whol , would h v our e x eélatio ns as to leafure as e as t had not ha inefs ee te p p , w ll profi , our pp b n in r ’ ru pted by the mol t a fleéling misfortune which could pofl i bly have happe n ed to eat BO U V R al t tt e fociet e I fa t w as the . l re our li l y ; wh n y , his d h of Mr E I E , ho had the leafure w t at e t e a fi t fi tuation at t at who p ofkno ing h g n l m n, mu pi y our h t i e m .

Beli des thofe t e the s w e e et t all vir u s, lof of which r gr in common wi h his f i e he had a t e a t a e a a te to the a t he e t r nds, qu li i s p r icul rly w ll d p d p r bor in his ‘ voyage ; the great o bjecls ofhis private entertainm ent were almofl e ve ry thing w e t the e i tu he had a e fuch k w hich com s wi hin circl ofV r , in which cquir d no le e feveral ournies to R e t at thofe atte had au dg , by j om , h his opinion in m rs thori ty among the connoiffeu rs of that country ; and indeed his collection ofdraw ’ ’ e a i ntali o s and a e a e e co nlider ings, m d ls, g c m o s, (which would h v grown v ry a e ha he ar the c orrec tnefs taile bl d lived) e proofs of of his .

How much the lofs of fuch a perfon mull h ave broke in upon the fpi ri t of a t a eali l b e u ofed H d he lived to a e ee a a we ﬂi ou m f . a ld our p r y, y y pp h v f n P lmyr , n o t a e lefs occ a fi o n to be e e fu ch a a e as ma be doub , h v g indulg nc for in ccur ci s y the i found in follow ng work .

An a e t fo h dillrelli n a e e t e difconcerted had it not ccid n ighly g would h v n ir ly us, been for the uncommon activity a nd refolutio n ofour furviving friend ; and i n ee if an t a e et t at BOUV ERI E w as ea i t w as d d, y hing could m k us forg h Mr . d d, t at Mr AW w a D K r s . h . Ns living

If the following fpecimen of our joint labours fhou ld i n any degree fatisfy curiofi t and refcu e the a e e a a it publick y, from oblivion m gniﬁc nc of P lmyr , is

m ea w t th t the W e we e m leafed to ﬁ nd t at me I n i h e addi ion of ancient buildingsof the us at Rome. r uch p h fo of tt a w m a e a t ou r ect fo r the w the m o lt ea t w r the a t e t: w e e to be referved A ic , hich k no p r of coll ion , follo b u iful o ks of n i n r p

fon . W e w a t e t rea e a e t e we M r. T EW erfons fo m m e e a to th ak and t e e e ing h n rriv d A h ns , found S by p uch or qu l l , h r for did ' ART an d M r. s z r two En li fh a te fuccefs fu ll em m re at t e t a fati s f o u r ow n c urioﬁ t ea it , g p in rs, y no o A h ns h n y y ; l ving

e ta meafu res a ll the a tect e t ere and to M r. 8 1 z w a RT and M r. Ra e r to fati s f t at the ploy d in king of rchi ur h , v y h of m a aw a th w W h e t e m a m ee w ll e has re e w t a e to . e o t t t at e a eme t king dr ings of li fs, i h vi pub publick P h y y i h h ncour g n lilh t em a n to a fchem e h e had mm ate to w fo ufeful a w deferves . h , ccordi g t y co unic d hich ork R D R T O T H E E A E .

t e to t i e t e a was fo i e at a e his atte t to fee o wing en ir ly h s g n l m n, who nd f ig bl in n ion e a u ate t at t e e fcarce a m eafu re in t i every thing don cc r ly, h h r is h s work whi ch a e himfel he did not t k f.

' At the fa e t e t at t i e a at difc laim an {ha e o e t i m im h , by h s d cl r ion, I y r fm ri wh ch the li e the t ut i t a e e me a t e pub ck, uninform d of r h, m gh h v giv n , I c nno h lp in et l a t t a circum ltance h am e e me r urn indu ging my v ni y wi h , w ich I fur do s viz t at e the ubliiher ofthefe fheets is to DA . . W honour, h my b ing p owing Mr friendlhi me ile he e the leafure t K n i s his p for , who wh highly njoys p of con ri b t to the a a e e t a t t i a e e i e the t i u ing dv nc m n of r s in h s m nn r, d cl n s proﬁ s wh ch t li ati n arife from his pub c o .

’ e t e to e t t fin le infl ance e e a for me I If I v n ur m n ion his g of my fri nd s r g rd , lhallcom oun d t him for t at e t fu refl i n t e i t t e : p wi h h lib r y, by pp g o h rs w hou numb r ’ W s a e t mine e e ll e t b the To join Mr . DA K t N n m wi h (wh r I mu {till continu o e ‘ o l aine is I fea i ttle lefs t a irn ertinent bu t it is the i e ti e e n y g r) , r , l h n p , mp r n nc of ' ati t e ike e is e e e aukward in it s e la ati t a en gr ud , which, l lov , n v r mor d c r ons h n wh i t i s lt fincere and in a ell mo c rn .

R O B E R T W O O ’

E N . U I R Q . Y

I N T O T H E

A N T I - E N T S T A T E

P A L T M R A .

URaccount is confined merely to that {late of d ecay in we o It is no t a e t at ' which found th fe ruins i n the year 17 5 I . prob bl h ’ the reader s cu rio fi ty fhou ld fi Op here : The prefent remains of th at city are certai nly too in terefting to admit ofour indifference abo ut what it has bee n ; ' w hen and by w hom it war built ; the[mgulari ty ofi ts fituatzon (feparated from the refl of mankind 5) an uninhabi tahle def/an ) and the fource of ri cher necefl ary to the u ort o uch ma ni cence are fub eéls e at a l e a e fpp ff g fi , j which v ry n ur l y ng g our atte t he is an a tte t in f e m eafu re to fatis f . T n ion following Enquiry mp , om , y t at cu ri ofi t h y .

It feem s e e a a e t at Balbeck and a a e a s the two moft v ry r m rk bl , h P lmyr , p rh p fu r rifi n e a a t e t a e e are e t fhou ld be fo p g r m ins of n i n m gniﬁc nc which now l f , m e e te hiftor t at e e t at w e c an ea the infcri tions uch n gl c d in y, h xc p wh l rn from p , all at a t t em fc arce a t to o e t a a e our inform ion bou h , would moun m r h n prob bl e t e conj c ur .

‘ D e not e e t s fi lenc e hiftor a t it inftruc tion and tea us o s v n hi of y c rry wi h , ch w e re the a t e t > how much a in d rk wi h regard to fome p riods of antiqui y .

It is the n atural and com mon fate ofcities to have their memory longer t e ferved t a t e ffom . a and e h are h n h ir ruins Troy, B bylon M mp is now known only b e t e e is n ot a fto ne e t to a t e fi tu ation Bu t e e w e a e ooks, whil h r l f m rk h ir . h r h v ’ two in ftances c on fi derable t o u t- an a t t e O ur cu of owns living y ccoun of h m . rio fi t a t thefe a e at e raifed at w e fee t a at w e ea and y bou pl c s is r h r by wh h n wh r d, Balbec k and a a ar e o P lmyr e in a gr at m eafu re left to tell their own ft ry .

a w e att te t to the e t at the t e t Sh ll ribu his lofs of books, or conclud h An i n s d d no ? i t think thofe buildings fo much worth notice as w e do If w e c an fuppofe the atte it feem s to u flif a at t e e ﬁle nce a t l r, j y our dmir ion of h ir works . Th ir bou Ba lbeck e a t t to at t e fa a and the Pal , giv s u hori y wh h y y of B bylon , works of m ra fcarc e e t e e me e t e fo e e ate ee e y m n ion d , b co vouch rs for hol much c l br d of Gr c and y t Eg p . T H E A N T I E N T S TA T E

a t t e can colleél: the t e t e ate e at to Any u hori i s I from An i n s, imm di ly r l ing a a t be t i t a e fin all com afs but as erfo ns e P lmyr , migh hrown n o v ry p ; p ofmor eifu re ma t e t n it t e e a e a nd e t thefe h t l y, if h y hi k wor h whil , nl rbg corr c in s, { a no n ce fuch mate a as av e m et t bu t a l}: the I h ll t o ly produ ri ls I h wi h , lfo gir o al e i n w fearched t e b ta a fho rt e t e hill ric ord r hich I for h m, y king vi wof h moff a e e t s a the earliefl: a t t a e remark bl r volu ion of Syri , from ccoun of his pl c , which ' a t eali: be e u fe t wa a e e t a nd a ate e i m y a l offom o rds mor dilig n ccur nqu ry.

To what information hiflo ry affords l {h all add w h at may be gathered from t f he Arch teélu re and the inferi tio n the afle o t i , from p s

a T HEArabick tranllato r of Chronic les makesPalmyra older tha n Solomon " t fu rna med a a a a s t at he t it the f ot e e of An ioch M l l f y , h buil on p wh r c e t at a t and Farai e t i h , in m mory of h c ion , Abul m n ions n at ea t t e a t a t e wh y r, wi h o h r p r icul ri i s

ut thefe n t e a t th a {lat a a t e B a d o h r ccoun s of e e rly eof P lmyr , which migh b le te the a i a ifloria ns ea fu ch e e t a a e and col c d from Ar b n h , b r vid n m rks off bl wild e t t at we fhall afs t e e and e to the earlielt hifto ricalau conj c ure, h p h m ov r, com o t e ves to be te as fuch th ri y which d ef r quo d .

’ That Solomon built Tedm or i nthe w ildernefs w e are told i n the Old tefta d e t and t at t was the a e t the ee a nd R a c-a lled m n , h his f m ci y which Gr ks om ns ’ a te a s a m ra th o t he i a eta e the ﬁ rft a e we ea f rw rd P l y , Syr ns r in d n m , l rn from e m a add the a t t St ro m s W e . the a at of hu . e J ep y u hori y of J , who (if vulg r l in verli o n behi s ) thinks Tedmor and Palmyra are only the Syrian and Greek t e a a e names of h f me pl c .

Wh at ee s o ftren ther t is t at at t refent t ethe a f m t g i his opinion , h his p im Ar bs

th t a i t e and .ve t ei at as the bell: of e coun ry c ll T dmor , follow h r pronunci ion t t f r t w a r t t at a e au hori y o his y of w i ing h n m .

g Ammi anus Marcellinu s takes notice of the attachm ent of the natives of ' S a to the e t e t e t e e t no tw t flan t e yri old nam s of h ir ci i s , which h y k p up i h ding h

e es e Seleuc-as N1 at e b e e t t e t e a re Gr ek on giv n by c or wh n r buil h m . And her now fevéral i nflances i n that country of the old na me of a place preferved by the A a s w e the ee one i s r difufe t and i n r b , hil _ Gr k f om long forgo unknown “ the u t the c the teftam ent i n the t e Afhe r co n ry Thus Ac o of Old rib of , w as a e the ee e a bu t o w the a ta ts a the ori c ll d by, Gr ks Ptol m is, n by inh bi n Acc , gi na L n ame o nly altered in o ne l etter ; an d H ara n w here Abraham dwel t -be e he fet o u t th ro ife was a te a the Carrhae the R0 for for e Land of p m , f rw rds of ' e e t li a e a a a but has a a e s t i . m ns , g in r cov r d i l n m , H r n

’ It feem s natu ra l for peopl e to h ave this afi Eélio n for the names the ir tow ns bored urin g their flate offreed o m a n d profperity ; an d a n u nwillingnefs to ad m it at s im o fed co n ueft is obfervable a ll t es b u t w e e innov ion p by q in coun ri , no h r e t a n a the a s w ho no tw ithflandin the e ent atte t a e mor h mong Ar b , , g fr qu mp s m d

h k D n fl i nr . v t t a me t e a 8 . . Of fe eral a t e t w a w 2 Chron . y a lib 5 n i n ys of ri ing his n S a i 4 o f a nd 2 8 . t e AleX ai i d ri an m e ne arelt t he r at Ve f. o . 1 K . h r Poc c ings, 9 Chron of copy co s p onunci ion ’ i i i s ob e lion t he am e a m a r m . H rdo u t t refen t a . a e the ee t ud . . 1 e é An iq J lib . Pet a j s o his p Ar bs t k Gr k n P l yr fo feem eﬂ to a e m a e tle ll1: i n feri tions t o fe hus w r te i t c a mt- a and opinion chi y rif fro his ig nor nc of p , hough j p i s Pliny

fen t flate t a e almi ra 1 e . 1. p re of his pl c . P Lib . 4 judg s i 3 O F P A L M Y R A . 3 u t em boaft a e e e e e an d a e a t t t a an t e pon h , long r ind p nd nc pur r n iqui y h n y o h r n at ion .

w e vifi ted e e the l we Bu t that thefe ruins which w r works of So omon , ’ t e e blifhed O the refent a ta t of a a only offer as h fta pinion of p inh bi n s P lmyr , who , t tisﬁed the t t it add feveral s a e te and t erfeélly fa of ru h of , curiou n cdo s poin p - te i t ev o u t fera li o his a e the t a a e, W f eral his g , h r m , omb of f vouri concubin h thefe t t s fa t e the o f o ther particulars : All migh y hing , y h y, Solomon fon ” ‘ irits f David did by the afliflanc e of fp .

i t e l m a a e e e te e e w e fhall fu ofe Whatever build ngs h n So omon y h v r c d h r , pp ’ a e erifhed li ee e e tho we had no t the a t t to h v p long n , v n u hori y of John of New m t to fu o rt aﬂi - t at Ne a ez a dellro ed t s it A ‘ n ioch us, who rms h buch dn z r y hi c e pp y neu ar d ed eru falem ﬁ royed it. before he befi eg J .

Buildings in the talle of thofe of Palmyra c a nnot reafo nably be fu ppofed prior to the time the Greeks got footing in Syria ; and therefore it is not fur prizing that we ﬁnd nothing of that city in the accounts of the Babylonia n and e fh I not men P erfi an co n u efls of this country ; nor that X nophon ould take no notice s q ti oncd the ’ in e eat the ten - thou fand tho h e e a e a ate account c hk m of it in his R tr of , giv s v ry ccur O pgyl ll! the the Defa rt and m u ft a e e t t a e not a eat wa to the t i n o f , h v l f his pl c gr y righ a Ba march tow rds bylon .

n t a e eafo eX eé e the a t e 1 No r could o e for he f m r n p tmor from ccoun s of Al x O r of A.. ander the t at t a at u fe he his e e e t a e a e fuc a e h e e h o m z. nd r gr h n wh , or n mi s migh h v m d of a tuatiOn e he a e t t Defart to Th a fa cu s the ate fi , wh n m rch d hrough his p on Euphr s, ' w as the a e e e he as e as a an d the Y n e which pl c wh r , w ll D rius Cyrus ou g r, at e paffed th Riv r.

u i o a t From the death of Alexand er to the red ét n ofSyri o a Roma n province Not notice of in e i a t a a e e n hc re of would feem a more prop r period for enquir ng bou P lmyr . S l ucus Nica ign ’ c ’ f w as a eat l e a nd tho the t the te and e filii fvhf tor gr bui d r, ruins of An ioch on Oron s S buil t a nd te e a a t the t the a e e are inconﬁderable et at is e t to be m to l uci , mou h of f m riv r, , y wh l f a m any c t es I i i ws the ee a e t at a a e ar ‘ t e fhe . C t e hl eC ria . fe n of h m , good Gr k m nn r of h h ppy g of i n Sy t e e e t a fi tu atio n as t at a a et ee thefe two eat ur . So conv ni n h of P lmyr , b w n gr t e a ea e t e and e e a theT ris as a et ee the Eu h ra ci i s lr dy m n ion d S l uci on yg , lfob w n p tes and th e eat t a t th e w ait the e te a ea c a Its m por gr r ding owns on of M di rr n n , ould h rdly i tance as 3 Fr m ?" be e - e and ee as a t e t a the a t i a its ta e o ov r look d ; ind d, fron i r ow rds P r h ns, impor nc mul have u a ee eat the t e Arfaces the e t at e i e m ft h ve b n gr , from im found r of h mp r

c u rifo ner Thefe t be reafons fu oli n earl n Se Sel eucus Callini s p . migh good for pp g the y l eucus Calli u of a a a e the e e ae had we an hifloricaln icus b ildings P lmyr work of fom of S l ucid , y Ye i is 110t h n t a t P C ‘ti d authori ty to fuppo rt fu c a opi ni on bu I c nno ﬁnd even the name of thIS p 0 m tEC ﬁIfof ’ a a t t ei hi ftor C i ty i n ny p r of h r y . ( idz .

It is t e the E ra e e w as u fed at a a as w e [ a lfee t ru , of S l ucus P lmyr , h l from he inferi tions bu t a ll t at we c an e t e e is t at t t fubmitted to p , h inf r from h nc , , h his ci y ’ e a e and w as e e at leaft e t e fucceffors an Al x nd r, gov rn d, for fom im , byhis opinion e e e e i t n ot otherwife a e fcarcel be e e e how v r, which , w r prob bl , could y r c iv d merely upon this evidence ; for why might w e n ot fu ppofe th at fo trading a ’ t tho i e e e t the Seleucidae m i ht a e t e the a e et ci y, nd p nd n of , g h v in roduc d f m m hod

Soly m an Ebn Doud . 4 T H E A N T I E N T S T A T -E

t e t e t e e u fed as a atte on of reckoning h ir im , which h ir n ighbours , m r of c > venience

Nor m em i zhiftor a e e t e co n fi deration The R a . at o ned w en om n y of Syri com s n x und r Th h ’ w as e e e e a talte the fi e a t had ee coun t ry conqu r d by Pomp y, wh n for n r s b n e t e at R e and ha d a e the a e ro refs t e for fome tim in roduc d om , m d f m p g which h ir

' arms had done in Greece an d Afi a an d whe n no t only the riches of thefe pro e bu t t e archi teétu re a t and fcu l tu re e a e ob e éts en vinc s , h ir , p in ing, p b c m j of a ve ou r One ma e t at a a t quiry to a Rom n go rn . would i gin h P lmyr migh have gra r d t t e c urio fi t an d a a e and et w e n o t eet t an e t ifie bo h h ir y v ric , y do m wi h y m n ion ’ ’ t t t e hiftor t a t atte t to e it of his ci y in h ir y, un ill M rk An ony s mp plund r , ' m an hi fl o r y - t e efca ed e t e lt a a e efi eéts e the Eu hates i n m. m . which h y p by r moving h ir mo v lu bl ov r p , th e t e a e 223323; and d efe nding the palfage of e riv r by h ir rch rs.

The ete e he a e ufe to e fuch condu él: a u ltice w as pr nc m d of, giv colour of j , ‘ “ t e th that they did not obferve a ju ft n eutrali ty be we n e Romans and Parthians ; b bu t Appia n fays h is real motive w as to e n rich his troops with the plunder of the a e e e e e a t and the m t e a an P lmyr n s, who w r m rch n s, fold com odi i s of Indi d a to the R a Ara bi om ns.

e ma c e o e ce t e e e at t at t e a i t a ee W y con lud fr m h n h y w r h im r ch , r ding, fr e e t e had ee i n olfelli on thefe a a ta e w e are e t p opl . How long h y b n p of dv n g s, l f to u els g .

It em t at t e e and cou rfe t ei t a e ll: a e ee fe s probable h h ir rich s, of h r r d , mu h v b n e Ha fo r w e { a fi the i nfc ri tions t at lefs t a t of fom nding ; h ll nd by p , h in h n for y ea a te t e e e l us and ex enfi ve to fuch e ee as ll a e y rs f r, h y w r uxurio p d gr , mu h v e t fu ort required confi derable w alth o pp .

t t e t e en t e ac e t e ee w e are li ewife e t t As o h im wh h y quir d h ir fr dom, k l f o c e e onj étur .

t a e is i t at e the R a o t t thefe Doc or H ll y of op nion, h wh n om ns g foo ing in a t and the a t a eem ed to ut a {to to t e a t e co n u eﬂt i n he p r s, P r hi ns f p p h ir f r h r q t Eaft t e w as the t a a reafon its ﬁtu atio n e a t er , h n ci y ofP lmyr , by of , b ing fron i a nd the mi fl a val]: a defart e e a e no t fubfi ll to e e in d of f ndy , wh r rmi s could r duc it e te a nd careffed b the te e and e tte to by forc , cour d y con nding princ s, p rmi d ” ti e a ee Hate con nu fr .

Bu t I cannot help thinking th ere are good reafo ns for giving their freedom an ea e ate at ta e as a t e to the t att te t e rli r d . Th impor nc fron i r, which Doc or ribu s h ir li e t was a conliderable e e t he R a con u ell: as a te a : the a b r y, s b for om n q f rw rds m ny ' a the Seleucidx e e e a e o Prered feveral t t e t w rs w r ng g d in , good oppor uni i s of wi h t e Beﬁdes it e no t feem drawing themfelves from the dominion of hofe princ s. do s a e t at a a lhou ld a e fubm itted to the u fur ation a es and prob bl h P lmyr h v p ofTigr n , e a e e m e ee e e e t at e ou t the t y t h v b co fr und r Pomp y, whodrov h princ of coun ry ; ’ d and indeed Pompey s belt exc ufe for not giving up Syria t o Antiochus Ali ati cu s ' w as t at the R a e e i t m the infults i ts e , , h om ns could d f nd fro of n ighbours, h the a he lves no t whic Syri ns t mfe could .

anf ft. a de e . . lib . . t the anticnt ﬁ c a m a l l. Tr a Appi n B ll Civil 5 Accoun of at ofP l yr , Phi o . a in S riac Ibid Appi n y .

Ptolemy O F P A L M Y R A.

e e the a e fev eral t e the a e e e w P tol my giv s us n m s of ci i s in P lmyr n , fom of hich ’ e eate P eu tin er s ta e bu t e e e e t e to be m et t a re r p d in g bl s, , I b li v , non of h m wi h

e e e fe He al e t a e at a a. a ny wh r l . fo m n ions riv r P lmyr

I am n o t to much fu rprifed to fee nothing of this city in other antient geo ra hers as t at t a a t e the e te a ea g p , h S r bo, our f i hful guid round M di rr n n , (who of ‘ l hofe te had m o lt ud m ent w ith lt cu riofi t lho u ld no t e e e t al t wri rs j g , mo y) v n m n ion

‘ its arrie h .

