ABC CADTH Style Guide 5th Edition, 2017 CADTH Style Guide: 5th Edition, 2017 ABOUT CADTH CADTH is an independent, not-for-profit organization responsible for providing Canada’s health care decision-makers with objective evidence to help make informed decisions about the optimal use of drugs and medical devices in our health care system. CADTH receives funding from Canada’s federal, provincial, and territorial governments, with the exception of Quebec.

January 2017 cadth.ca Foreword Every industry is guided by standards, and the profession of editing is no exception. The Publishing Services team tries to stay on top of trends in the publishing industry, and the CADTH Style Guide is an example of that goal. This fifth edition of the CADTH Style Guide provides the most current style and language usage conventions for editing and writing CADTH material, based on the latest medical, scientific, and editorial industry standards at the time of publication. New sections have been introduced in this edition: Clear Writing, Social Media, and short, handy “Cheat Sheets” specific to various CADTH products. The updated Guide now also includes more information on statistics in the Numbers and Statistics section, and the expanded CADTH Style and Preferred Usage section covers more CADTH style preferences. In addition, some sections have been updated according to trends and current conventions. With language continuously in flux, an in-house style guide is essential for providing guidelines that ensure consistency and excellence across an organization’s written products and services. At CADTH, these products include reports, newsletters, PowerPoint presentations, Knowledge Mobilization tools, correspondence, and posters. Publishing Services, through the CADTH Style Guide, tries to ensure that the publications it produces for public consumption are uniform in style, tone, and language, and that they all reflect the CADTH brand. The CADTH Style Guide has become a valuable resource for our organization. Its usage by all CADTH staff helps to ensure that all of our written communications are consistent and of high quality. I encourage our writers and researchers to continue using this manual as a key reference tool and to familiarize yourselves with this new edition. If you have any questions about language or style issues, or about the Guide in general, please send them to [email protected].

Brian O’Rourke, President & CEO

CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5th Edition, 2017 1 Table of Contents Foreword...... 1 Introduction...... 9 CADTH Style and Preferred Usage...... 10 CADTH Corporate Style...... 11 Addresses...... 11 CADTH Branding...... 11 Names and Titles...... 12 CADTH Programs, Services, and Products...... 13 Geography...... 13 Towns, Cities, Provinces, and States...... 13 Postal Abbreviations...... 14 Posters...... 16 Inclusive Language...... 16 Ethnicity and Race...... 16 Sex, Gender, and Sexual Orientation...... 17 Neutral Descriptions...... 18 Style for CADTH Products and Reports...... 18 Abbreviations and Acronyms...... 18 Formatting...... 19 Measures...... 20 References...... 21 Spelling and Exceptions...... 22 Terminology...... 26 Statistical Terms...... 35 Abbreviations...... 37 Overview...... 38 Minimize Usage...... 38 Spell Out on First Reference...... 38 Articles Before Abbreviations...... 38 Titles, Headings, and Subheadings...... 38 Tables and Figures...... 39 Treatment of Abbreviations...... 39 Possessives...... 39 Plurals...... 39 Addresses...... 39

CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5th Edition, 2017 2 Drug Names...... 40 Genus Names...... 40 Abbreviations Lists...... 41 Acceptable Abbreviations...... 41 Latin Abbreviations...... 41 Abbreviations Allowed As-Is...... 41 Units of Measurement...... 42 When Not to Abbreviate...... 44 Dosages...... 45 Similar Terms...... 45 Punctuation...... 47 Ampersands &...... 48 Apostrophes ’...... 48 It’s...... 48 Possession...... 48 Sibilants...... 48 Expressions: “S” Without Apostrophes...... 48 Parentheses ( )...... 49 Capitals...... 49 Punctuation...... 49 Mathematical Equations...... 49 Brackets [ ]...... 49 Inside Parentheses...... 49 Inserted Words for Quotations...... 50 Colons :...... 50 With Lists...... 50 Introducing a Clause...... 50 Commas ,...... 50 Serial Commas...... 50 With Numbers...... 51 Independent Clauses...... 51 Latin Abbreviations...... 51 Introductory Clauses...... 51 Adding Clarity...... 52 “Nor”...... 52 List of Degrees...... 52 Em Dash —...... 52 En Dash –...... 52

CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5th Edition, 2017 3 Triple-Compound Adjectives...... 53 Minus Sign...... 53 Ongoing Numerical Range...... 53 Hyphens –...... 53 Double-Compound Adjectives...... 53 Numbers and Letters...... 54 For Clarification...... 54 Prefixes...... 54 Appropriate Usage...... 54 Periods ...... 58 Degrees...... 58 Honorifics...... 58 Latin...... 59 Within Parentheses...... 59 Quotation Marks “ ”...... 59 Double and Single...... 59 Placement With Punctuation...... 59 Text Quotes...... 60 Titles of Articles...... 60 Semicolons ;...... 60 Lists...... 60 Independent Clauses...... 60 Slash /...... 61 Avoid Ambiguity...... 61 Subsets...... 61 Units of Measurement...... 61 Spacing With Words...... 61 Spelling...... 62 Canadian, Eh?!...... 63 Canadian Spell Check...... 63 Canadian Spelling...... 63 Medical Terminology...... 64 Spelling Options...... 64 Spell Check and PerfectIt...... 66 Foreign, Non?...... 67 Latin Terms...... 67 Tricky Ones...... 67 “Compared to” Versus “Compared With”...... 69

CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5th Edition, 2017 4 “Who” Versus “That”...... 69 Plural and Singular...... 69 Units of Measurement...... 70 Capitalization...... 70 Tables...... 70 Parts of a Document...... 70 Time...... 71 Geographic Locations...... 71 Miscellaneous Nomenclature...... 71 Drugs...... 71 Studies...... 72 Titles...... 72 Letters as Words...... 72 Company and Organizational Names...... 73 Bulleted Lists...... 74 Style...... 75 Parallel Structure...... 75 Format...... 76 Numbered Lists...... 76 Numbers and Statistics...... 77 When to Use Numerals and When to Spell Out...... 78 General...... 78 Fractions...... 78 Idiomatic Expressions...... 78 Mathematical Expressions, Statistics, and Units...... 79 Millions...... 79 Roman and Arabic Numerals...... 79 Starting a Sentence...... 79 Temperature, Latitude, and Longitude...... 80 Text Location...... 80 Time and Dates...... 80 Punctuation With Numbers...... 81 Citation References...... 81 Compound Numbers...... 82 Currency...... 82 Exponents...... 82 Ranges...... 82 Thousands and Millions...... 82

CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5th Edition, 2017 5 Units and Operators...... 83 Abbreviations...... 83 Greater Than and Less Than...... 83 Micrograms...... 83 Repeating Units and Symbols...... 83 Formatting Units and Operators...... 84 Statistics...... 85 Probability...... 85 Ranges...... 85 Statistical Terms...... 85 Tables and Figures...... 88 Introduction and Quick Reference...... 89 Table Tips...... 89 Abbreviations...... 91 Dosages...... 91 Legends...... 91 Time...... 92 Footnotes and Notes...... 92 Footnotes in Tables...... 92 Notes...... 93 Headings and Titles...... 93 Abbreviations...... 93 Capitalization...... 93 Punctuation for Table and Figure Titles and Table Headings...... 94 Numbering...... 94 Punctuation...... 94 En Dash...... 94 Periods...... 94 Slashes...... 94 Spacing...... 95 Units of Measure...... 95 Appendices...... 96 Dealing With Appendices...... 97 Headings and Titles...... 97 Numbering...... 97 Posters...... 98

CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5th Edition, 2017 6 Guidelines...... 99 Tips for a Good Poster Presentation...... 99 What a Poster Is Not...... 99 Effective Poster Titles...... 99 Authors’ Listings...... 99 Sections of a Poster...... 99 Writing Style...... 99 Bullets...... 100 Acronyms...... 100 White Space...... 100 Graphics and Visuals...... 100 CADTH Poster Specifications...... 100 Conference Requirements: Layout and Dimensions...... 100 Printing Material...... 100 Graphics, Photos, and Source or Native Files...... 100 Word Count...... 101 Timeline...... 101 PowerPoint...... 102 Less Is More...... 103 Use Bullets...... 103 Format...... 103 Graphs, Tables, Images, and Figures...... 103 Animations...... 103 PowerPoint Template...... 104 Copy-Editing Process...... 104 Clear Writing...... 105 Introduction...... 106 General Guidelines...... 106 Choose the Right Tone for Your Audience...... 106 Visually Speaking...... 107 Consistency...... 107 Self-Editing...... 107 Grammar Quick Fix...... 108 “Over” Versus “More Than”...... 109 “Fewer” Versus “Less”...... 109 “Which” Versus “That”...... 109

CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5th Edition, 2017 7 Passive Voice...... 110 “Its” or It’s”?...... 110 “Toward” or “Towards”?...... 110 “Affect” Versus “Effect”...... 111 “Who” Versus “Whom”...... 111 “None” — Plural or Singular?...... 112 “Comprises” Versus “Composed of” Versus “Consists of”...... 112 Compared to and Compared With...... 112 Cheat Sheets...... 113 CADTH Common Drug Review...... 114 Appendices...... 114 Punctuation...... 114 Drug Names...... 114 Tables and Figures...... 115 References...... 115 Terminology...... 115 Hepatitis C...... 116 General Abbreviations...... 116 Treatment of Combinations...... 117 Other Style Notes...... 117 Horizon Scan Roundup...... 118 Format and Layout...... 118 Style...... 119 Text Blurbs...... 119 Titles...... 119 Social Media...... 121 Abbreviations...... 121 Hashtags...... 121 CADTH Symposium...... 124 Format/Layout...... 124 Style...... 126 CADTH Style Top 20...... 127 Numbers...... 127 Tables...... 128 Text...... 129

CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5th Edition, 2017 8 Introduction The Publishing Services team developed this latest edition of the CADTH Style Guide as an aid to ensuring that the very best written material — not only in content and written presentation, but also in style and approach — reaches our core audience of health care decision-makers. Clean, consistent copy conveys CADTH’s professional approach to its products and allows readers to focus on the information contained in the document. Having a style guide provides our organization with a common blueprint to work from. Publishing Services used the following reference tools in developing this 5th edition: • Canadian Oxford Dictionary • Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary • The American Medical Association’s AMA Manual of Style • Editing Canadian English • Checkmate: A Writing Reference for Canadians • The Canadian Style • TERMIUM Plus • The Chicago Manual of Style. In addition to new sections on Clear Writing and Social Media, plus short, handy “Cheat Sheets” specific to various CADTH products, with this edition are two updates to CADTH style: • We now use Roman numerals for phases of a study, per the convention in Dorland’s Medical Dictionary: zzphase I trial (previously: phase 1 trial). • We’ve changed one of the rules about capitalization with titles: We now no longer require the second element of a hyphenated compound to be lower case when it modifies a prefix: zzNon-Vascular Events, Adverse Events Post-Fracture (previously: Non-vascular Events, Adverse Events Post-fracture). We hope you’ll find this updated, expanded edition helpful. Of course, an in-house style guide can’t cover every single aspect of language, and so we continue to rely on the above-mentioned sources — particularly the first three — in all of our writing and editing activities. If these sources don’t answer your questions, or if you would like clarification of any item in this Guide or are curious about anything to do with grammar or style, please feel free to contact the copy editors in Publishing Services for assistance, at [email protected].

CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5th Edition, 2017 9 CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: Quick the reinforce theconsistentuseof of theseresourceswillhelp Centre. Adherencetoanduse Hub intheBr assets canbefoundon image libr and CADT internal andexternalaudiences. Tip CADT Wo H- rd templates,logos, br H ar anded PowerPoint br y, anding Resource fonts,andother and forboth 5thEdition, 2017 The

11

— forexample,by usingacolon—and leaving outtheendpunctuationaltogether. The CADTH Name At CADTH, address informationiswrittenasfollows: andothercontact Addresses CADTH Branding URLs (and thatthere’s nohyphenin“email”!). Phone Numbers Email Signatures CADTH Corporate Style In thosecases,considerrewriting thesentenceorURLfrom therest ofthesentence Use thebelowsignature blockforemailmessages.Noteourcorporate fontandstyle URLs oftenappearattheendofasentence,followedby aperiod,question mark,or Usually, whenaURLiscitedin“electronic” text(forexample,onaWeb pageorina Don’t usehyphensinphonenumbers. Don’t writeoutourorganization nameinfull.Simplywrite“CADTH.” PDF), it’s clickableandwilltake thereader straight to itsassociatedWeb page.However, of theendpunctuationafterURLmightcauselinkto break. exclamation mark.Incaseswhere usersmightneedto copy aURLand pasteitinto their browser, especiallyincaseswhentheURLfallsatendofsentence,inclusion To learnmore, visitourwebsite: Visit {Name} {Job Title} www.cadth.ca 600-865 CarlingAvenue CADTH Ottawa, ON CADTH Please contactyour localCADTH LiaisonOfficerat6132262553ext.1234. Email: Fax: 6132265392 Phone: 6132262553ext.0000 K1S 5S8 613 2264969ext.{XXXX} cadth.ca [email protected]

to learnmore.

(Not: To learnmore, visit

cadth.ca cadth.ca .)

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 12 These CADTH are committeenames capitalized andabbreviated asfollows: When “MD”followsamedicalpractitioner’s name,donotwrite“Dr.” (doctor) before the We treat theitemizationofdegrees asalist;therefore, commasare required between Write acompanyandorganization namethesameway thatthecompanyor Capitalization Names and Titles Names where possible. Capitalize allpersonaltitles,committeenames,board names,institutionand Degrees andDesignations If there’s noway to avoid punctuationaftertheURL—ifsentencefallsinmiddle organization spellsit;checkthespellingonorganization’s website foraccuracy. of aparagraph, say —consideraddingaslashaftertheURL. This willensure thateven if readers copy andpastethefinalpunctuationalongwithURL,URLwillstillwork. name, asitisalready represented by “MD.” It’s alsobestto placethe“MD”after thename, government departments. degrees. • • • • • • This morning,theVice-President, PharmaceuticalReviews gave apresentation to John Smith,MD, FRCPCor Dr. John Smith John Doe,BSc,MD, FRCPC A representative ofHealthandLong-Term from theMinistry Care willattendthe We will submit the report toWe HealthCanadatoday. willsubmitthereport the Formulary Working Group. HTAi Have you hadachanceto visitourwebsite,at information abouthealthtechnologyassessment. pCODR; pERC meeting. (pERC) CADTH Review Committee pan-CanadianOncologyDrugReview (pCODR)Expert CADTH DrugReview Common (CDR) CADTH (CDEC) Committee DrugExpert Canadian Health Technology Review Panel (HTERP) Expert Formulary Working Group (FWG) Committee(DPAC)Drug Policy Advisory (not: JohnDoe,BscMDFRCPC) (not: Dr. JohnSmith, MD, FRCPC) cadth.ca/ ? Itcontainsawealthof

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 13 Towns, Cities,Provinces, andStates “directorate”) istreated inthesingular, asthereference isto asingleentityrather thanto “he,” or“she”). “Manufacturer” (andothersimilarwords, suchas“organization” or “PhD” afterthename,asthosespecificsare unknown.Exceptions to thisruleexistand “PhD”). Ifconfirmationisnotpossible,citeas“Dr. JohnSmith” anddonotuse“MD”or Job Titles Always spellouttheprovince orstatenamein full,whenitappearsintext,insteadof When itisunclearwhetherthepersoncitedamedicaldoctor oradoctor whohas will beaddressed asthey arise. Geography Capitalize CADTH whenreferring products andservices to themspecificallyasCADTH Pronouns forOrganizations CADTH Programs, andProducts Services, Include theprovince orstateonlyifthecityisunknown,another, better-knowncity the manyelements(employees orindividuals)thatcomposeit. Note thefollowingconventions forCADTH jobtitles: Refer to companies,organizations, directorates, and manufacturers as“it”(not“they,” and thenplacetheappropriate designationfollowingthename(i.e.,either“MD”or earned aPhDorsomeotherformaltraining, pleasefirstseekto confirmthedesignation of thesamenameexists. products, butuselowercasewhenreferring to theprocess ingeneral. using itsabbreviation. The teamconductedahealthtechnologyassessment. Vice-President (hyphenated) CADTH produces manyproducts foritsstakeholders, includingRapidResponse Copy Editor London, Ontario Las Vegas Reports, Environmental Scans,andHealth Reports, Technology Assessmentreports. Reviser Scientific Advisor(thisdeviates from the Canadian Oxford spelling,“adviser”)

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: Table 1:CityNames—NoProvince orStateRequired Yellowknife Winnipeg Whitehorse Victoria Vancouver Toronto Saskatoon Regina Quebec Ottawa Montreal Halifax Fredericton Edmonton Charlottetown Calgary Canada 5thEdition, 2017 14 Table 1showscitiesinCanadaandtheUSforwhichareference to theprovince orstate Postal Abbreviations Canadian andUSpostalabbreviations. Use thetwo-letterpostalabbreviation inamailingaddress only. See Table 2foralistof For placesinQuebecthatinclude“St”or“Ste,” spellouttheword. is unnecessary. Lac-Saint-Jean Sainte-Foy Indianapolis Houston Honolulu Detroit Denver Dallas Cleveland Cincinnati Chicago Boston Baltimore Atlanta US Washington Seattle San Francisco San Diego Salt Lake City St. Louis Pittsburgh Philadelphia Oklahoma City New York New Orleans Minneapolis Milwaukee Miami Los Angeles

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: Table 2:Abbreviations forProvinces, Territories, andStates MS MO MN MI ME MD MA LA KY KS Kansas IN IL ID Iowa IA HI GA FL DE Delaware DC CT CO CA California AZ AR Arkansas AL AK Alaska US States NT NS NL NB MB BC AB Canadian Provinces and Territories

Mississippi Missouri Minnesota Michigan Maine Maryland Massachusetts Louisiana Kentucky Indiana Illinois Idaho Hawaii Georgia Florida District ofColumbia Connecticut Colorado Arizona Alabama TerritoriesNorthwest Nova Scotia Newfoundland andLabrador New Brunswick Manitoba British Columbia Alberta 5thEdition, 2017 15 NE ND NC MT YT SK Saskatchewan QC PE ON NU WY WV WI Wisconsin WA VT VA UT TX TN SD SC RI PA OR OK OH NY NV NM NJ NH

Vermont

Nebraska Dakota North Carolina North Montana Yukon Quebec Prince Edward Island Ontario Nunavut Wyoming West Virginia Washington Virginia Utah Texas Tennessee South Dakota South Carolina Rhode Island Pennsylvania Oregon Oklahoma Ohio New York Nevada New Mexico New Jersey New Hampshire

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 16 The The aimofthissectionthe American MedicalAssociation Authors Winker may alsowantto MA, considerreading thefollowingarticle: Abbreviate provinces androad descriptors inpostaladdresses. Ethnicity andRace Posters whether theoptionswere Explain whyrace definedby theinvestigator ortheparticipant. Inclusive Language On posters,includetheprovince orstatewiththeauthor’s organization nameand In CADTH authorsmay wishto followthisguidance,from reports, the In writingandeditingCADTH material,avoid usingexpressions thatcanbeinsensitive In text,don’t abbreviate thenamesofprovinces andcountries,road descriptors. tribal, religious, linguistic,orcultural originorbackground.” toto reflect andaddressed: theirpreference. itisimportant terms andpractices forCADTH material.However, languageandusageare fluid,and toward oroffensive biasbased to individualsor groups ofpeople,andthat cansupport Editors (10thEdition) See theRace/Ethnicitysectionin See the always considerconsultingspecific,specialized agencies andorganizations forthe although thesuggestionsthatfollowconstitutecurrent practice atthistimeofwriting, and/or ethnicitywasassessedinthestudy.” ethnicity relates to “groups ofpeopleclassedaccording to commonracial, national, on gender, race orethnicity, disability, age,orsexualorientation. humankind, having distinctphysicalcharacteristics.” Bycontrast, per race andethnicity:whyhow? indicatewhoclassifiedindividuals asto race/ethnicity,reported, theclassifications,and location (italicize theorganization, city, andprovince orstate.) most up-to-date terminology. Where possible,askpeoplehowthey wantto bereferred Tammy Smith,PhD;Hayley Jones,MLIS; 600-865 CarlingAve. Ontario, Avenue, Road Ottawa, ONK1S5S8 MSc, PhD, Canadian Oxford Dictionary Posters McGill University, Montreal, Quebec section( foranexcellent discussiononrace andethnicity insciencewriting.

