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oi.uchicago.edu A POLITICAL HISTORY OF PARTHIA oi.uchicago.edu THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY, NEW YORK; THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, LONDON; THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA, TOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO, FUKUOKA, SENDAI; THE COMMERCIAL PRESS, LIMITED, SHANGHAI oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu KING MITHRADATES II oi.uchicago.edu A POLITICAL HISTORY OF PARTHIA BY NEILSON C. DEBEVOISE THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS CHICAGO • ILLINOIS oi.uchicago.edu COPYRIGHT I938 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PUBLISHED APRIL I 93 8 COMPOSED AND PRINTED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO, ILLINOI8, U.8.A. oi.uchicago.edu Man is a genus; it has itself species: Greeks, Romans, Parthians.—SENECA Epistolae lviii. 12. oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE N 1873 George Rawlinson published his Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy. Since that time no I other extensive study devoted to Parthia has been written, although Rawlinson's admirable work did not include all of the classical references and ob­ viously does not include the new source material which has since appeared. Because of these facts it was felt advisable to insert in this volume extensive references, both old and new, to the source material for the political history. The large amount of evi­ dence for the cultural history of Parthia from Dura- Europus and Seleucia on the Tigris now in press and in preparation makes discussion of the cultural as­ pects inadvisable at present. This must be reserved for some future work on Parthia where the necessity of less documentation will allow of fuller interpreta­ tion of the political side of Parthia and the presenta­ tion of the new cultural material. The present study was begun in 1927 as a disserta­ tion at the University of Illinois under the direction of Professor A. T. Olmstead, now Oriental Institute Professor of Oriental History in the University of Chicago. It has been rewritten more than once since the writer came to the University of Chicago in 1929 —a task which has been interrupted at intervals by vii oi.uchicago.edu viii PREFACE four seasons of excavating in the Near East. The work owes much more than appears in the footnotes to the advice and support of Professor Olmstead, who has furnished encouragement, friendly criticism, and references on many obscure points. Dr. Robert H. McDowell of the University of Michigan by voluminous letters written in the press of field work and by frequent conversations has been of great assistance. The manuscript was read at Se- leucia by Professor Clark Hopkins of the same insti­ tution, and many of his suggestions are embodied in the text. Professor Arthur E. R. Boak, also of Michi­ gan, read through the galleys and gave freely of his time during the preparation of the manuscript. For aid in specialized fields Dr. G. G. Cameron, Dr. Raymond A. Bowman, and Dr. Waldo H. Dub- berstein, all of the Oriental Institute, were of great assistance; and many other members of the staff have at one time or another rendered aid. x The painstaking work of Dr. T. G. Allen, one of the editors of the Institute's publications, has eliminated many inconsistencies and infelicities of English. In the final preparation of the manuscript Miss Eliza­ beth Stefanski has been of great assistance. Members of the Chinese section of the Department of Oriental Languages and Literatures have kindly helped in standardizing the spelling of Chinese names. Both my wife and the editorial staff of the Oriental Insti­ tute have spent many hours in working on the manu- oi.uchicago.edu PREFACE ix script and in proofreading and indexing. The librarians of the University of Illinois and of the Oriental Institute and the Classics Library at the Uni­ versity of Chicago have been very helpful. Finally, the whole project was made possible by the late Professor James Henry Breasted, first di­ rector of the Oriental Institute, who was never too busy to hear and encourage a young scholar, and by his successor, Professor John A. Wilson, who.together have made it possible to devote the time necessary to the preparation of this study. The portrait of King Mithradates II used as a frontispiece is reproduced about three times original size from a silver drachm in my own collection. NEILSON C. DEBEVOISE July 29, 1937 oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABBREVIATIONS XIII SOURCES XXV INTRODUCTION XXXVII CHAPTER I. THE GROWTH OF PARTHIA I II. EARLY FOREIGN RELATIONS 29 III. THE INDO-IRANIAN FRONTIER 54 IV. DRUMS OF CARRHAE 70 V. THE STRUGGLE IN SYRIA 96 VI. ANTONY AND ARMENIA 121 VII. THE CONTEST FOR THE EUPHRATES 143 VIII. THE CAMPAIGN OF CORBULO 179 IX. PARTHIA IN COMMERCE AND LITERATURE . 203 X. TRAJAN IN ARMENIA AND MESOPOTAMIA . 