Plin a h as e a co lleéled a few e the lt ﬁ rikin y v ry h ppily , in lin s, mo g circum Pa lm ra thc y , ﬁ ances t e a to t a e e e t t at he ta e t e the wi h r g rd his pl c , xc p h k s no no ic of build w e s lh o rt a t m a be t a i W i t at w e faw as the ing , This ccoun y wor h comp r ng h wh , T3 111?“ e t efc ri ti on w e a e t i t only a n ti n d p h v of his c y .

a a e a a e li tuatio n a and leafa nt ﬂ ream s it P lmyr is r m rk bl for , rich foil p ; is furroun dc d a llf e b - a v afl a defa rt t ta fe arates it on id s y f ndy , which o lly p from

the relt the - a nd h as referved its e e e e et ee the tw o of world, p ind p nd nc b w n eat e e R e and a t a w ho fe ﬁ rft a e e at w ar is to en gr mpir s of om P r hi , c r wh n , a e it t e i nterell It d iftant e e a ad Ti rim m e g g in h ir . is from S l uci g 337 il s, the n earelt a t the e te a ea 20 and o Dam afcus I from p r of M di rr n n 3, fr m

In its fl o urilh in {la te Pal m yra could by no means fall fli ot t of this defc ri g p ”5 m m ’ t i ts fi tu atio n fin e e a e t a the weft and a little c om parc»l ion ; is , und r ridg of hills ow rds , w i th w hat a e the e e a m o ft ex tenli ve a it a to the all w w bov l v l of pl in, which comm nds c .

Tho fe s e e e e t eat e fe u lch ral e t e hill w r cov r d wi h gr numb rs of p monum n s, f e a e a alm o lt e t e an d a e a e e e a e af eét v r l of which r m in n ir , h v v ry v n r bl p .

‘ ’ ‘ ’ W at e a e t e e and its ate e r li h foil r m ins is x r m ly rich , w rs v ry limpid , i ng co nllantl a nd eate a a e fu m m er t a te l y, in gr r bund nc in h n in win r, from rocks c ofe the t at fuc h a e t as to be a a e e e an e t W by own h igh c p bl of r c iving y dir c ion . h at P to lo m a the e a a I fu o fe to a e ee e t a y c lls riv r of P lmyr , pp h v b n no mor h n the ‘ te ltream s m tho fe ta {t t e to ﬂ o w t a uni d fro foun ins , which ill con inu wi h prett y ' fmart e t as far as t e a e e a e t e Thofe curr n h ir old ch nn ls r m in n ir . were lined t llo ne to e e t the f ate a t the a e a e wi h , pr v n lo s of w r, which , for w n of f m c r , is ’ fo ak ed the a t t e e tho a o now foon up in f nd , wi hou producing much v rdur ; c n fi d e rable fpo t immediately a bou t the town might certa inly with littl e pa ins be e e e e t e The s a t a eat a t the defart e e m e r nd r d f r il . hill , nd nodoub gr p r of , w r for rly

’ e e w t a m - t ees w e a e ee the d rielt a defar cov r d i h p l r , which h v f n grow in f ndy ts .

e a e t the a m as e as fi - t ee a a and the e a t Abulf d m n ions p l w ll g r s of P lmyr , m rch n s ’ e t t t e e 16 1 ta e t e feveral tho w e who w n hi h r from Al ppo in 9 , k no ic of , could but o n e e t i n the c t find l f oun ry .

The t e a t a s m e t e as its li tu atio n the il f o h r p r icul r n ion d by Pliny, in mid o a v aft defa rt t ta fe arates it the relt the i ts ind e , which o lly p from of world ep n e e necelfa r its friendfhi to th e two eat te e the d nc how y p gr con nding pow rs, ” a t a and R a are all circ u mflances ﬁ ro n l a a t P r hi ns om ns, which g y ch r c erize

‘ ’ a a The diflance e f . h e it e e a Dam a cu s and the M e P lmyr giv s from S l uci , ’ ” d te a ea a r t e a e a t th o fo m ethin to o eat i rr n n e ol r bly x c , g gr . 6 T H E A N T I E N T S T A T E

’ W e hear nothing of this city e ither in Traja n or Adria n s expeditions to the ’ ' h t e m ull a e affed e t e t ea te a n e eall t o y . S e , h h v p i h r hrough or n r ir ph nus i d d e t a a e e a e a a nd a e t at a e m n ions P lmyr b ing r p ir d by Adri n , c ll d from h Adri nopl . It feem s t at w e lho u ld a e ette a t t t e t at em odd , h h v no b r u hori y for his, whil h pero r h as bee n fo much complimented for lefs c oniiderable works in feveral ee e parts of Gr c .

a a a e the a a a a a R a w e P lmyr is c ll d upon coins of C r c ll om n colony, which U a w as UI‘ IS Itahcr know from lpi n J .

C arac llla.

a m m. W e fi the infc ri tions t at t e e e a e e e u nd from p , h h y join d Al x nd r S v r s in his a nd zr Seve ru s a ai nﬂ thc e n t P erlians g exp dit ions agai ﬂ: he . Parthi a m .

W e not eet t a m a a a ti th e e a e e it do m wi h P l yr g in un l r ign of G lli nus, wh n f icuous i n .E a e a a ﬁ e the hifto r thofe t m e an d i n a few ea ex n m k s princip l gur in y of i s, y rs 0 :1? eriences the reatelt V i Ci lli tudes and bad t e p g of good for un .

’ The a ts e at to t i t bu t intereltin e a re e e t and f c r l ing his bor , g p riod imp rf c ly , v ariouﬂ a e t to us Zoﬁm u s Vo ifc us and Trebellius I y h nd d own by , p , Pollio. lhall a ttem t to throw into fome order the feparate paffages in thefe biffo. a w hiciifeem t refen t u r ofe and ea it to t e s to ri ns, mol for our p p p ; l ving o h r e e t e ife e t ac t { a a e f t e a t t as r concil h ir d f r n coun s, h ll m k u e of h u hori y which h a e m o ft e t g in d cr di .

T H E Roman affairs in the eaft had been for fome time in a very de Ode nath us . lorable fi tu ation e Odenathu s a a e e bu t at fa p , wh n , P lmyr n , of wh mily or a i a the Rate no t a ee m a e fo e a ufe t ﬁ tua r nk or gin lly in , is gr d, d prop r of his t et ee the two eat a e e R e and P erﬁa as to et th ion b w n gr riv l mpir s of om , g e a a e e s a b ll nc of pow r in hi h nds.

It a ea t at he e a e a ffe e t interells as a te at pp rs h d cl r d in f vour of di r n , l r ions t a e a ffa a e i t n eceffar Th e al a e a e in he f c of irs m d y. li nc which g in d him Vm e' m olt e tat was t a e ra e a t t and e a r pu ion wi h G lli nus, His cou g , c ivi y , r m rk a e at e e o f at e e e the e O ofi te the lhamefu l e e e bl p i nc f igu , w r v ry pp of n glig nc t at e e feem ed e e leafed t the a t t his at e of h mp ror, who v n p wi h c p ivi y of f h r “ ale a rifo ner a Perfi a and t eate t the V ri n , p of S por king of , r d by him wi h reateﬂ: i t g ndigni y.

w s Odenathu s n e the lhattered e a the R a a i a te a , ” joi d r m ins of om n rmy in Syr , rou d a the Perfi an and a a e as far as Cteﬁ hon th e a i ta hi s S por king, dv nc d p , c p l of e e t feveral e a e e t mpir , vic orious in ng g m n s.

He et e t e e t t eat a laufe a nd a fi e r urn d from his xp di ion wi h gr pp , con d r a e t a nd w as fervices e a e a l e Au u llus a nd bl boo y, for his d cl r d by G l i nus , g

co - a t e the e e a e a e him t lle p r n r of mpir , r w rd which do s honour wi h po

‘ t not b ecaufe a l e co nfered i t bu t t at the a ed ri y , G l i nus h publick pprov b

of it.

lnfcri tion the p e h .

Another ‘ O F P A L M Y R A. 7

e Odenathus to the Ro m r a . Another co nfi derable piece of fervic e don by an p u a s

lIlfa. e eat Ballilta o ne ofthe a ete e to the e e emperor w as the d f of , m ny pr nd rs mpir , , fu He w as a n fﬁ e e e e e and i n thofe times of co n fi o n. o c r of much xp ri nc e aler an and w as a t a a te e t h ad ferved V i . great m ri , und r g his p r icul r f vouri . hi m D the ette t at e e The ma ny good qu alities recorded of I l rs of h mp ror ‘ ee a a e e e had not Odenathu s re: ﬂi ew that he m igh t have b n d ng rous n my , , e remov d him .

8 a t Odenathu s was e e li a The laft publick c ion of , , his r li ving A minor from 15173320? Gm “

- ts e t had e feveral i i , tt eat th e Go hs, who ov r run of rich prov nc s commi ing gr He i s e e a fu fed t av h mu rdm rav ages ; b ut retired upon his approach . g n r lly ppo o h e M k n man u rfuin t e aeoniu s i f . been murdered in p g h m, by his

e a e e he h ad e t the vu ns ron H erod s , his fon by form r wif , whom join d wi h him in azd ere the a e ate all w e hiftor i s t at empire fu ﬂ d f m f , of whom know from y , h , w s e ate and to a eat e ee e at e he a d lic luxurious gr d gr , much indulg d by his f h r .

- e a a nd as much hated by his Prep moth r Zenobi ,

d onfufed a t we a e Odenathus at e a The fli o rt an c ccoun s h v of , r h r r ife f tis f cu rio fit and e eat reafo n to e et the an o ra t han a y our y , giv gr r gr lofs of ra ife and e t e L iban i 5 t tte us . But ion wri n by Longinus in his p , m n ion d by hm m au , e ta t t e e m a be a t e a t his e it a ee wh atever unc r in y h r y bou fom p r of lif , is gr d a eat and a t e a the all t at he had r . , R an by , h m ny g good qu li i s Pollio f ys om ea m u ll a e ee t ta e had he n ot e a e a ffa irs in the ft h v b n o lly ruin d , ng g d him i n an ce h felf in th eir intereft and reckons his death an fi of t e divine vengea nce e e u pon that p opl .

the kinfman and e e Odenathu s fu rvived b ut M aro n ius , murd r r of , fuc t eed s him

he w as falu ted e e and a te cu t off the - littl e while mp ror, foon f r by fol mm? diers .

Ode nathu s e t e ee Ze a an d tw o her 2enobiL l f b hind him his qu n nobi , fons by , C Heren ia nu s and Tim o laus th e add Vaballathu s fu o fed e at e , o rs , pp by fom r h r th e e e fon of H rod s.

’ He r extraordina ry charaéter and various fortunes feem fo much to d eferve atte t and are t fo tt e e t interf erfed the te n ion , wi h li l conn c ion p in works of wri rsd a ea e t e t at w e ih all e te a tt e e a t a t t e lr dy m n ion d , h n r li l mor p r icul rly in o h m, a nec lfar to the a e t e th n is e y princip l vi w of his nquiry.

Ze a a e her a ea a e e the tat n a e nobi m k s pp r nc und r impu io of crim , which e e it to be e te e a e the ea e e a a the w r cr di d, would pr p r r d r v ry unf vour bly for elt he r ch araéter She is a to a e c onfented to the e her r of . f id h v murd r of

a and {te - the a t t I c an ﬁ nd t ea a husb nd , p fon . All u hori y for his h vy ccu

eed m e t a ea e ma e btween a e d e e orientalibus ua: Od enathus ful i n uit uz ue a e Pollio ind n ions p c d G lli nus b llis q , q q d o and Odenathus a t t t m e but ta e no tice an e e a mino ribus Hil oria: au ufl m fcri toribu rodlta bou his i , k s no of y j jun illis g p s, p ' Th act e e a for w we are fuerun r te nerc m u reced t re . e s . p ing rup u f s in g n r l hich , ' e to a e recourfe to t at hi lt orian are fo in udicioufl an erfon re to w the rcafo n ofthis d ific rence o l g d v , j y If y p c u s no b i ' h h h k cholc n and (0 confufc d l ut t et e t at t e o e O a t V aballath us w m fi e faét te , y p og h r, h h y lo k lik r of pinion bou (of ho no ogl is t he i nd i elt ed t a m m a e o t a an t e hi tl or l t t em co nfalt S aneim Tril an Har g hin s of co on pl c b ok h n y hing cord d in y) e h p , ,

h te e for the . a a t . c in nd d publick douin , V ill n E il a e fa : t at it lcus . . . . F a Zoli mus and Vo i . p ccxliii l 3 b r y of his or ion , Si Pollio, p ' tulilTet at m li ttcraturn ut nc a at criﬂct m ta e f u ill or io p , ul hodi 8 T H E A N T I E N T S T A T E

tio n is Trebelliu s e n ot o fi tivel a ffert it e t e bu t fa from Pollio, who do s p y n i h r,

e it as a e t . w w e add t at t the a e a t h a s giv s r por To hich if , h hough f m u hor “ te the e Odenathu s an d e a he ta e t e t e a wro lif of Z nobi , k s no no ic of his r m rk e c ircu m ftance e t e ma e e raifes e a her e e it abl m i h r, y v n p Z nobi for cl m ncy

feem s at ail a e t w e o w e her t e to e e e h er e t . lc complim n vir u s , b li v innoc n

’ Her fami ly . b t at w e t a n e ee e ta n t Zenobia s a t at All h know , wi h y d gr ofc r i y , of f mily, is, h {he b oafted herfelf d efce nded the t e and w as e from P ol mys, fond of r ckoning eﬂ o Cleopatra among her anc rs .

t Beau y . She w as accoun ted a woma n of e xtraordin ary beau ty and the particular de Her m e w as fc riptio n we have of her perfo n a nfwe rs th at charaéter. co pl x ion a a 21 neceffa r co nfe u e nce en a e i n t at ate ihe d rk brown , ( y q of b w y of lif h clim ) ha d a f arklin e es o f an m ﬁ re h er te a e w as e bl ck p g y , uncom on ; coun n nc divin ly f ri h tl and her erfo n a e an d e tee e m a a t h er teet p g y, p gr c ful g n l b yond i gin ion ; h ’ e e te as ea and her e ea and ftron w r whi p rls, voic cl r g.

w e add to t her ftren th a nd i e her ex cefli ve ta If his uncommon g , confd r mili ry a t e {h e u fed ca t 1ia e e e a e a nd te m a e t t ee f igu s ; for no g g n r llyrod , of n rch d onfoo hr e w t h er a m : w e at the am e t1me fu ofe h er a a or for mil s i h r y And if , f , pp h r nguing h er fo ldiers fhe u fed to a e m et a n d te t h er a m a e i t , which do in h l , of n wi h r s b r , e u s an ea t at fevere charaét er m afc u line ea t ts o n e will giv id of h of b u y, which pu e 1 e a t a e mor 11 mind of Min rv h n V nus .

Her ear ﬂ1 l ning The picture of her mind m a y as juilly cl aim the fa me refem blance for e e fl feveral a a es f o ke the e t a e e t e and e the und r ood l ngu g , p gyp i n p rf c ly w ll , kn w at t fhe n o t c a 1e to f eak it m a m o deft difl’i d en ce bu t ea l in , hough did p , fro , r d a n d tra nﬂated it into greek She w as acquain ted w ith hifto ry an d fo a t a e v erfed t at e a a and the eaft t at Ih e 1s fa to p r icul rly w ll m h of Al x ndri , h id a e m a e a n a m e t t e h v d bridg n of h m .

Virtues . She w as a t an d e t i n bu t detei m ined i n e e t e c u ious prud n council , x cu ing, g n ero u s t mco nom and fo c haﬂ e t at i t a her e e at wi h y , , h is f id fol vi ws in m rimony c e e a a t She be e referved a a fev ere i ndul w r prop g ion could op n or , impl c bly or

e t as occali o n e e . g n ly forgiving , r quir d

e R g on. W e fh all t a a n t her e as a co nt1overted a t e li i omi f ying y hing of r ligion , r icl , a e ta e u e e a w e c a e f are The which would h v k n p mor tim th n n h re p . opinion her e a e a e t the e e a e I t a t of b ing m d conv r by J ws pr v il d much , hink , for w n ex amm a tio n of .

W t thefe ta and a t e w e difco v er a e a e fo nd nefs fli ew i h mili ry m nly vir u s, f m l of an d m a ﬁ e e H r refs as a w t e e s She m t te her . e d w nd fet a g; ni c nc rich i h j w l i i d in w a th e r a e i a an d e e e a e her fti b eéts y of living oy l pomp of P rl , r c iv d hom g of j w t the fla e e her a ets fhe e a te the R a i h r of th ir kings . In b nqu copi d f r om ns, b u t e e at a a ou t fet t lik Cl op r dr nk of gold cups wi h gems.

‘ m i nci u m eme t a eta re ui reb h m t t r ar. t t i oo tem t e for refentm ent I Bonoru p p cl n i ubi pi s q hough con p ibl his is odd , at Achilleu s w as her at e w ho w as at the ea at m e e i nfi nifi cance fh o u ld a e a ea e m u ni fl Th f h r, h d of th r g f v ringl d rfro p l " ‘ ' the a m e e w ho c u t o fi the R m a arri fo n IS e e e m e i t w e thofe e e i n an e e ee we e t t P l yr n s, o n g , b li v d r hil conc rn d infriord gr r houg h by fome upon the au t hori ty of Vo pi fc u s ; b ut Zo flm us c a lls proper o bjefts of very cruel feverity ' he h efo ftha a f t c i t rebellion An tiochus nd ar from fupi o fi ng Cujus ea caft itas fui fl e d i c i tu r u t ne viru m fuum qui im a h to e an conneaion w t e a a e dem e rer nif1 nt is conce ti on i s e . an te at bu . h v y i h Z nobi , f ys, Aur li f i p Tr b Pol .

Trebelliu s ‘ O F P A L M Y R A. 9

ius P ol'lio whoin I c olleEtt a t her a a ci rCu mﬁ ance Trebell , from his ccoun of , dds ‘ o e e e to e cenfu re He a il1e a te a t l which may eXp f our h roin fom . f ys of n dr nk wi h m; e fﬁ e and t at w a et the ette the P erfi ans a nd h r o c rs, could , in h y , g b r of ’ ’

e a tho . he a fhe was e e a e ate the ufe . Arm ni ns, f ys g n r lly mod r in of liquor

However this paffage m ay imply a want of d elicacy in Zenobia, i t does n ot t tat te e a e t all t at we can feem to ca rry wi h it an y impu ion ofin mp r nc ; I hink h m , “m m “ a e it t at e a e to w t t t at f irly conclud from is, h b ing bl drink much i hou in oxic ion , e a e an a t u fe t at e to et a a te t te e an d ea fh m d r ful of h pow r, g cqu in d wi h mp rs, l rn ' c o h chem es fec rets ne effa ry t er f .

thefe e t a a a t e w e m a a dd t at e a e a e the To x r ordin ry qu li i s, y , h Z nobi ng g d in

x c rif management of affairs with a dvantages which fcarce ever m et in the fame per- gi g p e e t and e e e e Her a e w e m a u efs at o n and at th a e t . r f , x f m im you h p ri nc ( g y g f om her being married and havingchildre n at Rome feveralyears a fterwards ; and yet lh e had a lready made fuch progrefs under the direétio n of her husba nd Odena t fhe m oft co n flantl atte e the e t at the e e e a hus, whom y nd d in ﬁ ld , h mp ror Aur li n e her the viéto ries e the P erfi ans ette to the fenate giv s honour of his ov r , in his l r , efe ved which is pr r in Pollio .

It a f t at the te her e w e a e e te thefe is lo s, h only wri r of lif , from whom h v coll c d a t a her a e erfo n an d d refs fho uld be fo fi e t a t the e p r icul rs of m nn rs , p , l n bou mor ta t a t her chara&er and e te fo tt e t the f irit her impor n p r sof publick , n r li l in o p of eat aétio ne e he e fo te t lefs c onfe uence : gr , wh n dw lls minu ly upon hings of q W hile we acknowledge o urfelves indebted to him for her black eyes an d white eet w e a t e e a t an abfo lu te fi lence a t an att e t h , c nno h lp r pro ching him wi h bou y b l ﬂ1e t an law { he enaéted fough , or y .

’ b In this cafe w e mullhavereco urfe to the hifto ry of her cotemporary Roma n ’ e e her ftor fo co nneétcd t t e t at t e m a t fom e li ht mp ror s ; y is wi h h irs, h h y y hrow g o ea t e up n ch o h r.

e a t her the e e t the a e her t e e Takcs the Z nobi ook upon gov rnm n , in n m of fons h n v ry government her n : She a e o ne the worft the bad e e the aft u on , young found G lli nus , of of mp rors, in l p ' ' i ea e a nd affa a e e e e e a u a e to er ili iﬁiif y r of his r ign , his irs in p rpl xity xtr m ly f vo r bl h

a t fi n le a t was a e ette s his bad e e e t u mbi ion ; his g good qu li y lov of l r , on s w r wi h Gallien s . o ut e bu t lew d n efs a nd e t e e a te e c he numb r, cru l y w r his f vouri vic s, in whi h is Hischaraaer. fa to a e a e e a a and Ne A t ta ne leét t to id h v riv ll d H liog b lus ro . o l g of his du y his t a nd a t e at e a e e e the e e to a n et e a e coun ry c p iv f h r, would h v r duc d mpir irr ri v bl ﬁa te c onfufi on had no t Odenathu s e eaft fu o rte i ntereft t . of , pp d his in h

’ Zenobia s e e e i nconfi llzent t an e a e t the R a Zam a vi ws w r wi h long r llianc wi h om ns . bi y CO IIq UCYl Upon what pretence fhe brok e through the engageme nts they an d her hu s band p e e nd e is no t ea o i o atta e an d te Heraclianus the R a e tam ia w r u r , cl r ; b r h ck d r ou d om n g e a e t a e t a n a a ainft the Pe rli ans a ef n r l , f n by G lli nus wi h rmy g , who n rrowly a e a te a {h a e a e e t and e t her o ffefli on a and M efo o c p d , f r rp ng g m n , l f in p of Syri p a he a t a, t e ea a e w as t e at a mi In f m y r G lli nus mur her d Mil n .