(not: ON,Ave., Rd.) page 98 CADTH StyleGuide ’s InstructionsforAuthors: “Ifrace and/or ethnicityis definesrace as“each ofthemajordivisions ) formore details. (JAMA. 2004;292(13):1612-1614.) AMA ManualofStyle:AGuideforAuthors and AMA CADTH, Ottawa,Ontario isto provide guidanceonpreferred • Doug Davies, MA, •DougDavies, MA, Merriam Webster Journal ofthe Measuring ,

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 17 “Asian”: Becausethisrefers to suchabroad geographic region, considerdescribing “Hispanic” and“Latino”: “Hispanic” isanarrower termthatrefers onlyto peopleof “white”: Avoid “Caucasian,” unlessspecificallyreferring to peoplefrom theCaucasus as“African-American,”“black”: People may alsoself-report “African-Canadian,” “Jamaican- “Aboriginal” to describeAboriginalpeopleinCanada,itispreferred. “Indigenous”isan “Indigenous”: Althoughthisword iscurrently considered to beinterchangeable with Association. AMA manualofstyle:aguide forauthorsandeditors.Association. AMA 10thed.[Oxford]: According to the Sex, Gender, andSexualOrientation Sex andGender Sexual Orientation females. Genderincludesmore asacultural thansexandserves indicator ofaperson’s white”; itcanbeoversimplified andmisleading.Ifacategorizationmustbemadefor Canadian,” etc. The termusedinaCADTH may stemfrom thatusedinthesource report Oxford University Press; 2009.),“Sexrefers to thebiologicalcharacteristics ofmalesand In CADTH material,usetheacronym “LGBTQ” (lesbian, gay, bisexual,transgender, and that peoplewishto useto refer to themselves. Aswithreferences to people’s race or term, suchas“Mexican,” “Mexican-American,” “LatinAmerican,” “Brazilian,” andsoon. Do notusetheterm“sexual preference,” asitcanimplythatorientationisamatterof Latin Americanoriginorancestry. Inlightofthat,whenpossible,useamore specific Here are someexamplesofCADTH-preferred terminology, showingcapitalizationand Regarding gender-neutral pronouns: Where possible,respect thepronoun choice Sexual orientationshouldbeindicatedinamanuscriptonlywhenscientificallyrelevant. Sri Lankan,forexample). Spanish-speaking originorancestry, whereas “Latino” isbroader, referring to anyone of spelling, fordescribingtherace to dosoin andethnicityofpeoplewhenitisnecessary a report: of specificityrequired: specifysexwhenitisrelevant. Choosesex-neutral termsthatavoid or originalstudyusedforaCADTH itsuseisacceptable.Avoid report, theterm“non- overarching termforInuit,Métis,andFirstNationspeople. ethnicity, whenindoubt,askwhatthatpreference is.Ifitisnotpossibleto ask,consider or ally)communities. region ofEurasia. However, iftheterm“Caucasian” appearsinthesource material rewriting thesentenceto remove thepronoun entirely. bias, suitthematerialunderdiscussion,anddonotintrudeon thereader’s attention.” personal andsocialidentity. consideration whenreferring Animportant to sexisthelevel people according oforigininstead(Chinese,Indian,Japanese,Iranian, to theircountry or gay, bisexual,transgender, transsexual, two-spirited,queer, questioning,intersex,asexual, queer orquestioning)astheoverarching termto meanalloftheLGBTTTQQIAA (lesbian, material ororiginalstudy. choice; “sexual orientation” ispreferred. comparison indataanalysis,consider“multiracial” or“peopleinstead. ofcolour” The patientsaidshefelt pain Every physician shouldtreat hispatientswiththesamelevel ofrespect rewritten as Physiciansshouldtreat alltheirpatients withthesamelevel ofrespect. AMA ManualofStyle,10thEditionAMA could berewritten as (section 11.10.1; American Medical (section11.10.1;American Medical The patientnotedfeeling pain. could be

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 18 Terms shouldbelisted inalphabeticalorder by abbreviation, andthedefinitionshould Avoid languagethatdefinespeopleby aconditionordisorder. Donotusedehumanizing Abbreviations andAcronyms Abbreviations Lists Style forCADTH Products andReports Neutral Descriptions Occasionally, whenreferring inreports to healthypeopleenrolled inatrial(particularly that are usedthree(itdoes times ormore inthemainbodyandappendicesofreport Many CADTH have abbreviations alistof reports atthebeginningofdocument; it More informationisavailable inthe Never usetheterm“subjects” whenreferring to people;instead,use“patients.” is usuallylocatedjustafterthe Table ofContents. The listshouldincludeabbreviations start withalower-caseletter,start unlessitisaproper noun. stereotypes, suchas“thedisabled”orblind.” on subsequent entry biologics [SEBs]), “participants” isacceptable,buttheauthorof biologics[SEBs]),“participants” on subsequententry not needto includeabbreviations thatappearintablesonly). shouldincludewording toreport thateffect. • • • A1C CDR PE non-disabled people patients withmultiplesclerosis; peoplewithulcerative colitis people withdiabetes people withdisabilities;whousewheelchairs sclerosis sufferers” or“ulcerative colitisvictims”) In long reports, redefine abbreviationsIn longreports, intheExecutive Summary, againinthefirst the text. Use abbreviations onlyifthetermto beabbreviated appearsthree timesormore in Spell outabbreviations onfirstmention. section of the main report, andineachappendix(ifthey appearthree timesormoresection ofthemainreport, in each section). glycated hemoglobin pharmacoeconomic CADTH DrugReview Common (not: “normal people”) (not: “diabetics”) Abbreviations section,butasabriefoverview: (not: “thehandicapped”) (not: “multiple

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 19 When to Abbreviate When Notto Abbreviate As aruleofthumbforfootnotes:iftheinformationissignificant enoughto includeinthe Abbreviating drugnamesisalways allowed in tables,andisallowedtextlengthy Articles WithAbbreviations Articles Write outthefollowingtermswherever they appearintext;avoid abbreviating, unless Formatting Footnotes in TextFootnotes If they mustbeused,atextfootnotecitation—aswith table footnotecitation—should they appearinatableorfigure andare explainedinalegendbeneath.(Butnotethat Usually, “the” isnotusedwithabbreviations. However, are usedwithproducts. articles Executive Summary, andineachappendix. first sectionofmainreport, Remember to definedrugnameabbreviations onfirst mention, however, inthe Drug Names and atthebottom ofthepage. This helpsto avoid confusionwithreferences, whichare or Glossary sections,asappropriate. or Glossary Try to avoid end-of-pagefootnotes. reports, whenusingthefullnameortermthroughout wouldbeimpracticalreports, — for inwhichatermappearsnumerous times,forexample.) report be indicatedwithasuperscript, lower-caseletter, inalphabeticalorder, withinthetext designated withasuperscripted number. incorporatethen document, into it the Abbreviationsin it cite or the text of body the main combination drugs,forexample. cases,itmay bemore practicalcertain to useanabbreviation —intables,oralong The costofOMB/PAR/RIT +DAS wasreviewed. The Horizon ScanningteamhasnearlycompletedtheHorizon ScanRoundup. Jan., ON,Ave., ch.) versus CDR hasreceived anewsubmission.IthasbeendecidedthatCDECwillreview this insulin analogue subdivisions ofbooks: Thursday, January, Ontario,Avenue, chapter CDEC willreview thisdrug.) oral antidiabetesdrugs days oftheweek,months,provinces andcountries,road descriptors, and diabetes ormellitus drug. (Not: The CDRhasreceived anewsubmission.Ithasbeendecidedthatthe (not: vs.—except intables) (not: IA) (not: OAD) (not: DM) ortype2diabetesmellitus (not: T2DM) (not: Thurs.,

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 20 “3 days” (or“3d,” only ifspacerequires). The The words “dose” and“dosage” are often usedinterchangeably, butthere isarecognized Time units(days, months,years) shouldnotbeabbreviated intext,butcanbe Always usenumerals withunitsofmeasurement otherthantime. Units of Time Units Units ofMeasurement (See the Measures Dosages Report Titles Report In tables,usenumerals withbothtimeunitsandofmeasurement: write“3mg”and In text,writeoutnumberswithtimeunits,butalwaysusenumerals withunitsof tools/errorproneabbreviations.pdf Use themcgabbreviation for“micrograms” (notµg). trends, toThis isbasedonindustry Use lower-caselettersandnumerals to designate periods instudies. Don’t usehyphenswithunitsofmeasurement. Do notusetheword “dosing.” anddocumenttitlesasconcisepossible;they shouldnotexceedKeep 120 report Micrograms and theirabbreviations. avoid confusionwith“mg.” For alistofother“error-prone abbreviations,” see abbreviated intables,ifneededforspace(asd,mo, y). one time;“dosage” refers to administeringaspecificamount,number, andfrequency of points of the report, where possible. points ofthereport, doses over aspecifiedperiodoftime. distinction intheirmeanings.“Dose” meansaspecifiedamountofmedicationtaken at measurement: write“three days” but“3mg.” characters, includingspaces. Try to make themspecific,rather thangeneral; reflect key The doseis500mg;thedosagemgtwicedaily. The Effects ofOral AntidiabetesDrugsinthe Treatment of Type 1DiabetesMellitus 5 mg (not: Oral Antidiabetes Drugsand Type 1DiabetesMellitus) 60 mgtablet Measurements were taken atweek4ofthestudy, andagain atmonth12. one day Abbreviations Numbers andStatistics (not: 60-mgtablet) sectionofthisguidelistssomethecommonunitsmeasurement sectionformore detailsonhowto treat timeanddates.) . ismp.org/

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 21 “yyyy Mmmd.” Donotabbreviate orcapitalize thenamesofseasons. Any subsequentreferences from thesamepersonwithin documentcanbe When authors’namesappearintables,applythesamerules: For atwo-authorreference, Citations References Et Al. Personal Communications Referencing Works in Text and Tables In text,refer to astudyasfollows: team isresponsible forreferences intext. Note that“et al.” shouldbeusedinsteadof“associates” or“colleagues.” For references withmore thantwoauthors,orauthorsandagroup, includethefirst Personal communicationsare citedinparentheses inthetext,before theend ofthe Don’t ormanipulatecitationnumbersmanually;CADTH’s insert InformationServices Referring to astudyeitherway isacceptable. Reference citationnumbersshouldbesuperscriptedanddirectly followpunctuation. is notobvious from thetext,andperson’s title(ifadoctor) andfullfirstname. The shortened to name:personalcommunication,date. shortened sentence. Citethecommunicationasfollows,includingrepresenting institutionifit surname, followedby “et al.”). author’s surname,followedby “et al.”; fortwo-authorreferences, listbothsurnames: date ofthecommunicationshouldbeasprecise aspossibleandshouldbedisplayed as list bothsurnames(forreferences withthree authorsormore, usethefirstauthor’s …(Dr. JohnSmith:personalcommunication,2003May). Three randomized controlled trialsdelivered thesameresults. The Smithetal.study James andKenmore conductedthree randomized controlled trials. James etal.conductedthree randomized controlled trials. 2003 Nov 11;2003Mar; fall;2003. (Dr. JohnSmith,CanadianCardiovascular Collaboration Project Office, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON:personalcommunication,2003May 22). Smith etal.’s study 5,6,9

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 22 Titles ofWorks The capitalizationofvarious medicaldatabases,suchasEmbaseandMEDLINE, Table 3showssomecommonscalesandscores usedinCADTH products andreports. Spelling andExceptions Scales andScores Medical Databases However, titlesshouldbewrittenintitlecase,andpresented inquotationmarks. article Reference to thetypeofdocument(suchasa Technology isnotitalicized, Report) Reference to theactualandcompletetitleofaCADTH documentwithintextisitalicized. Some typesoftitlesshouldbeitalicized: although itiscapitalized. databases are writtenasfollows: correct way to reference it.At thetimeofpublication,someCADTH’s most-used changes from timeto time.We recommend checkingthedatabase’s websiteforthe • • • • Toilet?”, usefulformyresearch. hasbeenvery from This article madereferenceThe article to theCADTH Therapeutic titled Review report Journal names( Chronic HepatitisCInfection Newsletters ( Newspapers ( Books ( Report titles( Report Ovid PubMed MEDLINE (1946–)(noteyear andendashinparentheses to denoteanongoingrange) Embase The CatcherintheRye, Room, The HungerGames Guidelines fortheEconomic Evaluation ofHealth Technologies: Canada. CDR Update,CanadianRealtyNews,HospitalNews Ottawa Citizen, The GlobeandMail BMJ Hospital News , CMAJ , . The NewEnglandJournalofMedicine , “DocusateforConstipation:Money Downthe ) ) ) ) Drugs for )

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: Table 3:Abbreviation, Spelling,andHyphenationofScalesScores EQ-5D EORTC EDSS ECOG PS DSM-IV DLQI DAS, DAS28, etc. CTRS CPRS CLDQ CDAI CDAI CHQ CHAQ CGI-S CGI-I CGI-C BSI BSID-III BRIEF BRI BOT-2 BDI Bayley-III ASRS ADHD-RS ACR, ACR20, ACR50, ACR70 6MWT 6MWD Abbreviation 5thEdition, 2017 23 Activity-Functional-Status-Assessments See Disease ActivityScore (sometimeswithanumber, andno space:e.g.,DAS28) Conners’ Teacher RatingScale Conners’ Parent RatingScale Chronic Liver DiseaseQuestionnaire Crohn’s Disease ActivityIndex Clinical DiseaseActivityIndex Child HealthQuestionnaire Child HealthAssessmentQuestionnaire Clinical GlobalImpression–Severity ofIllness Clinical GlobalImpression–Improvement Clinical GlobalImpression ofChange Brief Symptom Inventory Bayley ScalesofInfantand Toddler Development, 3rd Edition Behavior RatingInventory ofExecutive Function Behavioral RegulationIndex Bruininks-Oseretsky Test ofMotor Proficiency, 2nd Edition Borg dyspneaindex Bayley ScalesofInfantand Toddler Development, 3rd Edition Adult Attention DeficitHyperactivity Scale Disorder Self-Report Attention DeficitHyperactivity Disorder RatingScale Rheumatoid-Arthritis Per ACR50 [50%improvement], ACR70 [70%improvement]). American CollegeofRheumatology (ACR20 [20%improvement inrheumatoid arthritis]; six-minute walktest six-minute walkdistance Full Definition housework, and family/leisure activities), pain/discomfort, andanxiety/depression housework, andfamily/leisure activities), pain/discomfort, The five dimensions ofhealthstatusare mobility, self-care, usualactivities(work,study, questionnaires. Also see EuroQol 5-Dimensionsquestionnaire EORTC QLQ-C30: EORTC QualityofLife Questionnaire-Core 30 European Organization forResearch and Treatment ofCancer Kurzke ExpandedDisability StatusScale Eastern Cooperative OncologyGroup Status Performance Diagnostic andStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders, 4thEdition Dermatology Life QualityIndex rheumatology.org/Practice-Quality/Clinical-Support/Clinical-Practice-Guidelines/ rheumatology.org/Practice-Quality/Clinical-Support/Quality-Measurement/Disease- euroqol.org/about-eq-5d/eq-5d-nomenclature.html

fornomenclature forrelated

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: mTSS MSS mNAPSI MELD MADRS LS-PGA LEFS LDI IWQOL-Lite IGA IES-R IDS-SR IBDQ HUI3 HUI2 HUI HADS HAQ-DI HAQ HAM-D HAM-A GEC FSIQ FACIT FACT EULAR E-RS EXACT-PRO EQ VAS EQ-5D-5L Abbreviation 5thEdition, 2017 24 Investigator’s GlobalAssessmentscale Impact ofEvent Scale–Revised See Inventory ofDepressive Symptomatology–Self-Rated Inflammatory BowelDiseaseQuestionnaire Health UtilitiesIndexMark3 Health UtilitiesIndexMark2 Health UtilitiesIndex Hospital AnxietyandDepression Scale Health AssessmentQuestionnaire–Disability Index Health AssessmentQuestionnaire Hamilton Depression RatingScale Hamilton AnxietyRatingScale Global Executive Composite Full ScaleIntelligenceQuotient See subscale nameoracronym beginning withacapital. Various subscales;designatedby anendashafterthescalename,followedby the Functional AssessmentofChronic Illness Therapy subscale nameoracronym beginningwithacapital. Various subscales;designatedby anendashafterthescalename,followedby the Functional AssessmentofCancer Therapy European LeagueAgainstRheumatism Exacerbations ofChronic Disease Pulmonary Tool–Respiratory Symptoms Exacerbations ofChronic Disease Pulmonary Tool–Patient-Reported Outcome EuroQol VisualAnalogueScale EuroQol 5-Dimensions5-Levels questionnaire Full Definition modified Total SharpScore score (dermatology-related)modified Sartorius modified NailPsoriasisSeverity Index Model forEnd-StageLiver Disease DepressionMontgomery-Åsberg RatingScale Lattice SystemPhysician's GlobalAssessment Lower Extremity Functional Scale Leeds DactylitisIndex Impact ofWeight onQualityofLife–Lite questionnaire • • Functional AssessmentofChronic Illness Therapy–Fatigue (FACIT-F) Functional AssessmentofCancer Therapy–General (FACT-G) ids-qids.org/index2.html#ABOUT facit.org/FACITOrg/Questionnaires

fornomenclature ofrelated scales.

