APEH 17 The Age of Enlightenment: 18th Century Thought

Overview:

From the perspective of Europe’s future, perhaps the most important development of the 18th century was its leading intellectual movement, the Enlightenment. Enlightenment thinkers believed that change and reform were both possible and desirable. Before 1700, a belief in innovation through rational criticism had belonged to only a few pioneering thinkers. With the Enlightenment, it came to characterize Western society.

In spite of their name, the philosophes, were not so much philosophers as men who sought to apply reason and common sense to nearly all the major institutions and mores of the day. They all sought reform for the sake of human liberty. They provided a major source of ideas that could be used to undermine existing social and political structures. The philosophes drew on three main sources for their outlook. Intellectually, they were indebted to the physics of Isaac Newton, which emphasized empirical experiences and the rationality of the natural world. They also profited greatly from the psychological theory of John Locke, who had argued that man’s nature is changeable and can be improved by his environment. Politically, the philosophes admired Great Britain, which seemed to exemplify a society in which enlightened reform served the common good. France, on the other hand, with its decadent absolutism and religious censorship, seemed to prove the need for reform and ironically became the center of the Enlightenment.

Terms: For each of the philosophers below research their significant work by outlining its meaning and/or purpose.

Philosophe Jean Jacques Rousseau (General Will) Enlightened Absolutism Rococo art Encyclopedia Neoclassical art Physiocrat Immauel Kant Moses Mendelsohn Cesare Beccaria Denis Diderot Edward Gibbons Voltaire Baruch Spinoza Mary Wollstonecraft Baron de Montesquieu Adam Smith Deism The Social Contract Catherine the Great Joseph II Frederick the Great David Hume Review Questions

1. How did the Enlightenment change basic Western attitudes toward reform? 2. What were the major formative influences on the Philosophes? 3. How important were Voltaire and the Encyclopedia in the success of the Enlightenment? 4. Why did the philosophes consider organized religion to their greatest enemy? 5. What were the attitudes of the philosophes toward women? 6. What was Rousseau’s view of women? What were the separate spheres he imagined men and women occupying? What were Mary Wollstonecraft’s criticisms of Rousseau’s view? 7. How did the views of the mercantilists about the earth’s resources differ from those of Adam Smith in his book, Wealth of Nations. 8. How did the political views of Montesquieu differ from those of Rousseau? Which did Rousseau value more, the individual or society? 9. Were the enlightened monarchs true believers in the ideals of the enlightenment? Explain.