' ' t fr e c um d ucib us cum eﬁet a a fobria t The fatts a e t a e m Z fi m us and V o ifcus it w Bibi p , li s bibi r k n fro o p ; ill euam cum e f be m e ut eos eter. e . . b e need lefs IO te t (hem n in a P r is Ar nis vinc Tr b Pol i quo o in a y ft nce.

Claudius 10 T H E A N T I B N T ~ S T AT E

d a fucceeded a c haraéle r fo a a e a nd fo f e e t Clau ius. Cl udius him ; mi bl di r n from his redecellor t at he a a e reftored ha inefs and t a t p , h would prob bly h v pp r nquilli y ‘ 3 - - ha he e e e He had he a . to the e e d . t mpir , r ign d long nough v lour of H'w hm fl c" a a the et t s and the e a t A u fl us v ir Tr i n , pi y of A n oninu mod r ion of g fl he e at a e e te 1n the fervice The a ob tn es which ind f ig bly x r d publick . gr nd h atte ti w as e at ff t t ta a eét is . w s a j of n on r form ion How di icul his sk , p pears from the l ette r he wrote to the fena te immediately before that m e l t w a e the a e G o thic us m orab e vic ory hich g v him n m of .

W e he w as t ta e affa ea e m e e a fi a hil hus k n up by irs n r r ho , Z nobi nding a t her 1n t fu orted o ne Tim o en es e t Zabdas an ex eri p r y for Egyp , pp by g , f n , p enced o ﬁi cer who had f t e Odenathu s and atte e her i n all ough und r , nd d h er att e to a e the c on ueft t at t to fhe e a b l s, m k q of h coun ry , which p rh ps a e an heredita1 t as the d efcen dent the t e t e e cl im d y righ , of P ol mys, h ir form r

' s He am e to a att e t the t a the fuccefs h ki11 . g c b l wi h Egyp i ns , of whic u t o ffeflion t at e e e he e t a of 0 0 0 p him in p of h provinc , wh r l f body 5 m en a nd et e to a a , r urn d P lmyr .

‘ e t o a e e the abfence F1 n ae ect E0 t This r volu i n h pp n d in of oh s pr f of g yp , who 11as then ou t upon a c ruife againft the py1ates who infefted the neigh b n ea U the e it he et e a nd e the a e o uri . e g f s pon n ws of r urn d , drov P lmyr n ' s ou t the t t r00p of coun ry .

fu dden t affa t a Zabdas a a t a This urn of irs brough b ck g in wi h his rmy. e a e a nd eat bu t not te t t t fu ccefs atte t Probus ng g d b him ; con n wi h his , mp ed to cut off the et eat the a e es : W e atal to r r of P lmyr n hich prov d f him , a t t at e ot offeflio n thofe e t ea Ba for h ving wi h h vi w g p of h igh s n r bylon , a the refent t a Tim o enes ette a a ted (which comm nd p own of C iro) g , b r cqu in t the t fhew ed the a e e an a e a to t at a t wi h coun ry , P lmyr n s ungu rd d ro d up h p r , ' t e fur rife a nd deftro ed a s ta e rifo n er and d . by which h y p y his rmy Probu k n p , e to def air th e m t e his m ifmana em ent had occafi oned e drov p by isfor un s g , kill d himfeif an d e a e a e miftrefs t , Z nobi b c m of Egyp .

Claudius refo lved to m arch again Zenobia a bout the latter end of the feco nd year of his reign ; but w as tak en o ff by the pl ague at S yrrni um in P an no niaf

Autt ‘h m e a was e e te the a a nd t s t e to Aur li n l c d in his room by rmy, Quin illu bro h r the l ate emperor by the fenate bu t the dea th of the latter in fev en teen days he w s a e t a t t n d w as a te a e e e e a e a . a f r procl im d, pr v n d comp i ion, Aur li n un ni m o e ufly d clar ed . m5 °hm fl°f He was a e e fo ldier t e and m the low eft a the a m r of for un , fro r nk in rmy t e to be e e a the a a : e a a e ftren th 1eat of g n r l of c v lry r m rk bl bodily g , g cou 1a e a nd a n wea e atte ti to m ta difc i lin e e e the t e to g , un ri d n on ili ry p , w r vir u s he e e He wa s e e e a bu t k and which ow d his rif g n rous m r w rding , quic a wa fevere i n u n ifhin e t w as a e v1ee and the e l ys p g ; cru l y his d ng rous , mor fo a s he w as c redu lo ufl O e to accu fatio n s e e R e ot e , y p n How v r, om g mor his virtu es t a fhe ft e The difo rders t e G al by h n lo by his vic s. in roduc d by o e e but a t e e e a an d - {t a te a m an - o fAu lic us w r p r ly r m di d by Cl udius, ill w n d

e . . refervcd e . vi . Zenob Tr b Pollio P in Tr b Pol . t . ’ rehan s - 11 O F P A L M Y R A.

' ’ ’ the W e the tw o ﬁ rft ea relian s aétiv e fpirit to complete work . hil y rs ’ efs ll e e a ai nft the t e a a nd of his reign were fu cc fu y mploy d g Go hs, G rm ns, the e at R e Zenobia a dded a eat Va nd als a nd in reforming polic om , gr , part of Afi a Minor to h er dominions .

‘ i ew Zenobia s refent ft a It m ay be worth while to tak e a bort vi of p i u ’ t She now a e at the hi heft t her and fu rnifhes ion . is rriv d g pi ch of glory , an exa mpl e of o ne of the molt ra pid and extraordinary cha nges of fortune l we meet in bil ory .

fm all te t i n the defa rt e the e me t a m a ex A rri ory , und r gov rn n of wo n , The ex te n r . ‘ o f her C \ n t e and c on fi derable fi ate The n u e s e a . te its c o ft uefls nds q ov r m ny rich coun ri s s q . the t e a nd the e e ae w e e e a t great kingdoms of P ol mys , S l ucid b com p r the a fi n le t w ho fe a e we a e of dominions of g ci y, n m in v in look d for m t e hifto r an d Ze a ate fi e to the a e a a a h ir y ; nobi l ly con n d _ b rr n pl ins of P lmyr , fo t d to the . t h t h er d omin ions , to h e u an t c o m h as now Egyp in , nor h o r an a fea m a nds as far as th e Bofph u s d bl ck .

Her fu ccefs had hitherto been very little in terrupted ; Cl audius thought w l e fu e . hi s h o e the re o it the m oft pruden t m eafu r to e mploy . forc in ppp fli n l ’ e ea e e This co nd uét had e a s a at as w e of vils n r r hom . Aur li n pprob ion , a fee t ette to the fenate and ta the a e Re h e bo h in his l r , by his king f m ps , for intirel fubdu ed the t a nd t e a e to the e e the eaftern y Go hs, h n m rch d r li f of e e He c roffed the Bof ho rus a t B za t and e e t at a a a mpir . p y n ium , xc p Ty n ,

‘ a a a h he t ﬂ rata em m et t o o fi - v town of C pp doci , whic ook by g , wi h no pp a to t tion in his m rch An ioch .

t t t and at Em efa e e t thefe t w o att es b A his ci y , w r fough b l y which Au relian e e e the e the a l a nd e a w as e e to ta e r cov r d provinc s of c l , Z nobi r duc d k elter t the a a ta fh wi hin w lls of our own c pi l .

The m o ft e a a e t th efe tw o aétion s the aft w w as r m rk bl hings in , l of hich e o bflina te e e the fu eriorit the a e e had t e a a an d v ry , w r p y P lmyr n s in h ir c v lry , e a the art w ar The a e t excells ho rfes a nd ho rfe th Rom ns in of . f m coun ry in anfhi at t d a m p his y.

e a ee e to al a eat ha rraffed mat ch the ‘ S Aur li n proc d d P myr , gr ly in his by y PM ,ra is tt and a ta e e e a t to ave a a a , r fu ri n b ndi i h ving k n prop r pr c u ions h his my p Aureli an . e t rov ili on s beli e ed the t The o bftinac t the ar pli d wi h p , g own . y wi h which g rifo n defended it i s an icularl ta e t e a lette m e a _ , p y k n no ic of in r b fro Aur li n s as a a h e e t the e e to M uca ore n o t . p , p logy for l ng h of li g

At aft t e out t u nfuc cefs ful a tte t he w as refolved to tr the ef l ir d wi h mp s, y fcéts e t at an d a te to e a b ut a ft of n go i ion , ccordingly wro Z nobi , in e 11. a Zenobi .

re ol v t. nob l P . i Ze . i ve: { be ollowi n o ber Ie ter . e P refcrved in T b . g f g copy f Z nobia reg ina O ri v it ! te V o ifcus . . ela nti s u u fl o Ne m Q . e e an A . n r raete te uo d by p Aur i n Aur li o g o dhu , p r , quod ' V us e a r t The lette r is p referved in opifc . Aurelianus imp r pofcis litte is petii t : virtu e faciendum eft quicquid in reb ua 8: e t Orienti Zea obi e lci editio e R0 orbit e o s ae crif u bel i s eﬁ e m . D n m meam tor . cm e et uaﬁ n fci r c p r , , t q quos g r ndu p is, q e al “ " te a e e debuifl is tne is C le0 arra inam e e m aluif foc ietas tenet bellia . Spon f c r id quod p m reg p rir e quam in q ualibit vi litteris ubetu r : dediti onem rax i io im unitate ta: e e di natc : Perfarum a a d efunt ua am nunc j p p p vi v r g nobis uxili non , q : j

to ofi ta ita ut i llic e a cum t a a tam te f eram us . P ro fu nt S aracen i ro Arm enii L atron p p , , Z nobi , uis g s vi , ubi p nobis , p nobis . es ' ex fenat us mm i fen tenlia colloca vero . G a mm a a e r exerc im m t A re liane vitt ru nt m ﬁ . u t r ri a , rg n Sy i unin , ; quid igi u ill ? t u m a m pericu m e uos am e ae a m R0 conferas : venetit ma u a: undi ue f eratur P onc s r fc , uru , , q , c los in r riu nus , q q p p o d o fu per ' l rvabi u Vo if s a d Hac e ifloli m m d ed itio nem ua P a m rr ni s us fuum fe t r : cu d s . fi om nifariam viétor y j p p ciliu , quo nunc ihi , q , i nfolenti uf ne refc r a o Z i it reli a e a e fu rbi us i m i i n a u . a t a e ﬁt m e a . V d. V . v A n cc p , Z no i p q p qu i r s p / b _ p e us t a ofc bat e ad e em . Tb: b arbar j for un p e , cr do t rror j me n ' G ‘ I Z T H E f‘ A N T I E N -T S T A T E

11In c h at e a e t a ro ofed tei m s fhe re eeted w t eat r h r comm nd d h n p p , which j i h gr difd ai n a nd notw ithfta ndin the def erate {late h er a ffa r t eate o fi ers , g p of i s r d his as i nfo lent , bid him remember that Cleopatra preferred death to a dilho no ur able life a nd even infulted him with the a dvantages the Syrian banditti had got e his a ov r rmy.

This h aughty anfw er greatly inﬂ amed Aurelian : he immediately orde red a e e a atta t e 1 t a e e and a t the a e ti e t at he refled g n r l ck wi h mor fu y h n v r , f m m h p t e fo v i ou rou fl In the t he te e te t e Perﬁan a a e and h m g y own ’, in rc p d h ir uxili ri s, t o ff the a a e and e a bough S r c ns Arm ni ns.

a m ra J i Befi des t s ro vifi ons e a to a i n the t e th e e was e P l y hi , p b g n f il own , whil e n my w ll fu lied a circ um flance eat difc ou ra in to the befi e ed a e t e pp ; gr ly g g g , who pl c d h ir chief hopes 1n the difﬁculty Aurelian would ﬁnd of fubfifting his a rmy i n the d fart e ,

. ‘ t diftrefs it was refolved to let the Perfi ans the def In his in council, know e ate fi tu ation t e e e an d to i e t e afliflance a ainfl: the p r h y w r in, mplor h ir g com e em mon n y.

' e bia at Ze a e t to t ran faét t s afl air erfo n a nd fet ou t P erfi a Z no nobi und r ook hi in p , for t e m pts to go to1 Pc rfi a for a di omedar an a m a a e u fe e e t i n the a e t upon y , ni l m d of for xp di ion f m coun ry fu cc o u r. 15 at t da bu t ihe i t im o flible to efca e the a e the befi e ers ta ken . his y , found p p vigil nc of g . e a e her efca e dif atched a a t horfe e t Aur li n inform d of p , p p r y of , which ov r ook her uft as fli e had ot t a at to afs the a te j g in o bo p Euphr s .

W e are t t at the fi t the a t e ee a e the R a e e in old, h gh of c p iv qu n g v om n mp ror fi te leafu re at the a e t m e a t fuffered m e m ortificatio n e ni p , f m i his mbi ion fo , wh n he co nfidered t at ofterit a a t as the co n u efl: h p y would lw ys look upon his, only q a a of wom n .

e a e ta e the t e a a fubm itted themfelves to the em Z nobi b ing k n, ci iz ns of P lmyr ’ e s e t a co nfi derable a t ere e e the t to the p ror m rcy , hough p r y w for d f nding ci y aft He f ar d em t e fu bm iflio n and a e t o Em efa t Ze . e t l p h upon h ir , m rch d wi h nobia an d a reat art the e a a w e e he e t a arrifon 60 0 , g p of rich s of P lmyr , h r l f g of a e a e Sanderio rch rs, comm nd d by

’ At Em efa e a a e e t Zenobia s t and her ti e , Aur li n m d nquiry in o conduc , mo v s fo m b inac for uch o ft y .

I w ifh i t w e1e po flible to vindicate her behaviour upon this occafi on : but e e fhe e fhort her a e e at a a nd urchafed a diﬂ1ono urablé h r f ll of gr nd mod l Cl op r , p e at the eX ence her e [he et a e as her advifers 1n at fh e lif , p of fri nds, whom b r y d wh ’ had e: e e e u t to eat and fhe referved to a e the e e don Th y w r p d h, gr c mp ror s t riumph .

thofe fuffered w as He w as acc ufed a dicftated Among , who , Longinus. of h ving the a t ette miftres enobia te to the e e The a in h ugh y l r, which his wro mp ror. t e fteadinefs t he met his ate fhews t at he w as as a e as h e r pid wi h which f , h br v , w as ea e l rn d .

li b. I.

14 T H E A N T I E N T S T A T E

’ Its v arious fortunes from the time of Mahomet s appea rance are very o bfcure at it has ee a e ufe as a a e ftren th ea . Th b n m d of pl c of g , app rs from the al terations mad e to a a cr th at pu rpo fe in the templ e of the as e as the a il e the a t be a e i e ﬁ x fun , which , w ll c l on hill, c nno bov fv or e ea hundr d y rs old .

Be a Tudu len li s an a t a nd fu erltitious ew affed nj min , ignor n p J , who p t 1t the t e t e t a t e e e e 2 0 0 0 e t e e hrough in w lf h c n ury , f ys, h r w r of his r ligion h r r t at ti e a h m .

the a a te f e ta e t e a m a a nd tho fe Of Ar bi n wri rs, om k no no ic of P l yr , of e a e am a a t its e u te who do, Abulf d princ of H h , ci y in n ighbo rhood , who wro a t the ea 1 2 I feem s to be the o ne t t He e t s bou y r 3 , only wor h quo ing m n ion

e iho rtl i ts fi tua tio n a a n d fi - t ee i ts a a t e t m v ry y , foil , p lm g r s ; m ny n i n colu ns , il He w e t t a nd t at i t h ad a a and a e. as a a h w ll c l v ry prob bly ignor n , bo h of ’ its e a e and hifto r and a i t e m e . Gr k n m y , only c lls T d or

the t e a m e the e t te a t e t e a On o h r h nd, fo of b l wri rs on n i n g ogr phy, who were in ge neral acquainted with the billory of Pal m yra feem quite i gnor a nt 1ts C aftaldu s te and t e no t ta e i t the e of ruins. , Or lius o h rs, do k for T dmor of e a bu t e it t e e a e Abulf d , giv o h r mod rn n m s .

lh ort fo tt e e e thefe s e e the atte end the In , li l w r ruin known b for l r of laﬁ e t t a t had t e ate a ee e m e t the a e c n ury, h h ir m ri ls b n ploy d in for ifying pl c , which m ight h ave bee n a very n atural co n fequ enc e of a war betwee n the Turks an d Perli ans a a fcarce a e ee m ill a e ﬁ ro n i n lta nc e , P lmyr would h v b n v ry g the e a ate t at the reatelt e t a a rt and e of pr c rious f , h g monum n s of hum n pow r are liabl e to !

But a t t at t e e En lifh e a ts e v ili ted th efe bou h im , fom g m rch n from Al ppo s e e e e the a and e to et t t at ruin , who w r plund r d by Ar bs, oblig d r urn wi hou f is f in t e u rioﬁt : bu t m a e a fecond att t tee ea a te the f il v h ir c y d empt hir n y rs f r ir , nd l 6 1. g A in 9 and ﬂ a e t e e a y d h r four d ys.

’ e a t ublilh ed the P hilofo hical Tr an faétions a nd the Th ir ccoun is p in p , is o ne a e e e ee t a e It w te t fo m c an only I h v v r f n of his pl c . is ro wi h uch a nd e a to t t t at e e ri ors o cca li o ned alte an d t e dour r g rd ru h , h fom by h , h ir n ot e a a te t a rchiteétu re a nd fcu l tu re d eferv e i n b ing much cqu in d wi h p , ’ d ul ence W e e at lealt a t al a t t refc ue t e 333333; g hop , , our ddi ion u hori y will h m a n unuﬂ: m tat was the m e a e s as it had the from j i pu ion , which or d nbg rou a fanétio n m e m en fenfe and ette i t a e to t of fo of l rs , who found c li r doub the e a t t e e at t a to a t fuc a l: i n to v r ci y of h ir r l ion , h n ccoun for h v l ruins, odd a a e pl c .

If our journey thither m th e year 17 5 1 has produced any thing which ‘ m a be e fatis faéto r to th e i it is e t e to o u t a y mor y cur ous, n ir ly owing h ving e ta e i t t a a ta e t a te an d w e e w e m a und r k n wi h dv n g s which hey w n d , ho v r y cla im the merit of a more i nqu iﬁtiv e examination into the ruins of P al m a the difco ver t em 18 e t e d ue to the En ilh a t at yr , y of h n ir ly gl f c ory e Al ppo .

N e a fu s rfu nr m a h Har . z m en t rcfcrun t m (ame nolim ﬁdrm ra ﬂ are. P crc unc rud r p , g oli urbis indi , u li quoru n p douin Vi l c P i n . Hi lt N t d . lib v . a O F P A L M Y R A ‘ 15

‘ The account given by thefe gentl emen o ccafi oned a fho rt hift ory of the t {late a a and e e e a the i nfc ri tio ns antien of P lmyr , fom ing nious r m rks on p found t a e as a a hiflo r a a a nd e ta t e e P , h r , by Doc or H ll y ; lfo y of lmyr comm n ry upon ’ i ti s e The fi rfl feemed too i t and the aft t o e infc r o n . e . o th p , by Ab S ll r bor , l dif f as e as i nco rreét to anfw er at ea t t en fu e, w ll , wh is m n by his quiry ; in which , ’ fta c e t e e a e had e a ﬂi n . how v r, I h v fom from bo h

t fh ort et the ll a a it a ea t at all we a In his sk ch of bi ory of P lmyr , pp rs h h ve a e to c olleél th e a to its t at t e bee n bl from books, wi r g rd buildings is , h h y e e a e a e a and u flin ia n the a t in fc ri tio n a wer r p ir d by Adri n , Aur li n , J , L in p dds W e fh al ee to at we ro o fed as the feco n a t l fi an . l d Dioc e now proc d wh p p , p r e of this nquiry .

’ O W fa r the tafte and a e the architeélu re m a e an t in to c’ h H m nn r of y giv y ligh m si éﬁf ’ the a e e it e a u t e e erfo n s o wer g g which produc d , our ngr vings will p in v ry p p ggg gp ; to e himfelf a nd fu ch m e t the reader a e judg for in forming judg n , i will m k at u fe he t e the o bfer vatio ns t to ether w i th wh hinks prop r of following , hrown g , an e to e ou t y vi w ord r.

“ P J ifli u i at “7 ‘ W e t t w e eaﬁl d n fh , a a the two e hough could y g P lmyr , ruins, of v ry my ra more ffe e t e d a t t the e a the o ldeft are e e di r n p rio s of n iqui y ; d c y of , which m r

fm ' a nd a a e m eafu rem en t e e the a a t e bu t t e inc p bl of , look d lik gr du l work of im h a e feem ed o ea the a e e l t r t b r m rks of viol nc .

‘ e e a eate fam enefs in the architec lure a m a t a Th r is gr r of P l yr , h n o bferved at R e t e and t e eat t e w hofe om , A h ns, o h r gr ci i s , ruins t o u t ffe e t a es as the a et t e a e as t e poin di r n g , much from v ri y of h ir m nn r, h ir e e t a es e a The e the i diff r n li g of d c y . works don during republ can flare R e a re t e { t a nd ufefu lnefs e tho fe the of om known by h ir implici y , whil of e e ar e a a e a e t a nd ﬁ e Nor le d mp rors e r m rk bl for orn m n n ry. is it fs ifﬁ cul t to diftinguifh the old fimple doric k af At h ens from their licentious e But at a a w e a t corinthia n of a l ater ag . P lmyr c nno trace fo v ifi ble a progrefs of a rts a nd ma nners in the ir buildings a nd th ofe which are t feem to o w e t e e a at e to w o rfe ate a a e ta mol ruinous h ir d c y r h r m ri ls, or ccid n l

e e t a a eate a t t . It t e t e e the o u tfi de the viol nc , h n gr r n iqui y is ru , h r is in of fe u lchra l e t t t the t an air fi m licit e ffe e p monum n s, wi hou own , of p y v ry di r nt the e e a tafle all the t e a nd t e from g n r l of o h r buildings , from which , h ir fi n u lar a fha e we a t fi rfl fu o fed t e the t to the g p pp h m works of coun ry, prior i n tro du ﬁ ion of the Greek arts , bu t we found the infi de orna mented as the t e o h r buildings.