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: WPAI WLQ-25 WLQ WPPSI-III WISC-IV WFIRS VAS UCDAI T25FW STAI sPGA Skindex-29 SGRQ SF-36v2 SF-36 SDS SDMT SDAI SBS-QoL RSS RGI-C RECIST QOLI Q-LES-Q QIDS-SR PTCI PsARC PODCI PDMS-2 PASI, PASI 50,etc. PsAQoL NEI VFQ-25 Abbreviation 5thEdition, 2017 25 State-Trait AnxietyInventory static Physician’s GlobalAssessment Skindex-29 St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire Form (36)HealthSurvey,Short version 2 socialfunctioning(SF),role(GH), vitality(VT), emotional(RE),andmentalhealth(MH) 8 domains:physicalfunctioning(PF),role physical(RP),bodilypain(BP),general health (PCS). (MCS)andphysicalcomponentsummary Associated: mentalcomponentsummary Form (36)HealthSurvey Short Sheehan DisabilityScale Symbol DigitModalities Test Simplified DiseaseActivityIndex Bowel Syndrome–Quality ofLife scale Short Rickets Severity Scale Radiographic GlobalImpression ofChange Response Evaluation CriteriainSolid Tumors Quality ofLife Inventory Quality ofLife Enjoyment andSatisfactionQuestionnaire Quick Inventory ofDepressive Symptomatology–Self-Rated Posttraumatic CognitionsInventory ResponseCriteria Psoriatic Arthritis Pediatric OutcomesDataCollectionInstrument Peabody Developmental Motor Scales,SecondEdition PASI 90 PASI 75 PASI 50 Psoriasis Area andSeverity Index QualityofLife instrument Psoriatic Arthritis National Eye InstituteVisualFunctioning Questionnaire–25 Full Definition Work Productivity andActivity Impairmentquestionnaire WLQ-25: 25-ItemWork Limitations Questionnaire Work Limitations Questionnaire Wechsler Preschool ScaleofIntelligence andPrimary Wechsler Intelligence ScaleforChildren, 4thEdition Weiss Functional ImpairmentRatingScale visual analoguescale Ulcerative ColitisDiseaseActivityIndex Timed 25-Foot Walk Test

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 26 “Drug” Versus “Agent” Terminology “Dosing” shouldnotbeused. “Data” istheplural of“datum” andshouldalways beusedwithaplural verb. “Criterion” isthesingularformandtakes asingularverb; “criteria” istheplural andtakes a “aforementioned,” “preceding,” “above-mentioned,” “following,” or“subsequent.” Avoid using“above” or“below”to refer to textortables,asintheprocess ofcreating Above andBelow Where applicable, CADTH preference isto usegeneric names,withthefirstmention CADTH-Preferred Terminology andPractices for genericformulations. Group orArmofaStudy or Trial Criterion andCriteria Use “drug” (not“agent”), where feasible. Use “dose” foraspecifiedamountofmedicationtaken atonetime;“dosage” when Use “N”to indicatethetotal numberofunitsinthesampleunderstudy, and“n” to Using “arm” ispreferable, asitcanrefer to agroup orsubgroup. However, theseterms indicate thenumberinasubgroup ofthesampleunder study. specified periodoftime. Drug andDevice Names Dose andDosage Data Population andSubpopulation(Nn) and producing thedocument,flowoftextcouldchange,makingsucha aren’t interchangeable andshould beusedconsistentlythroughout areport. of thedrugfollowedby thebrand nameinparentheses (dothesameintableswhere referring to administering aspecificamount,number, andfrequency ofdosesover a number, orsection,butif you mustindicatetheplacementoftext,usewords suchas necessary). Fornecessary). (brand) proprietary namesofdrugsanddevices, useaninitialcapital plural verb. location reference inaccurate. It’s bestto refer to theexacttablenumber, figure letter, not allcaps,even ifthey appearassuchinthetrademarked name.Uselowercase The doseis500mg;thedosagemgtwicedaily. The dataare organized by subjectmatter. Age wasthesingleinclusioncriterionforpatientsto beenrolled inthestudy. All theexclusion criteriashouldbedefinedbefore patientsare enrolled inthestudy. CADTH hasproduced onustekinumab(Stelara). aclinicalreview report

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 27 Table 4showshowto capitalize, hyphenate,abbreviate, andformat(e.g.,where and Trial Names Avoid slash(/)to usingtheforward separate words orterms:itcanbeunclearwhether When referring to atrialorstudyby nameinasentence,capitalize “study” whenit’s part CADTH Usage when to usesuperscriptsandsubscripts)manyofthewords andtermscommonly CADTH styleisnotto usethetrademark symbol(™)orregistered symbol(®)withdrug Occasionally, onsubsequent inreports forhealthypeopleenrolled inatrial(particularly It’s always preferable to simplyuse“and” or“or”; however, whenitreally isasituation the slashmeans“and,” “or,” oreven “per.” Instead,spellouttheintendedmeaning. Dorland’s MedicalDictionary Exception: The slashshouldbeusedwithcombinationdrugs. Never usetheterm“subjects” whenreferring to people;rather use“patients.” Slashes and“And/Or” in whichyou caneitherchoosebetweentwoalternatives orchoosebothofthem,it’s wordinginclude explanatory to thateffect. Registered Trademark Symbols Patients, Subjects,andParticipants acceptable to use“and/or”. of theofficialnamestudy, butnotwhenit’s justageneral reference. or device nature namesbecausecapitalizationindicatestheproprietary ofthename. should isacceptable,buttheauthorofreport biologics[SEBs]),“participants” entry or elsewhere inthis used inCADTH For products anyterms thatdonotappearinthistable andreports. The patientsexperiencednausea,headache,anddiarrhea Ann andJohnwere homewiththeflu. But: Fewer adverse events inthe were reported TEMPO study. Fewer adverse advents inStudy008than009. were reported Patients were prescribed ledipasvir/sofosbuvir90mg/40mg. Patients may experiencenauseaand/ordiarrhea. experienced nausea,headache,ordiarrhea. nausea/headache/diarrhea.) CADTH

Style Guide . , checkthe (Not: Ann/John were homewiththeflu.) (Not: The patientsexperienced Canadian Oxford Dictionary or The patients The

, then

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: Table 4:CADTH StyleVersus Others attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Also: area AUC underthe curve: hyphen isOKintheabbreviation: anti-VEGF. Note: There isanendash,notahyphen,after“anti”; buta anti–vascular endothelialgrowth factor hyphen isOKintheabbreviation: anti-TNF. Note: There isanendash,notahyphen,after“anti”; buta anti–tumour necrosis factor Dorland’s MedicalDictionary For allothers,checkthe But: follows: to word. HyphenatethefollowingcommonCADTH words as anti: Hyphenationwiththeprefix “anti” candiffer from word above (with someexceptions: see CDR Cheat Sheet section). style isto follow the spellings in Although common usage adds theapostrophe + “s,” CADTH Parkinson disease Crohn disease Alzheimer disease all-cause mortality alfa For syntheticdrug: A1C forglycated hemoglobin CADTH Style:Do This • • • • • • • • • • • AUC anti-inflammatory antitumour antirheumatic antiretroviral antipsychotic antidiarrheal antidiabetic anticancer antibody interferon-alfa 0–t , AUC inf , AUC 5thEdition, 2017 last , AUC CanadianOxford Dictionary . 0–inf 28 Dorland’s Medical Dictionary , AUC 0–tau , then , as , as Parkinson’s Crohn’s Alzheimer’s all causemortality alpha (usedfornaturally occurringprotein inthebody) HbA1c, A1c,A1C Non-CADTH Style:Don’t Do This attention deficithyperactivity disorder attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder AUC0-T, AUC0-t, AUClast anti-vascular endothelialgrowth factor anti-tumour necrosis factor

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: drop-off dose-response relationship a noun: Hyphenate to formacompoundadjective ifitappearsbefore dose-dependent Note also: disease-modifying antirheumaticdrug:DMARD direct-acting antiretroviral: DAA decision-analytic model cut point cut-off crossover design a noun: Hyphenate to formacompoundadjective ifitappearsbefore cost-utility Always hyphenate,innounandadjective form. cost-effectiveness computed tomography Dorland’s MedicalDictionary For allothers,checkthe But: comorbid, comorbidity, comorbidities coinfect, coinfection coexisting C CSR Clinical StudyReport: clinical effectiveness case-control study case series C-reactive protein: CRP a noun: Hyphenate to formacompoundadjective ifitappearsbefore base case CADTH Style:Do This • • • • • max dependent dose-dependent response biologic ornon-biologicDMARD cost-utility analysis co-administer, co-administration in thebasecase (peakconcentration) 5thEdition, 2017 ; but base-caseanalysis Canadian Oxford Dictionary . ; but 29 The response wasdose , then co-infect, co-infection co-existing Cmax clinical studyreport clinical-effectiveness case control study case-series c-reactive c reactive Non-CADTH Style:Don’t Do This dropoff dose response relationship dose dependentresponse non-biological biological disease modifying;anti-rheumatic direct acting anti-retroviral decision analyticmodel,analytical cut-point, cutpoint cutoff cross-over cost utility cost effectiveness computerized tomography coadminister co-morbidity, co-morbidities

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: a noun: Hyphenate to formacompoundadjective ifitappearsbefore high-quality, low-quality hemorrhage health-related qualityoflife: HRQoL health care handsearch, handsearching H glycated hemoglobin:A1C gram-negative forced expiratory volume inonesecond:FEV focused compound adjective ifthey appearbefore anoun: Terms with“fixed”: Hyphenatethefollowing to forma a noun: Hyphenate to formacompoundadjective ifitappearsbefore first-line, second-line a noun: Hyphenate to formacompoundadjective ifitappearsbefore first-generation andsecond-generation antipsychotic drugs federal, provincial, territorial: F/P/T Always hyphenate,innounandadjective form false-negative; false-positive factor VLeiden evidence-based et al. end-user end point ease ofuse dropout CADTH Style:Do This • • • • • • • 1 high-quality analysis fixed-effects model, random-effects model standard-dose fixed-dose andmetered-dose inhaler fixed-dose combination second-line drug generation first-generation drug antihistamine,H 5thEdition, 2017 ; but 1 antagonist ; but ; but monotherapy assecondline ananalysisofhighquality ofthefirst This drugwaspart 30 1 first generation andsecondgeneration antipsychotics federal/provincial/territorial; F, P, T false negative; falsepositive Factor, v, leiden evidence based et al;etal;et.al. end user endpoint ease-of-use drop-out Non-CADTH Style:Don’t Do This high qualityanalysis haemorrhage health related; HRQOL;HRQL healthcare, health-care hand-search, handsearching H1 glycosylated hemoglobin gram negative FEV1 focussed fixed effects model, random effects model metered doseinhaler fixed dosecombination first linetreatment

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: naive secondary-progressive multiplesclerosis: SPMS relapsing-remitting multiplesclerosis: RRMS progressing-relapsing multiplesclerosis: PRMS primary-progressive multiplesclerosis: PPMS multiple sclerosis: MS multivariate analysis multicriteria decisionanalysis multi-centre mixed-effects modelsforrepeated measures: MMRM difference: MCID minimal clinicallyimportant meta-analysis markup low-molecular-weight heparins Hyphenate incompoundadjective form,before thenoun: long-term, short-term log inorinto: verb login: noun life-year least squares mean:LSM least-cost alternative intravenous: IV interferon: IFN a noun: Hyphenate to formacompoundadjective ifitappearsbefore intention-to-treat: ITT in-patient, outpatient indirect treatment comparison:ITC immunoglobulin G1:IgG1 hypercholesterolemia high-risk group; a noun: Hyphenate to formacompoundadjective ifitappearsbefore high-risk, low-risk CADTH Style:Do This • • • A long-termeffect can loginto myaccount. IT hassetmeupwithanewloginnameandpassword soI intention-to-treat population but 5thEdition, 2017 a group athighrisk ; but The effect over thelongterm 31 INF intention to treat population inpatient, out-patient IDC, indirect comparison igg1, IgG1 hypercholesteremia high riskgroup Non-CADTH Style:Don’t Do This naïve relapsing remitting progressiveprimary multi-variate multi-criteria multicentre, multicenter mixed effects; mixed modelforrepeated measures minimum; minimally;clinical meta analysis,metaanalysis mark-up low molecularweightheparins long termeffect life year least-squares mean least costalternative i.v.

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: per cent Dictionary These terms mostly follow the spelling in the pediatric, hypoglycemic, and related terms pairwise ophthalmology Hyphenate incompoundadjective form,before thenoun: open-label one-third, two-thirds, one-quarter, oneandahalf Note: always uselower-caseletters,withperiods. the abbreviations definedinalegendbeneaththetable: Abbreviations canbeusedintables,writtenasfollows,and Write outdosagesin text: off-label, on-label number neededto treat: NNT Notice ofComplianceWithConditions:NOC/c Notice ofCompliance:NOC Don’t addaslash,asthere isnoslashin thewritten-outterm. Be sure to definecorrectly intextortablelegend. not applicableoravailable: NA Note: endash,nothyphen,after“non” non–ST elevation myocardial infarction: NSTEMI Note: endash,nothyphen,after“non” non–small celllungcancer:NSCLC nonstructural nonsteroidal nonresponder noninferior nonadherence, nonadherent CADTH Style:Do This • • • • • • • • • • open-label trial q.6.h. =onceevery sixhours q.2.w. =once every twoweeks q.w. =onceweekly b.i.d. =twicedaily q.o.d. =every otherday q.i.d. =fourtimesdaily q.d. =oncedaily once weekly, twiceweekly, every otherweek once daily, fourtimes daily, every otherday, twicedaily; nonstructural protein 5B:NS5B , butthere isoneexception: orthopedic 5thEdition, 2017 ; but The trialwasopenlabel 32 Canadian Oxford N/A non-ST elevation myocardial infarction non-small celllungcancer non-structural non-steroidal non-responder non-inferior non-adherent, non-adherence Non-CADTH Style:Don’t Do This percent orthopaedic paediatric, hypoglycaemic, etc. pair-wise opthalmology open labeltrial one third, ahalf,twothirds, 2/3,¼ Q2W Q.D., Q.I.D., Q.O.D, B.I.D., Q.W., Q.2.W., QD, QID, QOD, BID, QW, off label,onlabel number-needed-to-treat notice ofcompliance

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: Hyphenate incompoundadjective form,before thenoun: single-use Hyphenate incompoundadjective form,before thenoun run-in period but aBoard retreat re-treat, re-treatment relabel, repackage, reuse reimburse, reimbursementIn CDRandpCODRreports: random-effects model,fixed-effects model a noun: Hyphenate to formacompoundadjective ifitappearsbefore quality oflife (noun):QoL quality-adjusted life-year: QALY preventive But: pre-treat, pre-treatment, pre-treated pre-specified pre-filled post-treatment post-test post-operative post-dated (exception to post hoc phosphodiesterase type5:PDE5 phosphodiesterase type4:PDE4 phase I,II,IIItrial But: Pharmacoeconomic Report pharmacoeconomics a noun: Hyphenate to formacompoundadjective ifitappearsbefore per-protocol CADTH Style:Do This • • • • • • single use single-use vial quality-of-life improvement pretest preoperative manufacturer’s pharmacoeconomicsubmission per-protocol population 5thEdition, 2017 ; but The gloves shouldbediscarded aftera Canadian Oxford Dictionary ; but 33 improvement inquality oflife spelling) postdated post-hoc PDE-5; phosphodiesterase-type 5 phosphodiesterase-4; PDE-4 phase 1,2;Phase2 pharmaco-economics per protocol population Non-CADTH Style:Don’t Do This single usevial runin, runinperiod retreatment re-label, re-package, re-use list, listing random effects model,fixed effects model QOL quality adjustedlife year preventative pre-test pre-operative pretreat prespecified prefilled posttreatment posttest postoperative

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: tumour randomized controlled trial:RCT placebo-controlled trial parallel-design double-blindtrial noninferiority trial double-blind trial crossover trial active-controlled trial Trials: tissue plasminogenactivator: t-PA But: time point time frame 1.5 Tesla; 3.0 Tesla 99m T-score ( t score, zscore ( t-test, Studentt-test T biologic:SEB subsequent entry subcutaneous: SC substudy subscale subpopulation suboptimal subgroup subanalysis standard-dose antipsychotic drugs standard ofcare: SOC stage I,II,IIIcancer solvent/detergent-treated humanplasma SGLT2sodium-glucose cotransporter-2: CADTH Style:Do This • • max atypical antipsychotic medications. randomized, double-blind,controlled trialsofnewer The studiesselectedforinclusionwere English-language, timeline Tc (timeto peakconcentration) for bonedensity in statisticalusage 5thEdition, 2017 ) 34 ) sub-study sub-scale sub-population sub-optimal sub-group sub-analysis standard doseantipsychotics SoC stage 1,one treated humanplasma solvent-detergent treated humanplasma, solvent detergent- 2 cotransporter sodium/glucose, sodiumglucose,co-transporter, Non-CADTH Style:Don’t Do This tumor placebo controlled trial parallel designtrial non-inferiority double blindtrial cross-over active controlled TPA time-line, timeline timepoint timeframe 1.5Tesla, 1.5T;3.0Tesla, 3.0T 99mTc, technetium-99m t-score, T score, z-score, Zscore t test, T test,ttest Tmax subsequent-entry s.c.

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: X-ray a noun: Hyphenate to formacompoundadjective ifitappearsbefore within-group differences, between-group differences a noun: Hyphenate to formacompoundadjective ifitappearsbefore willingness to pay: WTP website washout period dosingmanagementstrategieswarfarin visual analoguescale:VAS a noun: Hyphenate to formacompoundadjective ifitappearsbefore up-to-date type I,IIerror anti-TNF–IR anti-TNF alpha–naive in fullterm anti–tumour necrosis factor alpha( tumour necrosis factor alpha: TNF alpha CADTH Style:Do This • • • between treatment groups between-group differences low willingnessto pay willingness-to-pay threshold up-to-date report ): anti-TNFalpha 5thEdition, 2017 ; but isuptoThe report date 35 ; but ; but There were differences a The drugplanreported note endashafter“anti” Statistical Terms Confidence andCredible Intervals In bothtablesandtext,writeranges (CIs)andcredible —suchasconfidenceintervals intervals (CrIs)—inthefollowingformat: intervals 95% CrI,–1.85to –1.24 95% CI,0.85to 1.24 wash-out dosing-management strategieswarfarin analog type 1, Type 1 TNF-alpha, TNF-α Non-CADTH Style:Don’t Do This X ray; x-ray; xray between group differences within group differences willingness to pay threshold web site,Web site

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 36 Always spelltheseout,even intables. Greek Letters Probability Mathematical Equations If additionalfences —thecollective termforparentheses, brackets, andbraces —are Use anitalicized capital“ Parentheses are thusalways the withparentheses ()toFor offsetsimpleexpressions. mathematicalequations,start Exception: The letterformsforupper-caseandlower-case delta, Δandδ,are allowedin statistical use,to prevent confusion.(See operators. needed forclarity, workfrom theinsideoutwards, usingbrackets [],andthenbraces {}. {[(a + b)/c] + (d + e)/f]} +g {[(a +b)/c](de)/f]} tau P P P alpha rho kappa beta gamma ≤0.005 >0.005 =0.005 (not: τ) (not: ρ) (not: β) (not: α) (not: κ) (not: γ) P ” to denote innermost P values. Insert spacesaround mathematical values. Insert Numbers andStatistics fences. section.)

