Cleopatra: Egypt’S Last Pharaoh

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Cleopatra: Egypt’S Last Pharaoh 1. WEBSITE DEFINITION: Name: Leah Morrison Website: Cleopatra: Egypt’s last Pharaoh Purpose: A biography of Cleopatra’s life and discuss her role as the last pharaoh of Egypt and her legacy. Intended audience: 1. Teachers and students studying ancient Egypt 2. Student researching ancient civilizations 3. Students researching famous female rulers 4. Students and young adults who are interested in Egyptian history and Cleopatra 5. Students and young adults who are interested in curses and dramatic history 6. Students researching ancient Rome and Ceasar Objectives: 1. To discuss Cleopatra’s life and reign 2. To increase the amount of interest in Cleopatra’s life and reign 3. To increase viewer traffic on the National Geographic and History websites’ Cleopatra pages 4. To increase a younger audience base interested in Egyptian history 5. To increase social media shares/reblogs on Egyptian history or Cleopatra 2. CONTENT OUTLINE: Home page: Title: Home Header: Cleopatra: Egypt’s Last Pharaoh 5 Primary links: Home, Family, Reign, Marriage, Death, and Legacy, Contact Us 6 Secondary links: Ascension to the Throne, Caesar, Mark Antony, Curses, Photo Gallery Copy/text: (2 – 3 short paragraphs of 3-5 sentences each explaining purpose of site): Excerpts from the featured pages and slider titles 3-6 Primary slider visuals: (Include a thumbnail and title for each image) The Drama of Cleopatra’s Love Affairs, Cleopatra’s Curse, The Queen’s Claim of Divinity 3-6 Secondary thumbnail visuals: (Include a thumbnail and title for each image) Primary pages Primary pages #1 Title: Family Subtitle: Cleopatra’s Family and Power Struggle Subtitles for each subtopic on the page: Cleopatra’s Lineage and Upbringing, Sibling Rivalry Links in addition to the sites primary and secondary links: Copy/text for each topic covered on the page (1- 3 short paragraphs max for each subtopic) Though much research has been done about Cleopatra’s life, she is still a mystery to us.. In fact, the majority of what we know comes from Greek and Roman scholars. Cleopatra was born around 70 BC to Ptolemy XII and most likely Cleopatra V Tryphaena, the king’s wife and possibly half-sister. On the death of her father in 51 BC the Egyptian throne passed to 18-year-old Cleopatra and she shared her throne with her younger brother Ptolemy XIII. However, soon after the siblings took the throne a power struggle began. Ptolemy’s advisers acted against Cleopatra and forced her to flee to Syria just two years after taking the throne. In response, Cleopatra gathered an army of mercenaries and returned to Egypt in 48 BC to face Ptolemy’s army at Pelusium. While this was occurring, Caesar was staking his claim on Alexandria and Cleopatra sought his help in secret. Caesar assisted Cleopatra and helped to fund her vendetta. The two were successful and they drove Ptolemy XIII out of Alexandria. Ptolemy is believed to have drowned in the Nile River as he fled, leaving the throne to Cleopatra and her youngest brother Ptolemy XIV. It is said she married her brother as a way of securing their throne during this unstable time. Featured header or slider visuals (Include a thumbnail and title for each image) A hieroglyphic representation of royalty and the traits of a ruler 2 or more smaller supporting visuals (Include a thumbnail and caption for each image) Cleopatra used her charm and wealth to control the Egyptian throne. Cleopatra’s wealth was renowned and Egypt coin as a tribute to her power and reign. Primary pages #2 Title: Marriage Subtitle: Cleopatra’s historic love Subtitles for each subtopic on the page: Caesar, Marc Antony Links in addition to the sites primary and secondary links Copy/text for each topic covered on the page (1- 3 short paragraphs max for each subtopic) “Whether it was the beauty of Cleopatra, the fact that she was a direct descendant of Alexander the Great, her courage or her charisma which charmed Caesar from this point (or shortly after) they became lovers” After Cleopatra reclaimed the