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ENCYCLOPEDIA of HEBREW LANGUAGE and LINGUISTICS Volume 2 G–O

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ENCYCLOPEDIA of HEBREW LANGUAGE and LINGUISTICS Volume 2 G–O ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HEBREW LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS Volume 2 G–O General Editor Geoffrey Khan Associate Editors Shmuel Bolokzy Steven E. Fassberg Gary A. Rendsburg Aaron D. Rubin Ora R. Schwarzwald Tamar Zewi LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 © 2013 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-17642-3 Table of Contents Volume One Introduction ........................................................................................................................ vii List of Contributors ............................................................................................................ ix Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... xiii Articles A-F ......................................................................................................................... 1 Volume Two Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... vii Articles G-O ........................................................................................................................ 1 Volume Three Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... vii Articles P-Z ......................................................................................................................... 1 Volume Four Transcription Tables ........................................................................................................... vii Index ................................................................................................................................... 1 © 2013 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-17642-3 negation: pre-modern hebrew 801 state, an important condition which differenti- perspective (in Hebrew). Tel-Aviv: Israel Ministry ates the revival of Hebrew from many other of Defense. Kohn, Hans. 1944. The idea of nationalism: A study cases of language reform and revival elsewhere. in its origins and background. New York: Mac- The lack of state support deprived revivalists millan. of financial resources, institutional penetration, Rinott, Moshe. 1984. “Religion and education: and, most importantly, of monopolization of The cultural question and the Zionist movement, 1897–1913”. Studies in Zionism 5:1–17. the revival process in the hands of one institu- Shavit, Yaacov. 1993. “A duty too heavy to bear: tion only. Turf wars between the Va≠ad and Hebrew in the Berlin Haskalah, 1783–1819, other Hebrew institutions were rife. Yet, this between classic, modern and romantic”. Hebrew was a mixed blessing. The non-state environ- in Ashkenaz: A language in exile, ed. by Lewis Glinert, 111–128. New York / Oxford: Oxford ment and institutional rivalries had the extraor- University Press. dinary effect that at the earliest stage of revival Smolenskin, Perets. 1924. Perets Ben Moshe Smolen- and reform the task was shouldered by a wide skin: Articles, vol. 1 (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Keren range of concerned individuals, societies, and Smolenskin. organizations, making the process much more ÷lker Aytürk democratic, participatory, and popular com- (Bilkent University, Ankara) pared to other reforms in the world, which were more or less top-down in character. References Negation: Pre-Modern Hebrew Aytürk, ÷lker. 2010. “Revisiting the language factor in Zionism: The Hebrew Language Council from Biblical Hebrew possesses a series of negative 1904 to 1914”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental particles, each used to negate a specific gram- and African Studies 73:45–64. Bar-Adon, Aaron. 