It e a a e t at e e t ion ick a the te e th is r m rk bl , h xc p four h lf columns in mpl of e a nd two o n e the m au fo le um s the e t a a fun, in of , whol is corin hi n , richly orn ’ ' e h e ftrtktn beau t1es and m ent d t e as vif1ble a t . wi fom g , fom f ul s

the a et w e vifi ted t t the eaft w In v ri y of ruins in our our hrough , e c not e obferv in t at ea the t ee eek e ad ould h lp g, h ch of hr Gr ord rs h their

m ea ﬁ n ular w t e a to the a t e t has m ad e eat ﬂ ce les m m t e w not a ear (0 I n g , i h r g rd n i n buildings gr p co on , h y ould pp , ee e and ta b ut t e w e e the ufe e for t e a at of Gr c I ly ; in coun ri s h r of b lls h y re ex actly of th form .

fafh io nable 16 T H E AN T I E N T S T A T E

é fafh ionable periods : Theoldefl buildings w e faw were d o rick ; the io n ick fu e eem s o a e ee the a te e no t a bu t a ll' ceeded an d f t r , , , h v b n f vouri ord only in Ioni o e fia the ea t t architeélu re e t at a rt was v r A Minor , gr coun ry of good , wh n h in ’ e t The t a am e t e and m o fi of the i t s hi hefl e . e g p rf c ion corin hi n c n x in vogu , buildings of that orde r in Greece feem poflerio r to the Romans getting footing h e com o fi te a nd allits e t a a a e e e t w as t e e. T h r p , x r v g nci s follow d, wh n propor ion t fac rificed to fi e an d e a e t en irely n ry crowd d orn m n .

u pture Sc l w a e in t s w e foo ner t e obferv ation e t and fe m s to refen t Ano h r m d hi our , hich our p b rought to e rfeflion u r o fe was t at the ro refs a rchiteﬁ u re and fc u l tu re t a s erfec p p , , h in p g of p ow rd p a nd foo ner p o l th an ar t fc u l tu re a e fooneft a t i t a nd foo nefl: ft it l l ion , p rriv d , lo . c hi teélu re.

’ E am e of x pl s The d o rick t e an i nftance the ﬁ rfl e e the bas - re A , i t old of h ns is of wh r . e the et e the te e Th efeu s an d e a the fi il t Ii fs on m op s of mpl s of Min rv , ( r buil te t e att e a at and the a tte the t m e e es fh ew foon af r h b l of M r hon , l r in i of P ricl ) ’ the u tmo ft erfeélio n t at art has e e a e t the a te t e the p h v r cquir d , hough rchi c ur of fam e te e is far fhort it and an a t a a a in fl the le mpl s of , in m y p r icul rs g ru s of Vi tru vius a ea to a e e es the a ate , who pp rs h v found d his principl upon, works of l r

age .

at a te t e o ut - e fcu l tu re w e had feveralin flanees fi a Th rchi c ur liv d p in A Minor, i a a a a nd e e e e e t t t at . no wh r mor vid n proofs of , h n P lmyr

ob fervatio n the ffe e t ate ho fe fi fter- a t a e at This on di r n f s of t r s, which I h v te te to fu o rt a ts has a ea e a tt e e t a a to m e er mp d pp by f c , pp r d li l x r ordin ry fo p ‘ e u fll fi e a te t e as the m e e n ece flit a fons, who v ry j y con d r rchi c ur r child of y , ’ difco ver ﬁrft a ts m ufl a e te ou t an d e e y which our w n h v poin d , mploy d us in long e e w e t fc l e the an d u e a e t u tur leif r . b for could h v hough of p , work of luxury Ho w m e i t a t t e fa t e t at it ﬂi o u ld be e t fo fa r e a n co s bou h n , y h y, h l f b hind by a rt much later thought of P Perhaps m y having had ocular d em onflratio n of the faél m a e m e to t too a a the a e , y induc hink f vour bly of following m nn r of a t it ccoun ing for .

Reafon ofit. The fcu l tor a o b eél: the a f e has his ftrfl a nd ff p h ving for his j hum n igur , in , mo u e effa s the a a ta e a e at e th e c lofeft m ta t o r d y , dv n g of mod l in n ur , i i i n of which ’ c o nflitu tes the e e t his art Bu t the architeél s e t is m e in p rf c ion of . inv n ion e ploy d the fearch t ea fo t w e e eflablifhed of propor ions by no m ns obvious, hough h n onc t e ar ea v he a t t e a e s h y e fi er prefer ed and copied . T fi ril p r of his r m rk p rhap a n t the e ro refs fc u l tu re the a a t to ccou s for quick r p g of p , from inf ncy of r s t e ha iefl ftate as the atte a t i t atte t t e the reafon h ir pp , l r p r of mp s o giv why architeéture fh ou ld n ot fo e ate ee the e e tafle imm di ly f l d clin of good .

am a w e to la an flrefs th efe obfervatio ns a t e to If I llo d y y on , in pplying h m a a it e m e to fi x the ate i ts a te the ha iefl: P lmyr , would induc d of buildings f r pp

W t e r e m o fl lc afm i s a uc fl io n re and e t t at t e w a e e e re the d o ri ck m e hichof h o d rs is p g , q fo ig n n x , h h y ould h v pr fr d , in fo to ou r prefent u r o fe : b ut et t e ere e the ioni ck i nfl ances but t at t e ow n e was lcfs fi t to ex e p p l f his pr f nc of , , h h ir ord r dif cul ' an a e w e architeélu re m o fl o u t d and g fl r fh e , a e e te, a nd a e eate ( e to the a tect a not in h n by p opl cu g v gr r cop rchi sf ncy , con w ho fe ct e a e ee to the fl and a rd fi e as i n the d ori ck a co ufl ant atte t to a e produ ions of g nius h v b n long n d , , by n ion prop r fo r ra l e t at t e a f fu re a e a v e e u m e m ea dift ri bu ti o n the e and t r l hs . H m e e i n good f , h h yh v in cquir d rig ht of metop s g yp r og n s o f e g , ma be an a t r t too m i rs a r w e te e the am tem e o f a at e fhou ld be o d cidin y u ho i y uch in f vou , nd d f ous pl B cchus T os d m a obferve y fi rfl , t at the a w ere t a t al b u t for t fal reafo n a e a to the ion ck h ioni ns , no doub , p r i rick , his ch ng d his pl n i , to the e w the me th v a e e t a te he ha colleflcd t e m ater a . V itru ord r hich y cl i d honour of inv n ing , f r d h i ls . O F P A L M Y R A . 17

he e a t Bu t w t e a to t w e fhall w e the a ge of t fi n r s. i h r g rd his kno mor from in fc i ns r pti o .

at the n ra Se u cu s W E fee t e e l o bferv ed t or a . m . from h ir d s, (in which of is , wi h the Macedonia n names of the mon ths)th at there are non e ea rlier than the birth Ch rifl' a nd e fo ate as the deflru étio n the t e a e e t of , non l of ci y by Aur li n , xc p e t o leﬁan e are a ll a bad te o ne at Di c . a a e in L in , which m n ions Th y in ch r c r, fom fe u lch ral bu t t a the a e the o ld efl: infc ri tio ns are all P al p , mol honor ry ; n m s in p ate da a e R ma ae a m rene thofe a te . y , of l r h v o n pr nomin

TW O the m au fo leu m s flill e a ett entire referve t e 1 a of , which r m in pr y , p on h ir $2? : “M “ t e e e in fc ri tio ns o ne t at am blic hu s fron v ry l gibl p , of which informs us, h J , fon if;

M oci m u s t t at m e t as a a - a e himfelfan d a of , buil h monu n , buri l pl c for his f mily the ea 1 anfw erin to the t ea C hrifl an d the t e t at in y r 3 4, ( g hird y r of ) o h r, h ’ t Elabelu s M anaius the ea the 10 Chr ft i t w as i . buil by , in y r ( 3 of )

“ - The ornaments of thefe tw o a re much i n the fame tafle ; bu t the l atte r is By M a e y p e a o f t e i an d lt e t e e te . e e t are fo i n the fl le i ich l mo dilig n ly x cu d How v r, bo h much y tg i an d a e the t e bu 1ldi n s e e a t at t e m a be m nn r of o h r publick g in g n r l, h h y y o e e e t a e fu ppofed works n t of v ry diff r n g s.

to the a infcri tions t e a realm ofl all U the As honor ry p , h y pon columns of the t e e i t a ea t at t e e e e flat e the long por ico ; wh r will pp r, h h r w r n s of erfo ns a e t e a nd t at the feveral ate a k th e t e en p n m d in h m , h d s m r im wh ll e c fu c h erfo n s e e e t at r . t at a w an e t e p r c iv d h honou So h conclud from h m , e a to the i t at th e t e t a the earl with r g rd build ngs is, h por ico is old r h n i eft tho e d ate of f s .

W e e e e t fea rc h afte i nfc ri tio ns r we e w r dilig n in our r p , f om which hop d for e a a e at t e a to a a e a t hiflo r fo d e fom v lu bl inform ion , wi h r g rd pl c bou which y is ﬁ c ient b ut a W e the a e reafo n e e fi ri l a te e a . el in v in for f m nquir d y f r m d ls , ’ a e a nd ta s b u t t as tt e fuc cefs the ed a w e ot e c m o s in glio ; wi h li l . All m ls g w re ’ ’ R a fm all b rafs and the e e an d e a e an d intali o s om n , of low mpir , fom c m o s g ,

w e a re n ot t t e. which found , wor h no ic

W e e e no t difa ointed n ot fi the a e e a an w r much pp , in nding n m of Z nobi in Zenobin not y - ' d i nfc ri tion a e fh o rt e w as alm o fl e t e e e a w ar the n u iilii ifﬁf p , s h r r ign n ir ly mploy d in , ha ppy en d of which prevented any opportunity either of compliment or ﬂ at ’ et N Do eto r a e o bfervatio n a e t at the R a f . o r y or is H ll y s improb bl , h om ns, tate at her e a fho uld a e deflro ed e a e e e t much irri d b h viour, h v y , or d f c d v ry hing e which did h r honour .

N the e t w e m a e t at as as the affa e U P O whol , I hink , y conclud , h foon p g CONCL U. ’ the defert was n ou t an d raetifed tho fe e t and c o n flan t f rin s W N of fou d p , pl n iful p g of Pa lmyra m ufthave been known ; a nd that as foon as trade beca me the o bjeét of atte t fu ch a fi tuatio n m u ft a e ee a a e as neceffa r to the ee n ion , h v b n v lu bl , y k p in a n in tercou rfe et ee the ate a nd the e te a ea e g up b w n Euphr s , M di rr n n , b ing a t t e t ea e t at e and a t t e and bou w n y l gu s from h riv r, bou ﬁf y from Tyr Sidon, on the coafl t l a e a e e h fi tua n . e t e tio This, no doub , mul h v h pp n d v ry foon , from of this 18 T H E A N T I E N T S T A T E

P alm r t a i n t defart 1n the e the ﬁ rfl fo cieties w e an t his , n ighbourhood of civil know y hing ha bi te d ear v l and u by . and w e a e o li ti ve a t t the t fe a e , of; h v p u hori y from wri ings of Mo s , of v ry

ea i ntercou 1fe et ee a a - a afte a M efo o tam ia a nd the rly b w n P d n Ar n, rw rds p , a a l and of C na n .

it be a e e that o i ntercourfe w as e t n ot t the If ll dg d , f ch k p up , hrough defart bu t a e r a t the i a te t as i s e e , by long r o d , hrough nh bi d coun ry, g n a the ra€tice at t da an d t at the at a t e o urni es r lly p his y , h p ri rchs in h ir j

et ee thofe t es ufed ea the a e a a a - a is b w n coun ri , n rly f m c r v n ro d , which now ch fen fecu rit Damafc us a a e Bi & o r c . commonly for y from by H m h, Al ppo, , This o bjeéi io n m ay be a n fwered by an o bferv atio n which occurred to m e w he n I travell ed this road i nto M efopota m ia (now Diarbekir)i n my ﬁrft tour t he all i n the ea V 1 a the e a t 1 2 2 . t e t e L in o c y r 74 , Th xp di ious journ y of

ban a nd a m a a to t - ea a t t e J cob fro H r n Moun Gil d . will dmi of no o h r road tha n this through the d efart ; which a lone can account for the m t e a a f f all im in which they perform e d it . As L ban m ay h ve u ed ex traor dinar d e e and e e te him felf i n the urfu it w e fh ai not e t e y ilig nc , x r d p , l v n ur a ’ to fay n hat he could have don e in feven days ; but Jacob s journey will a t a ett ex aéi al at he eafi l a e a e at the dmi of pr y c cul ion, nor could y h v rriv d

n earefi a t t - ea e e t the defart lefs t a ten a s p r of Moun Gil d, v n hrough , in h n d y ,

as he m u ft a e e t the ara a - a e o bfe rved the refen t h v k p common c v n p c , by p i a ta t he t a e e t the a e a e a ﬂ nh bi n s ; for r v ll d wi h f m incumbr nc s of f mily , ocks, a nd fh o rt all fubflance a i e b and e c a in , his , c rrying his w v s childr n upon ' e as the a eta a fur rifi n fi m ilitu de o f a e m ls, Ar bs now do , who r in p g m nn rs ’ an d c uftom s to thofe the a t a an d eate tha obfervable of p ri rchs, much gr r n is et ee an t e a t e t and e e e b w n y o h r n i n mod rn p opl .

reafon in t fu o fes the a e the t to a e This g, no doub , pp f c of coun ry h v ee a a the a e t at w e faw i t w is no t a e b n lw ys f m h , hich improb bl ; for few parts of the globe feem to be lefs fu bjeél to change th an the de fa t e i t feem u nreafonable to e t at a a had a a r ; nor do s conclud , h P lmyr lw ys ’ th a e fu l ate an i t e e a e a t i t e d s th . f m pp y of w r, n ighbourhood f m w n of c d ofe hus e t as s reafon u e e The P erfi ans J p giv s his Solomon for b ilding h r . when the y became mailers of Afa attempted i n fome m eafu re to water the d efart a t a e t the a ﬁve e e at to thofe , by gr n ing prop r y in l nd for g n r ions, t ate t t e Bu t the a u x d uéi s t e m ade u n der who brough w r hi h r. q which h y

t- a t u r ofe e e to a e to be d efltro ground, from Moun T urus , for his p p , w r li bl y y d t at t e not e o a fw er h e d t e e t e t t n t e n h e . , h h y did con inu for whic h y w r buil the w ar et ee Arfaces and t s the ea t w e fee the ﬁrﬁ a e In b w n An iochu Gr , c r t e w as to fecure the a te the defart W t t i an a on bo h fid s w r in , i hou wh ch rmy not afs could p .

H - s ri e o w the Eafi e t It ch s much India f trad has enrich ed all the coun ries through o wi n g to the Hal - I nd a it a le to the refent t e is e e t m l l i which p l d , from Solomon p im , vid n fro bil ory trade.

d v Gen . a . . it w as t a a e P o . 2 2. . . 10 . It i s t e the d efart me t ch p xxxi v And old L b n on Polyb lib ru , n ion d by the t d a t at a w as fl ed . he t b re l biu s t a d the w i n fl ance a t e rt hird y h J cob And ook his y , in his n follo ing , is fr h r no h thrc n w t him a nd urfued a te him fev en a r e t a t at a m a bu t the t e a t the d efart i s i h , p f r d ys j ou n y , h n h of P l yr , nor h rn p r of ' a nd t e e t h im i n the m t ea e afil f h y ov rook oun Gil d m or e y upplyed w ith water than to the fouth . 5 Gen. a v . . fet i e a t an i b . ch p xxxi 7 Th n j cob ofe d his P o lyb . w and e am e . ea ect fons his iv s upon c ls Prid ux Conn .

t . . 8. An iq jud lib . - O F P A L M Y R A 19

e t at e the P to lom ies a nd i ee a a The im menfe rich s of h princ , of , nd d of P lmyr , r e a te t e fou c e. are to b ccoun d for, from no o h r

a e t at the e a t e i ntercou rfe 'h‘ It feems highly prob bl h Pho nici ns, who from h ir iiiﬁni i, il the a e the Bait- a t a e i as fo on t the e ea e r , f wi h J ws, foon l rn d v lu of Indi d muf fgggll;ggt ﬁta it t be a e t a a li tu a ted h ave found o u t how pro bly migh c rri d on hrough P lmyr , e e t them and at a lefs diftance m t e a ta t a more conv ni n ly for , fro h ir c pi l h n from e e that of th J ws.

- e h Po rtu ueZe difco The grand paﬁa ge for the India M rchandize (before t e g the a e - e w as t t and the Vered th at by C p of Good Hop ) , no doub , by Egyp d a a e e th e - fea The t e Eli o n eber R a a n e e R d . ci i s g , hinocolur , Al x ndri , w r dif t t a e as it a e t the a s the e e ferent m arts for his r d , p ll d hrough h nd of J ws , Pho Bu t t e e e e e t e a e lefs co nli derable ee . n ic ians a nd Gr ks h r w r form rly o h r ch nn ls , o d a as th ere are t this y.

Th dc i s t e t at t ei i a- a e i s at a e ebb o c cali o ned i i vﬁuglfm . It ru , h h r Ind Tr d , now v ry low , k e t I nd a y o i i i n i cover m e a a nd the a e - e b ut m o ft all . by the d f of A ric , C p of Good Hop , of t y mq“l g; h e bad e e t the d a et a o ofi te to the t e by t gov rnm n of Turks , i m ric lly pp ru e e e e e e t to o it e e. t ut at fpir of comm rc Th r is , how v r , nough l f poin wh a a e e t beli des th e t a e migh t be done with proper m n g m n . And r d carried ' b a and e a fmall interco u rfe is e t a a a on y C iro Su z , k p up by c r v ns from

an d Da m afc u s t o Bal o ra . I m a e t t at fho uld t Aleppo f k no doub , h his coun tr e e e e the eat e e ate i fo ciet a a m u n: y onc mor b com f of w ll r gul d civ l y , P lmyr rf e e co n li d erable the t a e a t t m t ft ll of c ou e b com , by r d of Indi , hough Egyp igh i e b e its gra nd cha nn l .

w e e e t a erfo n h ad ee a a nd w as \Vh en w r in Egyp , p who b n long in Indi , te t the t a e t at t w as e t to a a w ell a cquain d wi h r d of h coun ry , f n Gr nd C iro by the refe nt e e e a to fee W at e e m t be a e p mp ror of G rm ny , h comm rc igh l id op n

n a nd the Red - f a The e t em a f e betwee n his T ufca dominions e . g n l n o mploye d t t at he no t t e erfu e his fchem e to S e an d em old us, h did h n p of going on u z, a for a becau fe the refen t fett e e e t b rking Moch , of p un l d gov rnm n in Egypt 5 bu t t at t a t w as e reﬁ o red and t e e w as fec urit e a t h if r nquili y onc , h r y for m rch n s, “ eat anfwer the trade would gr ly .

Bu t at whatever tim e w e m ay fuppofe Palmyra became a paffage for the t e l ndia it feem s e reafo nable to att te t e ea t to commodi i s of , v ry ribu h ir w l h t at t a e m u ft a e fl o u rilh ed confi derabl e e the rt h r d , which h v y b for bi h of C hrii as we n d the infc ri tio n s a t t at t e t e e e t ; fi by p , bou h im h y w r rich an d a ex e fi v e and as a ex refl a t e n a - e a t a k p n ; Appi n p y c lls h m I di m rch n s , in M r ’ s t it feem s to ut t atte o ut all a e it t t e t. I t o a An ony im , p his m r of doub k h ve bee n owing to a want of pro pera tten tion to this c ircu m ftance of th e trad e of a m a a nd the e it t a e u e t at te a e t e P l yr , rich s migh h v prod c d, h wri rs h v hi h rto ' ett fi e t att te its to the fu cceli ors Alexa nder o r to pr y con d n ly ribu d buildings of , e R a e e at e t a fu ofe its i a ta t th om n mp rors , r h r h n pp nh bi n s could have been to the ex ence equ al p .

As a ntie nt authors are intirely fi len t a bout this opulen t and quiet p eriod f t e i ll w e are e t to e t at i ntirel te t o h i r b ory , l f conclud h , y in n upon com

bel. . De civil lib. 5 .

L e e m rc , T H E A N T I E N T S T A T E

e e t e te e e tt e the a e t e e and fe at m rc , h y in rf r d li l in qu rr ls of h ir n ighbours, wi ly

‘ d fecu rit te e to the tw o s a a ta es t e li tu ation t a e an . nd d obviou dv n g of h ir , r d y A t t s ea ea e e a ii b i d s few thofe {t e e t coun ry hu p c bly mploy d, of riking v n s which hiﬂ ory i s fond of The defart w as in a great m eafure to Palm yra what the e to eat B ta t t e e iid e e Th e leét thefe f a i s a e . e n Gr ri in , bo h h ir rich s d f nc g of i o a dvantages made them more co nfp cu us an d lefs h appy .