throne from her younger brother with the help of Caesar, Caesar remained in Egypt with Cleopatra for a short time as the two were lovers, and eventually she gave birth to a son. Named Ptolemy Caesar, the child was believed to be Caesar’s, became known as Caesarion (meaning Little Caesar). After Cleopatra became Caesar’s mistress, she visited him in Rome with her brother/husband Ptolemy XIV and continued to utilize Caesar’s power. After Caesar’s murder in 44 BC, Cleopatra returned to Egypt and she was forced to act quickly to secure her reign. When her brother Ptolemy XIV died shortly after Caesar’s assassination, three-year-old Caesarion was named co-regent to Cleopatra as Ptolemy XV. With her son as co-regent, Cleopatra’s had complete control over Egypt and her claim on the throne was more powerful than ever. However, after crop failures, floods, and tension in Rome following Caesar’s death Cleopatra had choices to make. Both assassins and friends of Caesar asked for Egypt’s support, and Cleopatra eventually decided support the triumvirate by sending four Roman legions to their aid. After defeating Caesar’s assassins, Brutus and Cassius, Philippi, Mark Antony and Octavian divided the power of Rome. After Cleopatra was summoned to explain her role in the aftermath of Caesar’s death, Antony also succombed to her charms. Antony agreed to defend Cleopatra and Egypt, pledging to support her in her efforts to remove and exile her sister Arsinoe, who was a potential rival for her throne. When Cleopatra returned to Egypt, Mark Antony followed behind shortly after, leaving his wife and children in Rome. They spent the winter in each other’s company and in 40 B.C., Cleopatra gave birth to twins, Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene, after Antony returned to Rome. Featured header or slider visuals (Include a thumbnail and title for each image) Cleopatra’s affairs stemmed from the need for alliances but only one seemed to bloom into devotion and love 2 or more smaller supporting visuals (Include a thumbnail and caption for each image) Some believe that Mark Antony’s love for Cleopatra was his undoing Did Cleopatra truly win Caesar’s love, or did he just use her for her family connections and wealth? Primary pages #3 Title: Death Subtitle: Cleopatra’s demise Subtitles for each subtopic on the page: The beginning of the end, Cleopatra’s suicide Links in addition to the sites primary and secondary links: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rH4uUJtPA3Y Copy/text for each topic covered on the page (1- 3 short paragraphs max for each subtopic) On September 2, 31 B.C., Antony and Cleopatra’s forces were defeated and the Egyptian ships were deserted in the battle. Antony soon managed to break away and follow Cleopatra with a few ships as she fled for Egypt. Octavian’s forces were on the edge of taking Alexandria when Antony heard a rumor that Cleopatra had committed suicide. Losing hope and feeling defeated, Mark Antony fell on his sword and died just as reports arrived announcing that Cleopatra was still alive. After burying Antony and enduring Octavian’s victory, Cleopatra met with the new emperor and devised a plan for her death. The truth of her death is a mystery, but Plutarch others pursued the theory that she used the bite of a poisonous snake known as the asp (or Egyptian cobra), a symbol of divine royalty, to end her life. Following her death, Cleopatra’s body was buried with Antony’s in accordance with her wishes and the power of an empire was left to Octavian alone. Featured header or slider visuals (Include a thumbnail and title for each image) The bite of a cobra brought the end of an era 2 or more smaller supporting visuals (Include a thumbnail and caption for each image) There are several dramatic retellings of Cleopatra’s death, the most popular theory is the bit of a cobra Sidebar to appear on primary pages (with your recommended content) Titles and or subtitles for recommended widgets: Social Networks, Search, Text Recommended copy/text and links: Learn more about Cleopatra (Link to smithsonian information/national geographic) .