1986. “On the contribution of matical form or syntagma. Two different types the Second Aliya to the revival of the Hebrew of negators may be identified: (a) those used language” (in Hebrew). Proceedings of the Ninth in sentential negation; and (b) those used in World Congress of Jewish Studies in Jerusalem, constituent negation (see especially Snyman 4–12 August, 1985, Division D, vol. 1, 63–70. Jerusalem: World Union of Jewish Studies. 2004, based on Minimalist Syntax). For a Bartal, Israel. 1993. “From traditional bilingualism different model, which posits three different to national monolingualism”. Hebrew in Ashke- types (item negation, constituent negation, and naz: A language in exile, ed. by Lewis Glinert, clausal negation), see Waltke and O’Connor 141–150. New York / Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1990:657. Barzilay, Isaac E. 1959. “National and anti-national Sentential negation implies that the nega- trends in the Berlin Haskalah”. Jewish Social Stud- tive form has scope over the whole subsequent ies 21:165–192. Ben-Yehuda, Eliezer. 1943. Collected writings of Ben phrase or sequence that follows; see the usages Yehuda, vol. 1 (in Hebrew). Jerusalem-Talpiot: and the accompanying illustrations in the first Ben-Yehuda Publications. section below. Constituent (and item) negation Efrati, Natan. 1997. “The revival of the Hebrew implies that the negative form is subcategorized language and the Zionist movement” (in Hebrew). for a specific lexical category, hence, it takes a Lłšonénu la-≠Am 48:93–134. Haramati, Shlomo. 1978. The three who preceded specific category as its complement and thus Ben-Yehuda (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Yad Yitshak has scope over this category only; see the illus- Ben Zvi. trations in the second section below. Both kinds ——. 1984. “Yisrael Halevi Teller: A reformist grammarian from the First Aliya” (in Hebrew). of scope are to be observed in Hos. 1.6 (cited in Kathedrah 31:91–124. Waltke and O’Connor 1990:657), each intro- lò, the most common negative ל ֹא Harshav, Benjamin. 1990. “An essay on the revival duced by ְקָ ֥רא ְשׁ ָ ֖מהּ ֣ל ֹא ֻר ָ ֑ח ָמה :of language” (in Hebrew). Alpayim 2:8–54. particle in Biblical Hebrew Herzl, Theodor. 1896. A Jewish state: An attempt at < qërå ִכּ֩י ֨ל ֹא ִ֜אוֹסיף ֗עוֹד ֲאַר ֵח ֙ם ֶא ֵ ֣ת־בּית ִי ְשָׂר ֵ֔אל :a modern solution of the Jewish question. London David Nutt. šëmåh< lò rù™åm< å< kì lò ±òsìƒ ≠ò≈ ±≥ra™èm ±Æμ-bèμ ——. 1960. The complete diaries of Theodor Herzl, yi«rå< ±èl ‘Call her name Lo-Ru™ama/Not-Pitied, vol. 2. New York / London: Herzl Press and for I will not continue anymore to have pity on Thomas Yoseloff. lò serves as ל ֹא Karmi, Shlomo. 1997. One nation and one language: the House of Israel’. The first The revival of language from an interdisciplinary constituent negator (as part of the proper name © 2013 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-17642-3 802 negation: pre-modern hebrew -a finite purpose, thereby serving as the equiva ל ֹא Lo-Ru™ama/Not-Pitied), while the second ִה ָ ֧שּׁ ֶמר ְל ָ֛ך ֶפּ ְן־תּ ַד ֵ ֥בּר ִֽﬠם־ ,.lò functions as sentence negator (negating the lent of English ‘lest’, e.g hiššåm< Ær lëúå< pÆn-të≈abbèr ַי ֲﬠ ֖קֹב ִמ ֥טּוֹב ַﬠ ָ ֽד־רע .