W at t e a t a c onneei io ns e e t the R m a e e the t e h h ir p r icul r w r wi h o ns, b for im Od ena thu s ea e a and te te te m a be ff t of , how rly b g n , how of n in rrup d , y di icul

to decide with a ny fati s faetion to ou rfelves . The earlielt mark of their depen ’ a e as w e a e ee th e e hilto r t e a ee a R m an d nc , h v f n in for going y is, h ir h ving b n o colony i n the tim e of Ca racalla : that they allifted Alexander Severus a ga inlt ta e e 1 e e t a an a ia e : w e fee R a ae a an d Ar x rx s, p ov s no mor h n ll nc om n pr nomin , a few R a am e the infcri tions a nd t at o ne a e t e a e om n n s in p h , in pl c , h y h v fc ratched o ut the a e a erfo n to the R a an d t e a e n m of p , odious om ns ; in o h r pl c s feem to ac uiefce the R a e fi at a tw o t e d eceafed q in om n d i c ion , by c lling of h ir e e s W et e a ll t ea an e t a e t to t e mp rors god . h h r his m ns y mor h n complim n h ir

‘ e s and a e a e a ea e intereft i n the R a e an d fri nd lli s , or i gu s n r r om n r ligion _ poli t s e t to the ea e to e hi mfe ick , is l f r d r judg for

' \Ve a e ee e e th e t e u li inian t t w as e e to as h v f n , b for im of J , his ci y r duc d ’ lo w a Rate as t at w e it and h a d ft i ts e t t a e h in which found , lo lib r y , r d , pro e t and a ta t t at at a a t e e p r y inh bi n s, in h n ur l ch in in which publick misfor un s g n erall ea t e y follow ch o h r.

i f the fu ccelli on thefe a a t e was e t a a it m a be W hy the d e of c l mi i s quick r h n ordin ry, y s a y of a my P l a te the a t a fi tuation a m a : a t t t a ra w as fo ccoun d for from p r icul r of P l yr coun ry wi hou l nd, q u c . b i k m a u fe t at ex refli o n fu bfi fi com m erce t e i n du fi r if I y h p , could only by ; h ir y h ad no other cha n nel to operate in and when the lofs of their liberty w as w e t at t a e t e e e e e to e as t e follo d by h of r d , h y w r r duc d liv idly on much of h ir a ta as e a had f ared e t at was f ent necefl i t e t e c pi l Aur li n p , wh n h p , y oblig d h m to defert the tow n

e e its u fe as a a e fi ren th was ftill e e t to uftinian a u fe How v r, pl c of g , vid n J ; e e infe arable its fi tuatio n u nlefs it ﬂi ou ld e m e the e te a eat v r p from , b co c n r of gr e i e t e e fee ms rea to ex eét t he defart i s a e at a mp r , which h r no fon p ; for v ry n ur l a a nd a t e to e ffe e t Rate t as tt e bound ry, will prob bly con inu divid di r n s, wi h li l te t as it has d e the earliell a t t e in rrup ion on from ccoun s of im .

the not feem to its a t s t it becau fe the If Turks do know v lue in hi ligh , is only ’ w eaknefs the Perfi ans has e a e t e i n t e ne leét it ef ecial of ncour g d h m h ir g of , p l as the a m a it t fo m e to fu o rt a arrifon t e e y Ar bs would ke a li tle tr o uble pp g h r . e e t e e Ba at t e i efent e te e t e t e t How v r, if h y lof gd , h ir p x nd d fron i r, h y will no doub ,

fortify Palm yra .

The A areni a ee le a a F en lix w ho fe a ta the i n uilice and am t t e e em e we fh ould not g , p p ofAr bi , c pi l j bi ion of h ir n i s. w as ﬁ tuated e t at o i the a m e e i n a a e archt e e w t at t e e had ee an fuch a e and wer l lik h P l yr n s , b rr n p v n kno h h r b n y br v po fu "

d efart . bafli ed the e two ct R ma em e e e e al vi t ra a . forc sof vi orious o n p rors p opl Vid Dion C . in T j n ' Tra an and e e w ho a te o tli o a atte m t b few e e t w t a e to are j S v rus, f rvig rous . v in p s , A xc p ions hich hisopinion isli bl , offo ' to add t to t e t e con ueft s i n the c aft w e e e fi n u lar a at e t at t e no t ea i n o t he e eral his h iro h r q , r oblig d g n ur , h h y do br k up n g n i t a te to ea e s a ta t the o lTemon t e r t . t t it . eru falem a a tal t e a we l v inh bi n s in p of h ir ig h s This ru h of if j , c pi ol r bly ll inh bi d . _ r e e e t e e t m e e t he w e hi fu b fi fl s w t t t a e or a t e it w to the [ g lo ious d f nc of h ir lib r y co pr h nds hol i hou r d gricul ur , is o ing ingu

i to r t e e as far as I can i and we e i t not for lar e t the Chrilt i ans ew and r for t at c t . y of his p opl , fnd ; r d vo ionof , j s Tu ks h i y

2 2 T H E A N T I E N T S T A T E

“ t e R U O M w e w tt e . W e fee M an ners and Of h ir MANNE S AN D C ST S kno li l from Pollio , cul oms . t at e a n o twithltan din her ta t e had fo methin the h Z nobi , g mili ry vir u s , g of

n and the a e a t a t at e e the - O de P erli a luxury, f m u hor f ys, h H rod s fon of n athu s was i d elicatiﬂi m u s ro rfus e ta 8c ae , Homo omn um p Ori n lis Gr ’ ar c ce luxuri .

he ﬁrll: a t t a e t a h o rfem an a e ee t I I . t W e h v f n in p r of his Enquiry, p g , h ’ lh i w as e elteem t t as it {t the a f p h ld in much in his Coun ry, ill is by Ar bs ;

d a a te the a e e e e e e t a e . a n Appi n lls us P lmyr n s w r , xp r rch rs

It a a ea t e li tuatio n t at a t e a nd tr im pl inly pp rs from h ir , h gricul ur coun y prov em ents could make but a very fm all part of their bu fi nefs or a mufe e t e e it eafi er to a t the e t a a a ﬁ e e m n s. From h nc is ccoun for x r ordin ry m gni c nc t t e e t t e lea fures as e as t e bu li nefs of heir ci y, wh r , no doub , h ir p , w ll h ir ’ e te e mult hav cen r d .

W e e e a ea fu r rifed to e e e t at a e le e fi m w r good d l p p rc iv , h p op , conﬁn d by r i

‘ tion t e a m ufem en ts fho u ld a e e a s a t eat e in h ir , h v no r m in of h r , circus , or

‘ an a e am e a nd ex erc ifes w e we c on fi dered at len ths the y pl c for g s , h n , wh g s a n m a s e t t e e thofe d iverfi o ns O f all a n Greek d Ro n w n in h ir lov of . t t t ho fe beft e ft the e t e t e ﬂi a e and ien buildings r li injuri s of im , from h ir p ; w e had ee a e t e t a e t eat e a a e l: f n bov w n y m bl h r s in Ali Minor lon , mol of t e ett e t e h m pr y n ir .

ro a e e e as w e eet t the o ﬂi ce A o a vo oc fEdile the infc ri P b bl How v r, m wi h of y p y , or , in p how eve r that t ey ufed t i t m a be a e e t e e t at t e e e e am e h ions, y ll dg d from h nc , h h r w r publick g s th em . at a a the i nf eéi io n a a e e to t at m a ili rate P lmyr ; p of which , is c r b longing h g , w hofe t a e te e to the direéi io n the a et It du y origin lly x nd d only of m rk . is the m e a e t at t s fﬁ e e t thofe es a t a a or prob bl , h hi o c includ d bo h provinc P lmyr , b s e o biu eem s to be m e te a difc ha r ed w t a a Z n s f co plim n d for h ving g i t . i h liber li ’ t a e a t e and ex e te him e te a es th I y , v ry popul r vir u , p c d in who xhibi d g m , o do ‘ t e be ex erc ifed t e d reé io n th a et n o fe how it could in h i t of e m rk .

The a ﬁ e e t e e t the ea feem e nlehres uncommon m gni c nc of h ir monum n s of d d , S p . w e t to t t e all e e m e ea borro d from Egyp , which coun ry h y, of p opl , co n r a x ce e a w as a t { he k e e ft in th t fort of e pen . Z nobi origin lly of Egyp ; p t e a a e erfeei l e and alleei ed to tate a t h ir l ngu g p y w ll , much imi in m ny hings

her a nceltor e at a . Bu t t at t e w e e t e ll Cl op r , h h y borro d fom h ir cu oms from t e e h er t e fee ms a m a difco ver w e m a e to eat Egyp b for im , pl in fro y d , our gr fur- e am e t e fe u lch ral m e t W e had ee t priz , of m i s in h ir p monu n s. b n in Egyp a few m t e e and a the e the a e fw athin on hs b for , by comp ring lin n, m nn r of g, the halfam a nd t e a t the m um ies t at t y w t thofe , o h r p r s of of h coun r , i h of c a m a w e t e et e a e a t the a e P l yr , found h ir m hods of mb lming x c ly f m ,

The a t us t e e had ee alt er thefe m u m ies all Ar bs old , h r b n v numb s of in the fe u lch res bu t t at t e had e t e e ﬁ t ea p , h h y brok h m up, in hop s of nding r

e. e w e e tem te the ew a we o lferred to a e {triét fearch fur Th y r p d, by r rds , m k for an e ntire o ne ; b ut in va in : W hich difa ppointe d our hopes of feeing fo methin the a a s e a ett t e g curious in S rcoph gu , or p rh ps of m ing wi h hi ro

’ ' de T e e e w t aw a w a e . . . . h e are the olleﬂ i on Appi n B ll Civil lib 5 pi c s brough y , hich in p l ft'r t 1 I Da wm x s ar a t n i . X . of M r. u e p , proof of his E S E T H E N T T A T &c . A N T I ,

l hick . the a e t w e a e o ﬁ is the a a e a e g yp s Among fr gm n s c rri d h ir of f m l , platted ex aéi ly in t he manner commonly u fed by the Arabian women at this time.

thefe few t w e fee t at t e e e aft eat e From hin s , h his p opl copi d er gr mod ls e an t e t e a e , t e d t e . e e a ll e e in h ir m nn rs h ir vic s h ir vir u s ‘ Th ir fun r l cu oms w r ‘ t t e w as Perfian and t e ette and a t e e from Egyp , h ir luxury , h ir l rs r s w r from he ee e fitu a ion the m id thefe t ee e t Gr ks . Th ir t in fl: of hr gr at n ations makes it reafonable to fu ppo fe they adopted feveral other of their cu fi om s an d ma e . Bu t to fa m ore t at ea fu ch fcant ate a nn rs y on h h d from y m ri ls, would be to e too e e e t e h feem s at e th indulg much in m r conj c ur , whic r h r e pri vile e the ea e t a the te g of r d r h n of wri r.

it to be e ette t at w e n ot e a t How much is r gr d h do know mor of coun ry, which has left fu ch monuments of its magniﬁcence ? W here Zenobia was ee an e e w as u ll in ifter ? qu n , d wh r Longinus f m

T H E T H E ‘

I N S C R I P T I O N S .

E a t e t i nfc ri tio ns we at a a e e all ee P al H n i n p found P lmyr w r Gr k , or a t The reatell e thofe eek m rene exce t o ne . y , p in L in g numb r of in Gr e e u blifhed the En lilh e an ts e th e e w r p by g m rch of Al ppo, wi fom rrors, fen h as o an e a a e e ee e e a te the fe. t r b u t fuc did n t in y r m rk bl d gr p rpl x, or l r Doc o e a e a e e e a a nd M r . Seller te a m m e ta t H ll y m d fom r m rks, wro Co n ry on h m, in he te ta e the e t t the e e ea to a which of n k s lib r y of corrup ing g nuin r ding , f vour, f co n eelu res his own j .

It at e to corre€t the e the e tat t a thofe the ﬁ rft is r h r rrors of comm n ors, h n of t at w e u blifh thefe i n fc ri tions w e fhall a e fuch copy , h p p , upon which only m k e a as o bvio u ﬂ e to us the e t a ewto e a e t e r m rks y occurr d on journ y, wi h vi pr p r h m ‘ a e t a e a at and e t thofe a e dates w e for mor cri ic l x min ion ; b ginning wi h which h v , fhall a e t e to t e a t i t pl c h m according h ir n iqu y .

the a t a e the the m olt e t e m au fo leu m t at I . Upon rchi r v of door of n ir , in h

‘ a e ! t we a e at a a i t e eate a a e a a te v l hrough which rriv d P lmyr ; is r p d in l rg r ch r c r, e the t the a e i high r up, on fron of f m build ng.

The ette 0 w e a re u fed m u. as e t as all the i nfc ri l rs for w ll in his , in p t s a a t t a ts a e eftablifhed a t a a ion of P lmyr . As his con r dic rul by n iqu ri ns (who a e e e t at thofe ette are not to be m et t t at h v d cid d, h l rs wi h in h form on coins, or a e e e the t m e t a w e e a e e a th e ate m rbl s b for i of Domi i n) w re c r ful in x mining d ,

' ‘ e e e t infcri tio ns K T r a nd e ea the t which is v ry l gibl in bo h p , b ing r d from righ to the e t the w a the ate a a a re te e m a e the i th l f ( only y d sofP lmyr in lligibl ,) k s g 4 ea the a e e anfw e in to the d ea Chrifl fEr r . y r of f of S l ucus, g 3 y r of

W e t as e a t as w e the a e the lli a e the cha ook, x c ly could , from m rbl s, p of raéler bad and a e obferv ed the a e e es W e are , which is , h v f m numb r of lin . at a w et e t o a tt te fo h bad f elli n and ffe e t a f el lofs h h r ribu muc p g, di r n w ys of p the a e w o rd as m a be obferv ed thefe i nfc ri tio ns to the m iftak es the ling f m , y in p , of e a ngr ver or to their ignorance of th e Greek l anguage at Palmyra . Longinus

com plains tha t he found it diffi cult to ﬁnd a perfon there to copy Greek .

II the t t at m aufo leu m w w e a e e th e a . Upon fron of h of hich h v giv n pl n , d B fi e t a w e fﬁ t ea it t e e at an a e t . e d s t l v ions orn m n s h found no di cul y in r ding , bo h grammar an d fen fe fo evidently au th o rife the diffe rence of this copy from that

al ea u blilhed t at we fh all no t t o e the ea e t an e e e it . r dyp , h r ubl r d r wi h y d f nc of

Ill he fli a ft the eat e ate L lll w e are . t a X . On of gr column m rk d F, in pl If n o t miflak en it is e ffi t to u n erlland t a to tranllate it d . , mor di cul h n This will a ea e e it te a is eafi eft e at t : e at pp r by r nd ring li r lly, which don in L in hus S n us o u lu f u e Aliala m enem a filiu m M ocimi ne o tem fEran is p p q , P ni , p , pro n e otem M athte a bn e o tem fEranem a trem e u s (St at -ite p , p p j , viros pios P r ” f ‘ M am icos o m n im o do lacen tes at a? atriif u e diis at a l a imfii p p ri p q , honoris gr i nno ’ 0 m enfe 45 Aprili . Ho OYAHKAI OAr w oc I oYA/ ONAYP HAI O N ZHNOB / o/V TONKAIZAB A/ AANA/ CM AA

X OY T OY/V ACCOYM O YCTP ATH 6 6 0 Y

AAé E/i NAP OYKAI YHHP ETH CAN TAfIAP OYC/AA/ HNéK é / P OYT/AA/ OYKP I Cﬁ é / NOYTOY

Alli ( A( Al t 0YHE/ AAAT/ O/ C/NA FOPANOM HM NTATeKAIOY/(OAI u m pelAHCAN T/i XP HM ATU /V

' KA/ KAAwt n o/i 6/ 7 6 YCAM e/v om u m IATAYTAM AP TYP HGHNAI Y/70 9 6 0YIAP IIS O/l O YKAI Yﬂ O/ OY AI OY T OY6 3 0X U TA TOYEI'IAP X OYTOY I GP OYf WA/ Tw P IOYKAI THCﬂ ATP IAO( TONQIAO

' 7I A 7 P IN T6 LM H( XAP IN€TO Y( AN Q

NECHAAATOY/l/ H '

NG U MAATOY/V G( HTOYAAATOYp f pt é /i OY TOYAP/ (L E TGCM ETA TOYGM HOP OIANO ¢OP A6 0 YK 6 eNf K eN er ovc r N i ou ~~ ocga ~ A

ANAKOM / C

f r o rc é § ¢ 26 I N S C R I P T I O N S .

ff u t t at fEranes a e the at e Alialam enes Our di ic l y is, h is c ll d f h r of , who is a c ll ed the fon of Panus .

t e edeftal n atti a e c ut . a e a ck IV On w ll propor ion d p , upon which is b f

ou e a e - a It t the a e e the n the . of f m pi c of m rbl , in burying grou d of Ar bs feem s to fi nif e the fenate to e erfo n a e g y honours don by , fom p , which h v not alt n as w e w ifh W e e it a a e e e as its a been fo l i g could . giv pl c h r fr g e t a t the i nfc ri t o n u blifhe ute The all m n s conﬁrm fom e p r of p i p d by Gr r. l s t He i w the a e a t anfw er o e a i in t F . word , no doub , gﬂ , M c doni n mon h, g bru ry

Se e late p the t the tem le the fu n o ne thofe e eflals . d V In cour of of , on of p the fh afts the to fu ort ﬁ atu es which projeets from o columns pp .

m e t i nfcri tion not feem ve tel e et Though fo words in his p do ry in ligibl , y W e m a e t bu t tho fe a e t e to fi e it l ﬁ nd t at it re k no doub , who h v im con d r , wi l h ate to the a t e t t a e and ll a W e w hifto r l s n i n r d cu oms of Palmyr . kno from y t at t e e e e e t at tr as well as at refent a fet ett h h r w r form rly in h coun y, p , of p y e e a e a it a e e a t to t a e princ s, who liv d upon r pin , m king d ng rous for m rch n s r v l ex e t e and e c rted t e a e the e nt a fe f o h r fe a a . W e c p in bodi s, in m nn r of p c r v ns o r i t as eét e t at the erfo n e t e t infc ri tio n was e our conj ur , h p m n ion d in his p dirc ‘ tor o r m a e fu ch a caravan Zvvodwt m and t at he had a flatu e e e te co m nd r of , gx ; h r c d b to the e a t t a to Vblo efias the ate e tee him by m rch n s r ding g on Euphr s , igh n e e a fervices o te n t a a a r éli e t a . mil s b low B bylon, for his in p g h ir r ding c r v ns Infc ri tion e t the reafo n a a t a erfo n p XVIII . which m n ions why p r icul r p w as e the e ato ta e t e a his t e fervice honour d by f n , k s no ic mong o h r publick s, t at te t fu ch a a a S w al o w at hi s ex ence and t at of h of his pro c ing c r v ns, l , own p ; h he had the teftimo ny of the chiefs or prefi dents of the me rchants to th at u r ofe Inferi tio n ta fom ethin the a e w e p p . p XIII. con ins g of f m kind . If add to hofe Infe ti n t e t he n t t i o . i ou t f f r e h . , p X will h lp e of is

a n a ta e ate to te VI. Upon l r d dic d Jupi r.

W e i t c lofe the a e fo ta i t the a e found by l rg un in , i wh ch , no doub , is f m a e E hca the in fcri tio n i Bolan us w as eletfled ov erfeer c ll d p in p , of wh ch . This ffi e lt a e ee i ta e at a a e e fuc h a ta wa o c mu h v b n of mpor nc P lmyr , wh r foun in s fo nec effar a t t e fu b lltance a l th ta s e o h fi s eafu re e a ts. . y , w ll , p , of inh bi n Mr e e has a e the t e ea ca to a a to fu o rt a e S ll r ch ng d ru r ding of t Aph c , pp v ry fi n ular v iz t at the a s a a ta is ea t e e w g opinion , . h f mou or cul r foun in m n h r , hich w as ea t at te e e et ee e ol a nd B o w i n r h mpl of V nus, b w n H liop is ybl s , h ch t e to a e ta e a the e t L iba nus long con inu d h v vo ri s mong wom n of Moun , te ea t and ro llitution The lafl: letteis the wm d Bo t ov no d for b u y p . of t in the t e a e t e t ee fu ofed to e o to the feco nd and hird lin , h v hi h r o b n pp b l ng , e a e t at u o fitio n feveral t e i nllance s w e e the xpl in d upon h f pp . In o h r h r te t th ofe i nfc ri tio ns has bee a te e a at e t e co x of p n l r d, or hi us fill d up by h m

' ' ' t a ' ac c t t fo em i t a re refentation v wr a 15 r ely r emi t t a- ew a ai v ( erf ls g S r bo s oun of his is p of ni “fle fl , 9 ef , le x eg p w w ' ' ' at allet i n the ame t at t ti m e t at it m a be f r w a a r “r a a w l w m t a a l p , i ir o a u a v $ 3 i f l , 7 h f coun ry his h y l j , ig f y p i p ' ' i ‘ fl i e to ‘ t eft it . T 8 di 7 3 i u fa w z lie h i i va t ri e w de ; rov c o a v an li s e ulov t 7 15 » 5341. prop r inf 9 ; y n fi p hi ; fl : fe iu , { e x l 9 l ' ‘ ' i p ’ ‘ id en ti er d at 1 16 fi / e, 1 427 0 5 1» r i iv 515 1 ni rud a 1 Aim a Zu ai O t ra e d y “i nc h d-13 1V f or w o a v Ou w 7 l , { 9 9 1 , p 9 p l i, w g g ? e m w x x ' ‘ ' e vmv oi it -nfr - - f r x z i a A ¢ Ct e A g i x of f n e 1 v ol a rmed u a r i i: g o eg 1 ” da ai rm n n o svoi , d n g i u p . p e i 9} / , [ x fl , 5 7 e y p oi l ’ ' ‘ alf a -‘M t id/ar ti ! Lam 1 5m gr a y im Aerwwm v a i gra - o 337 : w a CeCA ai i o fdi ov 1 z u i r iEr F pa c ; ; m, n ; 9 ap qy c, g x t; ‘ ' ' ' ‘ ‘ / ' 1 a t At k a I 7 5 : n - 1 07 vénidw q m m . Ani ( i 1 221 1 u7ro iiv ti i r i ov. X a M ri ov a : iv ref rows 1 0 1 7 ; a c 9 0 1v p p y ] ; g, 9 ’ ‘ \ ' M M m vi “D - i e" 1 En u m v l /c 536 x owov ai o 1¢ 3 va i eer ar 7 9 i f o i Aw eh i . tra . r v . 9 eap g, ti ¢ e § f e p gq fl g S b ' " t fl f er u ie s arga i r s V i c uo e i X I . “ ; XtM i a v 1 n m . uf , 9 B g p ju lib " ' ' ’ ' Ua i vcn ai u m m r r y r : si P eu px J f ; oi fi zqw i p 31 ti nger s T ables . t 0 men ta or, N0 YOP UAfi /V em rf'o n OYKHNAP ION lfl a ONKA/ B OYAEYTH/V 0 BAAOC n'AAM YP HNOV’ ’J HM ' - AOYTOY HFOC I C AAM fl P OT/i

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j - AN R P T 28 I N S C I I O N S .

mentator fu c h e t e a e a a e e te the e e fenfe Tli o fe , lib r i s h v lw ys p rv r d g nuin . millakes w e e t e e a as a t t e t e e e now m n ion in g n r l only u hori i s for his inf r nc , t at all atte t to efl e the im e rfeél: fe nfe e t e o f a e a h mp s r or p i h r m rbl s, or m nu ffi fcripts fh ou ld be received with di d ence ; for it is n ot diffi cult for a lively a at to co rreft e lau fibl an d m en ar t a e im gin ion or fill up v ry p y ; e, in his c f , ‘ e i t led aflray by th eir own ing nu y.

e i nfc ri tion a ea ublifhed w e no t Th . VII . only p lr dy p , which could find It w as e r one o f- thofe edeli ls a ea e t e w copi d f om p a lr dy m n ion d, hich pro the limit a nd not fe u lch ral as has ee jeel from s of columns, is p , b n im agin ed bu t fi nifies t at a t a had a flatu e e e te to her her a , g h M r h r c d by husb nd

Soraechu s .

w e t to E a an a ta . VIII. On l r which brough ngl nd

It has a Palmyre ne in fcription on another face : The lalt tw o letters feem to ﬁ nif the 2 th da the t : b ut fo t e m u fl be ea no t as the g y 4 y of mon h if , h y r d , th e m w a m the e t to the t t e ate bu t . o h r d s, in com on y, fro l f righ

I the lli aft a the t e e all the i n. X ; On of column in long por ico, wh r fc ri tions feem to a e ee e flatues p h v b n und r .