Recommended publications
  • Ancient Egyptian Royal Circumcision from the Pyramid Complex of Djedkare
    Ancient Egyptian Royal Circumcision from the Pyramid Complex of Djedkare • XLIX/2 • pp. 155–164 • 2011 mohAmED mEGAhED, hAnA VYmAZALoVÁ ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ROYAL CIRCUMCISION FROM THE PYRAMID COMPLEX OF DJEDKARE ABSTRACT: Male circumcision in ancient Egypt is well documented in representative scenes in tombs, as well as in physical remains of Egyptian people from various periods. Scenes showing the operation of circumcision are however very rare and only a few examples have been preserved from the millennia of Egyptian history. This paper presents another example of such a scene, which was found on a relief fragment discovered in the pyramid complex of the Fifth Dynasty king Djedkare. At the moment, it is the oldest preserved depiction of this operation known so far, and it probably played a ritual function within the king's pyramid complex decoration program. KEY WORDS: Ancient Egypt – Djedkare – Relief – Circumcision INTRODUCTION numerous fragments of reliefs have been found in the late Fifth Dynasty pyramid complex of Djedkare in As well as the other old Kingdom pyramid complexes, South Saqqara (Figure 1) by the Egyptian archaeological Djedkare's pyramid complex was badly damaged over missions between the 1940s and 1980s, when limited and time, and as a result of the reuse of its building materials unsystematic excavations were carried out in the funerary throughout succeeding generations. modern excavation temple under the direction of Abdel Salam mohamed of the monuments have however begun to reveal the hussain, Ahmed Fakhry, and mahmoud Abdel Razek. architectural plan of the sites and have brought to light Results of this work were never fully published and the fragments of decoration programs of the individual fragments of relief decoration have not been available complexes; these provide us with partial information about for the scientific public (see Fakhry 1959: 10, 30, Leclant the kings and their reigns.
    [Show full text]
  • Tutankhamun's Dentition: the Pharaoh and His Teeth
    Brazilian Dental Journal (2015) 26(6): 701-704 ISSN 0103-6440 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201300431 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Tutankhamun’s Dentition: Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany The Pharaoh and his Teeth 2Institute of Egyptology/Egyptian Museum Georg Steindorff, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany 3Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany Niels Christian Pausch1, Franziska Naether2, Karl Friedrich Krey3 Correspondence: Dr. Niels Christian Pausch, Liebigstraße 12, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. Tel: +49- 341-97-21160. e-mail: niels. [email protected] Tutankhamun was a Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty (New Kingdom) in ancient Egypt. Medical and radiological investigations of his skull revealed details about the jaw and teeth status of the mummy. Regarding the jaw relation, a maxillary prognathism, a mandibular retrognathism and micrognathism have been discussed previously. A cephalometric analysis was performed using a lateral skull X-ray and a review of the literature regarding Key Words: Tutankhamun’s King Tutankhamun´s mummy. The results imply diagnosis of mandibular retrognathism. dentition, cephalometric analysis, Furthermore, third molar retention and an incomplete, single cleft palate are present. mandibular retrognathism Introduction also been discussed (11). In 1922, the British Egyptologist Howard Carter found the undisturbed mummy of King Tutankhamun. The Case Report spectacular discovery enabled scientists of the following In the evaluation of Tutankhamun’s dentition and jaw decades to analyze the Pharaoh's remains. The mummy alignment, contemporary face reconstructions and coeval underwent multiple autopsies. Until now, little was artistic images can be of further use. However, the ancient published about the jaw and dentition of the King.