(’kì ‘for, because ִכּי clause introduced by ≠im-ya≠≥qò∫ mi†-†ò∫ ≠a≈-rå< ≠ ‘guard yourself, 1. Sentential Negation lest you speak with Jacob either good or bad’ (= ‘that you not speak to Jacob about any- lò (5188 occurrences, including ortho- thing’) (Gen. 31.24) (Waltke and O’Connor ל ֹא .1.1 graphic varieties) is used to negate independent 1990:661). lë-∫iltì (78 occurrences) serves to ְל ִב ְל ִתּי .1.6 ְו ֽל ֹ ָא־מ ְצ ָא ֩ה ַה ֙ ָיּוֹנה ָמ֜נ ַוֹח ְל ַכף־ verbal clauses, as in wë-lò-må< ß±å< hay-yònå< mån< òa™ lë-úaƒ-ragl: åh< negate the infinitive construct or a dependent ַר ְג ָ֗להּ ְל ִב ְל ִ ֙תּי ַשׁ ַ ֣לּח ,and the dove did not find a resting-place for its verbal clause, as in, respectively‘ -lë-∫iltì šalla™ ±Æμ-hå-< ≠åm< ‘not send ֶא ָת־ה ָ֔ﬠם ֥ל ֹא ;(feet’ (Gen. 8.9, with suffix-conjugation verb ַ ֙ו ָיּ ֶשׂם ְי ָ ֤הוה ;(lò yìråš< úå< zÆ ‘this-one will not inherit ing forth the people’ (Exod. 8.25 ִֽי ָיר ְשׁ ָ֖ך ֶ ֑זה way-yå< «Æm ְל ַ֙ק ִ֙ין ֔אוֹת ְל ִב ְל ִ֥תּי ַה ֹכּוֹת־א ֖תוֹ ָכּ ֹל־מ ְצ ֽאוֹ .(you’ (Gen. 15.4, with prefix-conjugation verb >-èn (747 occurrences; technically, YHWH lë-qayin ±òμ lë-∫iltì hakkòμ-±òμò kål± ֵאין .1.2 ayin) is used to negate mòß±ò ‘and YHWH put a mark upon Cain, so± ַאִין the construct form of nominal clauses, and hence may serve as the that none who might find him would slay him’ ,biltì ‘only ִבּ ְל ִתּי yèš ‘there (Gen. 4.15) (on the base form ֵישׁ opposite of the particle of existence .(none except, not until’, see below, §2.6 ְו ַה ֣בּוֹר ֵ ֔רק ֵ ֥אין ֖בּוֹ is/are’ (which occurs 140x), as in -bal (76 occurrences) is a poetic syn ַבּל .wë-hab-bòr rèq ±èn bò måyim< ‘and the pit 1.7 ָ ֽמִים lò, used especially before the ל ֹא was empty, there was no water in it’ (Gen. 37.24, onym of ènÆnnù prefix-conjugation verb, in particular the nif≠al± ֵא ֶ ֥יננּוּ שֹׁ ֵ ֖מַע ְבּקֵֹ ֑לנוּ ;(with implied copula m-w-† ‘shake’ (for reasons which מו"ט šòmèa≠ bë-qòlènù ‘he does not harken to our form of -bal ַבּ ִל־תּ ֽמּוֹט ,.voice’ (Deut. 21.20, negating the participle, with are not readily transparent), e.g the requisite pronominal suffix attached; 103x timmò† ‘it (sc. the world) shall not be moved’ with suffixes; see also Rechenmacher 2003). (Ps. 93.1). This particle may occur more fre- -al (730 occurrences) is used in nega- quently in Israelian (northern) Hebrew compo± ַאל .1.3 ַוּב ֙ ֽל־י ֹ ְאמ ֙רוּ ,.tive commands or prohibitions, especially one- sitions (Rendsburg 2003a:20), e.g time prohibitions (see the contrast at §1.4 u-∫al-yòmrù ‘and they do not say’ (Hos. 7.2), below), with the 1st-person cohortative, with especially given the fact that the neighboring ,bl regularly (in fact בל the 2nd-person prefix-conjugation as the nega- Phoenician dialect uses .(l± is not attested in Phoenician לא tion of the imperative, and with the 3rd-person ,ƃÆs occurs mainly in poetry± ֶא ֶפס .1.8 ַאל־ :jussive, as in the following, respectively èn (see above± ֵאין al-±Ær±Æ bë-mòμ hay-yål< Æ≈ ‘may chiefly as the equivalent of± ֶאְר ֶ ֖אה ְבּ ֣מוֹת ַהָיּ֑ ֶלד a≈ ±ÆƒÆs måq< òm≠ ַ֚ﬠד ֶ ֣א ֶפס ָמ ֔קוֹם ,.I not see the death of the child’ (Gen. 21.16); §1.2), e.g ִכּ ֶ ֖י־א ֶפס ִבּ ְל ָﬠ ָ ֑די ;(until there is no room’ (Isa. 5.8‘ ַאל־ ;(al-tìr±ì ‘do not fear’ (Gen. 21.17± ַא ִ ֣ל־תּ ְיר ִ֔אי ’al-yèra≠ bë-≠ènÆúå< ‘let it not be bad in kì-±ÆƒÆs bil≠å< ≈åy< ‘for there is none besides me ֵיַ ֤רע ְבּ ֵﬠ ֙ ֶינ ֙יָך your eyes’ (Gen.
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