The one ette a t is a oai fo y and no t Otftélfd ll a word , in which l r is w n ing , pl inly , , c r o wtha t e o to Do élor a e a to e . e e a cording H ll y, nor , ccording S ll r Th r is , w rd

' ‘ s sce vr or u t ee e e r ofel ei afed et he and a e it. p p y b h in Gr k, P lmyr n 1 which is und r galmyrene ’ has ee te the a e hiltor a a t in fcri tiom . infc ri tio n t t W a p This p b n quo d in n i n y of P lmyr . h t e fe m a be m a e i t t a e as fhe n as u l w . o h r y d of , Doc or H l y h , follows

‘ The fEra or accompt of years obferved by the Palmyreni i n thefe i n ‘ fc ri tio n s is e e t t at e e s a e a te wa Dhilcarn ian p , vid n ly h of S l ucu , c ll d f r rds or ‘ ‘ B the r a a a nd b - t em e t u fe t a e 0 0 ea icornis by A bi ns, y h k p in ill bov 9 y rs of ‘ Chri as a ea the obfervatio ns Albata i u blilh ed in 0 ft n . 2 ( pp rs by of , p numb 4 ‘ t fac t a nd not t at h eat e a er s e il fo h . ran h Ph o . t e of p T ) h of d h of Al x nd . Thi ‘ m a be dem o nli rated t in fc ri tion e e e a e e e y from his p , wh r in Al x nd r S v rus is ‘ lliled 9 6 ° C t at a te the eat a nd c o n fec ra tio n t at e e ; h is , f r d h of h mp ror , or ‘ a te the ea 2 : a nd m the a e f r y r of our Lord 34 fro n m of Julius, who, ‘ e t infc ri tion w as ut w as ae e t Praeto rio and b e wh n his p p up, Pr f c us , ( could ‘ t e t a a t be elteem ed the P al no o h r h n Julius Philippus Ar bs, who migh by ‘ ' m i en i as t e t - ma it w t at it w as t he ea y h ir coun ry m) follo s , h in y r of ‘

a Ann o . Chrifli 2 2 2 : t at e e e a te Gordi n 4 or 43 _ And h mp ror b ing foon f r ‘

e e the t ea e t fu cce eded him . and murd r d by r ch ry of his Philip, who , his ‘ treafon a te a to t it not fi ran e t at n a e w as coming f rw rds ligh , is g h his m pur ‘ ‘ ofel e fi ac ed t i nfc ri tio n The ate t e e A-n no fli ews the p y in his p . d h r of, 5 54, ‘ be t a m t 1 r 12 ea be e Ch rift c o - e t t ginning of his cco p 3 or 3 y rs for , incid n wi h ‘ ‘ the fh ra e e was likew ife obferved feveral t e t e of S l ucus, which by o h r ci i s ‘ in the

the t X . In long por ico .

’ e e e t and con eélu res t i nfc ri tio n no t ea exa S ll r s corr c ions j , upon his p , will b r ’ m at t a de in ion . Doc or H alley s rem rk is this : ‘ fcenden tes ad Vo lo e li ada e ﬁ abiliv eru nt a 8 ﬁ ve n no [ l g comm rcium nno 5 5 , a ‘ Chrilli 2 e i t ea at t e e had t e t a e . W e a t a 47 h r by pp rs h his p opl , h ving h ir r d P inter

R P I N S C I T I O N S .

te te the a et ee th e R a and P erli ans e G a in rrup d by w rs b w n om ns und r ordi n, e an embalf to the t S a o res the P erli ans to did now f nd y cour of p king of ,

et t re- e ablilhed fucceeded a to t e e i e g i ft ; which ccording h ir d l r s.

W e are inclined to think it has a very diﬁ erent m eaning ; if we divide the t s m o or a veg nm v the infcri tion m a fi mf t at a flatu e w as e e te words hus, g , p y g y, h r c d to i e &c. the e a t he a a e to Volo eﬁas Jul us Aur lius, by m rch n s whom ccomp ni d g . o n S ee infc ripti V .

’ The ﬁ rlt t ee e t infc ri tion are a edeltal the XI. hr lin s of his p , upon p in long t the e a e e t a t the fhaft the m e it por ico, r m ining imp rf c p r on of colu n und r .

t e a e ee u blilh ed as le arate infcri tions w e a e t a Though h y h v b n p p , im gin h t t t e t e m a t at the fpat e Se tim ius ran bo h ogeth r h y y lignify, h u of p [E es the fe nat was eretfled t e e a foldier at fo we or, h r by in honour of his p ron , for would ’ fu l the ette a t the lalt e but one w aﬂ a u ng pp y l rs w n ing in lin , n m .

n the t a d . . XII . XIII In long por ico

W e infert the m principally wi th a vie w to their a llilting in the explan ation

the a e e infcri tions are e ea . of P lmyr n p , which found und r ch

‘ I the t . X V. In long por ico

it the all the t w e fu ofe e e XV. This, w h four following, in long por ico, pp r f rs t he a erfon W e a t t at the ate the two lalt vi the t o t e . z. i 8 h f m p lfo hink, h d s of , (I I th are no t e e dilfer bu t a e tt e the ate 9 , which l gibl , could v ry li l from d s of t an d the 16th and 1 th and t at thofe i e i nfc ri tion s are the lateft we his, , 7 ; h l v p ’ eafon a t e t t e ZsCa o law at a a ee . r t t h g g Au ultus P lmyr , in Gr k Our is , h i l ( g ) we eet t thofe infc ri tio ns a a e to Od enathu s a e which only m wi h in p , is pplic bl lon , ta e the e a e the ea r e e the earlieﬂ thefe ate who ob in d imp ri l purpl , y b for of d s, and e t at bu t a ib t t e fho rt e w e ﬁnd enjoy d h honour for or im . If during his r ign fo a e ta infcri tions to Se timi u s Vo rod es it m a be a te m ny complim n ry p p , y ccoun d

eat a as ar r- am ; I i ca s' u Aux eva coc m ull a e a e for, from his gr r nk E l e e , which h v m d him e co nﬁderable ef eciall the abfence Odenathu s was e e a the v ry , p y in of , who g n r lly in e Doéto r Ha e a e the R a s a te t e e o lfell ﬁ ld . ll y im gin s om n , who foon f r hisw r in p {i on a a f arc d his e a s as a a te Odenathus t e e of P lmyr , p m mori l , f vouri of h ir fri nd, e t effa a l thof e a an aba l th e e l e d V la us . whil h y c d of Z nobi ,

w a e illak e the ‘ a m v . e e e a a a a m a XVI As w r fr id of h ving m d in odd word ey m , w e e a e the a e a feco nd t e bu t f t at we had e it t x min d m rbl s im , ound h copi d righ ’ both in this and the following infcriptio n ; fo that Do étor Halley s co rreélio n to

a r a ‘ t r‘ v fec m a ce a t be a tte P rat tu . e y ﬂ nnon , c nno dmi d

The e t a a R a t to e t Vo rod es whom XVII . complim n p id by om n knigh S p imus , h a at n og a feems to be a t e a e t a e c lls his p ron , g a , no h r rgum n of his high r nk .

See f i ti V t a e t re the lalt i n - the in r on . e XVIII . c p Doc or H ll y conj c u s word ’ t i e to be x eo ny difl ribu to r the e e m u nificen e fl l to th four h l n g M , of mp ror s c in e b e e e p opl .

we i nfert as it m a be e a ﬂiﬂ ance the e at th XIX. This , y offom in xplic ion of e a e infcri tion e i t P lmyr ne p und r .

XX. Upon I I N S C R I P T I O N S . S

o ne the fa e t edeflals a ea e t e ro eélin XX . Upon of m for of p lr dy m n ion d, p j g from th e lhaft of o ne of the columns of the little temple

it has ate the fub eét fu ﬂi c ien tl fhews it was infcribed a te the Though no d j y , f r eat o f a to the fecretar a a fervices e e t a t em d h Adri n , y of P lmyr , for don wh n h w as i n a pet or Syri . I I the fha ft a a e a e 0 ate I . XX . On of l rg column m rk d 3 in pl

a d he i i fcri tions a e ate This n t follow ng n p h v no d s.

a ro eétin edeﬁ al a c th e t the te e XXII . On p j g p of olumn in cour of mpl of t e h fun .

and the l t XXIII . XXIV. In ong por ico.

‘ a ro eétin edelcal the e t to t at i nfcri tio n XXV. On p j g p of column n x h of p X X II

an a t a e ex aétl e t at w e e th e fi rﬁ XXVI . On rchi r v , y lik h from which copi d in c ri t n t e e to a m aufo leum f io , p , which , no doub , b long d

Doélor H alley fu ppofes it m ay have bee n th at which Od enathus built be e he had ta e the e a t t t e e feem s for ob in d imp ri l digni y. For his opinion h r no t e a t t t a the a e o h r u hori y h n n m .

im e ét a n i o in a b araéte w e e . rfe t i fc r ti n ad ch r XXVII This p L in p , , copi d from a e a t a e e to the ate W w e fu brok n rchi r v b longing building in pl X LV , hich p ’ e to a e ee a Diocleli an and t at the a lt a e no t pof h v b n work of , h word c r do s e e as fo e t to the t fi at C ercu ﬁu m bu t to a a r f r, m hink, for i c ions of , P lmyr , which

a u mv is called by Steph nus p( e g . The i nfc riptio ns in a la ngu age unknown can be m atter of entertainment to lo few t at i t m a be e to e reafo ns a t e a a e t , h y prop r giv our for llowing h m pl c in his The u ll f eci m en thofe a a te a e w as t at G ru ter work . f p of ch r c rs m d publick h in , a a e at R e and ublilhed a fec o nd t e t a t e from m rbl om , p im by Spon , wi h no h r of

the a e t. t a e an e a e ffe e e et ee f m for Doc or H ll y, who found irr concil bl di r nc b w n ’ ’ te an S on s the a e infc ri tio ad the ur o fel ewe Gru r s d p copy of f m p n h from p p y vi d, and the e a t e the ette ta e and two t e infc ri tion s x c figur of l rs k n ; by which , o h r p t a a the En lilh e a t e h e e o ne d a brough from P lmyr by g m rch n s of Al ppo, hop d y 21 b to o t a a et Be a ith Rhenfe diu s n d t e a e ar u the . Sm r a find lph b rn rd , , , o h rs , h v te te t s d ifcov e r b ut u nfu c cefs fu ll C e a a t fu fli cient m a mp d hi y, y , p rh ps for w n of terials t It w as e t e t a e to fat s f the c u rioli t fu ch o work upon . n ir ly wi h vi w i y y of erfons and not t at w e e thefe i nfc ri tions and the a e p , our own , h copi d p ; from f m D S t e t e t t e . w I N e he a e mo iv Mr brough hom hr of m rbl s .

W e have placed tho fe infcriptio ns in that ord er in which w e think th ey a re to be ea t to e t the fm all fi e fhew s the the ee i n r d , from righ l f ; gur number of Gr k fc ri tio n was e the a e a e t the a m e e a nd p , which copi d from f m m rbl wi h P l yr n , of t it a tranﬂ atio n t reafon t at e a the which , no doub , is 5 for his , h , by x mining ee and a e e i nfc ri tio ns e the a e w e the Gr k P lmyr n p copi d from f m column , find a e e a a te w hieh feem to co rref o nd to an ee a re re P lmyr n ch r c rs, p y Gr k word ,

' ' Infc rl tiones rzr cre P alm renoru m cu m fc holils 8: an S ee é Re naud ot s d iﬁé rtario n thofe i n fc ri tio ns p g y Abb on p ,

notatio nlb u s w a r e a ? 8: . m t . the M em the a em n i ons and e e , Ed dl B rn rd Tho S i h in oirs of Ac d y of i fcr pti B ll s ’ l crlc ulu m P alm renu m L em- es y . . R I N S C R I P T I O N S . e ed a te as t at ff e a a le the ei t p at s of n h word occurs . This is mo r m rk b in gh h an d t a re e infc ri tio ns e t a the ﬁr ﬁ tw o es a re nin h P lmy n p , in which mor h n lin ex aétl th e a e and as the tw o co rref o n din ee infcri ti on s y f m , much of p g Gr k p are a the a e : Belides the t e infc ri tio n t e e is a lfo f m , in nin h Gr ek p h r word u r ofel erafed a nd the fa e a t th e a e e e it t e e i s p p y ; in m p r of P lmyr n und r , h r a raf d lfo a word e e .

The marbles of the firfi three of the Pa lm yrene i nfc riptio ns are in ' he olfe i o n W the th and h e e e f t fl . I 1 1 12t p of Mr DA K NS , , w r copi d rom e he a a d the h n a The th and t e te . an t a t 8 und r h ds in pl LVII 13 from l ar. 9 th a re no t perfeét ; the ending of both w as to o much defaced to be c o f t a t the e . The fmall t e a ts thofe infc ri tio ns fi ni pi d do s in fom p r of p , g y h a e had fu ffered a tt e t at a e e e are e few ee i n m rbl li l in h pl c . Th r v ry Gr k fc ri tions at a a w a e not o ne t charaéter e t em and p P lmyr , hich h v , in his , und r h ; fo m etim es we m et t the a e e a e but c n ot e t e to wi h P lmyr n lon , ould v n ur copy thofe e e not t e a e referved which w r ol r bly w ll p . U R N E Y

T H R O U G H T H E

R e to a a was t at a t t t the Ball U journ y P lmyr h p r of our our hrough , w e e e te to eet t the reateft fﬁ t e as i t w as i n which xp c d m wi h g di cul i s , o ut the a and e e the ro teeftio n the a much of common ro d, wh r p of Gr nd fervice Signior cou ld do us no .

A leppo and Da m afc us feemed to be the places where w e might m olt effec l eafe an' fa et n t e ta a u nfu c cefs fu ll tual y co n fult our d f y i his und r king. H ving y a tte te to a e the ﬁrll: tho fe t e a we e t lhi at B ro o t mp d m k of ci i s our ro d , l f our p y

t e c o a a a d c rolled t - L ibanu s to Dam afcu s h lt n . on of Syri , Moun

The Balh aw t t t he n ot romife t at a e of his ci y old us, could p h his n m , e be an fec u rit to the a e to w e e e o or pow r , would y y us in pl c which w r g at he a a nd all the in at t at we et ing. From wh f id , from form ions h could g , w e it neceﬂar to to a l a a a e a e t m found y go H li , vill g four d ysjourn y nor h fro ’ Damafc u s and the reli dence a n A a w hofe u rifdiétion e te a s fa r , of g , j x nds a s a a P lmyr .

e w e ro ofe t e e as a n a t the a a Sinc p p his work m r ly ccoun of ruins of P lmyr , and no t t a e w e {hall e e re mife fu ch a fh o rt et of our r v ls, h r only p sk ch of our alfa e t the Defa rt as m a e a e e a ea a e tra p g hrough , y giv g n r l id of our m nn r of e i n a t h as defc ribed v lling coun ry, which no body .

HalIi a a fm all a e the eat a a a - a Dam afc us to is vill g upon gr c r v n ro d , from A e li tuated ea Antilibanus and at a few dillanc e the l ppo , n r , hours from te The A a e e e t t at ho f italit fo n Oron s . g r c iv d us wi h h p y , which is commo among all ranks of people in thofe countries ; a nd though ex tre mely fur e at cu rioli t he a e i nﬂ ruéli ons ho w to fa tis f it th e ell priz d our y, g v us y in b a e m nn r .

W e fet out ali a the [ 1th a 1 1 t an efc o rt the from H l of M rch 7 5 , wi h of ’ a ell a ho rfem en a e t a nd e a nd t a e e Ag s b Ar b , rm d wi h guns long pik s, r v ll d to t a a e a fcarce aff a tt e in four hours Sudud , hrough b rr n pl in , ording li l

‘ bro w ﬁ n to a t e w a a a ou rfe . e f w e t e c was a g n ilop s of which gr numb r. Our ' t to the fo u th o f the all poin c .

a fmall v a e i a te a te c h ril ians i ts ho u es Sudud is poor ill g , nh bi d by M roni l ; f e a r built of no better materials than mud dried in the fun . They cul tivate as a t the a e as n ecelfar t e a e fu bliltanc e much ground bou vill g is y for h ir b r , S an d 3 4 A J O U R N E Y AT H R O U G H

d a e a r d e W e t a few m anufc ri ts t e riell an d an e . m k good win bough p of h ir p , ee a te e t the am e f t t i n a direélio n a a proc ded f r dinn r hrough f or of coun ry , h lf t e to the t to a T urkilh a e a e Ho w arec n e e we la poin mor fou h, vill g c ll d (wh r y) ' e thre hours from Sudud .

Ho warec n has the a e a earence e t as But w e a f m pp of pov r y Sudud , found '

w w i t to a ' ee e a e c d a e fe there which lhe e o n fi erable . ruins , h v b n form rly mor pl c f uare to w er w ith ro eétin att e e t e e e e a A q , p j g b l m n s for d f nc , looks lik work of t ee e ea and two e e m a be the a e a e hr or four hundr d y rs ruin d church s y of f m g , t a t the ate a aukwardl e e thofe bu ildin s are h hough p r of m ri ls, y mploy d in g , muc e In t e a are e t a a ta s and feveral a e a ttick a es old r. h ir w lls fom corin hi n c pi l , l rg b f ' te a e Thofe an d e ot e fcattered a e t anti uit w hich ofwhi m rbl . fom h r fr gm n s of q y , w e aw here have e e to m e ex en ce t a taffe W e e a f r . r , b long d wo ks of or p h n r m k ed a a e ea t e t e a a e its a ta ts a e s te vill g n r his n ir ly b ndon d by inh bi n , which h pp n of n thofe co u ntries where the a a e a e a e t a t a nd in , l nds h v no cquir d v lu from cul iv ion , O liOn are te e e e to a rel . of n d f rr d, void pp

' \Ve fet ou t Ho w areen the I 2th and t ee a e at C arietein from , in hr hours rriv d , ee the a e ireélio s a e fe m the fo rm er o nl be d n. k ping f m Thi vill g dif rs fro , y by a tt e a e It has a e e e e m arble w hic h e e to ing li l l rg r. lfo fom brok n pi c sof , b long d a t e t as e fhafts a few t a a ta a d o ric k n i n buildings, fom of columns, corin hi n c pi ls , a ri io s It w as t e w e o uld fe and two im erfeél ee i nfc t n . t ﬂi b , p Gr k p hough prop r _ fla e e t da as e to co lleél the eft efco rt the A a had y h r his y, w ll r of our , which g e e to atte as to e a e e e and att e the at e the ord r d nd us, pr p r our p opl for f igu of _c l em a a t e e t w e o t e it lefs th , , n r r ining p r of journ y . which hough could p rfo m in

‘ t e t a t e t no t be e t ﬁ a es as t e e im h n w n y four hours , could divid d in o g , h r is no a e t de ar w t r in hat part of the f t.