    [Show full text]
  • Key Vocabulary Pyramids Giza Pharaoh Cleopatra Tutankhamun
    Science key area of learning: Key Vocabulary Ancient Egyptians: the Identify that humans and some other animals have Key areas of maths learning: skeletons and muscles for support, protection and We will start by looking at Pyramids structures left by mankind movement. timesing 2 digits by 1 digit. How do buildings affect our Understand the importance of maintaining our teeth and We will them move on to look at Giza values and beliefs? look at what will happen if oral hygiene isn’t maintained. money- specifically converting pounds and pence, and adding and Pharaoh subtracting amounts of money. Science working scientifically skill development: Cleopatra Year group 3 We will use straight forward Tutankhamun Our Enquiry for the year is: How does humankind leave its mark upon scientific evidence to answer Unit links to maths learning: the world? key questions and support our Canopic Jars opinions. We will use our multiplication Our Enquiry for this unit is: How do buildings affect our values and We will make systematic and knowledge to build our own Mummification beliefs? careful observations and, where pyramids with different sized bases. appropriate take accurate Sphynx measurements Key areas of English learning: Our Story Afterlife Science knowledge and We will continue to revise some People: the general public understanding: Key elements of writing such as Place: present day - Apostrophes to show worship Problem: An investigation: Why did the Ancient Egyptians possession What makes a balanced diet? build the pyramids? How did their beliefs
    [Show full text]
  • Tutankhamun, the Golden Pharaoh, Part II
    TTutankhamun,utankhamun, TThehe Golden Pharaoh, Part II 12 Lesson Objectives Core Content Objectives Students will: Locate Egypt on a world map or globe and identify it as a part of Africa Identify Tutankhamun as a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and explain his signif cance Explain that much of what we know about ancient Egypt is because of the work of archaeologists Language Arts Objectives The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for additional standards addressed in all lessons in this domain. Students will: Describe the connection between King Tut’s tomb and historians’ knowledge of ancient Egyptian culture (RI.1.3) Ask and answer who questions orally, requiring literal recall and understanding of the details or facts of “Tutankhamun, the Golden Pharaoh, Part II” (SL.1.2) Add drawings to descriptions of details about Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt (SL.1.5) Prior to listening to “Tutankhamun, the Golden Pharaoh, Part II,” make predictions about what Howard Carter found in King Tut’s tomb, and then compare the actual outcomes to predictions Share writing with others Early World Civilizations 12 | Tutankhamun, The Golden Pharaoh, Part II 137 © 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation Core Vocabulary priceless, adj. Worth more than any amount of money Example: My grandmother thinks that my artwork is priceless. Variation(s): none sarcophagus, n. A stone coff n Example: The mummy was placed in the sarcophagus. Variation(s): sarcophaguses or sarcophagi triumph, n. A great success Example: The band’s performance was a triumph, and everyone was pleased.
    [Show full text]
  • Cira Domínguez Tazón Director: José Ramón Aja Sánchez
    Facultad de Filosofía y Letras Grado en Historia La mujer en el poder político del Egipto Antiguo: ¿Reinas o corregentes? The Woman in Political Power in Ancient Egypt: Queens or Regents? Autora: Cira Domínguez Tazón Director: José Ramón Aja Sánchez Curso 2014 / 2015 Resumen (Abstract) Palabras clave (Keywords) ÍNDICE 1. Introducción………………………………………………………….……….…..….3 1.1. La corregencia femenina en el Egipto Dinástico………………….….….……4 1.2. El mito y la teogonía en el trasfondo del tema………….…………..…...….....5 1.3. Naturaleza del trabajo, objetivos y fuentes antiguas sobre el tema.…….…..9 2. Catálogo………………………………………………………………….….…........11 2.1. La reina Merneith (Dinastía I)………………………………………….…….13 2.2. La reina Jentkaus I (Dinastía V)…………………………………...….….…..18 2.3. La reina Nitocris (Dinastía VI)………………………………………….…....24 2.4. La reina Sobekneferu: (Dinastía XII)………………………………………..28 2.5. La reina Hatshepsut: (Dinastía XVIII)………………………………….…..32 2.6. La reina Tausert: (Dinastía XIX)……………………………………….…...38 2.7. La reina Cleopatra (Dinastía Ptolemaica)……………………………..….....43 3. Conclusiones………………………………………………………………..……....48 4. Índices……………………………………………………………………….….…..51 5. Bibliografía…………………………………………………………………….…..52 1 Título: La mujer en el poder político del Egipto Antiguo: ¿Reinas o corregentes? Title: The Woman in Political Power in Ancient Egypt: Queens or Regents? Autora: Cira Domínguez Tazón (Universidad de Cantabria) Resumen: El trono y poder político de Egipto, como también la administración y las instituciones del Estado, estaban reservados sólo a los varones. Ésta fue la situación general habida en el Mundo Antiguo, de la que Egipto no fue excepción. No obstante, este trabajo se centra en un pequeño grupo de mujeres que gobernaron el país, bien como reinas de hecho (temporalmente), o bien como auténticos monarcas (indefinidamente y ostentando incluso los títulos y los atributos de los faraones).
