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Ptolemaic Kingdom - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Ptolemaic Kingdom from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia 7/17/13 Ptolemaic Kingdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Ptolemaic Kingdom From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Ptolemaic Kingdom (/ˌtɒləˈmeɪ.ɪk/; Greek: Πτολεμαϊκὴ βασιλεία, Ptolemaïkḕ Basileía)[1] was a Hellenistic kingdom in Ptolemaic Kingdom Egypt. It was ruled by the Ptolemaic dynasty that Ptolemy I Πτολεμαϊκὴ βασιλεία Soter founded after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC Ptolemaïkḕ Basileía —which ended with the death of Cleopatra VII and the Roman conquest in 30 BC. ← 305 BC–30 BC → The Ptolemaic Kingdom was founded in 305 BC by Ptolemy I Soter, who declared himself Pharaoh of Egypt and created a powerful Hellenistic dynasty that ruled an area stretching from southern Syria to Cyrene and south to Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a center of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions by marrying their siblings, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life. The Ptolemies had to fight native rebellions and were involved in foreign and Ptolemaic dynasty, in blue. civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome. Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Capital Alexandria Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Languages Greek, Egyptian, Muslim conquest. Berber Religion Ancient Greek religion, Contents Ancient Egyptian religion 1 History Government Monarchy 1.1 Background Pharaoh 1.2 Establishment - 305–283 BC Ptolemy I Soter (first) 1.3 Ptolemy I - 51–30 BC Cleopatra (last) 1.4 Ptolemy II History 1.5 Ptolemy III - Established 305 BC 1.6 The decline of the Ptolemies - Disestablished 30 BC 1.7 The later Ptolemies 1.8 Cleopatra Currency Greek Drachma 1.9 Roman rule Today part of Cyprus 2 Culture Egypt 2.1 Art Greece 2.2 Social situation Israel 2.3 Coinage Libya 2.4 Military Turkey Palestine 3 Cities Lebanon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom 1/18 7/17/13 Ptolemaic Kingdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 3.1 Naucratis Syria 3.2 Alexandria Jordan 3.3 Ptolemais 4 Demographics 4.1 Arabs under the Ptolemies 4.2 Jews under the Ptolemies 5 Agriculture 6 Ptolemaic rulers 6.1 List 6.2 Simplified Ptolemaic family tree 6.3 Other members of the Ptolemaic dynasty 6.4 Medical analysis 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History The era of Ptolemaic reign in Egypt is one of the most well documented time periods of the Hellenistic Era; a wealth of papyri written by Greeks and Egyptians of the time have been discovered in Egypt.[2] Background In 332 BC, Alexander the Great, King of Macedon invaded the Achaemenid satrapy of Egypt.[3] He visited Memphis, and traveled to the oracle of Amun at the Oasis of Siwa. The oracle declared him to be the son of Amun. He conciliated the Egyptians by the respect he showed for their religion, but he appointed Greeks to virtually all the senior posts in the country, and founded a new Greek city, Alexandria, to be the new capital. The wealth of Egypt could now be harnessed for Alexander's conquest of the rest of the Persian Empire. Early in 331 BC he was ready to depart, and led his forces away to Phoenicia. He left Cleomenes as the ruling nomarch to control Egypt in his absence. Alexander never returned to Egypt. Establishment Following Alexander's death in History of Egypt Babylon in 323 BC,[4] a succession crisis erupted among his generals. Initially, Perdiccas ruled the empire as regent for Alexander's half-brother Arrhidaeus, who became Philip This article is part of a series III of Macedon, and then as Prehistoric Egypt pre–3100 BCE regent for both Philip III and Ancient Egypt Early Dynastic Period 3100–2686 BCE Alexander's infant son Alexander Old Kingdom 2686–2181 BCE https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom 2/18 7/17/13 Ptolemaic Kingdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia IV of Macedon, who had not 1st Intermediate Period 2181–2055 BCE been born at the time of his Middle Kingdom 2055–1650 BCE father's death. Perdiccas 2nd Intermediate Period 1650–1550 BCE appointed Ptolemy, one of New Kingdom 1550–1069 BCE Alexander's closest companions, 3rd Intermediate Period 1069–664 BCE to be satrap of Egypt. Ptolemy Late Period 664–332 BCE ruled Egypt from 323 BC, Achaemenid Egypt 525–332 BCE Classical Antiquity nominally in the name of the joint Ptolemaic Egypt 332–30 BCE kings Philip III and Alexander IV. Roman & Byzantine Egypt 30 BCE–641 CE However, as Alexander the Sassanid Egypt 621–629 Great's empire disintegrated, Middle Ages Ptolemy soon established himself Arab Egypt 641–969 as ruler in his own right. Ptolemy Fatimid Egypt 969–1171 successfully defended Egypt