CADTH Style and Preferred Usage Abbreviations CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 38 Titles, Headings,andSubheadings Always spelloutanabbreviation onfirstreference, withtheabbreviation placedin At CADTH, weusetwotypesofabbreviations: “acronyms” —words formedfrom the Abbreviations are usefulto replace frequently occurringtermsintext.However, in Articles Before AbbreviationsArticles Spell OutonFirstReference Minimize Usage CADTH to ensure they are documents,itisimportant usedeffectively andconsistentlyto Overview In text,donotuseabbreviations inheadings,subheadings,andtitles,even iftheterm Initialisms are abbreviations thatare read asindividuallettersandoftentake anarticle. It alldependsonhowit’s read. Becauseanacronym isread asaword, it’s rarely Ideally, to aidreadability, documents ofapproximately 50pagesshouldhave nomore to twolines. than 15different abbreviations. their comprehension inmindwhenusingabbreviations. Note: Useanabbreviation onlyifthetermappearsthree timesormore intextorone Limit thenumberofabbreviations usedintext,even ifitmeansspellingoutaterm Spell outonfirstmentionintheExecutive Summary, inthefirstsectionofmain initial lettersofmulti-word terms, usingthefirstlettersorsyllablesofeachword and appendix). Ifitdoesn’t, spellitouteachtime. and are pronounced asindividualletters(e.g.,CDR). Typically, (e.g.,“the”) is adefinitearticle are formedfrom theinitiallettersofotherwords butdonotformpronounceable words of thesectionsmentionedabove (Executive Summary, each firstsectionofmainreport, report, andineachappendix. report, numerous times;usingabbreviations sparinglyrenders thetextclearer andeasierto read. help avoid misinterpretation, overuse, andambiguity. Always keep your readership and has beenusedandspelledout previously inthetext, unlessthetitleislengthyanddrops preceded by an article (“a,”preceded by anarticle “an,” “the”). parentheses directly after it. Then, forallsubsequentinstances,usetheabbreviation. pronounceable asaword (e.g.,CDEC,pCODR,orCADTH); and “initialisms”—words that unnecessary beforeunnecessary anabbreviation; however, theparamount ruleisconsistencyandstyle. The CADTH Committee(CDEC) hasreleased itsmostrecent CanadianDrugExpert CDEC recommended thatthedrugnotbereimbursed. an MSsymptom an HIVtest report. report. The patientinputgroup hasbeenawaitingtheCDECrecommendation.

Abbreviations CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 39 Treatment ofAbbreviations Tables andFigures Abbreviate provinces andaddresses inpostaladdresses only(notintext). Abbreviations are acceptableintablesorfigures, aslongthere isacompleteand Addresses Plurals Possessives If thetermisinitsplural formatfirstmention,thentheabbreviation shouldbeaswell. If the termisinitspossessive formatfirstmention,thentheabbreviation shouldbeaswell. title to drop to twolines. text, abbreviations are notallowedintabletitlesunlesswritingoutatermwillcausethe However, doaddanapostrophe to avoid ambiguity, whennecessary. Do notaddanapostrophe to theplural ofanabbreviation oracronym; simplyaddan“s.” For abbreviations ofprovinces andstates,see the Geography subsectiononpage13. Some fixed expressions dotake anapostrophe intheplural. alphabetized legendbeneaththetableorfigure. Abbreviations intablecolumnandrow headings may alsobeusedaslongtheabbreviation isdefinedinthelegend.As The minimal clinically important differences (MCIDs)wereThe minimalclinicallyimportant notreported. The NationalInstitutesofHealth’s (NIH’s) isnowavailable. report 600-865 CarlingAve. Ottawa, ONK1S5S8 Q andA’s ECGs, NSAIDs,FAQs Patients from Ottawa,Ontario,were includedinthestudy. ON, were includedinthestudy.) dos anddon’ts (not: Q’s andA’s)

(Not: Patients inOttawa,

Abbreviations CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 40 When a genus name is repeated as part of a binomial (two-part) speciesname ofabinomial(two-part) When agenusnameisrepeated aspart Genus Names (i.e., they abbreviate to thesameletter),spellthemoutthroughout thedocument. The same (e.g., Drug Names If there is a possibility of confusing one genus name with another in the same document If there isapossibilityofconfusingonegenusnamewithanotherinthesamedocument In general, donotabbreviate drugnameswithintextunlessthey are definedinfullfirst, the abbreviation to beplacedinparentheses followingfirstreference. Note: Unlike theruleforabbreviation use,forspeciesnames,there isnorequirement for Note: Abbreviations fordrugnamesare allowedintextlongdocuments, suchasCDR Drug namescan,however, beabbreviated intables,provided they are definedinthe Do notabbreviate: Exception —nodefinitionrequired: industry-wide standard ofitalicizingthegenusinitial,followed byindustry-wide aperiod. subsequently abbreviate it(except whenitbeginsasentence).CADTH adopts the although there willbesomeexceptions where adefinitionfirstisnotrequired. holds trueforanytwoentitiesthatshare thesameabbreviation inanygiven document. review and reports Therapeutic Review reports. legend beneath. The specimentestedpositive for ASA Staphylococcus OR (oddsratio) andOR(operating room) taken by swab. insulin analogue oral antidiabetesdrug biphasic insulin aspart, biphasicinsulin,orbasalinsulin(notBiAsp,Basl,Bipl) biphasic insulinaspart, diabetes mellitus lengthy report) Staphylococcus aureus and (not: IA) (not: DM,unlessitappearsinaCDRreview orother report Streptococcus (not: OAD) ), spellitoutonfirstreference, italicizing it,andthen Staphylococcus aureus . The S. aureus samplewas

Abbreviations CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 41 Table 5showscommonlyusedabbreviations thatdon’t require thefulltermto bewritten Terms shouldbelistedinalphabeticalorder by abbreviation, andthedefinitionshould Acceptable Abbreviations Abbreviations Lists Abbreviations AllowedAs-Is Latin Abbreviations CADTH abbreviates thefollowing,asshown: that are usedthree(itdoes timesormore inthemainbodyandappendicesofreport Many CADTH have abbreviations alistof reports atthebeginningofdocument;it i.e. —means“thatis”andshouldalways befollowedby acomma is usuallylocatedjustafterthe Table ofContents. The listshouldincludeabbreviations start withalower-caseletter,start unlessitisaproper noun: et al.—means“and others”andshouldalways befollowedby aperiod e.g. —means“forexample” andshouldalways befollowedby acomma out first. not needto includeabbreviations thatappearintablesonly). A1C CDR PE i.e., et al. e.g., pharmacoeconomic glycated hemoglobin CADTH DrugReview Common

Abbreviations CADTH STYLE GUIDE: Table 6:Abbreviations forCommonUnitsofMeasurement Table 5:Abbreviations Allowedin Text As-Is inch hour hertz gram foot fluid ounce Fahrenheit decilitre decibel day cubic millimetre cubic metre cubic centimetre centimetre Celsius calorie Measurement US UK RCMP NORAD NAFTA Ltd. Inc. HIV FDA DNA CADTH ASA AIDS Abbreviation 5thEdition, 2017 42 United States United Kingdom Royal CanadianMountedPolice AmericanAerospace Defense Command North AmericanFree North Trade Agreement Limited (unlessspelledoutinanofficialcompanynameusedthetext) Incorporated (unlessspelledoutinanofficialcompanynameusedthetext) human immunodeficiencyvirus US Food andDrugAdministration deoxyribonucleic acid Canadian AgencyforDrugsand Technologies inHealth acetylsalicylic acid acquired immunedeficiencysyndrome Full Term Table 6listssomeofthecommonunitsmeasurement andtheirabbreviations. The abbreviations forunitsofmeasurement —suchasmL,kg, mm—shouldbeused Units ofMeasurement in text.Itissimpler, andthey are recognized andacceptedasintended,especiallywhen used besideanumericalvalue. in. h Hz g to metres)ft (convert fl oz F (closeupwithdegree symbol;e.g.,99°F) dL dB d (intablesonly) mm m cm cm C (closeupwithdegree symbol;e.g.,40°C) cal Abbreviation a,b 3 3 (use millilitre [mL]forliquidandgasmeasure, notcc) 3 (use microlitre [µL]forliquidandgasmeasure) a

Abbreviations CADTH STYLE GUIDE: second revolutions perminute pound ounce newton nanomole nanometre nanogram month mole molar concentration milliwatt millisecond millimole millimetres ofmercury millimetre millilitre milligram miles perhour mile micron micromole micrometre microlitre microgram metric tonne metre megawatt megahertz litre kilowatt kilopascal kilometre kilojoule kilohertz kilogram kilocalorie joule international unit Measurement 5thEdition, 2017 43 m MW MHz L kW kPa km kJ kHz kg kcal J IU Abbreviation s (donotuse“sec”) rpm lb oz N nmol nm ng mo mol mol/L mW ms mmol mm Hg(not:mmHg) mm mL mg mph mile Use micrometre: µm µmol µm µL mcg (donotuse“µg”) t a a c

Abbreviations CADTH STYLE GUIDE: that usedfor“milligrams.” c b tables isfine.Beconsistentwithintables. a We use“mcg” for“microgram” trends, basedonindustry forclarity, and to reduce ambiguitybetweentheabbreviation for“micrograms” and Usetheseabbreviations forspaceconsiderations; onlyintables,andifnecessary i.e.,writingout“day,” “hour,” “second,” in and“week” Intext,writeout“per donotuse“/h.” hour”; year week watt volume percent volume volt unit tesla square millimetre square metre square inch square foot square centimetre Measurement 5thEdition, 2017 44 Try notto beginasentencewithanabbreviation. When Notto Abbreviate While itisacceptableto Latinterms(“e.g.,” abbreviate certain “i.e.,” “et al.”) inCADTH Do not abbreviate the following in any formal writing (i.e., in reports, articles, etc.;they articles, Do notabbreviate thefollowinginanyformalwriting(i.e.,reports, Do notsimultaneouslyusetitlesanddegrees thatmeanthesamething. documents, abbreviate “versus” (“vs.”; besure to includetheperiod)only intables,nottext. can beabbreviated intables,butonlyifthey are includedinalegendbeneath): • • • • • • Thursday, January, Ontario,Avenue, chapter Peter Parker, MD;orDr. Peter Parker week (wk)ormonth(mo)—except intables,andonlyforspaceconsiderations subdivisions ofbooks road descriptors names ofthemonths provinces andcountries days oftheweek y wk W vol% vol V U T mm m sq. in. sq. ft. cm Abbreviation a 2 a 2 2 (not: Dr. Peter Parker, MD) (not: Thurs., Jan.,ON,Ave., ch.)

Abbreviations CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 45 Similar Terms (except intables);rather, spellthemout. Dosages If there ismore thanonetermwiththesameorasimilarabbreviation, donotusean text, to avoid confusion.Someexamplesofpossiblyconfusedterms: Ensure there are nosimilarlyabbreviated termsthatmightcauseconfusioninatext. Do notuseabbreviations to denotethefrequency fortakingmedicalprescriptions abbreviation foreitherterm;instead,spelloutbothtermseachtimethey appearinthe • • • • The drugwastaken orally twicedaily. OR: “operating room” or“odds ratio”? HR: “hazard ratio” or“humanresources”? MD: “medical doctor” or“mean difference”? RR: “relative risk”or“riskratio”? (Not: The drugwasadministered b.i.d.)

Abbreviations CADTH STYLE GUIDE: other. The ISMPprefers to spellthemout. b a Table 7:DosageAbbreviations, forUseOnlyin Tables Notetheuseoflower-caselettersandperiods. The InstituteforSafe MedicalPractices (ISMP)recommends notusingtheseabbreviations becausethey cansometimesbemistaken foreach t.i.d. q.2.w. q.w. q.o.d. q.i.d. q.h. q.d. p.r.n. p.o. p.c. b.i.d. Abbreviation a

5thEdition, 2017 46 Three timesaday (from theLatin“terindie”) Once every twoweeks Once weekly(from theLatin“quaque”) Every otherday (from theLatin“quaque altera die”) Four timesaday (from theLatin“quarter indie”) Every hour Once daily(from theLatin“quaque die”) (fromAs needed,whennecessary Latin“pro re nata”) Orally, by mouth(from theLatin“per os”) After meals(from theLatin“post cibum”) Twice daily(from theLatin“bisindie”) Definition b b b

Abbreviations Punctuation CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 48 There are acoupleofexpressions that do notrequire anapostrophe before the“s.” Apostrophes ’ Ampersands & Apostrophes are used to showpossession. Apostrophes have several functions. They canindicatepossession,andthey canalsobe Avoid usingampersands(the“and” sign)intext.(They can,however, beusedintables.) It’s When anoun(person,place,orthing)isplural, useanapostrophe afterthe“s.” Sibilants Expressions: “S”Without Apostrophes Possession It’s, formof“itis,” theshortened takes anapostrophe —theapostrophe replaces the Use them only if they are part ofacompany’s,Use themonlyifthey are part organization’s, school’s, orproduct’s legal Singular nounsandnamesendingin“s,” oran“s” sound(i.e.,asibilant), normallytake an second “i.” However, its,whenusedasthepossessive, doesnottake anapostrophe. apostrophe “s” (s’s). However, atCADTH, thepreferred styleisto uses’. or officialname. used assubstitutesforomittedlettersandnumbers. The patients’results are statisticallysignificant. The researcher’s hasbeencompleted. report onvascular disease.It’sThe RapidResponseteamfinisheditsreport nowupto The dosanddon’ts Chris’ sandwich Canadian CollegeofHealthLeaders’forum the trials’results McMaster University ClinicalEpidemiology &Biostatistics,Johnson No ifs,ands,orbuts date withthelatestinformation.

Punctuation CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 49 The firstword withinparentheses doesnotbeginwithacapitalletter, unlessthefirst Inside Parentheses When parentheses occurwithinparentheses, theoutside parentheses shouldbe Capitals Mathematical Equations Punctuation word isthebeginningofacompletesentence,orproper nameor proper noun. forms ofpunctuationwillnotsuffice. If apunctuationmarkappliesonlyto thewords insidethe parentheses, thenplacethe the sentence. Use parentheses to setoffhelpful,non-essential,additionalinformation,onlywhenother Most ofthetime,punctuationisplacedoutsideclosingparenthesis (when the However, avoid usingparentheses ()whentheinformationmighteasilybeincludedin For guidanceonusingparentheses withmathematicalequations,seethesubsection on Mathematical Equations Parentheses () Brackets [] information insidetheclosingparenthesis relates directly to thesentence). soft (like this) andtheinsideparentheses shouldbehard [like this]—theseare called However, thiscouldbebetterwrittenas: readily; ithelpedspeedalongtheprocess. punctuation markinsidetheclosingparenthesis —providing thatthewords make a brackets. Ifthere isonlyonesetofparentheses, thenuse(soft)parentheses. complete sentence.Inthiscase,alsocapitalize thefirstword withinparentheses. The physicians (who had travelledThe physicians presented papers attheconference. from Alberta) The familymedicinephysiciansattendedtheconference. The studieswere notverified (resulting inselectionbias [inmostcases]and (The scientistswere notinvited.) Most investigatorsMost readily.used theinformation (Ithelped speed alongtheprocess.) Most investigators usedtheinformationreadily (becauseithelpedspeedalongthe inconsistent findings). process). Not: The physicians(familymedicine)attendedtheconference. inStatistical Terms. Mostinvestigators usedtheinformation

Punctuation CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 50 With Lists A commaseparates itemsinalist,or aseriesconsistingofthree ormore elements. Introducing aClause WordsInserted forQuotations We usetheserialcommaatCADTH; in alist,therefore, there isacommabefore the Serial Commas you can easily insert theword “and”you caneasilyinsert where you are thinkingofplacingacomma.Ifyou with eitheralower-caseorcapitalletter. Ifthefirstword followingacolonbegins Commas , Colons : It canalsointroduce information.A general ruleofthumbforcommasisto usethem if that followsacolonmakes acompletesentence,you can begintheword after thecolon Use acolonifthefirstindependentclauseintroduces thesecond.Wheninformation Use acolonbefore alistorexplanationthatispreceded by aclausethatcouldstandon Brackets canalsobeusedto into encloseanywords quoted thathave beeninserted introduces adistinctidea. its own. a question,itshouldbecapped;so,too, ifitisfollowedby oneormore sentencesor material. joining word attheendofseries(forexample,before “and” or“or”). cannot, thendisregard thecomma. “We have amendedtheAgency’s [CADTH’s] HTA report.” The researchers finishedthetworeports: The pharmacoeconomicandclinical The newbylaw isclear:Hospitalemployees andpatientsare not permittedto There are fourpeopleonthecommittee:Sam,Sue,Shaun,andSally. The dailynewspaperincludessixsections:news,city, business,entertainment, The studyincludedinfant,youth, andadultcontrols. Would you like to review ormedicaldevices documentfirst? thehepatitisC,warfarin, smoke onhospitalgrounds. andclassifieds. sports, reports were readyreports forpostingonthewebsite.

Punctuation CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 51 “but,” “for,” and“yet.” With Numbers A commaisrequired aftertheperiodinfollowingLatinabbreviations: A commashouldbeusedbetweenindependentclausesjoinedby conjunctionssuchas Introductory Clauses Independent Clauses Without thecommainfront ofthe“and,” itmightsoundasthoughIlike to eat Latin Abbreviations Use commasto denoteunits(hundreds, thousands,millions)innumbersoffouror Use acommaafteranintroductory clause,suchas“therefore” and“however.” Exception: A commaisnotneededbefore “but”whentheclausethatfollowsisindependent. Do notuseacommawithtransitional adverb. Serial commascanbeusefulinhelpingto avoid ambiguity. sandwiches withpeanutbutter, jam,andcream cheeseonthem…alltogether. more figures, except forhouse,telephone,page,oryear numbers. The studyhadfew ofadverse events. lossesto follow-upbutmanyreports The studyhadfew lossesto follow-up,butitwasdoubleblind. There were 2,500tests. The UVindexishightoday; therefore, usingsunscreen isadvisable.However, (See page1000.) I amtherefore goingto have to meetwiththeclinicalreviewer. In 1994,there were 12,000subscribers. tomorrow willbecloudy. My favourite typesofsandwichesare BLT, ham,peanutbutterandjam, andcream i.e., e.g., cheese.

Punctuation Ke CADTH STYLE GUIDE: Quick yboard Shor En Dash Em Dash Then —quietlytheyleft. Em Dash Health Canada–appr En Dash A man-eatingshark Hyphen Tip tcuts OR 5thEdition, 2017 oved 52 — thatis,to encloseaword, phrase, orclause—they canbeusedaloneto detachone “Nor” The emdashissignificantlylongerthanthehyphen.Itusedto create astrong break in The endashisslightlylongerthanthehyphen,andhalflength ofanemdash. Adding Clarity List ofDegrees In a list (on posters or title pages, for example), insert commasbetweendegrees. In alist(onpostersortitlepages,forexample),insert If anindependentclausefollows“nor,” thenacommaisrequired to separate thetwo. to locatetheendash. the structure ofasentence,foremphasis.Emdashescanbeusedinpairs,like parentheses Note: To create anemdash,holddownALT andtype“0151”onthenumberpadyour However, iftheinformationattachedto “nor” isrestrictive, thennocommashouldbe Employ acommawithclausesusing“as” and“respectively” forphrases thatare offset, Note: To create anendash,holddownCTRL andpress “-”onthenumberpadyour Em Dash— En Dash– several aspace oneithersideofanemdash. commas.At CADTH, weinsert are particularly useful in a sentence that is long and complex — or in a sentence that has usefulinasentencethatislongandcomplex—orhas are particularly added (i.e.,theinformationwith“nor” isessentialto thesentence,notadditional). end ofasentencefrom themainbody, oftentoward theendofasentence.Emdashes or whenaparallel comparisonisbeingmade,forclarity. keyboard. onthetool barto locatetheemdash. Or go to “Symbols”in“Insert” keyboard; orholddownALT andtype“0150.” onthetool bar Orgoto “Symbols”in“Insert” The reviews andoseltamivirwere scheduledforOctober forwarfarin andDecember, CDEC reviewed 10drugs,asfollows. I ateneither anapplenorapeachbutdidnotgoto worktoday, nordidIgoto thegym. Doug Davies, MA, MSc,PhD,Doug Davies, MA, AssociateProfessor, McGillUniversity respectively.