    [Show full text]
  • The Late Republic in 5 Timelines (Teacher Guide and Notes)
    1 180 BC: lex Villia Annalis – a law regulating the minimum ages at which a individual could how political office at each stage of the cursus honorum (career path). This was a step to regularising a political career and enforcing limits. 146 BC: The fall of Carthage in North Africa and Corinth in Greece effectively brought an end to Rome’s large overseas campaigns for control of the Mediterranean. This is the point that the historian Sallust sees as the beginning of the decline of the Republic, as Rome had no rivals to compete with and so turn inwards, corrupted by greed. 139 BC: lex Gabinia tabelleria– the first of several laws introduced by tribunes to ensure secret ballots for for voting within the assembliess (this one applied to elections of magistrates). 133 BC – the tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus, who along with his younger brother, is seen as either a social reformer or a demagogue. He introduced an agrarian land that aimed to distribute Roman public land to the poorer elements within Roman society (although this act quite likely increased tensions between the Italian allies and Rome, because it was land on which the Italians lived that was be redistributed). He was killed in 132 BC by a band of senators led by the pontifex maximus (chief priest), because they saw have as a political threat, who was allegedly aiming at kingship. 2 123-121 BC – the younger brother of Tiberius Gracchus, Gaius Gracchus was tribune in 123 and 122 BC, passing a number of laws, which apparent to have aimed to address a number of socio-economic issues and inequalities.
    [Show full text]
  • Egyptian Pharaohs Who Were the Pharaohs?
    Egyptian Pharaohs Who were the pharaohs? The pharaohs of Egypt were the kings and queens of Egypt. Who were the pharaohs? Most Pharaohs were men. Some were women. Cleopatra Who were the pharaohs? Pharaohs were the most powerful and important people in the kingdom. Who were the pharaohs? ● head of the government and high priest of every temple ● considered to be half-man, half-god. The First Pharaoh of Egypt ● First true pharaoh of Egypt was Narmer (sometimes called Menes) ● United Lower and Upper Egypt Duties of a Pharaoh -Establish and collect taxes -Begin and oversee construction -Protect Egypt from enemies -Represent the people to their gods, and gods to their people -store food (in case of drought) -be in charge of trade with other countries -lead troops into battle -preserve (maintain) order and justice in Egypt Which god did the people think their pharaoh was? ● Ancient Egyptians believed that their pharaoh was the god, Horus, son of Ra (the sun god). ● When a pharaoh died he was thought to be united with the sun and then a new Horus ruled on earth. Where were pharaohs buried? ● First, Egyptian kings were buried in the pyramids. ○ About 50 royal pyramids survived. ● Later years, Egyptian kings were buried in tombs in the Valley of the Kings at Thebes. ○ These tombs were tunnels cut deep into the natural rock. Fun fact! Beards like mine were normally fake. They were not there for style, but indicated social position and masculinity. See this cobra on my headdress? Actually, this was considered as a kind of “protection” from enemies.