’ W e e t C arietein the 1 th a t ten was too ate l f , 3 , bou o clock , which much l bu a w e bad m a t s e a e m e e it as ei e a . our bod y b c m or num rous, l s gov rn bl This n a em ent ex o fed to the eat two a s e e att e et e t e g p us h of d y , b for our c l could g i h r W ate reﬁ a nd t fo ea the feafo n et th e re ﬂeélio n the r or , hough rly in , y of fun the (and w as e w e a n d we had n ot the e e e t e ee e from v ry po rful , r li f of i h r br z or lh ade the e e during whol journ y.

a a a was encreafe d to a t two e erfo ns and a t the Our c r v n now bou hundr d p , bou

‘ a m e m e eall a a e c o n li ltin an m t e ho rfes f nu b r of b s for c rri g , g of odd ix ur of , am e s e and affes e t t s a t e w as c l , mul s . Our guid old us , hi p r of our journ y m o fld a n ero us an d deli red w e m t fu bm it felves e t e to e t g , igh our n ir ly his dir c ion, w w as that the fervants fhould ee t the a a e e ate e hich , k p wi h b gg g imm di ly b hind o u r Arab a on e two e t e e e e e t gu rd ; from which , , or mor of h ir body w r fr qu n ly dif atched d ifco v er t o at e e e e e t e fee e e t e p , for y, wh v r min nc s h y could , wh r h y a e t w e a e Tho fe h o rfe en a e m the a a r em in d un ill c m up . m lways rod o ff fro c r v a n a t f eed i n the a ta a n d Hu ﬂar a e W e te et e all full p , T r r m nn r. doub d wh h r t e a t w as to t e e ea a rehen flve a e w he his pr c u ion owing h ir b ing r lly pp of d ng r , or t e t e a e te to e fe an a e h r h y only ff c d mak us think highly of their u d vigil nc . Our c ou rfe C a rietein to a m a w as a tt e to the eaft the t t from P l yr , li l of nor h , hrough a flat fandy plain (w ithout eith er tree or water the whole w ay)about tenmiles b road and e to t a nd e t a e a e feem , bound d our righ l f by ridg of b rr n hills, which to n a ut two e e e w e a e at a a cd joi bo mil s b for rriv d P lmyr . The tirefo m e fam enefs th a and a e t a e w as n ow , bo of our ro d m nn r of r v lling , a nd the a tt e e e e a ho rfem e n e a e fi t n li l r li v d by our Ar b , , who ng g d in mock gh s ‘ t ea t e e te ta e t a n d Ih ew ed a fu r rifm ﬁrm n efs eat wi h ch o h r for our n r inm n , p g of f , d e te t the a a e e t t e horfes W e the bufmefs the an d x ri y in m n g m n of h ir . h n of d a w as e ffee and a e o f t a a e t e hi heft an d y ov r, co pip ob cco m d h ir g luxury, w e t e e t fi tt a e o ne the a e te ta e hil h y indulg d in his, ing in circl , of comp ny n r in d ’ ’ ’ the eft th a P the fub eét e w ar an d the co m o li tio n r wi fong or rory, j lov , or , p fom etimes e te a x mpor ry.

e Carietei n w e a e to a e to vVer i w e o b In nin hours from c m ruin d , on wh ch ferved tw o t ee a e the M altefe c ro fs Nea it are the a , in or hr pl c s, . r ruins of

e as a ea e a te a e - cafe w hich the v ry rich building, pp r d by whi m rbl door , is only p art {landing an d n ot covered with fand : i ts proportions and orn aments are

' ’ ex aéll the fa e t thofe ate At t w e lto t tw o y m wi h of pl XLVIII . midnigh p hours refrefhme nt and the tee t a t w e a e at the end the for , four n h bou noon rriv d of a e e the b ills to t and e t feem ed to eet W e d pl in , wh r our righ l f , m . foun between thofe hills a val e through which an aqued uet (now ruined)formerly e e ate to a a conv y d w r P lmyr .

t i a e t t and e t e e fev eralf uare t e a con fi derable In h s v l , o our righ l f , w r q ow rs of e t a ea e a a w e e e the fe u lch res the an h igh , which upon n r r ppro ch found w r p of t e t a e W e had fcarce a ed thefe e e a e t e the e . ff e i n P lmyr n s p v n r bl monum n s , wh n e difcovered to all at e the reateﬂ: a nt t i w e had hills op ning us, onc , g qu i y of ru ns e e ee all te a e and b e t e t a the rate a ﬂ at v r f n , of whi m rbl , yond h m ow rds Euph s ’ alle as far as the e e ea t t an ob eét lhew ed e t e e w , y could r ch , wi hou y j which i h r lif t It is fcarc e o ible to a e a n t e {t t a t or mo ion . p fl im gin y hing mor riking h n his e : eat a e t a a e t to tt e a vi w So gr numb r of Corin hi n pill rs, mix d wi h li l w ll or folid aff e a t a t a et ro f e Bu t the él. building , ord d mol rom n ic v ri y of p p follow ‘ ing plate will convey a juli er idea of it than any defcription

the w e no t e the meafures the archite&ure b ut In following works only giv of , a the e the h t e are ta e a s the t dillin ét as lfo vi ws of ruins from whic h y k n , mol , ' e as the molt fatisfaeto r et as the ﬁ rﬂ e an ea the w ll y m hod . For giv s id of build e i t w as e ti e fo the lalt lhews its refent {late e a and ing, wh n n r , p of d c y, (which lt m ta t at a t t t e e m eafu res is mo i por n ) wh u hori y h r is for our .

P L A T E P L A T E I.

O F T H E

RU I O F P L M Y R NED C I T Y A A ,

Tak en from the North Bali .

N the - ex at t i e the ate are e e e to I following plic ion of h s vi w, pl s r f rr d which con ta the a t ea at a e and ate e a t t e n ot in p r s of ch building, l rg wh v r p r of his Vi w is e a t la e a e afterwards in t e ate was e t e too de mor p r icu rly xpl in d , o h r pl s, i h r much {tro ed to a meafurem ent ur ofedl i tte to a i a e et a y llow of , or is p p y om d, vo d r p i t o the a e ti and a e t i n of f m propor ons orn m n s.

. The tem e o t e . e am at i t not feem oﬂ i ble th at the A pl f h fun x in ion , did p , ground h e s e a e e d am ete a e t w e lt b t th w e e a m t fuch a . q u r o r bui y Turk , in pl c h r could d i of building Th ir i r is ’ the t ltood . tw o eet in e and t ei i ntereolutnn ia tion fut por ico f four ch s, h r

. Th e w a w enc lo fed th e t th e tem e The t en e . C ll hich cour of pl . fee t inch s a t this tem e and its o t are a icu arl do w fee d efcribed f m ate rt M . tt e tem e p r s of pl c ur p l y A li l pl , hich ro pl

fc ribed m ate to ate . V ate . fro pl III pl XXI XX II . to pl XXXI

A r le . D. Grou nd c ulti vated b th e rabs wh ofe o es and com The ce a tem e w t art of i ts e ift y , liv N . ll of pl , i h p p y ’

are li tt e enclotu res e m ud . m ate e 0 . ar e edeﬂ als w fee divid d by l of dri d Four l g p , hich fro pl XXXII la l i . e e colu m n the reate a t w hich w th to ate IV . E A v ry rg , g p r of , ( pl XXX

its e ta at e is a e . o m e a m e t a t it n e m n w feem to a e e e to a n bl ur ) f ll n S fr g n s bou P . A li of colu s , hich h v b long d or th ew t e e h as ee a ar e l t a e. t te mi at t at ar t the , h r b n l g bui ding in his pl c por ico, r n ing upon h p of long p Its e ﬁv e dia am te ea the ball: e eat and a a . t w e e th e e edeflals are . di r n r is f h lf ico , h r for going p Th ir o . Tu rkifh m of u e w t its m a et . m ete tw o eet fix es and th elr interc F A ruinous q , i h in r r is f inch , h . t m G A great colum n of e fa e diam eter w ith th at lu m niati on feven feet three inche s .

m a hri . rked E . Q Seem s to be the ruins of a c ftian church S def ib e m a ate th an thofe H. a . ee it cr d te . to a e b ui ldi n R. t m e em a t An rch fro pl XXII l No hing or r insof hisl rg g, W . m t a to the d m a e m and h e e ta at e . XXVI Fro his rch buil ing rk , four colu ns t irrich n bl ur a e 0 e te a e diﬁance not m a t a 4 0 0 eet, Thefe c m are dif o fed m as th ofe mar uch l f h n f x nds S , olu ns p uch k d ‘ ti ate fhew s the diret ti on lts co por co . Pl II of I

m ns . lu . fe ul re T Ruins of a ch . " m w Ilill fu ort a confi d erable art fi w u o fe to a e ee ereéted b . V w hic e f I Colu ns , hich pp p of . Building pp h v b n y

ir e ta at e and are (0 dif fed t at t e V ate L II . t e o et . S m ate to h n bl ur , p , h h y look iocl an ee fro pl I pl ' D i XL ' e th e erift le a iittle tem e w th e W Se u lch re u o n w h th e t te m ate to lik p y of pl , of hich . p , p ich lon por ico r in s

e te dellro ed . w e See m ate V to ate c ll is qui y the north ft . fro p XXX I pl He e are a te m one t em (till K . r four gr ni colu ns , of h is XLII . e t ee e the e (la the t ar t R a Turki th rti ﬁ at . nding , o h r hr on ground ; h ir X . uins of fo c ion

fh aft one e e and t er am ete the am e l a e an L IV . Y fe u chre . See t is of pi c , h i di r f . A p pl s LIII d

w t the t e m the t . Z The Turkifh caftle th e il . i h o h r colu ns of long por ico . on h l m m w m the m a e f m ate L V . e . The fe u lchres w t t the wal . See L A nu b r of colu ns hich , fro nn r in 3 p i hou l ro pl w t e are dif ofed See ate II w e t t to ate V hich h y p ( pl ) hough pl L II . at ﬁrlt m t e to a b ut clofer igh b long Circus ; , upon

A FT E R

F T E R t his gen eral view (by which we found things r ather excee d A “ th a n fall fh ort of our eXpeéla tio ns ) w e were conducted to o ne of the t the a t e e a re a t t t the t the eat hu s of Ar bs, of which h r bou hir y in cour of gr e e The t ait et wee the a ﬁ e e t at an d the t mpl . con r b n m gni c nc of h building t was e ft i n The a ta t t m en a e r r ki . nd pov r y of our lodging, v y g inh bi n s , bo h e e e e ﬂi a ed an d the atte t e fwa rth had wom n, w r w ll p , l r, hough v ry y, good e e e e e e but n o fo fc ru u lo us fhew in t e a e at e . T t f ur s h y w r v il d , p of g h ir f c s, t eallern e e e a a re e a t the e t e f e as he wom n g n r lly . Th y p in nds of h ir ing rs red t e e an d t e e e- and e e- laihes a and e e , h ir lips blu , h ir y brows y bl ck , wor v ry a e brafs t e ea and no fes e ha d the a ea a l rg gold or rings in h ir rs . Th y pp r nce o ea t and t t at diftem ers an t e e f good h l h, old us , h p of y for w r uncommon a t e mong h m .

W e e t t at the air al a deferves the a a te conclud d from his, h of P myr ch r c r it fll to e a e feld a w e i n e i e . om hich Longinus giv s , his p Porphyry Th y h v r in , e e t a t the e e N t be e e e c t a the all the xc p quinox s. o hing could mor f r n h n sky t e w e e e t e e e e t o ne a te t at t ere w as a fm all fho w er im w r h r , xc p f rnoon , h h , e e e a t fu c h a t t e a the pr c d d by whirlwind, which ook up qu n i i s of f nd from d efart as te a e e the a nd a e an i ea thofe ea , qui d rk n d sky , g v us d of dr dful h a e are fo m etimes ata to e a a a urric n s which f l whol c r v ns.

’ W e e e t e a e i e t tt and at Helh the w r ol r bly w ll prov d d wi h mu on go s , by a a ta t e e a e e e e fcarce had Ar b inh bi n s ; which , how v r , would h v b com v ry , W e e ai e t e e e t a tee a t e we fatis fi ed r m n d h r long r h n ﬁf n d ys, in which im our c u rio t fi y.

P L A T E II P I L A T E I .

G E O M E T RI C A L P L A N

O F T H E

I N ED C I T Y O F P A L M YRA .

M YR fi tua ted e a a e e to the w ell and e ) AL A is und r b rr n ridg of hills , op n. 1 21 o n its t e fi e to th e Defart It a t for a e e o h r d s . is bou d ys journ y from Al ppo, b an d as Dam afcu s and a t t e t ea e e l th e Eu hra much from , bou w n y l gu s w l of p tes the at t e t t e ee a to P to lo m . e eo , in l i ud c of hir y four d gr s, ccording y Som g ra hers a e a e it a t e e a and e a a g p h v pl c d in Syri , o h rs in Pho nici , fom in Ar bi .

The a t t are ﬂ a e f uare t e bu t lb w lls (43) of his ci y nk d by q ow rs , much d eflro d t at m o fl a e t e a re e e th the and ten ot ye , h in pl c s h y l v l wi ground , of n to be dillin u ifhe th t e ru bbilh W e fee a t t e to d e . g from o h r could no p r of , h m

the t - ea l bu t had eat reafo n to t the direélion at w e fou h f; gr hink , from of wh h ad t a e t at the t the eat te e : fo t e t il a r c d , h y ook in gr mpl if , h ir circui mu h ve ee at leafl t ee En lilh i e b n hr g m l s .

The a ﬂi ew ed e a t the refen t t be Ar bs us fom ground bou p ruins , which migh a t ten e e e e a tt e raifed a e the e e the Defart bou mil s in circumf r nc , li l bov l v l of , t o t fo as t e a t a w t the a s s t e n h t . hough much p r of his pl n i hin w ll Thi , h y a w as th e e te t the t and t at an a t it f id, x n of old ci y , h by digging in y p r of , ruins e e difcov ered e e a ea e to ette reafo n s t t a w r . Th r pp r d us b r for his opinion , h n e e t e a t t ee e was a fm all com afs a a its m r ly h ir u hori y. Thr mil s p for P lmyr in ro f erit ef ec iall as m o lt t at f ace is ta e p p y, p y of h p k n up by publick buildings, the e te t h c h as e as the ea t be a fi e t fe ulc hres x n of w i , w ll gr num r of m gni c n p , are e e t a eat t vid n proofs of gr ci y .

W e t e e e e t at the a w e a e a e t h r for conclud d , h w lls, which h v m rk d in his ' a i nc lofe t at a t a a w i ts u blic k b uildin s e pl n, only h p r of P lmyr hich p g occupi d

' its ﬂ ou rilh in Rate and t at a te its e a the li tuatio n llill re during g ; , h f r d c y, e i t as the ro erell a e to ft0 the i nc u rfi o ns the a a e comm nding , p p pl c p of S r c ns , ullinian t ﬁe it as we ea a nd ll: a c o ntracled J for i d , l rn from Procopius , mo prob bly i ts a t a a e co m fs a a w as e a t a w lls in o n rrow r pa . P lmyr , d no long r rich r ding t e e he was e to atte to ate e e bu t a t e ci y, wh r oblig d nd priv conv ni nce, fron i r arrifo r e ftren th e w s t b co n fi ere e a o e d d . g l, wh r g alon

' O u r a e W e it e t to a a a t fo a d y sjou rney w as generally abou t i ght l eag ues . found inconveni n bring qu dr n long l I b J l e e a m fh orter a m DJ m CUS t l a m e a w e e te our ta i ts at t e. Th r ls uch ro d fro o l y j ourn y by l nd , hich pr v n d king l i ud a b ut a m re a e S t e A e ‘ y , o d ng rous one. P S 3

Beli dcs

i “ 0 4 T HE P L A N O F P A L M YRA .

' fee the t0 L iban u s a nd ta e e diltin éll the ea e a t p of , k v ry y b rings of fom p r of Antiliba had obferv ed at all a n us w e . , which H i

To the call a nd fou th of the tem pl e of the fun a re a few olive- trees and t a w a be a e m xe e e e the tt e . t e corn in r i d , d f nd d from c l by mud lls This migh m d a e a eea e f o t a e dillribution tw o ﬁ reams are n ow v ry gr bl p , by prop r of , which e ntirely n egf leeled by the Ara bs

The a re t hot ful hu reou s ate h e e the a ta t y bo h of p w r, which, ow v r, inh bi n s fi nd who lefo m e a n n o t d ifa reeable The t co n fid erable e w eft d g . mol (44)rif s a the a ea ut tt at the t the ta s w rd of ruins, from b iful gro o, (3g) foo of moun in , a lm o ft e n t e e to a m t fi andin t The e high nough i h middl d i us g uprigh . whol tt is a a u e ea ate a t two eet ee : the ea t t bo om b fo of v ry cl r w r, of bou f d p h hus fi e a e it a n e e e t at u r ofe t he a u fe it and con n d m k s xc ll n b h , for which p p Ar bs ; the fi ream it a ett fm a rt e t a t a t ee which runs from in pr y curr n is bou foo d p, a n d e t a t ee eet e fi e e a e an a e a e mor h n hr f ov r, con n d in fom pl c s by old p v d ch nn l, but a te a e r fho rt ou rfe foak e the a eaftw a rd t 1 s The f r v y c d up in f nd of he ru n . i a ta t t t tt had a w a th e a e a t t ate a nd t at nh bi n s old us, his gro o l ys f m qu n i y of w r, h t w e fee b t a t a e a e t 1t et it e t nd ed hough could u bou doz n p c s in o , y \ e much a t e W e a a fl o u rilh ed t s ea t fo urce m u ll t a e f r h r hil P lmyr , hi b u iful , no doub , h v ee eat a e W e ea e m a n i nfc ri tion clo fe it an a ta b n of gr v lu l rn d fro p by , upon l r e ate to te t at 1t w a s a e E hea and t at the a e 1t was d dic d Jupi r, h c ll d p , h c r of com m itted to e o e t ffi e e t p rf ns who h ld hat o ce by l c ion .

The t e ﬁ ream w ho fe fou rce w e n o t fee ta ea the a e o h r , (45 ) could con ins n r f m a t t ater and t r the r a n a t e t a u edu Et e qu n i y of w , runs h ough uins in n i n q und r ne ar the t a nd the a e di 1e8 io n i t o ms the ﬁ rll to ground long por ico , m f m , J

the a l the 1 and 13 110 1} Wt it the (a nd The a s t us t e e c l of ru ns , i h in Ar b old , h r w as a th i1d fl rea m no t te fo co nfi derable as thefe tw o a nd ey e an , qui , conv d in ' a e t e t the s as the aft but t a t its alla e w as qu duc und r ground hrough ruin , l , h p g fo ho ak ed t ru bbilh t at it had no t a ea e m e t e e and c . brok up wi h , h pp r d for fo im “ W e w e e the m e i n u ili tive a t thefe fi t ea ms as the tt e t e the m er r or q bou , li l no ic a ts h e m e a e ta e t e has e fo e ei fo n s to a t ch n Al ppo h v k n of h m , puzzl d m p ccoun fo 1 the fs the t 1 e e t e P to lem w l1ich t e a tt te to an ea t lo of v rm n ion d by y , h y ribu r h a e e eafo n t o fe the arm a a ha fu ered qu k e. Th re fe m s no r o fupp w of P lmyr s fl a n a te t e has e he n lilh m er a bu t t a t e e . t E y l r ion h which n Dglig nc produc d If g a t tho u o ht thofe fi ream s to o co n te m tible to d eferve the am e a e ch n s b p n of riv r, t e y fho uld f0 1‘ the am e reafon a e e e t at to the P aeto lus the h f h v d ni d h honour , e es a nd feveral e ee e w no t ta fo ate ex M l , riv rs ofGr c , hich do con in much w r, e t e e a t a c p imm diat ly f er r ins.

Be li dcs tho fe fu l hu reou s ﬁ reams t e e has ee a a e a t t p , h r b n l rg qu n i y of ‘ e - taﬂ ed ate e e e to the t an a u edu tl w ll w r conv y d form rly own by q , which

w e a e a ea ta e t e a e . It t e a h v lr dy k n no ic of, p g 35 is buil und r ground in ’ e fo lid a e ! t O e at the to at e ta diltanees to ee it v ry m nn r , wi h p nings p, c r in , k p ea It n o w e a t a ea e t t the e e a cl n . is brok bou h lf a l gu from he own , g n r l the a s is t at t s a e t e te to the ta ea opinion of Ar b , h hi qu duc x nds moun ins n r

‘ Da mafcu s e e feems n o t the eali at a an as t e e , Th r l found ion for f ch opinion , h r i s e t w ate at C arietein etw ee a m a an d Dam a fcu s pl n y of good r , b n P l yr . Proco s te s u s t at u llinian t ate to the a n ifo n he e t e e w piu ll , h J brough w r g l f h r , hich w e 1m a e h e at e re a irm t a t a u ed udt feems gin did , r h r by p g h n building his q , which an ex penfzve work an d of greate1an tiquity Palmyra i n its pro fperity would cer tain ly T HE P L AN O F P AL M YRA. 41

tainly no t have wanted fuch a convenie nc e ; a nd i n more th an o ne place we faw the a e e charaélers 1t too e a e to but P lmyr n on , much d c y d copy, could ﬁnd i a e no infcr ptio n in an y other langu g .

t t ee e to the t - aff the the Defart the _ Abou hr or four mil s _ fou h c of ruins, in , is “ a e alt fu ofed to be the a e e e a fm ote the a V ll y of S , ( pp pl c wh r D vid Syri ns W n o w fu lies a eat m eafu re Dam afcus and a . he S m . t 2 viii hich pp , in gr , ‘ t W t e i d ne t t t at . e e to f e t an ighbouring owns, wi h h commodi y w n , found t e had e the feveral a e ee e to e e e a t h y hollow d ground in pl c s d p nough r c iv foo ,

e a - ate e e e e the a t fo e or mor of r in w r, which, wh n onc lodg d , cov rs p r hollow d

w t a fi e te a t W e e- e e we tthru lt t he a e t the i h n whi f l . h r v r could Ar bs pik s in o we it was i e ate t a t to a co n liderable e t g round , found mpr gn d wi h f l d p h.

' t e a t a t a w e e e t t e e a t For o h r p r icul rs in his pl n r f r o h following xplic ion . N t lefs e t e t a a (la t at leaft its a ta a e o hing n ir h n column nding, wi h c pi l, is m rk d . Alm o ﬁ the whole ground wi thin the w alls i s covered with heaps of m arbl e ; b ut t o ihav e dilli ngu ilh ed fu ch i mperfeet ruins would have i ntroduced confu

ﬁ o n to . u r ofe no p p .

1 em le the eat m ﬁ andi n a e. . T p of fun . 28. Gr colu n g lon l s t w t 2 . he t ate . t t t the a . cour i h hu s of Ar bs . 29 Cul iv d ground

. lts ti . 0 eat m m w th e i nfcri tion m e 3 por co 3 . Gr colu n , fro hich p nu b r

- k A T ur ifh m of ue . w as e 4. q XXI . copi d .

. a . 1 eat m . 5 An rch 3 . Gr colu n

. a te m . a f w i the G ee infcri ti on m e V 0 2 . t m I Four gr ni colu ns 3 Al r, ro h ch r k p , nu b r , P eriﬂ le a i e tem l . w as e . 7 . y of ruin d e copi d

8. m dif ofed h f ta h t e m a . . The E ca Colu ns p in or of circus 3 3 foun in p .

e a em e Turkifh caﬁ le . 9 . C ll of T pl . 3 4. ‘ 0 . edefta ls raifed b etw ee w and 1 Four p . 3 5 . Ground y ruins b n hich the w all w w 1 1. Ro o f m (la h as ee a t n ow alm ofl: ﬁ e colu ns hich nd alon e. b n di ch ll d up .

12 . The e a te m e and a t rill le. 6 Confufed ear th e tai i ts e . . c ll of pl p r of p y 3 ruins , n foun n ‘ e A ruined l ear the ﬁ ream 1 . eem to a e e the e ritt le a em e . . . 3 S s h v b n p y of t pl 37 bui ding , n ' 16 Ha e ee all n but 8 e a m m e t e e to m e e rubbilh 1 1 dilli el . . 4, 5 , , v b n buildings , 3 S pulchr l onu n s , r duc d r

! are (0 m e th at w e not e e uefs . w ate m l w e e the a r t e com . uch ruin d , could v n g 3 9 A r i l , h r Ar bs g ind h ir

- at t e a 0 . a . h ir pl n . 4 Ar b burying ground '

1 . Dioclefian s . a a m a t th a e e 8 s 1. O ur to e th fe building 4 . ro d P l yr , hrough v l of Tu rki 1 R a lh tifi at u lch rcs . 9 . uin of for c ion . p m a 2 0 2 1 2 2 . e a m e t . lndifii nét l e ea the tem e , , S pulchr l onu n s ruins of rg buildings, n r pl of

e a l th . 2 . e m ﬁ d ries allw t t th e t w a . e 3 S pulchr s of ny , i hou ci y ls fun ' fl in ian s w a 2 a a e tem e . Rem a u . 4, Prob bly ruin d pl . 43 ins of j ll

. R a ch rilti Th lar elt fi ream . 2 an . e 5 uins of church . 44 g h 2 6. m . The e fe w t the and Four colu ns . 45 l f r, hich runs rough ruins , joins

2 tt tem e . th ﬁ r to the eaft the tem e th 7 . Li le pl e ﬁ of pl of e fun . ' 42 E X P L I C A T I O N O F

P L A T E III.