Punctuation CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 53 Triple-Compound Adjectives Ongoing NumericalRange Double-Compound Adjectives Minus Sign In general, CADTH styleisnotto anendashto use indicateranges, butitisacceptablein Use anendashto indicateaminussign.(Seealsothe Use anendashinsteadofahyphenincompoundadjective whenoneofitselements Note: Don’t useanendashforafiscalyear. Useahypheninstead(e.g.,2016-2017). Hyphenate adouble-compoundadjective whenthefirstword isanadjective, followedby Hyphens – insert aspace betweentheendashandpunctuationmarkthatfollows. insert is anopencompound,orwhentwomore ofitselementsare opencompoundsor a noun,ifambiguitymay result. one thatfollowsit.Endasheshelpto group theelementsofnewcompoundsmore hyphenated compounds,orwhentheendashappliesto afew words rather thanjustthe certain instances — for example, to indicate the starting datein aliterature instances—forexample,to indicatethestarting search. Don’tcertain clearly thanhyphensdo,preventing ambiguity. The temperature outsidewas–30°C. A peer-reviewed literature search wasconductedusingthefollowingbibliographic Issue 11). in thepost–World War IIyears a widelyrecommended anti– a HealthCanada–approved policy abbreviation) anti–vascular endothelialgrowth factor (butanti-VEGF:notehyphenwith average-risk screening population non–ST elevation myocardial infarction non–Canada-approved non–small celllungcancer databases: MEDLINE(1950–),PubMed,Embase,andtheCochrane Library (2013, H. pylori regimen Numbers andStatistics section.)

Punctuation CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 54 Table 8showsthepreferred CADTH styleforusinghyphensappropriately invarious words. Appropriate Usage Prefixes For Clarification Numbers andLetters Common prefixes donotrequire ahyphen(e.g.,antidiabetes, reuse). Whenindoubt, Medical Dictionary Hyphens can be helpful in clarifying an otherwise ambiguous sentence. Hyphens canbehelpfulinclarifyinganotherwise However, donotplaceahyphenbetweennumeral andaunitofmeasurement. Hyphenate numerals andsingleletterswiththewords they modify. defer to the A dog-free play area (dogsare notallowed) 60 mgtablet 3-D, 10-pin, T-shirt, U-turn,X-ray allowed) Canadian Oxford Dictionary (not: 60-mgtablet formedicalandscientificterms. ) forcommontermsand versus Adogfree-play area (dogsare Dorland’s Illustrated

Punctuation CADTH STYLE GUIDE: Table 8:CADTH StyleforHyphenUsage cost-utility (adjective form) cost savings cost-saving (incompoundadjective form: cost-saving approach) cost-effective (incompoundadjective form:cost-effective procedure) co-worker cost-effective(ness) copy-editing copy-edit (usedasaverb) copy editor coordinate andcoordinating comorbidity andcomorbidities clinical effectiveness clinically based(don’t word addahyphenwith “ly” forms,suchas“publicly funded”) case series capacity building cancer-related Canada-wide C brand namedrugs between-group (incompound adjective form:between-group differences) base-case (incompoundadjective form:base-caseanalysis) B attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder antiretroviral antipsychotic anti-inflammatory antidiabetic antibody all-cause (incompoundadjective form:all-causemortality) active-controlled (incompoundadjective form:active-controlled trial) A 3-D 12-week course(andothermodifiednumbersdealingwithtimeduration) # 5thEdition, 2017 55

Punctuation CADTH STYLE GUIDE: low risk(unlessusedasacompoundadjective: low-riskpatients) low quality(unlessusedasacompoundadjective: low-qualitystudies) long term(unlessusedasacompoundadjective: long-termcare) local level (unlessusedasacompound adjective: local-level projects) life-year least costalternative L in-patient industry-wide I high risk(unlessusedasacompoundadjective: high-riskpatients) high quality(unlessusedasacompoundadjective: high-qualityhealthcare) high level (unlessused asacompoundadjective: high-level discussions) health care handsearching H gram-negative andgram-positive (incompoundadjective form:gram-negative bacteria) G fixed-effects (incompoundadjective form:fixed-effects model) fixed-dose (incompoundadjective form:fixed-dose inhaler) first-line (incompoundadjective form:first-linetherapy) fastest-growing (incompoundadjective form:fastest-growing element) false-negative andfalse-positive (nounandadjective form:thetestledto false-negatives; false-negative results) F end-user end date email ease ofuse E dropout drop-off dose-dependent decision-making decision-makers daytime D 5thEdition, 2017 56

Punctuation CADTH STYLE GUIDE: reuse re-treat, re-treatment, re-treated (to distinguishfrom retreat, to withdraw) repackage relabel random effects (unlessused asacompoundadjective: random-effects model) R quality oflife quality-adjusted life-year Q province-wide pre-treat, pre-treatment, pre-treated policy-making policy-makers placebo-controlled (incompoundadjective form:placebo-controlled trial) pharmacoeconomic(s) P over-the-counter drugs outpatient dosingstrategiesoptimal warfarin open-label (incompoundadjective form:open-labeltrial) on-site online on-label one andahalf off-site off-label O number neededto treat nonsteroidal non-pharmacological N multicriteria multi-centre (study) metered-dose (incompoundadjective form:metered-dose inhaler) meta-analysis (orwhenothercasesoftwovowels occurtogether) M 5thEdition, 2017 57

Punctuation CADTH STYLE GUIDE: X-ray X worldwide within-group (incompoundadjective form:within-group differences) website W Vice-President V up to date(unlessusedas acompoundadjective: up-to-date examples) U two-thirds (andothercommonfractions, whenspelledout) TNF alpha T biologic subsequent entry subscale suboptimal subgroup subanalysis solvent/detergent-treated humanplasma(abbreviation: SDplasma) single use(unlessusedasacompoundadjective: single-usemedicaldevices) study) term(unlessusedasacompoundadjective: ashort-term short S 5thEdition, 2017 58 Abbreviations forhonorifics(suchasDr., Mr., andMs.) Abbreviations foreducationaldegrees (suchasPhD, BSc, orMSc) MA, Honorifics Degrees Leave onlyonespaceafteraperiodbefore thenextsentence. Periods are usedto endasentence,includingthosethatare declarative orimperative. Periods . do take periods. do not take periods.

Punctuation CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 59 Within Parentheses With genusandspeciesnames,afterthefirstuse,namemay beabbreviated Placement WithPunctuation Double andSingle Latin word. Singlequotationmarks‘’are usedto enclosequotationswithinquotations. Colons andsemicolonsare always placedoutsidetheclosingquotation marks. Complete sentenceswithinparentheses require aperiodinsidetheclosingparenthesis. In North Americanstyle,periodsandcommasare placedinsidetheclosingquotation In North Question marksorexclamation pointsare placedinsidetheclosingquotationmarks to asinglecapitalletter, followedby aperiod. Quotation Marks“” Double quotationmarks“”are typicallyusedto encloseaquotedsentence,phrase, or Some Latinabbreviations actually anabbreviation ofalongerword (suchasi.e.ande.g.). only when they are part ofthequotedmaterial. only whenthey are part marks, afterthelastword. “The studyauthorsnotedthat‘data retrieved were biasedbasedonthesmallstudy The “RatPack” wasfamous inHollywood. The patientsuffered arelapse. (Hewaspredisposed to hypoglycemia.) The specimentestedpositive for The results indicated that“most patientsbenefitfrom theprocedure.” When theDirector “by Monday,” saidheneededthereport Itold him,“Idon’t think that willbeaproblem.” taken by swab. Did theDirector “by WhenIchecked Monday”? justsay with heneededthereport Some patients reported feeling “unwell”; theySome patientsreported didnotprovide specifics,however. him, hesaid,“Willthatbeaproblem?” group size.’” do require periodsaftereachletter, becauseeachletteris Staphylococcus aureus . The S. aureus samplewas

Punctuation CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 60 Titles ofArticles Text Quotes “therefore,” “thus,” “hence,” “on the otherhand,” “forexample,” “thatis,” “namely,” etc.). Independent Clauses When quotingtextlongerthanfourlines,indentthe(about2.5cm[or1in.])from the Semicolons ; Lists Use asemicolonandcommawithindependentclausesthatare joinedwitha (butuseitalicsforcitingnamesof Use quotationmarksforcitingnamesofarticles Semicolons are alsousefulinliststhatare longandcomplicatedcontaininternal Semicolons may beusedto separate statementsthatare too closelyrelated to be separate sentences. punctuation. longer works,suchasbooksandjournalnames). left-hand sideasablockoftext. There is noneedto addquotationmarks. conjunctive adverb ortransitional phrase (“however,” “furthermore,” “nevertheless,” The meetingdidnotreach quorum;thus,itwascancelled. bothvisualandliterary; moderndancers, The meetingconsistedofartists, The datawere collated;phase IIofthestudywascomplete. The report citedseveralThe report cases;e.g.,Smithversus Davis. Vice-President; andGeorge Jones,Secretary. from themunicipalandprovincial governments. the clinic. Members ofthecommitteeincludeJohnSmith,President; JaneDoe, She wantedto jointheoperating team;however, shewasstillonrotation dutiesat classically trained; localactors, bothprofessional andamateur;representatives

Punctuation CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 61 Add aspacebefore andafteraslashwhenusedwithterms,butnospace when joining Avoid slash(/),whichcanbeambiguous,to theuseofforward indicatewords such Avoid Ambiguity Spacing WithWords Subsets Units ofMeasurement Slash / In text,writeoutthepreposition insteadofusingaslashto indicateasubset. them, it’s acceptableto use“and/or”. Use aslashfortheword “per” inunitsofmeasurement. Note: It’s always preferable to simplyuse“and” or“or”; however, whenitreally isa Slashes canbeusedintables,however. situation inwhichyou caneitherchoosebetweentwoalternatives orchoosebothof single words. as “and” or“or.” Instead,spelloutthemeaningintended. The physiciansandscientistspresented papersattheconference. The patientsexperiencednausea,headache,anddiarrhea. 1.2 mmol/L(21.6mg/dL) 132 outof138patients Patients may experiencenauseaand/ordiarrhea. and/or ad hocmeeting/committee 0.5 deg/s experienced nausea,headache,ordiarrhea. physicians/scientists presented papersattheconference.) nausea/headache/diarrhea.) (not: 132/138patients) (Not: The patientsexperienced Or The patients The (Not: The

Punctuation Spelling CADTH STYLE GUIDE: Table 9:CanadianVersus USSpelling as your firstreference source. Use the rigour panellist modelled, modelling metre manoeuvre litre labelled instill humour fulfill, fulfilled,fulfillment favour, favouring enrol, enrolled, enrolment disc colour centre catalogue behaviour analogue Canadian Canadian Oxford Dictionary 5thEdition, 2017 63

Word’s spellingdoesn’t completelyalignwiththe We useCanadianEnglishspellingatCADTH (asperthe Canadian Spelling Canadian SpellCheck Canadian, Eh?! Use Canadian spelling for words, unless the word is part ofthenameanorganization Use Canadianspellingforwords, unlesstheword ispart Microsoft Word oftendefaultsto USEnglishfornewdocuments. To “Canadianize” your Set Proofing Language,andchooseEnglish(Canada). so ifyou’re unsure ofsomething,docheckthedictionary. For example: or title. There are, however, someexceptions, whichare listedin Table 9. document, press CTRL+A to selectall,thenclickReview from thetop menu,Language, • • • • • • Use “data set”( Use “timeline” ( Use “timeframe” ( Use “timepoint”( Use “end point”( Use “keywords” ( fulfil favor disk color center catalog behavior analog US rigor panelist modeled, modeling meter maneuver liter labeled instil humor Canadian Oxford Canadian Oxford Canadian Oxford Canadian Oxford Canadian Oxford Canadian Oxford spelling)not“timeline.” spelling)not“dataset.” spelling)not“endpoint.” spelling)not“key words.” spelling)not“timepoint.” spelling)not“timeframe.” rigorous spelled “meter.” Note thatthemeasuringinstrumentis As inaspinaldisc. Exceptions (CanadianSpelling) Canadian Oxford Dictionary Canadian Oxford Dictionary , however, ), but

Spelling CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 64 When the When Canadian,British,orUSspellingsare possible,usetheCanadianversion. Refer to Spelling Options Medical Terminology Check the the that doesnotappearinsource, wedefaultto the use thefirstonelisted,unless organization hemodialysis, hematological, leukemia, pediatrician,estrogen, diarrhea,randomize, oestrogen, diarrhoea,randomise, organisation) CADTH StyleandPreferred Usage Canadian Oxford Dictionary Canadian Oxford Dictionary Canadian Oxford Dictionary Canadian Oxford Dictionary Canadian Oxford Dictionary (not: haemodialysis,haematological, leukaemia,paediatrician, first. CADTH StyleGuide first.For allscientificandbiomedicalterminology offers more thanonespellingoptionforaword, examples. section (page10)forfurther Dorland’s MedicalDictionary. already offers direction onit.See

Spelling CADTH STYLE GUIDE: Table 10:AcceptedSpelling post hoc policy-maker, policy-making per cent outpatient orthopedic on-site online multinational mucus (whenusedasanoun) mucous (whenusedasanadjective) judgment life-year keywords in vitro (twowords) Internet in-patient industry-wide home page hemorrhage health care handsearch focused (onlyone“s”) email decision-maker, decision-making data set cost savings copy editor copy-edit coordinate consistent/consistency concomitant commitment capacity building cancer-related Canada-wide appendix (appendicesifplural) analyze (andotherze words, notse words) acknowledgement 5thEdition, 2017 65

Spelling CADTH STYLE GUIDE: X-ray worldwide website (small“w,” unlessatthebeginningofasentence) Web Vice-President travelled (two“L’s” —sameforothersimilarwords) time point timeline time frame threshold 3-D subscale suboptimal subgroup subanalysis reuse reanalyze preoperative post-traumatic 5thEdition, 2017 66 “public”!) orwords thatare easilymistyped(forexample:trial,health). You caneven addterms to Word’s andto spellingdictionary PerfectIt —drugnames, Ask IT orthecopy-editing teamforourcustomized CADTH PerfectIt stylesheet,which Spell CheckandPerfectIt was created to catchwords andtermsthatdiffer from CADTH-preferred style. PerfectIt If you don’t have accessto thePerfectIt software, thecompanyoffers afree online If you have thesoftware, you canaddspecifictermsto it,aswellwords that—when It’s goodpractice to putyour documentsthrough software tools like PerfectIt and to write“health” butwrote “heath,” or“trial”butwrote “trail,” forexample. PerfectIt willhelpyou catchinconsistenciesinstyleandspellingyour documents. Microsoft Word’s Spelling&Grammar function.Butbecareful aboutrelying solelyon Spell Check—someUSspellingcansneakin.Italsowon’t recognize thatyou intended incorrectly spelled—cancauseembarrassment (forexample: amissing“L” from organizational spellings,etc.—sothatyou don’t have to lookthemupeachtimeyou sit down to writeanewdocument. consistency checker ( intelligentediting.com/products-pricing/consistency-checker/ ).

Spelling CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 67 Tricky Ones The words in Table 11are someofthosethatare oftenusedincorrectly. Words ofotherlanguagescommonlyusedinEnglishtextshouldnotbealtered. They do Latin Terms Commonly usedLatinterms,suchasinvitro andinvivo, shouldnotbeitalicized. Other Foreign, Non? examples ofLatintermsthatshouldnotbeitalicized are asfollows: not needto beitalicized, butthey doretain theiraccents. • • • • • • • • The patient exuded a certain joiedevivre. The patientexudedacertain His résumé indicatedthathehadbeenanattachéwiththeembassy. in vivo alivingorganism.” —meaning“within information, specificallyifit’s rather thanto important, alludeto itwith“etc.”) (always followedbyi.e., —meaning“thatis…specificallynamely” acomma) a priori—meaning“basedonsomethingknownorassumed” caseorpurpose” ad hoc—meaning“foraparticular et al.—meaning“and others” etc. —meaning“and soon” (avoid using“etc.” where possible.Itisbestto includethe e.g., —meaning“forexample” (always followedby acomma) post hoc—meaning“after theevent” or“consequently”

Spelling CADTH STYLE GUIDE: Table 11: Tricky Words and Their Usage Compliment Than Then Because of Due to Further Farther Toward Since As Practise Practice Its It’s Affect Effect Word andCorrect Spelling 5thEdition, 2017 68 Used to say somethingniceto someone Always refers to acomparison Relates to timeandchronology ofevents Modifies a verb when to use“due to.” pronoun. Substitute“caused to by” figure out “resulting from” andmodifiesanounor Means “caused by,” “as aresult of,” or time orinvestigation Implies more ofthesamething;forexample, Denotes distance This isthepreferred spelling. Means “inthedirection or“inrelation of” to.” Avoid using“since” inthesenseof“because” point intime specific timeor event; andfrom aspecific Refers to anactualduration oftime—a that, or means the reason being for something way,something is acertain andthereason for Typically meanstheextentto which action repeatedly. outan Indicates theverb form;i.e.,carrying pursuit oracustom. Indicates thenounform;i.e.,aprofessional something Refers to thepossessionorownershipof It +is (the apostrophe replaces the missing “i”) Indicates theinfluenceofsomething Indicates theresult ofanaction Meaning practising hisskills. provincial examinationsto practise. Heis Chiropractors mustpassnationaland aging clientele. The physician’s practice haslostmostofits cannotbeunderestimated. Its importance element inthestudy. It’s essentialto includeaplaceboasan positively affect qualityoflife. The medicaldevice hasthepotentialto the pediatricpopulation. The effects ofthedrugwere more notablein Example ofCorrect Usage recommendations. its workregarding drugreimbursement The Board complimentedCADTH on expected. There were more adverse events than patients weighedin. The physiciansprovided theirinput,thenthe interaction. His conditionworsenedbecauseofthedrug of thedrugs. The adverse effect wasdueto theinteraction investigation.The hypothesisrequires further thought. The distanceto Toronto thanI wasfarther He wasworkingtoward hisPhD. 2016. The trialhasbeenongoingsinceSeptember directly, canyou bringtheposterwithyou? As you are goingto theconference hall effectiveness. itscost- drug, astheevidence supported The recommendation wasto reimburse the He isasskilledaresearcher asJoe.