    [Show full text]
  • Contents Introduction to the Touch Tour
    Contents Introduction to the Touch Tour................................2 Description and plan of Room 4 ............................4 1. Seated statue of Amenhotep III .........................6 2. Lion statue of Amenhotep III ..............................8 3. Sarcophagus ...................................................... 10 4. Statue of King Senwosret III ............................11 5. Left arm from a colossal statue of Amenhotep III .......................................................... 13 6. Seated statue of the goddess Sekhmet ........14 7. Block statue of Amenhotep ............................. 16 8. Boat sculpture of Queen Mutemwia ............. 18 9. Colossal scarab beetle .................................... 20 1 Introduction to the Touch Tour This tour of the Egyptian Sculpture Gallery is a specially designed Touch Tour for visitors with sight difficulties. This guide gives you information about nine highlight objects in Room 4 that you are able to explore by touch. The Touch Tour is also available to download as an audio guide from the Museum’s website: britishmuseum.org/egyptiantouchtour If you require assistance, please ask the staff on the Information Desk in the Great Court to accompany you to the start of the tour. The sculptures are arranged broadly chronologically, and if you follow the tour sequentially, you will work your way gradually from one end of the gallery to the other moving through time. Each sculpture on your tour has a Touch Tour symbol beside it and a number. 2 Some of the sculptures are very large so it may be possible only to feel part of them and/or you may have to move around the sculpture to feel more of it. If you have any questions or problems, do not hesitate to ask a member of staff.
    [Show full text]
  • Chronological Table of Important Dates in Latin Literature and History to AD 200
    Harrison / Companion to Latin Literature Final 1.10.2004 3:19am page ix Chronological Table of Important Dates in Latin Literature and History to AD 200 Full descriptions of the works of authors referred to here only by name are to be found in the ‘General Resources and Author Bibliographies’ section in the introduction (pp. 3–12). Dates given are usually consistent with the information in the Oxford Classical Dictionary (1996). ‘Caesar’ is the term used for the future Augustus between his adoption in Julius Caesar’s will (44) and his assumption of the name ‘Augustus’ in 27, rather than ‘Octavian’, a name he never used. Full accounts of the historical periods covered here are to be found in volumes 8–11 of the Cambridge Ancient History (1989–2000). The Early Republican period (beginnings to 90 BC) Key literary events Key historical events c. 240–after Livius Andronicus active 264–41 First Punic War (Rome wins) 207 BC as poet/dramatist 218–201 Second Punic War (Rome wins) c. 235–204 Naevius active as poet/ 200–146 Rome conquers Greece; Greek dramatist cultural influence on Rome c. 205–184 Plautus active as dramatist 149–146 Third and final Punic War (Rome conquers Carthage) 204–169 Ennius active as poet/dramatist ?200 Fabius Pictor’s first history 122–106 War against Jugurtha in North of Rome (in Greek) Africa (Rome wins) c. 190–149 Literary career of Cato 91–88 Social War in Italy (over issue 166–159 Plays of Terence produced of full Roman citizenship for 125–100 Lucilius active as satirist Latin communities) Harrison / Companion to Latin
    [Show full text]
  • PERSPECTIVES on PTOLEMAIC THEBES Oi.Uchicago.Edu Ii
    oi.uchicago.edu i PERSPECTIVES ON PTOLEMAIC THEBES oi.uchicago.edu ii Pre-conference warm-up at Lucky Strike in Chicago. Standing, left to right: Joseph Manning, Ian Moyer, Carolin Arlt, Sabine Albersmeier, Janet Johnson, Richard Jasnow Kneeling: Peter Dorman, Betsy Bryan oi.uchicago.edu iii O CCASIONAL PROCEEdINgS Of THE THEBAN WORkSHOP PERSPECTIVES ON PTOLEMAIC THEBES edited by Pete R F. DoRMAn and BetSy M. BRyAn Papers from the theban Workshop 2006 StuDIeS In AnCIent oRIentAL CIvILIzAtIon • nuMBeR 65 the oRIentAL InStItute oF the unIveRSIty oF ChICAgo ChICAgo • ILLInois oi.uchicago.edu iv Library of Congress Control Number: 2001012345 ISBN-10: 1-885923-85-6 ISBN-13: 978-1-885923-85-1 ISSN: 0081-7554 The Oriental Institute, Chicago © 2011 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2011. Printed in the United States of America. studIeS IN ANCIeNT orIeNTAL CIvILIzATIoN • NUmBer 65 The orIeNTAL INSTITUTe of The UNIverSITy of ChICAgo Chicago • Illinois Series Editors Leslie Schramer and Thomas g. Urban Series Editors’ Acknowledgments rebecca Cain, françois gaudard, foy Scalf, and Natalie Whiting assisted in the production of this volume. Cover and Title Page Illustration Part of a cosmogonical inscription of Ptolemy vIII euergetes II at Medinet habu (Mh.B 155). Photo by J. Brett McClain Printed by McNaughton & Gunn, Saline, Michigan The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Services — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library materials, ANSI z39.48-1984.