Ayyubid Egypt 1171–1250 against an invasion by Perdiccas Mamluk Egypt 1250–1517 in 321 BCE, and consolidated his Early Modern Ottoman Egypt 1517–1867 position in Egypt and the French occupation 1798–1801 surrounding areas during the Egypt under Muhammad Ali 1805–1882 Wars of the Diadochi (322–301 Khedivate of Egypt 1867–1914 BC). In 305 BC, Ptolemy took Modern Egypt the title of King. As Ptolemy I British occupation 1882–1953 Soter ("Saviour"), he founded the Sultanate of Egypt 1914–1922 Ptolemaic dynasty that was to Kingdom of Egypt 1922–1953 rule Egypt for nearly 300 years. Republic 1953–present Egypt portal All the male rulers of the dynasty V · T · E (//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_Egypt&action=edit) took the name "Ptolemy", while princesses and queens preferred the names Cleopatra, Arsinoe and Berenice. Because the Ptolemaic kings adopted the Egyptian custom of marrying their sisters, many of the kings ruled jointly with their spouses, who were also of the royal house. This custom made Ptolemaic politics confusingly incestuous, and the later Ptolemies were increasingly feeble. The only Ptolemaic Queens to officially rule on their own were Berenice III and Berenice IV. Cleopatra V did co-rule, but it was with another female, Berenice IV. Cleopatra VII officially co-ruled with Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator, Ptolemy XIV, and Ptolemy XV, but effectively, she ruled Egypt alone. The early Ptolemies did not disturb the religion or the customs of the Egyptians, and indeed built magnificent new temples for the Egyptian gods and soon adopted the outward display of the Pharaohs of old. During the reign of Ptolemies II and III thousands of Greek veterans were rewarded with grants of farm lands, and Greeks were planted in colonies and garrisons or settled themselves in the villages throughout the country. Upper Egypt, farthest from the centre of government, was less immediately affected, even though Ptolemy I established the Greek colony of Ptolemais Hermiou to be its capital. But within a century Greek influence had spread through the country and intermarriage had produced a large Greco-Egyptian educated class. Nevertheless, the Greeks always remained a privileged minority in Ptolemaic Egypt. They lived under Greek law, received a Greek education, were tried in Greek courts, and were citizens of Greek cities. Ptolemy I https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom 3/18 7/17/13 Ptolemaic Kingdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The first part of Ptolemy I's reign was dominated by the Wars of the Diadochi between the various successor states to the empire of Alexander. His first object was to hold his position in Egypt securely, and secondly to increase his domain. Within a few years he had gained control of Libya, Coele- Syria (including Judea), and Cyprus. When Antigonus, ruler of Syria, tried to reunite Alexander's empire, Ptolemy joined the coalition against him. In 312 BC, allied with Seleucus, the ruler of Babylonia, he defeated Demetrius, the son of Antigonus, in the battle of Gaza. In 311 BC, a peace was concluded between the combatants, but in 309 BC war broke out again, and Ptolemy occupied Corinth and other parts of Greece, although he lost Cyprus after a sea-battle in 306 BC. Antigonus then tried to invade Egypt but Ptolemy held the Corinthian pillar of the Ptolemaic period, frontier against him. When the coalition was renewed against Egypt. Antigonus in 302 BC, Ptolemy joined it, but neither he nor his army were present when Antigonus was defeated and killed at Ipsus. He had instead taken the opportunity to secure Coele-Syria and Palestine, in breach of the agreement assigning it to Seleucus, thereby setting the scene for the future Syrian Wars.[5] Thereafter Ptolemy tried to stay out of land wars, but he retook Cyprus in 295 BC. Feeling the kingdom was now secure, Ptolemy shared rule with his son Ptolemy II by Queen Berenice in 285 BC. He then may have devoted his retirement to writing a history of the campaigns of Alexander—which unfortunately was lost but was a principal source for the later work of Arrian. Ptolemy I died in 283 BC at the age of 84. He left a stable and well-governed kingdom to his son. Ptolemy II Ptolemy II Philadelphus, who succeeded his father as King of Egypt in 283 BC,[6] was a peaceable and cultured king, and no great warrior. He did not need to be, because his father had left Egypt strong and prosperous. Three years of campaigning at the start of his reign (called the First Syrian War) left Ptolemy the master of the eastern Mediterranean, controlling the Aegean islands and the coastal districts of Cilicia, Pamphylia, Lycia and Caria. However, some of these territories were lost near the end of his reign as a result of the Second Syrian War.
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