Spelling CADTH STYLE GUIDE: Stationary Stationery Regime Regimen Complement Word andCorrect Spelling 5thEdition, 2017 69 place Has to dowithlackofmovement, staying in Means paperorwritingsupplies Generally refers to aformofgovernment rule Not to beconfusedwith“regiment” whether viadrugsorlifestyle Describes acourseofmedicaltreatment, something elseorisanaddedelementto it Refers to somethingthateithercompletes Meaning “Who” Versus “That” “Compared to” Versus “Compared With” “Compared to” isusedforsimilaritiesandresemblances, whereas “compared with” is Always usetheword “who” ifreferring to aperson;use“that”whenreferring to ananimal, Canadian Oxford Dictionary Plural andSingular Changing words to plural from singularisgenerally straightforward. Somewords, though, organization, andallotherthings. have irregular plural forms.Examplesare shownin Table indoubt,checkthe 12.(When used fordifferences. It’s ofteneasierto use“liken to” forsimilarities. The studythatfocusedonthedrugwasincludedinanalysis. wascitedinthereference.The authorwhowrote thereport The patientlikened hereczema to necrotizing fasciitis;inotherwords, she The acetaminophenwascompared withthenewerdrug. There were fewer adverse events thistimecompared withthelasttime thedrug The agencythatrecruited more healtheconomistswas ableto provide more was trialled.) was trialled.(Note:“compared with” cansometimesbereplaced with“than,” asin this sentence: There were fewer adverse events thistimethanthelast drug economic analyses. compared herrash to flesh-eatingdisease. , orcontactthecopy editors at their offices. electrocardiogramstationary machinesfor or Physicians canchooseeitherportable with theofficesupplier. An order forCADTH wasplaced stationery The regime wasdictatorial andoppressive. high bloodpressure. The patientwasonaregimen ofdrugsfor complemented theClinicalReview report. The CADTH Recommendationreport Example ofCorrect Usage [email protected] .)

Spelling CADTH STYLE GUIDE: a Table 12:Plural Forms ofWords (Nouns) This isanexception to therule. symposium parenthesis nucleus memorandum medium matrix hypothesis forum formula focus datum criterion communication basis bacterium appendix analysis addendum Singular 5thEdition, 2017 70 Tables Units ofMeasurement Parts ofaDocument Parts Capitalize, and do not abbreviate, parts ofadocument. Capitalize, anddonotabbreviate, parts Capitalization Do notpluralize SI(theSystèmeInternational),Imperial,ormetricsymbolunits. For rulesoncapitalizationwithintables,seethe Table 4,Appendix3 5 kg Figure 2 (not: 5kgs) (not: Fig.2) (not: App. 3) hypotheses forums formulas focuses data criteria communications bases bacteria appendices analyses addenda Plural symposia parentheses nuclei memoranda (not:memorandums) media matrices a (not:fora) Tables andFigures

section onpage93.

Spelling CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 71 Time Geographic Locations Drugs Miscellaneous Nomenclature Capitalize thebrand namesofdrugs. Capitalize thenamesofcountries,regions, counties,cities,andotherofficial In text,donotcapitalize thenamesofchemicalelements,compounds,andprotein factors. Do notcapitalize thegenericnames ofdrugs,butdonotincludea™or®symbol. Exceptions include:theRoaring Twenties, theSchoolSpringFling. Do notcapitalize thenamesofseasons,centuries,ordecadesunlessthey are Do notcapitalize references to locationintextsuchaspage,line,paragraph, orsection. personified or are a part ofspecialized names. personified orare apart geographical divisions. Tylenol zoster vaccine live Valium factor V the Northwest Territories,the Northwest theMaritimes,Pacific, theCanadianShield Prozac See section1,page6,line4 sevelamer sodium bicarbonate spring, the20thcentury, thefifties hydrogen peroxide (not: SeeSection1,Page 6,Line4)

Spelling CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 72 Titles Studies Letters asWords when usedinageneral sense,butdocapitalize thenameofaspecificstudy. Capitalize mostsinglelettersthatare usedaswords. Capitalize two-letterverbs intitles,andallmajorwords suchasnouns,verbs, adjectives, In titles,headings,andsubheadingsintexttables,capitalize words thatappearin In atitle,always capitalize thesecondelementofahyphenatedcompound. Do notcapitalize thespecifieddays orweeksmentionedinastudy, ortheword “study” and adverbs. thanfour Donotcapitalize acoordinating conjunction,preposition shorter organization. parentheses. letters, or article unless they begin or end a title or subtitle or are part ofthenamean unlessthey beginorendatitlesubtitleare part letters, orarticle Table 1:BaselineCharacteristics (Per-Protocol Population) ofHealthandLong-TermThe Ministry ofHealth) Care (OntarioMinistry T-shirt The OttawaHospital, Assessing theRiskinPatients With Type 2DiabetesFrom aSocioeconomic X-ray vitamin A Where WillWe BeintheYear 2030?(AndHowWillWe Rate?) What IsDiabetes? Non-Vascular Events, Adverse Events Post-Fracture Perspective Study 619,week4 day 1ofthestudy, week3 but the Cochrane Collaboration

Spelling CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 73 Company andOrganizational Names Spell and capitalizeand Spell organizationaland company the waysame the name company the that or organization spellsit;checkthespellingonorganization’s websiteforaccuracy. Ifa company namebeginsasentencewithlower-caseletter, keep itlowercase. Provincial Group. Advisory app. His iPhonehadamedicaldictionary pERC may alsoreceive submissionsorrequests foradvicefrom thepCODR

Spelling Bulleted Lists CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 75 When abulletiscompletesentence,capitalize thefirstletterandaddaperiodat Style way to turnfragments into fullsentences. Or In textandintables,stickwithoneconsistentstylewhencreating bulletedlists. throughout. Avoid usingbothfragments andfullsentencesinanybulletedlist—finda Correct —useallfragments: Correct —useallfullsentences: Use aparallel structure forlists;i.e.,usethesamewording forallbulletsinalist.For Find away to rewrite: Parallel Structure Incorrect: example, useallfragments orallfullsentences;beginwithnounsthroughout, orverbs only attheendoflastbullet. end ofthesentence.Whenitisafragment, lowercasethefirstletterandaddaperiod The detailsofthestudyare asfollows: The detailsofthestudyare asfollows: The detailsofthestudyare asfollows: • • • • • • • • • • • • • This wasaphaseIstudy. The study reported 15withdrawalsThe studyreported dueto adverse events. This wasaphaseI,multi-centre, randomized controlled trial. 122 patientsfollowedup. 15 withdrawals dueto adverse events 122 patientsfollowedup 15 adverse events were reported A total of122patientswere followedup. Multi-centre Phase I Randomized controlled trial Randomized controlled trial multi-centre

Bulleted Lists CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 76 When abulletedlistdoesnotfollowanintroductory sentence(aheading,forexample) When abulletedlistfollowscompletesentenceandeachbulletissentence, When abulletedlistfollowsanintroductory sentence, typicallywithacolonattheend, and this wouldbethecaseforalistundersubheading. eachbulletwithacapital letterandaddaperiodto theendofeachbullet. then start Use acolonto introduce abulletedlist. Use anumbered listonlywhenthecontainsstepsthathave to be followed ina Do notusesemicolonsorconjunctions(and,or)withbulleted lists,unlessabsolutely Do notusenumbersto itemize informationwithin paragraphs; rather, usebulletsinstead. Format Numbered Lists sentence, donotputaperiodattheend,even attheendoflastbullet.For example, specific order. and eachbulletisalongphrase (possiblywith internalpunctuation)butnotacomplete essential to themeaning. eachbulletwithalower-caseletterand each bulletisnotacompletesentence,thenstart punctuate thelistasifsetofbulletswere oneentire sentenceandnotinpointform. There are manytypesoffoodthatIenjoy, andmyfavourites are quitediverse: The dataincluded: Two conditionsresulted: Favourite Foods • • • • • • • • • • • • • Any typeoffishexcept sardines When I want comfort food,Ireally enjoy pasta. When Iwantcomfort Chocolate, allthetime Ice cream, butonlythechocolatekind I have nouseforsardines. I love chocolateallthetime. In thesummer, myfavourite treat isicecream. Pasta, which makes the best comfort food Pasta, whichmakes thebestcomfort adverse events. hypoglycemia, with65%ofpatientstested population disease states diabetes, with35%ofpatients tested.

Bulleted Lists Numbers and Statistics CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 78 When to UseNumerals andWhento SpellOut In Tables andFigures In Text Idiomatic Expressions General Fractions In general, spelloutnumbersonethrough nineintext.Usenumerals fornumbers10and Use numerals forallnumberswithafraction. Use numerals throughout tablesandfigures (even fornumbersonethrough nine),asthis Exception: commonlyusedfractions suchasone-third orone-half. Exception: References orbookcitations:2ndedition Spell outnumbersinidiomaticexpressions andanyinstancewhere anumerical Similarly, spelloutordinal numbersonethrough nine,and usenumerals for10(10th) in thissectionformore details.) and higher, unless they appearinconjunctionwithnumericalordinals inreferences or helps to save space.(Seethe higher, andwithunitsscores. (SeeMathematicalExpressions, Statistics,andUnits reference doesnotinvolve counting. book citations.Don’t superscriptthesuffix. The studywascompletedafterthree months. This month,CDECreviewed 10submissions,ofwhichtwowere given a“do not The MinisterofHealthshookhandswithCADTH’s three Vice-Presidents, then 9¾ In theinitialstudy, one-third ofthepopulationexperiencedadverse events. two-tiered medicine stepped to thepodiumandgreeted all210membersoftheaudience. one ofthereasons for... ninth, 10th,17th,100th,31st reimburse” recommendation. Tables andFigures section on page 88 for further details.) sectiononpage88forfurther

Numbers and Statistics CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 79 “per cent.” Avoid beginningasentencewithnumber. Ifitisabsolutelynecessary, thenspellthe Starting aSentence Starting Roman andArabic Numerals Millions Mathematical Expressions, Statistics,andUnits In general, useArabic numerals, butuseRomannumerals ofaproper whenthey are part Use numerals inmathematicalexpressions andwithunits,scores, scales,andstatistics, Numbers inthemillionsorhighershouldbewrittenasacombinationofwords andnumerals. But wherever possible,avoid beginningthesentencewithanumber, andrework itinstead. Exception —percentages: Percentages take anumeral except where they occuratthe including confidence intervals, including confidenceintervals, reference orto denoteanacceptedmedicaldesignation. number out,even ifitis10orgreater. beginning ofasentence.Inthatcase,spelloutthenumberandfollowitwithwords Twenty-five percent ofpatientspreferred thenon-invasive method. The patientlost1kg. Thirty-five patientswere includedinthemulti-centre study,Thirty-five whichwasconductedin 12 citiesinfourcountries. Apollo XIII,stageIIIcancer, scheduleIIdrug,level Itrauma, Class IIdevice 2.7 million (95% CI,1to 3),1%, Of thepatientsstudied,25%preferred thenon-invasive method. a score of2ontheSF-36scale a meanof1 but: grade 1cancer phase IIIstudy P =0.05 P values, andpercentages.

Numbers and Statistics CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 80 Time andDates Text Location Temperature, Latitude,andLongitude When referring to textlocationswithnumbers,uselowercaseforthelocationdescriptor, Capitalize “Table,” “Figure,” and“Appendix” whenusedasspecific designations. Dates then day, year. Use allfourdigitsforyears. Use numerals forreferences to dates.AlsonotetheCADTH format:weekday, month Use numerals forreferences to temperature, latitude,andlongitude. Don’t acommawhenreferring to insert themonthandyear only. Do notabbreviate references to years. Repeat the century for specific time periods; do not shorten it. forspecifictimeperiods;donotshorten Repeat thecentury and followitwithanumeral. The studyisexpectedto becompletedinSeptember2017 The studyindicatesthatonpage36,paragraph 3,section7,there are conflicting The testwascarriedoutat–8°C. The trialstook place from 2011to 2015. The 1990s CADTH showedstrong growth2015. in 2015 On Tuesday, September27,2016,thedrugwassubmittedto theCADTH Common In Table 2,welistthetechnologiesused. Drug Review. Health CanadaissuedaNoticeofComplianceonDecember8,2015. Figure 3showsthenumberofpatientswithSVR12. See Appendix1fordetails. conclusions. or The trialstook place from 2011-15.) (not: the90s,90’s, or’90s) (Not: The trialstook placefrom 2011- (not: September, 2017)

Numbers and Statistics CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 81 Time Units Time Format Write outtimeunitsintext. When writingoutthetimeofday, usethehour, followedby acolonandtheminutes,with Citation References Include thetimezone, iffeasible, notingwhethertheevent occursduringDaylight team creates references intext. Use numerals fortimepointsinastudy(also notethelower-caselettersfortime But treat regular timeunitsthesameasothernumbers:Write outoneto nineanduse Exception: InSymposiummaterial,usethe24-hourclockto showtime.(For more on Don’t ormanipulate citationnumbersmanually;CADTH’s insert Information Services Reference citationnumbersshouldbesuperscriptedanddirectly followpunctuation. Savings statusisnotknown,simplyuseET. Savings orStandard Time. For theEasterntimezone, useEDT orEST. IfDaylight Punctuation WithNumbers style forSymposiummaterial,seethe numerals fornumbers10andhigher. periods followingthetimeofday designation. descriptor): The researchers willfollowthepatientsfor12months. The studytook twodays to complete. There were 50sleepincidentsperhour Three randomized controlled trialsdelivered thesame results. 6:00 a.m.,6:30p.m. One group includedonlymalepatients; Measurements were taken onday 2andinweek1,attheendofmonth24. 0800, 1500 hour, day, month patients (40%and60%,respectively). save spaceif needed) (not: h,d,mo—buttheseabbreviations canbeusedintables,to Symposium CheatSheet 3 2 (not: There were 50sleepincidents/h.) theothergroup included maleandfemale .) 5,6,9

Numbers and Statistics CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 82 Thousands andMillions American funds,A$250 forAustralian dollars,£250forBritishpounds,and€250euros. When writtenout,compoundnumberstake ahyphen. Currency Compound Numbers Ranges Exponents Currencies shouldbeabbreviated asfollows:C$250forCanadianfundsandUS$250 Use commasto denoteunitsinthethousands. Use theword “to” inorder to connectnumbersinarange. Donotuseanendashor Exception: Donotusecommasforyears, orforpage,house,telephonenumbers. Exception: However, douseahyphento indicatearange ofyears usedinanadjectival Format numberswithexponentsasshown: Numbers inthemillionsorhighershouldbewrittenasacombination ofwords andnumerals. sense (forexample,afiscalperiod),anduseallfourdigitsforyears. hyphen (wedothisto avoid confusionwhenoneofthenumbersisanegative). Thirty-five control group participants were control includedinthestudy. group participants Thirty-five There were 2,500 testsin1994. 2.7 million (95% CI,–15to –9) CADTH’s showedstrong 2015-2016fiscalperiod growth. 6.1 ×10 Only studiesthatincludedpatientsaged10years to 19years were selected. See pg.1000. m m 3 2

(not: cu.m) (not: sq.m) –3

Numbers and Statistics CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 83 The symbolsshouldalways beusedintables,andwithmathematicalequations, Abbreviations Age When comparingnumbers,repeat the symbolorunitusedforcomparisonwitheach When makingreference to age,“more than,” “greater than,” or“lessthan” canoften Where possible,CADTH International)units.Seethe usesSI(Système Greater Than andLess Than Repeating UnitsandSymbols Micrograms Units andOperators In text,whenwritingthatsomethingisgreater than(>)orless(<)—greater or In textandtables,abbreviate commonunits—forexample:mL,kg, ormm—because than andequalto.” However, intext,it’s acceptableto usetheappropriate symbolinlong the words “greater than” (or“more than”), “lessthan,” “greater thanandequalto,” or“less they are universally understood andacceptedasintended. They donotneedto be P Use themcgabbreviation for “micrograms” (notµg). trends, toThis isbasedonindustry simply bereplaced by “older than” or“younger than.” section (page37)foralistofcommonunitsmeasurement andtheirabbreviations. avoid confusionwith“mg” (milligrams). number. parentheses, orifthenumericvalue exceeds 10. documents (suchasfull-lengthCDR,OptimalUse,or Therapeutic in Review reports), defined onfirstmentionintext,orthelegendbeneathtables. less thanandequalto (≥or≤,respectively) —somethingelse, values, scores, andpercentages. The studyindicatedthatadverse events were significant(≤20womenaged>30years). The adverse event waspresent in>65%ofpatients. The phaseIIstudytook placeat>300centres. The patientslost1kg and5kg, respectively. (Not: <5randomized controlled oftheinitial study.) trials were conducted aspart focused onwomenaged30years orolder. 3% to 5% Fewer thanfive randomized oftheinitialstudy. controlled trialswere conductedaspart Instead of respectively.) (not: 3to 5%) The trialsfocusedonwomenaged≥30years, (Not: The patientslost1and5kg, consider where feasible The trials The Abbreviations writeout

Numbers and Statistics Ke CADTH STYLE GUIDE: yboard Shor Plus-Minus Sign Multiplication Sign Minus Sign tcuts 5thEdition, 2017 84 A multiplicationsignlooksalmostlike alower-casex,butslightlydifferent: Always capitalize the“L” whenreferring to litres andmillilitres. Spaces Before andAfterUnits Formatting UnitsandOperators Plus-Minus Sign Multiplication Sign Minus Sign Litres andMillilitres In textandtables,ensure there isaspacebefore andafteraunitormathematical Note: Form theplus-minussignby holdingdowntheALT key and0177onthenumerical Do notseparate theplusandminussign;used“stacked” symbol. Note: Form themultiplicationsignby holdingdowntheALT key and0215onthe Note: Form aminussignby holdingdowntheCTRL key andtyping“-”onthenumerical pad Don’t useahyphento indicateaminusornegative, intextortables. Do notusehyphensbetweennumerals andunitsofmeasurement. Exception: donotaddaspaceafterminussign. operator orameasurement qualifier. on your keyboard. numerical padonyour keyboard. pad onyour keyboard. –20 The results range from –50to –33. 16 L × ± 25 mL 5.7 mL 60 mgtablet 0.63 ±0.14U/kg (not: x) (not: +-or+–) (not: –20) (not: 16l) (not: 25ml) (not: 5.7mL) (not: 60-mgtablet) (not: 0.57±0.15U/kg) (Not: The results range from -50to -33.)