    [Show full text]
  • 4-7 100-1 B.C. Political History
    World History Chapter 4: 300-1 B.C. Section 7: 100-1 B.C. Political History By Dallin Hardy 1st Century B.C. 100-0 B.C. Rome 1st Century Rome Social War 91-88 B.C. Italian cities vs. Rome Sulla Roman General Marius Sulla Mithridatic Wars 88-63 B.C. Sulla’s March on Rome 88 B.C. First Mithridatic War 89-85 B.C. Marius’ March on Rome 87 B.C. Sulla’s Return 82 B.C. Second March on Rome Sulla 82-81 B.C. Dictator of Rome Proscription of Sulla 82 B.C. Third Servile War 73-71 B.C. Spartacus Led the slave revolt Marcus Licinius Crassus Roman general Gnaeus Pompey Roman general Crucifixion of Spartacus’ Army 71 B.C. Appian Way Suppression of Cilician Pirates 67 B.C. By Pompey Catiline Conspiracy 63 B.C. Cicero Roman statesman Defended Roman Republic Catiline Orations 63 B.C. By Cicero Battle of Pistoria 62 B.C. Roman Republic vs. Catiline Julius Caesar Roman politician & general First Triumvirate 60 B.C. Crassus Pompey Julius Caesar Gallic Wars 58-50 B.C. Rome vs. Gallic tribes Siege of Alesia 52 B.C. Vercingetorix Gallic chieftain Battle of Carrhae 53 B.C. Rome vs. Parthian Empire Dissolution of First Triumvirate 53 B.C. Crossing the Rubicon 49 B.C. Julius Caesar Caesar’s Civil War 49-45 B.C. Optimates vs. Populares Battle of Zela 47 B.C. Julius Caesar Veni, Vidi, Vici Battle of Pharsalus 48 B.C. Assassination of Pompey 48 B.C. Egypt Egypt Cleopatra 51-30 B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF Datastream
    A Dividing Sea The Adriatic World from the Fourth to the First Centuries BC By Keith Robert Fairbank, Jr. B.A. Brigham Young University, 2010 M.A. Brigham Young University, 2012 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Program in Ancient History at Brown University PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND MAY 2018 © Copyright 2018 by Keith R. Fairbank, Jr. This dissertation by Keith R. Fairbank, Jr. is accepted in its present form by the Program in Ancient History as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date _______________ ____________________________________ Graham Oliver, Advisor Recommended to the Graduate Council Date _______________ ____________________________________ Peter van Dommelen, Reader Date _______________ ____________________________________ Lisa Mignone, Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date _______________ ____________________________________ Andrew G. Campbell, Dean of the Graduate School iii CURRICULUM VITAE Keith Robert Fairbank, Jr. hails from the great states of New York and Montana. He grew up feeding cattle under the Big Sky, serving as senior class president and continuing on to Brigham Young University in Utah for his BA in Humanities and Classics (2010). Keith worked as a volunteer missionary for two years in Brazil, where he learned Portuguese (2004–2006). Keith furthered his education at Brigham Young University, earning an MA in Classics (2012). While there he developed a curriculum for accelerated first year Latin focused on competency- based learning. He matriculated at Brown University in fall 2012 in the Program in Ancient History. While at Brown, Keith published an appendix in The Landmark Caesar. He also co- directed a Mellon Graduate Student Workshop on colonial entanglements.
    [Show full text]