The a the tem e the and its t pl n of pl of fun , of cour .

m the reatnefs t s as e as m e its a e t Fro g of hi building, w ll fro fom of orn m n s, w e e i t i s the te e the w as am a e the R a conclud mpl of fun , which d g d by om n foldiers we e a t the t a nd th e a he e e , h n Aur li n ook own , for e r p irs of which ord r d

' ~ fo li e in his ette to C eion ius Baffus l muc mon y, l r

The fo lidity an d he ight of the wall of 1ts court tempted the Turks to con e t it t a a e fi ren th t u r ofe t e fi e the v r in o pl c of g ; for his p p , h y opp d up win w to the t eait a n d t and m a e a t e e i t to the w ell we e do s nor h , fou h , d di ch b for , h r they defi ro yed the portico of the gra nd e nt ra nce to build in its place a fquare t t e to fl a t at i e ow r nk h l d .

Th e t is a e t a H e but fo e e t ru bbi lh t at we cour p v d wi h bro d on s, cov r d wi h h ee e e t but few a e at a t it inclo fe could f the pav m n in pl c s. Th p r of which is d ’ es t a to the t - e l an d f t - elt a e fi x teen by lin , in hispl n , nor h w l , ou h w ngl is funk e ll: the a e e t to at u r ofe w t u efs e t e t a the e e no . f low r h n r of p v m n , wh p p could g It i s fo covered w ith rubbilh th at w e could not difco v er any ftai rs by which it t a e m at t t e eft th e t m igh h v com unic ed wi h h r of cour .

The a t t s a are m a e ac ibe at 18 fi ill fi a p r s of hi pl n which rk d bl k , w wh nding, but the 1 m e a n ou t e e t e fe m a b ruin ed part 8 ark d by lin only. Ev ry hing l y e u n derfl ood the m eafu rcs t t t e e a t w e lh all a w a by _ , wi hou fur h r xplic ion which l ys a e e i t is not abfolu tel n eeellar an d ea it e t to the ea e to void wh r y y , l ve n irely r d r ‘ e is a the architetl ure m ak h own rem rks upon .

N B All t fcales i n t are E lilh eet a s . he nd e . his work of ng f inch

P L A T E IV .

U t the a e t a e to the t the te e prigh of gr nd n r nc cour of mpl .

S ee ex “ It has ee o bferved t at t s t was d eﬁ ro ed the Tu rks t plicatio n of b n h hi por ico y by , t he forego i ng la te e e t 18 e e reﬁ o red t t an au thorit b ut th e m a nd t e a . r p p dim n h r , wi hou y y , colu ns h ir p H- S ec pl ate “ Ill and X IV t i cular dillribu tio n are e the te a t +1 , copi d from in rn l por ico

P L A T E V

Ba e a ta an d e ta at e the ilafter the e ate f , c pi l n bl ur of p , in for going pl

i e 18 t e te the t t e te e the o u tli de Th s ord r con inu d qui round cour of h mpl , on the afe at a a ar Attic k All b s P lmyr e .

P L A T E V I .

a e t the inﬁde the t 11 the a e t a e Orn m n s of of por ico of gr nd n r nc .

The w a es t t m t at the t th e te e ll which divid his por ico fro h of cour of mpl , alm olt erfeéi l e t e and the a e t the and e e is p y n ir , orn m n s of doors nich s v ry tt e e a e li l d f c d . N . f r a ft e o atu e. e ta e a e . A ich C . Inf rior b rn cl

. e a for flatue - B t e . d a i a D. e an ts fo t Sup rior bl Sid door l n of fﬁ . p P L AT E T H E P L A T E S . 43

P L A T E V II.

e e Upright of the great door of the court of th templ .

The a e t t a e nilh ed the hi heﬂ: a e a nd no twith orn m n s of his door r ﬁ in g m nn r,

fl a nd its eat fize ea the fid e- a t a e are o ne ece a e the gr , ch of rchi r v s of pi of m rbl ; foftit is the a t t o o a a e to a t a a bu t w e only p r of i t much d m g d dmi of dr wing , difco ver t at it w as a e te the a e m a e it the could h richly, orn m n d in f m nn r w h ffi t the fmall fo the ate. of door, in following pl

file th e c e . a the . A Pro of ornic . G . Pl n of Scroll a fi e h e f on h e m the the . te t croll. P ro eéti oft e e B Ex rn l pro l of H. j ouldings of cornic und r e a fi e h e fero l . t t m . C In rn l pro l of l. odillons ct the eeze a the eeze D. e nd a t ecti . S ion of fr rchi rave . I . Proj on of fr

a P ro eeti on the ﬁd hitra ect the a t a e . . . e arc ve m th w a . E F j of fro e ll K . Proj ion of rchi r v

P L A T E VIII .

a e t a t h ﬁ the f all the e at e t e fof t m . Orn m n s of for going door l rg , wi h of doors

e ﬁde a l Th t a e . The fcrol . A . rchi r v C .

he fi CCZC th e fi e . T . Sofli t de B . D of d or

P L A T E IX .

t the fi e the fo ﬂi t has een fhewn in the e Uprigh of d door, of which b for te n h a a o eS a a d t e e nd t e a e f r ﬁ atu . going pl , of nich s b rn cl s

P L A T E X .

a e t h ta e a ﬁ atues at at ar e t e e e . Orn m n s of b rn cl s for in pl VI l g .

eeti n e a Soﬂi t th e fecond e ro t at e . . . . up rior p j g n bl ur (b) of B S G (b) See the ct e a ect u th e . e d e t at e H. its m w are n er m o C Inf rior proj ing n bl ur . (b) Proj ion of ouldings , hich fame 1m m

D 80t the ﬁ rfl. di llions . a e VI. . of in pl t

ect i ts m w are e th e m o I . ect its m w are a e th e m o Proj ion of ouldings , hich und r Proj ion of ouldings, hich bov

dilllons . dillion s .

. P ro eétion i ts m d w are a e the m o . ect th e a t a e t to i ew the e t F j of ol ings, hich bov K S ion of rchi r v of bo h , b d p h di llio ns o . of the f fﬁt.

' P L A T E XI .

a e t - of th fi e the t the c t the te e Orn m n s e in d of por ico of our of mpl .

The t ee a e are the a e ere a s i n late a nd hr l rg r doors f m h p VII IX.

mal w h f ea to ﬂ airs the w a l P ro eélj n u o o t o t o e . afe w i f rtcd th e ftatue. A . S l do r ; of l d in l C j g b h ch pp h a e t a w e t e t the e m D. w fee a te . hich divid s por ico of gr nd n r nc fro Door, hich in pl IX

t at the t the t e tw o are falfe . . e m e t the e e th e . h of cour , o h r doors E P di n of nich ov r door fti n e . Pro e e m e t and e ta at e w was e . B j g p di n n bl ur , und r hich F . Nich a Itatue Its il . aﬁ er. G . p

P L A T E E X P L I C A T I O N O F

P L A T E X II.

. The fm all a . Its a e t rc 111 m w t ut A door cult an d fouth . orn m n s a ? f e i ho h . T e W w th e t of the tem e t th n rt and w t the t B indo of cour pl , o e g h i hin cour .

P L A T E X III.

am t h ta t a e t e e a e fi atues ate . a . Orn n s of b rn cl s for , in pl XI l rge Q See the { 3 mi n ane w . e he a e t e e m e t o t O t e l o r u on t ngl s of h p i n . E S fii f h a e . i b f X 3 P A F p d _ B t ‘ ‘ a at e . Seélj on the a e . bl ur i F . of b f C Its {Q fii W t a a he m tra e th e e ta at e to th n t . ect the a w 5“ i h pl n of o illions . G S ion of rchi v of n bl ur B, e C’ d D P ro e t n t é i are. th e e t the folh t . x i . i g b , d p h of

P X IV " L A T E .

U t the t t the t th te e prigh of por ico wi hin cour of e mpl .

The e e t e e as e as ate reflo red uefs t e e e p dim n h r , _ w ll in pl IV, is by g , h r b ing no e a i t the w eft fi e tho f f aces are {i x teen eet r m ins of ; d of e p , which funk f e t a the reﬁ o the a e e t a fu balfe1n ent to the thofe low r h n f p v m n , forms columns ; projections from the lhafts of the columns were undoubtedly in tended to fo p ’ t ﬁ atu es the ltill e a e t e th t es ere por , irons r m in in fom of h m, by which efla n w faften ed a nd e the a the ee e ee thofe fi atu es ; on fom m rks of f t ar {till f n . All e e r a defi ro ed a e a a e e a t the t we w r p ob bly y or c rri d w y wh n Aur li n ook own, for n ot difco ver e a a e t o ne t a could ven fr gm n of a Palmyr .

L A T E ' P X V .

a ta and e ta at e the e the e ate i t the a C pi l n bl ur of ord r in for going pl , w h pl n the a ta of c pi l .

' t the eeze and ta as ful ere ea not fur rifi n Bo h fr capi l h f d agood d l , which is p g, if ' we conﬁder the t e ﬁnilhed as a an e a a e delicacy of h work, in high m n r s m rbl is a a e o c p bl f, P V I L A T E X .

P a the te e nd its erift le l n of mpl a p y .

' The fle ﬁ d t e ps are fo much d e roye that we could only guers a th eir numb r. W e could difcover no repairs which migh t account for the ﬁ ngu la rities in this a The a m e ts e to thofe di ilio ns t the e are fo choaked pl n. orn n b longing v wi hin c ll

See m o t Tu rkifh t at w e the fo ﬂi ts H and P p wi h buildings h could only copy of A B, ' IX . .. n b ﬂ o a s K a a e e n a t a e. 1 11 , d a r li vo from rchi r v 1

te III . pla XV

P L A rT E X V7 II

t the te e Uprigh of mpl .

P ilalle m . r e to the w c fu orts the i t b w c th e leaves Ste . w e e fa lt encd w hich A join d colu n , hi h pp in , y hi h . r g fcroll h e t e . w e t m eta and a e e ta e awa of door r no doub of l , h v be n k n y

. a t the m a e ﬂ u tin the m fo r the a e the m ate a B Singul ri y in nn r of g colu ns , v lu of ri ls .

. a e etw ee the a ta e th e . 3 . T h e a t a e th e e C P nn l b n c pi ls ov r door 1 rchi r v of c ll .

Th e t e a ta rem a w t . he e h e e h e T ze o t . e b ll of c pi l only ins , i h hol s F fre f c ll Th ere T H E P L A T E S . 45

There feem ed nothing either in the door Which is h ere placed i n fo li ngul ar a a e bet ee two n i n the the e the te e t m nn r w n colum s, or door of c ll of mpl , wor h e defc ribed e at a e e e t the fo Hi t the atte fee the b ing mor l rg , xc p of l r, which in ate following pl .

T P L A E XV III .

Its a Th e foﬂi t the n e ate X V . . n m e t . A . of cor ic in pl G or n H Sofﬁ t th i nc l fes . e h e f uare a e w o t e e the tem . B . A q p nn l hich of door of c ll of pl ' 1 ee e The rofe . . z ate at a e C . Fr , of pl XVII , l rg .

he m i . Bas e e the a e to Diﬁa nce etw ee t . e tra e D . b n od llions K r li f of f c of an archi v b longing one th e di viﬁ on s t Ls not to b e The m . w t n e I E . odillions of i hi th e c ll .

he t a e ate XV . m eafured b the fcale . S t a F ofh t of rchi r v in pl y .

P L A T E X IX .

fo ﬂi ts one e e a e ea Two , of pi c of m rbl ch .

- . . M a the a e ate XVI to w thofe folﬁ ts e . A B rk pl c s in pl , hich b long

' P L A T E X X .

I ’ W w h e em w . t t e th e fi e the erift le . The am e W n w ee m th i the e . A indo of pl on d of p y B . f i do f n fro i n c ll

P L A T E X X I.

e the te e the ta e th e t - e t e the t. Vi w of mpl of fun, k n from nor h w f corn r of cour

T e te m e . h . The ts the a A pl C . hu of Ar bs . Tw o ioni c k al m at a h e art w e t a th e e t th e a em e t th e B h f colu ns e c nd of the cell of D . P lo r h n r f of p v n of t m W the e e . e n pl could ot get up to their c apitals court of the tem pl e .

to ta e the m eafu res t h t ofthe tem lc ' em . The ti t e p k of h . E por co of cour

P L A T E XXII .

’ a and t - a a Pl n Uprigh of the ealc fi de of the rch m arked Hin pl te I.

' S ofed m . u e e t. H Bafl o e e th e ilafter e the im o fl the A pp p di n . r li vo of p und r p of e a i M t. ar B . iddl rch vol fide ch . S rh o ft + cc im . . lts 1_ e C p Nich . n c : ‘ r l Sid: archivOIt " D a . ect th e a ta th e ilalter . th e o f K In pl n Pr j ion of c pi l of p izzfie fof im ol . lts w h th m e w ate E p upon hich t e colo nad es of e porti co ter in at lo ing pl . ‘ ‘ 5 9 ° 1m " fC lICVO Oft ilafter . t e hi . w d F i p on th e ef fi of t s arch . alc afl e e the ilalter e th e im ofl: f the G . B o r li vo of p und r p o x fw m iddl e arch .

P L A T E XXIII .

Pil t i ts ta and e ta at aller the e a i a e. of for going rch , w h c pi l n bl ur

a m Baﬂo e e th e ilaiter at a e . A . Angul r odillion . B . I r li vo of p l rg P LAT E E X P L I C A T I O N O F

P L A T E X X IV .

A . di the lafl Hi ilafter th ei m ofi Plan of the angular mo llion in plate, with Baffo relievo , of the p , under p ofthe the fo fii t fide fi lt . ofthe cornice . h » at large ’ . M I Bafl o i ilafter th e w eft li e B iddle archivolt, at large . . rel evo ofthe p on d ofthe arch , ,

. lts i l“tc m oﬁ . w hofe ro eétion K (11° 01 C p p j is marked , in plan P

. . XX ” D Side archivolt, at large ’

E. lts im fi . o Soffi t of th e . p K . m h iddle arc ' ‘ F . a ilalter l h tt t th t . L . t th wh h th T is' le er refers o e foregoing pla e Scroll and c pi al of e of ic e ba lo Bafl - . o ilafi er th e im oft l th . G relievo of the p , under p ofthe relievo is marked , in is plate

ﬁ t . . M . middle arch, at large Pro le of he fame

N B a . . a bb cc m eafured b fmallfcale . , , , are y the

XXV P L A T E .

II P U w eft ﬁde c XX . lan and pright ofthe of the ar h, in plate

’ o o x ilafter The three f reg ing plates e plain this. The p , with its ornaments, k L M o c v b c u mar ed I, , . in the f regoing plate, is o ered in this y the ol mns ofthe c c u f c porti o, whi h terminates pon this ide of the ar h .

X XV P L A T E I.

c e fl View of the ar h from the a .

A i laced m ifi ake in . (ta m f r re. Great arch in its pre ent lowing letter are a little p , by a

. One ﬁde t ﬁ nifh in . B of the long por ico, which terminates upon g the drawing the arch . D . Sepulchre

I . . the t i fe u l E. M C Part of long por ico, term nating upon the p Temple marked in plate

1. . the F . 12 1 chre Both part marked by this and the fol Building marked , in plate

‘

' P L A T E x xvn .

P n o f al k M fcctio ns an fm l I. la the temple, mar ed in plate with the plan and of u uc aq ed t mentioned page 3 5 .

’

A . n lverfc feéti o . tmn n o . Pla of the aqueduct, D A f it

. O E. i l feﬁ io n B Plan of the penings , by means ofwhich it was kept A longitud na ofit

I (o ﬁi t . . F . {t in order ts , ofone one in breadth

duﬁ . . . H a ue C Steps down to the water G . eight of theearth over the q

T P L A E XX V III .

Upright ofthe front and ﬂank of the temple of which the plan is in the fore o g ing plate.

‘

A . Su fe . Su f o d . o ed pp pediment C pp roof. ‘ m . P ed eﬂa l fo r f ct th e (h f . fi ct edefhals ﬂ . B tatues , proje ing from a t of the D Pro le of the proje ing p for a es column .

P L A T E XXIX .

c u o The bafe, apital , and entablat re ofthe foreg ing Temple .

e foﬁi t c c See t XXX . h of this orni e, plate II P L AT E

' E X P L I C A' T I O N o r

v X V ’ P L A T E X X II .

U e o li t rie pright of the fame with one of the fo ﬂi ts of the r p o s. A . . Soﬂi t rc o li tor c b . Pediment B . of a p y, of one pie e of mar le

P L A X V T E XX III .

B ca and u u lchre u See fe . afe, pital, entablat re of the foregoing p , witho t the fo ﬂi t c c X L I. of the orni e, plate

P L A T E XXXIX .

c Se tion of the fame .

A . Setti on the a b th e Sofli t fi of w ll a ove door. F . of one piece of marble, which forms the pro le F th B . lank of e door . of the cornice . h'om li ‘ . foffit. F re ofitories . C Space the de order to the G . lank of the p Re o fitories . . re o fitories . D p H. th p ' Floor of e

E. Subaﬂ cment. I fe ulchral . . Space in which there were p urns

X L P L A T E .

re al lch Ba c b u fe u re . , apit , and enta lat re of the foregoing p , within

X _ P L A T E L I.

‘ Sa 1“ A Sofli . . o es : t fofii ts re ofit ri . X X X UL of the cornice without C, D Two of p Sofiit a h “ B. th h t w t t. 1 See plaet of e arc i r ve i ou X X X VI P I L A T E XL I.

foﬁits re oli tories Three of p .

A (c ulchre . . m fe ulchre T . , and B . Belong to the foregoing p C Belongs to the ined p marked , in plate I

e A E. Th a M . T . . emple of the fun little temple, m rked , in plate I

in . . Ha d ﬁn le the fhaft h B . Column marked G, plate I F Great columns n ing g from of w ich e k i nf ri ti on arch . i Gree c . C . The we copi d the th rd p . u in I i . l D . The long port co G B ilding marked , plate

“ L A T E V P XLI .

P u u ch v c u feven th lan of a b ilding, pon an ar itra e of whi h we fo nd the twenty nf t o n i crip i .

C . i in u . . A . Body of the b ilding Port co front . rt ﬁd Vettibule. e. B . D Po ico on each

P L AT E T H E P L A T E S. 49

X L V . . P L A T E .

Upright of the fame building.

' ’ A Su ofed é . . . pp p diment . D Faife door ‘

. i . B . Door E. Soc e C . Niche .

’ V . P L A T E . XL I

at e Bafe, c apital and en tablatu re of the foregoing pl .

See ﬂi t c c L V. the fo ofthe orni e, plate

P L A T E X L V II-L

O the co in~ front. rnaments of the infi de of porti ,

Falfe . D. C N . . iche door

’

P L A T E X L VIH.

Ornaments of the great door at large.

' " ’ ’ Ex e ﬁl l f e CaVettb ni afkéd Biii the t rnal pro e of the Scrol . B . Ba fo relievo at large, ofth plan .

‘

P L A T E K UK .

fal e The f door fat large.

P L A T E L .

12 The Niche at large.

P L A T E L I.

A Pilaﬂ er o cti ct hnder the i . f fo E. the portico in r nt . Se on of the proje ion n che '

. f Bafl o fofii t i . B Bafo relievo of the flank of the great door . F . relievo of the arched of the n che 11 " . Seeti on ) Soffi t ro eéfi on he n . C of the niche G . of the p j under t iche cti falfe Se on of the door . +1

P L A T E LII.

o u laIl: e cribed View fthe b ilding d f .

' A. I fcribed l bu f i Z . Baﬁliea . Ca lle on the hill , marked , in late , which looks ike the tri nal

. refent th i d laﬂ: . il deftro ed B Part of the p remains of e bu l ing de C Door of a bu ding quite y . P L A T E LIII:

P U of fe u lchre k I. lan and pright the p , mar ed y, in plate

A . U l pright. C . Its p an .

. M s B oulding , which run round it . P L AT E &C L I AT I O N . E X P C ,

L P A T E L IV .

f c a u a e of fe ulchre B il ft r . a e, apital, and ent blat re of the p , the foregoing p

. M h t t . B ouldings atlarge, w ichare marked with the famelet er , in the laf plate

' L P L A T E V .

A. fe ulc th V I r hres a Sofﬁ t e L . meafu ed Plan of one of the marked _, in plate B . of cornice in plate X To be

I fofii t firfi fi or th e fcale . , with the of e y . by of that plate

L L V I P A T E . .

Upri ght ofthe fame .

W w ﬁ i b ha us . . A . o n farco . indow, under hichis a gure in alt relievo, ly g y a p g B Door

P L A T E L V II .

F fl k i nfide firft {t f fe ulch re ront and an ofthe of the ory of the ame p .

A . ﬂ l l it farc o ha i The ank . a to re ievo , and under two p g , with heads

. Re ﬁ o tori s bodie zz . B p e for s . on them in me o relievo P il aﬂ e ti o . r. F . H infcri ns C ere are fome Palmyrene p , of which we

. I II . ct the . o . infcri tion D Se ion of door c pied two SeePalmyrene p X , and X

E. o ofite fi . Re ofitories b . Front pp to the door, where there is a gure in G p for odies

F I l .

’ : . . 2 6. em er o em er or r. e uote to tbem to 1r. . 2 6 . Page 9 l for p r s, read p In the fame page , not b, in q , dele Page l

our ow n ber ow n . 1 . . 1 . u i s 1 Selucus S rleurur. for , read Page 5 l 7 after r n , dele the Page 7 , l . 3 . for , read

. i rt ti e ar t . . ao o f . 1 . . r ( Bott r 1. . d efert P 7 l 3 7 for g/ , read / P _ u n note 3 a ter put