Numbers and Statistics CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 85 Table 13showstheCADTH-preferred fullterms,abbreviations, Greek letters, and There shouldalways beaspaceafterthepercentage symbolandacommaafter“CI,” Abbreviations Statistical Terms Statistics Ranges Probability In bothtablesandtext,writeranges (CIs)andcredible —suchasconfidenceintervals Use an italicizedUse an “ capital Note: In text, spell out the terms “CI” and “CrI” on first referenceon first “CI” and spell outthe “CrI” terms Note: Intext, and abbreviate thereafter. intervals (CrIs)—inthefollowingformat: intervals symbols forstatisticaltestsandterms. and use“to” to indicatetherange (donotuseahyphenoranendash,to avoid possible confusion withminussymbols). 95% CrI,–0.85to –1.24 95% CI,0.85to 1.24 P P P ≤0.005 >0.005 =0.005 P ” todenote P values. Insert spaces aroundspaces mathematicaloperators.values. Insert

Numbers and Statistics CADTH STYLE GUIDE: Table 13:Statistical Tests and Terms t-test, Studentt-t, paired t-test t score, zscore tau; Kendall taurank correlation standard error ofthemean standard error standard deviation Spearman rank correlation, rho,ρ repeated-measures analysis ofvariance relative riskreduction relative risk,riskratio receiver operating characteristic curve rank sumtest randomized controlled trial random-effects model,fixed-effects model post-test probability, pretest probability one-way analysisofvariance, two-way analysisofvariance one-tailed test,two-tailedtest odds ratio number neededto treat, numberneededto harm n: numberinasubgroup ofthesampleunderstudy N: total numberinthesampleunderstudy Markov log-rank test, Mantel–Haenszel test (note en dash, not hyphen) least squares; leastsquares mean Kaplan–Meier (noteendash,nothyphen) kappa statistic,κstatistic F-test hazard ratio distance from thelimit(mostlycalculus) quantity discriminant, orchangeinacertain degrees offreedom correlation coefficientformultivariate analysis correlation coefficientforbivariate analysis credible interval confidence interval chi-square test analysis ofcovariance analysis ofvariance For ThisTestor Term… 5thEdition, 2017 86 F-test HR δ Δ df R, R2 r, r2 CrI CI chi-square ANCOVA ANOVA …Use This Abbreviation, Symbol,orForm t-test form) (no abbreviation orshort tau SEM SE SD form) (no abbreviation orshort repeated-measures ANOVA RRR RR ROC rank sumtest RCT form) (no abbreviation orshort form) (no abbreviation orshort one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA form) (no abbreviation orshort OR NNT, NNH n N Markov log-rank, Mantel–Haenszel LS; LSM Kaplan–Meier kappa statistic

Numbers and Statistics CADTH STYLE GUIDE: in thelegend.) Note: Intext,defineallacronyms onfirstuse,andintables,definelegendbeneaththetable. (Exception: “N”and “n”donotneed tobedefined Wilcoxon rank sumtest,signedrank test visual analoguescale type I,IIerror two-way analysisofvariance For ThisTestor Term… 5thEdition, 2017 87 Greek Letters While Greek lettersare usuallyspelledoutinbothtablesandtext—suchasalpha,beta, gamma, kappa,andtau—someGreek lettersare allowedforstatisticaluse,to avoid confusion. Δ (upper-casedelta) δ (lower-casedelta) (no abbreviation or short form) (no abbreviation orshort VAS form) (no abbreviation orshort two-way ANOVA …Use This Abbreviation, Symbol,orForm

Numbers and Statistics Tables and Figures CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 89 Table Tips Table 14showssomeoftheelementsdescribedinthis Tables andFigures section. This iswhy, forexample, weredefine abbreviations foreach tableandfigure. At CADTH, wetreat tablesandfigures asstand-aloneentities:Readersshouldbeableto (These are to beconsidered asexamplesandare notscientificallyaccurate!) Introduction and QuickReference CADTH stylechangesinsomeways whenitcomesto tablesandfigures, to save space the table. For atableto beeffective, itshouldnotbe textheavy. Simplepointformispreferred. Ifa More detailsfollowinthissection,buthere’s aquicksummary: on thepageandforeaseofreading. glance atthemandunderstandthecontent,even withouthaving read therest ofthetext. lot oftextisrequired, rather considerputtingthedatainto thebodyofreport thanin • • • • • • The abbreviation “vs.” isallowedintablesandfigures. Abbreviations fortime(h,d,mo,wk,y)are allowedintablesandfigures forspace Abbreviations fordosages(e.g.,b.i.d.)are allowedintablesandfigures. In text,it’s preferable to writeout“greater than” and“lessthan” where feasible, butin In text,abbreviations are usedforterms thatappearthree timesormore anddefined tables andfigures, always usethesymbols(>,<,≥,or≤). Use numerals throughout tablesandfigures, even fornumberslessthan10. on firstreference, butintablesandfigures, defineabbreviations inanalphabetized legend beneatheachtableandfigure. considerations, butitispreferable to writethemout.

Tables and Figures CADTH STYLE GUIDE: Source: CSR, Table 11-6;CSR,p.135. d c baseline VA (≤60letters,>letters)asfactors. b a Note: Two were included:themanufacturer’s additionalreports pharmacoeconomicsubmission WDAE =withdrawal dueto adverse event. q.d.=oncedaily;QoLqualityoflife;NR =notreported; SD=standard deviation; VA =visualacuity;vPDT photodynamic therapy; =verteporfin =Early ETDRS Treatmentthickness; CSR=ClinicalStudyReport; DiabeticRetinopathyStudy;LSM=leastsquares =notapplicable; mean;NA BCVA =bestcorrected visualacuity;b.i.d.=twicedaily;CIconfidenceinterval; CMH=Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel; CRT =central retinal Table 14:Exampleof Table forCADTH Reports One-sided Average ofVA assessmentsduringthisperiod. Differences inLSMandthe2-sided95%CIsare estimatedfrom analysisofvariance pairwise (stratified) model.Stratified analysisincludes

Dosage 84 letters,n(%) gained ≥ 15lettersorreached Number ofpatientswho Outcomes Intervention Noninferiority (95% CI) Difference vs.Group 1,LSM month 6,mean(SD) Average VA from month1to Baseline, mean(SD) P Difference vs.vPDT, LSM month 3, Average VA from week1to Baseline, mean(SD) Characteristics P =0.005. value c b a mean(%) P values fortreatment difference are derived from the2-sided stratified CMH testusingthe row means score statistics.

P value 5thEdition, 2017 d b 90 12,23 40 (38.1) Month 3 Categorized BCVA GainsatMonths3,6,and12 Harms outcomes: Efficacy outcomes: Drug X(10mg/mLforintravitreal injection),0.5mginitialdosewithmonthlyre-treatments. NA NA 67.3 (12.40) 55.4 (13.43) VA Letters)ChangeFrom (ETDRS Baselineto Month3 Through Month 6 < 0.00001 8.5 66.0 (12.98) 55.4 (13.43) VA Letters)ChangeFrom (ETDRS Baselineto Week 1 Through Month3 b.i.d. • • • • z Arterial thromboembolic events Arterial WDAEs: Legal blindness Change from baselineinVA z Unilateral blindness (Stabilization ofVA) Group 1:DrugX N =105 67.5 (12.34) 55.8 (12.59) < 0.00001 8.6 66.4 (12.28) 55.8 (12.59) q.d. 50 (43.1) < 0.00001 (–2.2 to 2.0) –0.1 (Disease Activity) Group 2:DrugX Study 008 c,d N =116 11 andtheCSR. 59.0 (14.24) 54.7 (13.84) NA NA 56.9 (14.49) 54.7 (13.84) NA 8 (14.5) NR NR 12 Group 3:vPDT N =55

Tables and Figures CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 91 The elementsbeneathtablesandfigures shouldappearinthisorder: Abbreviations While abbreviations fordosagesare generally notusedintext,they are allowedintables Legends Dosages footnote citationswithtableorfigure titles).Precede with“Note:”. with aspaceoneitherside. the abbreviations usedinthetable—regardless ofwhetherevery tableorfigure in taken oradapted. Don’t includedefinitionsforcommonunitsofmeasure. (See Format thelegendasfollows: Directly beneatheachtableandfigure, includealegend inalphabeticalorder thatdefines List thesingularformofabbreviation, even iftheplural formisusedinthetableorfigure. Source: — in the main body of the report, andinappendices. in themainbodyofreport, separated by asemicolon.Separate abbreviations andfulltermsusinganequalsign Footnotes — Note: — Legend — a document contains the very sameabbreviationsa documentcontainsthevery orwhethertheabbreviations are and figures. Table 15showshowthey shouldbewrittenanddefinedinthelegend beneath atableorfigure. (Seealso defined intheAbbreviations Listatthebeginningofdocument. This appliesto tables • • • • • • AE =adverse event WDAE =withdrawal dueto adverse event adverse event/s) Add aperiodafterthefinalitem. Add aspacebefore andafterthe“=”sign. z Use an“=”signto separate eachacronym from itsdefinition. List abbreviations inline,notstacked (i.e.,eachtermfollowsoneanotherhorizontally). Set thefontsize oflegendandfootnotetextto 8pt. Separate eachitemwithasemicolon. z b.i.d. =twicedaily;CDRCADTH CommonDrugReview; LS=leastsquares. Usethisforgeneral informationthatappliesto thefulltableorfigure (don’t use This isthelistofabbreviations. Itisalphabetized, witheachelement Usethislineto indicatethesource materialfrom whichthetableorfigure is Indicatefootnoteswithlower-case,superscriptedletters. (not: AEs=adverse events) Abbreviations (not: WDAEs =withdrawals dueto sectiononpage37.) Table 6 .)

Tables and Figures CADTH STYLE GUIDE: Note: Lower-caseletterswithperiodsare usedfortheabbreviations ofLatinterms,suchasfordosages(similarly, “e.g.,” “i.e.”). Table 15:DosagesandRoutesofAdministration SC q.w. q.2.w. 2.q.w. q.o.d. q.i.d. q.d. p.r.n. p.o. IV IM b.i.d. Abbreviation to Usein Table orFigure 5thEdition, 2017 92 Time Footnotes in Tables footnotes ( the other. Addaspacebetweenthefootnotecitationandfirstletterofsentence. Use abbreviations fortime(h[hour],d[day], mo[month],wk[week],y[year]) ifabsolutely Beneath thetable,footnotesshoulddirectly followthe“Note:”line(ifthere isone),cross- Footnote citationsshouldrunleftto right,horizontally, across thetable,indicatedby Footnotes andNotes referenced withthematchingletter. Intheunlikely event that there are more than26 necessary, butitispreferable to writethemout. lower-case, alphabetized, superscriptedletters. a c b Reported 100%long-termVKAtherapy. Reported ROCKET-AF datataken from theITT group. ROCKET-AF alsoincludespriorembolism. a to to z ), move onto subcutaneous once weekly every otherweek twice weekly every otherday four timesdaily once daily as needed orally intravenous intramuscular twice daily Definition to UseinLegend aa , bb , etc. Stack these citations in a single column, one below , etc.Stackthesecitationsinasingle column,onebelow

Tables and Figures CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 93 They are usedto labeltherows ofthetable;i.e.,indicatingthatsomethingappliesto all Abbreviations are allowedincolumnandrow headings,spanners(aheadingthatspans Abbreviations In Table ColumnandRowHeadings In TableFigure Titles and Where possible,don’t includeabbreviations intableandfigure titles.However, it’s preferable Capitalization Notes titles ifnecessary, providing they are definedinthelegend beneaththetableorfigure. to keep titlesto amaximumlengthoftwolines. Therefore, abbreviations are allowed in Notes shoulddirectly followthelistofabbreviations. Don’t useafootnotecitationwithtableorfigure title;rather, a“Note:”linefor insert Note: Withintablecells,follow sentence-casecapitalizationstyle. Headings and Titles Headings items inthatrow.) general informationthat appliesto thefulltableorfigure. more thanonecolumn),andstubs.(Astubisusuallytheleft-mostcolumnofatable. • • • • • • Table 3:MeanAverage ChangeFrom BaselineinVisualAcuityto Month1 Through Table 1:CanadianStatisticsFrom theCoalitionAgainstCancer(2015Figures) ITT =intention-to-treat; vPDT photodynamic therapy. =verteporfin therefore notcitedinthistable. Note: ARISTOTLE-J onlyconcomitantASAuseduringthestudyandis reported Month 3by BaselineCharacteristics —Subgroup Analysis (Full Analysis Set) Figure 16:WhatIsDiabetes? a c b Capitalize allmajorwords, suchasnouns,verbs, adjectives, andadverbs. Capitalize two-letterverbs (Be,Is). Capitalize words thatappearinparentheses. Capitalize From, prepositions longerthanfourletters(With, Against, Through, Versus). In atabletitle,useanemdash,rather thanacolon,to indicate asubtitle. Use title-casecapitalizationstylefortableandfigure titles,andtableheadings, Do notcapitalize acoordinating conjunction(and, but),prepositions offewer thanfour stubs, andspanners.Seethe are part ofthenameanorganization. are part letters (to, on, by), or articles (a,an,the)unlessthey beginorendatitlesubtitle letters (to, on,by), orarticles capitalization, butinsummary: Reported 100%long-termvPDT Reported therapy. ROCKET-AF datataken from theITT group. ROCKET-AF alsoincludespriorembolism. Spelling section(page62)formore informationon

Tables and Figures CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 94 With tableandfigure legendsandfootnotes: Within tablecells: Slashes Periods En Dash Punctuation for Table andFigure Titles and Table Headings writing outthemeaningofslash:Doesthismean“doctor andpatient,” “doctor or the tableorfigure title,orwithtablecolumnrow headings. Use anendashto indicateaminus(nothyphen)intablesandfigures. Create anen Use acolonafterthetableandfigure number. There shouldbenoperiodattheendof Do notuseanendashorahyphenwithranges. Write outtheword “to.” Begin numberingtablesandfigures at1andcontinueonfrom there (even ifthere isonly However, forasentencesuch as“Numbersare provided fordoctor/patient,” consider Slashes are permittedintablesandfigures, ifnecessary, to save space.Butifthe Punctuation Numbering one tableorfigure). Iftablesandfigures appearinappendices,continuefrom where the patient,” “doctor and/orpatient,” or“doctor perpatient”? dash by holdingdownCTRL andtyping“-”onthenumericalpadyour keyboard. meaning isambiguous,writeout. main textleftoff. • • • • • Table 1:Symptoms andSignsofChronic Fatigue Syndrome 132/138 patients(intext,writeout:132outof138patients) Cirrhosis —Evidence Network Figure 16:SustainedVirologic ResponseGenotype1 Treatment-Naive Patients With Add aperiodattheendofeachfootnote,note,andsource line. Add aperiodafterthelastiteminalphabetized legend. Use periodsforfullsentences. Ensure thepunctuationisconsistentwithintable. Don’t useperiodswithsentencefragments.

Tables and Figures HT SD=standard deviation. =hypertension; Table 16:Example Table ShowingUnitsofMeasure CADTH STYLE GUIDE: RE-LY 150DBG RE-LY 110DBG Study Name 5thEdition, 2017 95 Age, 71.5 71.4 y Where possible,inheadersorstubs,usecommasbefore unitsofmeasure, rather than Spacing further information. further Units ofMeasure Ensure there isaspacebefore andafteraunitormathematicaloperator ora parentheses. Useparentheses orother forvariability ofthemeasurement, ifreported, degree symbol. measurement qualifier. Exceptions: nospaceafteraminussign,percentsymbol,or > 25mg P 85% ofpeopledislike –30°Cweather. 0.2 ±3.5 =0.005 45 (63.2) 45 (64.3) Male, n (%) 78.9 78.8 HT, % Baseline, % ASA at 38.7 40.0 Treatment-Naive, 49.8 (0.1) 49.9 (2) % (SD)

Tables and Figures Appendices CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017 97 Treat appendicesasstand-alonedocuments—forexample,inappendices,redefine word “in.” Insert acomma inatextreference tablewithinanappendix,orusethe Insert to aparticular If tablesandfigures appearinappendices,continuethenumberingfrom where itleftoffin the body of the text; do not restart thenumberingatbeginningwitheachnewappendix. the bodyoftext; donotrestart Format headingsinappendicesthesameway they are formattedintherest ofthe Numbering and Titles Headings Dealing WithAppendices information.) included intheAbbreviations Listatthebeginningofreport. abbreviations, even ifthey’ve already beendefinedinthemaindocumentandare document. Thus, avoid usingabbreviations intitles,headings,andsubheadings,do capitalize thefirstletterofeachmajorword. (See See Table 12inAppendix14. See Appendix14, Table 12. Spelling sectiononpage62formore

Appendices Posters Ke CADTH STYLE GUIDE: yboard Shor Bullet tcuts 5thEdition, 2017 99 Tips foraGoodPoster Presentation What aPoster Is Writing Style A postershouldcontainanobjective, abody, andaconclusion.Itbeginswiththetitle, A goodpostertitleshouldsummarize theposter. This isyour attention-grabber. Your Authors’ Listings Sections ofaPoster your keyboard. Effective Poster Titles followed by acomma;thenthedegree, followedby asemicolon;continuewiththeother inyour poster,full reports whetherinthetextorreference list,ifincluded.) Guidelines If there are multipleauthorsfrom different organizations, listthefirstCADTH author’s If there are multipleauthorsfrom thesameorganization, listthefirstauthor’s name, It then generally arranged withthese headings:Background, Objectives, Methods,and the otherauthors,thenuseafinalsemicolonbefore addingCADTH’s nameinfull. Use theactive voice over thepassive voice. Anduseplainlanguageasmuch Note: To thebullet,holddownALT insert key andtype“0149”onthenumericalpadof Between different organizations, addabullet:• Be concise.Andbevisual.Don’t make your postertoo textheavy, ortoo visuallybusy, Before drafting, decideontheresearch questiontheposterwillanswer, whyit’s Results, followedby References attheend(ifrequired). Remember to leave outallnon-essentialinformation.(ButnotethatitisOKto mention significant, whatthescientificapproach was,whattheresults were, andwhatthey mean. authors; then add a semicolon before inserting theorganization nameandlocationinitalics. authors; thenaddasemicolonbefore inserting audience needsto knowwhat to expectbefore takingthetimeto stop andread. across thetop, followedby itsauthorsandtheiraffiliations(ifrequired). The posteris or both.Ifyou have alotofinformationyou wantto convey thatyou feel isessential, name, followedby acomma;thenthedegree, followed by asemicolon.Continuewith backgrounds. Justremember: Ifthey can’t read through the posterinthree minutes(five possible; steerclearofscientific jargon, soasto accommodate readers ofall minutes maximum),you’ve lostthem. consider puttingtheoverflow to into fititallinto handoutsinsteadoftrying aposter. is not Tammy Smith,PhD;Hayley Jones,MLIS; Tammy Smith,PhD;HelenJones,MLIS; MA, MSc,PhD,MA, McGill areprint ofyour abstract. It’s alsonotamanuscript;inposters,lessismore. Not University, Montreal, Quebec CADTH, Ottawa,Ontario CADTH, Ottawa,Ontario •DougDouglas,

Posters CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017

Try to avoid them(oratleasttheir overuse) inposters. Try to use300dpihigh-resolution photos (ajpegisfine,butpreferably anepsoratifffile). White Space Always ensure you have permissionto reprint visualsifyou are takingthemfrom a Always provide withthesource ornative PublishingServices filesfor tables (inWord or Acronyms Graphics, Photos, andSource orNative Files Graphics andVisuals Conference Requirements: Layout andDimensions Printing Material Bullets CADTH Poster Specifications It isbestto keep thenumberofgraphics andphotos to aminimum;dependingonthe there islittletext). Usetablesandgraphsthe posterrather thanintheoriginal, fullreport. onlyifyou can Use graphics andvisualsjudiciouslyto break upthetextandattract thereader’s Use lotsofwhitespaceinyour poster. Overcrowded textwilldeteranaudiencefrom Let Publishing Services knowthefollowing: Let PublishingServices Make sure you convey theexactformattingrequirements to PublishingServices foryour Bullets are your friends.Make gooduseofthemandbesuccinct. Excel, only)andfigures incaseeditsare required. source documentandnotcreating themyourself. Beware ofusingthose thatare attention. Tables andgraphs canbeusedto display results, butbecareful thatthey amount oftext,twographics isprobably best,andthree isthemaximum(butonlyif even makinganattemptto read theposter. don’t misrepresent ormislead;they mustbebasedontheinformationsynthesized in conference poster: convey theinformationclearlyandsimply;they shouldbeeasyto interpret. copyright protected. • • • • Your preferred printingmaterial: z z Whether you willtake theposterwithyou oryou prefer to have itshippedto the Exact Landscape or portrait layoutLandscape orportrait conference venue z z Cloth (someCADTH posterseasierto stafffindcloth carry, asnopostertubeis Poster paper(thiswillbedelivered inatube). required; note,though,thatthepostercouldstillgetwrinkled) dimensionsrequired. 100