213 XI. THE DOWNFALL OF THE PARTHIAN EMPIRE . 240 LISTS OF RULERS PARTHIAN KINGS 270 SELEUCID KINGS 270 ROMAN EMPERORS 271 INDEX 275 MAP at end xi oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu ABBREVIATIONS Unless otherwise noted, references to classical authors are to the "Loeb Classical Library" editions. Acad, des inscr. et Academie royale des inscriptions et belles- belles-lettres, lettres, Memoires de litterature> t. L Mem. de litt.y L (Paris, 1808) Arsacid era AJA American Journal of Archaeology (Balti­ more, etc., 1885 ) AJSL American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures (Chicago, etc., 1884 ) AMI Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran (Ber- lin, 1929 ) Amm. Marcel. AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS Ampelius LUCIUS AMPELIUS Liber memorialise ed. ERWIN ASSMANN (Lipsiae, 1935) AnnSe Spig. UAnnee epigraphique (Paris, 1880-87; tater included in Revue archSologique) Ann. Rep. Archaeol. India. Archaeological Survey, Annual Re- Survey of India port (Calcutta, 1904 ) Anthol. Palat. Anthologia Palatina APAW Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Abhandlungen (Berlin, 1746-1907), and idemy philos.-hist. Klasse, Abhandlungen (Berlin, 1908 ) oi.uchicago.edu xiv ABBREVIATIONS Appian Bell. civ. APPIANUS Bella civilia Mith. Mithridatica Syr. Syriaca Archiv or. Archiv orientalni (Praha, 1929 ) Aristides Or. sac. AELIUS ARISTIDES Orationes sacraey ed. GUILIELMUS DINDORFIUS (Lipsiae, 1829) art. article Asin. Quad. ASINIUS QUADRATUS Parthica (frs. in FHG and J) Athen. Deip. ATHENAEUS Deipnosophistae A.U.C. anno urbis conditae Babyl. and Or. Rec- The Babylonian & Oriental Record (London, ord etc., 1887-1901) Berl. philol. Wo- Philologische Wochenschrift (Berlin and chenschr. Leipzig, 1881 ; called Berliner philo­ logische Wochenschrift, 1884-1920) Bull. School of Or. London. University. School of Oriental Studies Studies, Bulletin (London, 1917 ) Caesar Bell. civ. C. JULIUS CAESAR Bellum civile Bell. Gall. Bellum Gallicum CAH The Cambridge Ancient History (Cambridge, Eng., 1923 ) Capit. JULIUS CAPITOLINUS (in "Scriptores his to­ ri ae Augustae") CHI The Cambridge History of India (New York, 1922 ) oi.uchicago.edu ABBREVIATIONS xv Cicero De div. M. TULLIUS CICERO De divinatione De domo sua Oratio de domo sua Ep. ad Att. Epistolae ad Atticum Ep. adJam. Epistolae ad familiares Manil. Oratio pro lege Manilla Pro rege Oratio pro rege Deio­ Deiotaro taro Pro Scauro Oratio pro Scauro CIG Corpus inscriptionum Graecarum (Berolini, 1828-77; cont. as IG) CII Corpus inscriptionum Indicarum (Calcutta, 1892—) CIL Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum (Berolini, 1862 ) Class. PhiloL Classical Philology (Chicago, 1906 ) Class. Rev. Classical Review (Boston, 1887 ) Claudian Paneg. ter- CLAUDIUS CLAUDIANUS Panegyricus de ter- tio {etc.) cons. tio {etc.) consulatu Honorii Augusti Hon. CR Academie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, Comptes rendus des seances (Paris, 1858 ) CSCO Syr. "Corpus scriptorum Christianorum ori­ ent ali um.'' Scriptores Syri (Parisi is, 1903—) Dessau HERMANN DESSAU, Inscriptiones Latinae selectae (Berolini, 1892-1916), cited by number Dio Cass. CASSIUS DIO COCCEIANUS oi.uchicago.edu xvi ABBREVIATIONS Diod. Sic. DIODORUS SICULUS, ed. CAROLUS MULLE- RUS (Parisiis, 1855) Encyc. Brit. Encyclopaedia Britannica (14th ed.; London and New York, 1929) Epig. Ind. Epigraphia Indica (Calcutta, 1892 ) Euseb. Chron. EUSEBIUS PAMPHILI Chronicon ("Die grie- chischen christli- chen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahr- hunderte." Euse­ bius. V, ed. JOSEF KARST [Leipzig, 1911]) Hist. Ecclesiasticae historiae ("Die griechischen christlichen Schrift- steller " Euse­ bius. II, 1, ed. EDUARD SCHWARTZ and THEODOR MOMMSEN [Leipzig, i9°3i) Eutrop. Brev. EUTROPIUS Breviarium historiae Romanae> ed. FRANCISCUS RUEHL (Lipsiae, 1887) FHG Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum . , ed. CAROLUS MULLERUS (Parisiis, 1848-74) fr. fragment Frontinus Strat. SEXTUS JULIUS FRONTINUS Strategematicon Fronto De bell. M. CORNELIUS FRONTO De bello Parthico Parth. Epist. Epistolae Princ. hist. Principia historiae Gellius Noct. Att. AULUS GELLIUS Noctes Atticae oi.uchicago.edu ABBREVIATIONS XVLL Grattius GRATTIUS Cynegeticon Herod. HERODOTUS Herodian HERODIAN, ed. K. STAVENHAGEN (Lipsiae, 1922) Horace Carmen saec. Q. HORATIUS FLACCUS Carmen saeculare Ep. Epodi EpisU Epistolae Od. Odae Sat. Satirae IG Inscriptiones Graecae (Berolini, 1877- cont. of CIG) IGRR Inscriptiones Graecae ad res Romanas perti- nentesy ed. R. CAGNAT (Parisiis, 1906 ) Isid. Char. Mans. ISIDORUS CHARACENUS Mansiones Parthi- Parth. cae> ed. WILFRED H. SCHOFF, Parthian Stations, by Isidore of Charax (Philadel­ phia, 1914) j FELIX JACOBY, Die Fragmente der griechi- schen Historiker (Berlin, 1923 ) JA Journal asiatique (Paris, 1822 ) J AOS American Oriental Society, Journal (Bos­ ton, etc., 1849 ) JUS Journal of Hellenic
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