Posters CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017

Timeline The postertextcanhave amaximumof400to 500words ifyou have nomore thanacouple Word Count If you don’t have manyvisuals,you have more leeway withtext.Don’t forget thatifyou too much back-and-forth forapprovals.too muchback-and-forth to allowtimeforcopy-editing, formatting,layout, qualityassurance, proofreading, final Sometimes, you justcan’t prevent alast-minutejob. Try, then,to keep your posterfairly Submit your finalized, approved content(usuallyinaWord file,withaccompanying straightforward sothatthecopy-editing andformattingstagescanbeexpeditedwithout sign-offs, theprintingcycle, andshipping. source files)atleast—andnolaterthan10businessdays date before your departure always berepresented inahandout. of visuals.Withmore visuals—twoto three —keep your textto between300and400words. have an excess of pertinent datayouhave wantto includeinyour anexcess posterpresentation, ofpertinent itcan 101

Posters PowerPoint CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017

The minimumfontsize to usefortextis20point, maximum24.Use26to 32point,bold, The lesstextinaPowerPoint presentation, thebetter. Usethree to five linesperframe, Animations Avoid usinganimationsforgraphics, asthey canbedistracting. However, moderate use A larger fontgenerally information. indicatesmore important When indoubt,useasansseriffontsuchasArialto retain thesharpnessofletters for bannerheadings. when projected (serifletters,suchas Times NewRoman,canlook“muddy”). five to seven words perline. Use Bullets Graphs, Tables, Images,andFigures Information insimplegraphs andtablesisabsorbedmore quickly thanincomplexones. In PowerPoint lists,capitalize thefirstletterofeachsentence.Don’t putaperiodatthe template allowsfour. Use bulletedlistsandelaborate onthepointsinyour talk. For bestimpact,usenomore thanthree levels oftext,even thoughthePowerPoint Limit eachslideto oneidea.Useasequenceofslidesto detailcomplexpoints. Bar graphs and pie charts areBar graphs preferable, andpiecharts allowingtheaudienceto seerelationships Don’t usemore thanonegraphic perslide. Don’t allowtext,graphs, figures, orimagesto Refer to theCADTH PowerPoint forbranding template andfonts. Format Less IsMore end ofthebulletpoint. of fade-insforbulletedtextis fine, to enhancethepresentation andprovide pacing. overlap theCADTH logo,theheader, orthefooter edgeoftheslide. quickly. Placelabelsand textsoutsidepiecharts. • • • • Your textmay beacompletesentence A questionmarkisfine,ifneeded—agreed? Or itcouldbeafragment No periodeven attheendoflastpoint 103

Powerpoint CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017

The Hub. Consider submittingyour presentation to thePublishing teamforcopy-editing. Ifyou do CADTH hasatemplateforPowerPoint presentations, available intheBranding sectionof Copy-Editing Process the filewillbesaved. changeswillbemadedirectly Anynecessary ontheslide,anda PowerPoint Template submit it, unfortunately changescannotbetracked inPowerPoint,submit it,unfortunately butanewversion of marked-up hard copy —showingthechangeswillbesupplied,ifrequested. 104

Powerpoint Clear Writing CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017

General Guidelines Introduction Clear writingisessential,even inacademicpublications(andmaybe especiallyso).It Choose theRight Tone forYour Audience the intendedaudience):apatientgroup, CADTH staff,theCADTH Executive, Board or the to create reader-friendly text,it’s best to writesimply. Ifyou wantto garnereven more Keep your readers inmindwhenwriting(ensure your textisappropriately aimedat Scientific andbiomedicalwritingneednotbe verbose, convoluted, andfullofjargon. While simple andstraightforward. academics believe thatthemore sophisticatedthelanguage,more intelligentitsounds, and decision-makers ormembersofthe publicwhomay nothave medicalorscientific or decision-maker. Ifyou’re thatwillberead producing onlyby clinicians,using reports helpful to consciouslytake to astepbackandtry lookobjectively atwhatyou’ve written. backgrounds, you may wantto usewords thatare more universally understood. Itisoften uptake to ofyour document,alsotry choosetheactive voice over thepassive voice (see language insteadofplain;oremploy asentencestructure thatiscomplex rather than medical terminologyisprobably fine. Ifthesesamedocumentswillalsobe read by policy- might betemptingto usemore rely words onpredominantly thannecessary; technical committee members,amanufacturer, anemailrecipient, aconference attendee, orapolicy- • • • • • • • • A thorough understandingofyour subjectmatterisnecessary, butsoistheabilityto z When you have one,optforthelatter. thechoiceofusingalongerword over ashorter Instead of“due to thefactthat,” use“because.” Instead ofthe“authors ananalysisofthedata” performed (passive voice), it’s better to write“theauthorsanalyzed thedata” (active voice). Use actionverbs. Longer words may soundsophisticated,butthey actuallymake reading more difficult. Better to say “Jonesetal.suggestthat…” than“itissuggestedthat.” andsimpleinconstructionmeaning.Besuccinct. Keep sentencesshort Be concise.Cuttheclutterfrom your writing.Beaword gardener andprune,prune. organize your thoughtsinto coherent points. z Grammar QuickFix Most scientificwritersthinkthatusingthepassivevoice makes theirwritingsound meaning ambiguous. more objective, butitcanmake reading thedocumentmore cumbersomeandmake sectiononpage108)andto be conciserather thanverbose. 106

Clear Writing CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017

Visually Speaking Visual presentation canenhancereadability, sousesubheadingsandbulletsto break up Self-Editing words inyour writing. Try thesesources: Consistency instyle,punctuation,andmechanicsallowsyourreaders to focusmore on Once your documentiscomplete,whetherit’s adraft review itusingthe orafinalreport, Consistency If you don’t have thePerfectIt software, thecompanyoffers afree onlineconsistency the textandmake listseasierto read. Try to avoid overloading textwithabbreviations, Self-edit your inclinationto use“big”(thatis,complicated,jargony, overly sophisticated) software tools available to you, such asSpellCheckandPerfectIt. and usetablesjudiciously. Andusetablesonlyifthemateriallendsitselfto avisual rendering atabletoo complicatedandtoo busyto befullyunderstood. representation ofthetext. Tables are sometimesusedasadumpingground fordata, checker ( content, rather thanondistractions, withinthetext. • • • • • Communications.pdf prism.grouphealthresearch.org/documents/PRISM_alternative_word_list.pdf plainlanguage.gov/howto/wordsuggestions/simplewords.cfm depts.washington.edu/respcare/public/info/Plain_Language_Thesaurus_for_Health_ medicine.osu.edu/sitetool/sites/pdfs/ahecpublic/PLAIN_LANG_LIST_2007.PDF clearest.co.uk/pages/publications/plainenglishlexicon intelligentediting.com/products-pricing/consistency-checker/

). 107

Clear Writing Grammar Quick Fix CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017

“Which” Versus “That” “Fewer” Versus “Less” Versus“Over” “More Than” “Fewer” isusedforcountablenouns(ofpersonsorthings),whereas “less”isusedfor isusedto“Over” describephysicalspaceandduration. “More than” isusedforquantityor The secondsentencerestricts theelephantswe’re talkingabout.Itthusappropriately The firstofthesesentenceswrongly impliesthatallelephantshave bigears(whereas African elephantsdo,Asiandonot). the informationthatfollowsit(alsoinformofaclause)isnotneeded;justadds to whatisbeingstatedinthesentence.Inotherwords,that followsisnecessary it Determine whethertheinformation(informofaclause)thatfollows“which” or“that” Here’s alistof10trickygrammar rulesthatcantripupwriters. is essentialornon-essential. The restrictive modifier“that”isusedwhentheinformation implies thatAfricanelephantshave bigears. sentence. (Note: In non-restrictive clauses, always insert acommabeforesentence. (Note:Innon-restrictive “which.”) clauses,always insert extra informationthat,ifnotincludedinthesentence,wouldaltermeaning ofthe restricts themeaningofsentence. The non-restrictive modifier“which” isused when uncountable nouns,suchasmass,quantity, volume, time,money, distance,andweight. measurement. The patientsweighedlessthan80kg. Thereare more RCTs21 than study. inthe The catsthatare already neutered can leave theveterinarian’s office. The cats,whichare already neutered, canleave theveterinarian’s office. Over thecourseofstudy, more than300patientsexperiencedadverse events. Elephants, whichhave bigears,live inAfrica. Less than$1millionwasspentonresearch. Fewer thanthree randomized controlled trialswere usedinthestudy. Elephants thathave bigearslive inAfrica. (Not: There are over 21RCTs inthe study.) 109

Grammar Quick Fix CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017

“Toward” or“Towards”? “Its” orIt’s”? The possessive formisindicatedby apostrophe +“s”: ’s. So,too, isthecontraction of“it” To engageyour reader, writeintheactive (rather thanthepassive) voice. The “s” isunnecessary. Generally, passive voice usessomeformoftheverb “to be” andtheword “by.” In the first sentence, the implication is thatallthe In the sentence,the cats havefirst implication been neutered and can leave the office. The secondsentenceimpliesthatonlythosecatshave beenneutered Note: Use“that”forinanimateobjects,notpeople. However, exception: there isoneimportant Passive Voice and “is”:theapostrophe replaces thesecond“i.” can leave theoffice. The study’s results were inconclusive. (Active voice) The committeestudiedthereport. wasbeingstudiedby thecommittee.(Passive voice)The report wasconsultedby CDR.(Passive voice) The clinicalexpert The CADTH studiedHussein’s committee (Active voice) report. thatwaswrittenby Husseinwasstudiedby acommitteethatwas The report The patientwhoexperiencedtheadverse event. The organization publisheditsreport. founded by CADTH. (Passive voice) CDR consulted the clinical expert. (Active voice) CDR consultedtheclinicalexpert. It’s aflawedstudy. Despite hisfatigue,thecompetitor kept runningtoward thefinishline. the adverse event.) (Not: The patientthatexperienced 110

Grammar Quick Fix CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017

“Who” Versus “Whom” “Affect” Versus “Effect” “she” or“he,” thenuse“who.” The easiestway to remember howto differentiate betweenthetwoisto remember This rulealsoappliesto “whoever” and“whomever.” If you canrestate thesentenceusingword “she” or“he,” oranswer thequestionwith If you cansubstitutenounslike “reaction” or“consequence” inthesentence andgetthe If you cansubstituteverbs suchas“influence” or“have animpact on” inthesentence the questionwith“him” or“her,” thenuse“whom.” that “who” isusedasasubject,whereas “whom” isusedasanobject.Atrickfor same basicmeaning,use“effect.” and getthesamebasicmeaning,use“affect.” remembering: Ifyou canrestate thesentenceusingword “him” or“her,” oranswer The award isgiven to theresearcher whopublishesthemoststudies.(Heisgiven The researcher withwhomIworked capable.(Iworked wasvery withherandshe To whomdoIowethepleasure? (Iowethepleasure to him.) The effect oftherain wasthatwehadto cancelourpicnicplansfortheday. The consequenceoftherain wasthatwehadto cancelourpicnicplansfortheday. The threat ofrain hadanimpactonourplansfor theday. The threat ofrain affected ourplansfortheday. The threat ofrain influencedourplansforthe day. Who istheresearcher Iwillbeworkingwith?(He istheresearcher Iwillbeworkingwith.) was very capable.) was very the award.) 111

Grammar Quick Fix CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017

“Consists of” “Comprises” Versus Versus “Composedof” “None” —Plural orSingular? “Compared to” isusedonlyforsimilarities,whereas “compared with” isusedfordifferences. “consists of,” theitemthatiswholeelementcomesfirstinsentence,butwhen “to bemadeupof,to include.” Ontheotherhand,“to compose” means“to make up,to “Comprised” and“composed” are alittledifferent. “To comprise” mean and“to consistof” “not any.” So,usetheplural orsingularformoftheverb, andanysubsequentpronouns, “None” doesn’t always have to betreated assingular—itcanmean“not one” aswell you’re using“composed of,” comebefore thewhole. theparts form thesubstanceof.” andtheparts The wholecomprisesorconsistsoftheparts, Compared to andCompared With according to whetherit’s oneormanythingsthatyou’re writingabout. compose thewhole.Here’s agood way to remember it:Whenyou’re using“comprise” or The acetaminophenwascompared withthelatterdrug. The clinicaltrialconsistsoffourphases. The clinicaltrialcomprisedfourphases. (Note: Never usethepassive formof“comprised” [“iscomprisedof”].) Four phasescomposedtheclinicaltrial. None ofthecake from themeetingwasleft. None oftheresearchers felt thattheirpaperswere beingcitedenough. Shall Icompare theeto asummer’s day? 112

Grammar Quick Fix Cheat Sheets CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017

“+” symbol. “greater thanandequalto,” and“lessthanequalto” intext,butusediscretion withCDR The Table the numberinginappendicesiscontinuedfrom themaintext(donotrestart This sectionincludestipsspecificallyforwritingandeditingCADTH CommonDrug Abbreviations, slashes,and“+”symbolsare allowedwithdrugcombinations,to follow Add acommabefore “respectively.” Appendices Capitalization Drug Names Punctuation Drug Combinations CADTH Review CommonDrug the trademarked drugname isallcaps.Uselowercaseforgenericformulations. For (brand) proprietary namesofdrugs,useaninitialcapitalletter, notallcaps,even if Note: Include“fumarate” eachtimethefulltermiswrittenout(seealso“tenofovir Review (CDR)reports. alafenamide fumarate.”) reports: becausethey’re longandcomplex,usingthesymbolintextisusuallymorereports: practical. numbering, oraddaletterbefore thetablenumberinanappendix). pharma industry standard. Writepharma industry outonfirstmention.Addaspaceeithersideofthe The CADTH DrugReview Common (CDR)produced on aClinicalReview report CADTH hasproduced onustekinumab(Stelara). aclinicalreview report Patients in Study 123 and Study 456 reported headachesandgastrointestinal pain, Patients inStudy123and456reported emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir withdasabuvir(OMB/PAR/RIT +DAS). respectively. CADTH

Style Guide suggestswritingout<,>,≥,and≤as“lessthan,” “greater than,” 114

Cheat Sheets CADTH STYLE GUIDE: 5thEdition, 2017

Terminology Tables andFigures When editing CDR reports, don’tWhen editingCDRreports, editormanipulatereferences. Intables,don’t add References first word ofthefootnote. Information beneathtablesandfigures shouldbeinthisorder: to bottom, across thetable. Beneath tables and figures, always insert aspacebetweenthefootnotesymboland Beneath tablesandfigures, always insert Footnotes to tables:footnotesshouldrunfrom “a” to “b,” horizontally leftto rightandtop See the quick reminders abouttables. missing reference-related informationsuchasnames, dates(years), ortermslike “et al.” • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • “CADTH” shouldprecede “CommonDrugReview” and“CanadianDrugExpert “drug” ispreferred over “agent.” “arm” and“group”: These termsaren’t interchangeable and shouldbeusedconsistently “Source” line,inotherfootnotes,orthetableitself,additto thealphabetized legend. “Source:” —Group sources usingsemicolons.Notethat“CSR”standsfor“ClinicalStudy “Note:” — This shouldcontaingeneral informationthatappliesto thefulltable.Donot Table itself The abbreviations “DM”(for“diabetes mellitus”)and“T1DM” and“T2DM”(for“type1” a Avoid termslike “diabetic patients.” Say “patients withdiabetes”or“people with Alphabetized legendofabbreviations z z When editing,donotchange“arm” to “group” orviceversa. for healthy participants and in subsequent entry biologic (SEB) reports; anexplanation (SEB) reports; biologic entry and insubsequent healthy participants for Committee” whenwrittenoutinfulltext,butabbreviate as“CDR”and“CDEC,” CADTH Products andReports In CDR reports, usetheterm“Crohn’sIn CDRreports, disease” (not“Crohn disease,” even thoughthat to thateffect shouldbeincluded. Using“arm”throughout areport. ispreferable, asitcanrefer to agroup orsubgroup. Use “reimbursement” and “reimburse,” not“listing”and “list.” Use “patients,” not“subjects.” isacceptable,butusuallyonly Sometimes“participants” Footnotes inorder For a list of some of the scales and scores used in CDR reports, seethe For alistofsomethescales andscores usedinCDRreports, Do notchange“white” to “Caucasian,” orviceversa. Usethetermemployed inthe Report”. Write itoutinfullifisusedonlyonce.Ifmore thanonceinthe Report”. is thetermusedin source material.For more information,consultthesectiononInclusive Language. and “type2”diabetesmellitus,respectively) are allowedinCDRreports. respectively, afterfirstuseinthemainsectionandeachappendix: diabetes.” use anasterisk,symbol,orfootnotecitationwithatabletitle. Clinical Study Report, p.15. ClinicalStudyReport, z z CADTH (CDEC) Committee (notCADTH DrugExpert Canadian CDEC) CADTH DrugReview Common (CDR)(notCADTH CDR) Figures and TablesFigures a Dorland’s MedicalDictionary , b , c , etc. section(page88)formore detail,butbeloware acoupleof section. ). Style for 115

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This sectionfeatures someofthecommonhepatitisC–related termscurrently usedin TN =treatment-naive (notnaïve) TEL =telaprevir TE =treatment-experienced VEL =velpatasvir ASV =asunaprevir General Abbreviations GRZ =grazoprevir CHC =chronic hepatitisC CADTH andhowto treat reports, them. OMB =ombitasvir(notOBV) IFN-alfa; IFN-beta=interferon-alfa, interferon-beta, etc. IFN =interferon (notINF) PR =pegylatedinterferon plusribavirin PAR =paritaprevir (notPTR) P2aR, p2bR=pegylatedinterferon 2a(or2b)plusribavirin NS3/4A =nonstructural protein 3/4A METAVIR =Meta-analysisofHistological DatainViral Hepatitis LDV =ledipasvir HCV =hepatitisCvirus HCC =hepatocellular carcinoma FDC =fixed-dose combination EBR =elbasvir DCV =daclatasvir(e.g.,Daklinza)(notDAC) DAS =dasabuvir(notDSV) DAA =direct-acting antiviral BOC =boceprevir RIT =ritonavir (notRTV) RGT =response-guided therapy RBV =ribavirin SVR12 =sustainedvirologic response at12weeks(SVR24=SVR24weeks,etc.) SVR =sustainedvirologic response (notviral orvirological) SOF =sofosbuvir(e.g.,Sovaldi) SIM =simeprevir (notSMV) Hepatitis C peg-IFN alfa-1a=pegylatedinterferon alfa-1a(notalphaorα;notINF) peg-IFN =pegylatedinterferon (notINF) genotype 1,2,etc.(GT1,GT2,allowedintables) 116

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Treatment ofCombinations Other StyleNotes Use aslashandlower-caseletterfor“boostedwith”: • • • • • • • • • • • • • TEL +PR=telaprevir andpegylatedinterferon plusribavirin /r =boostedwithritonavir z without ribavirin (e.g.,Holkira Pak) OMB/PAR/RIT +DAS ±RBV =ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir anddasabuvir, withor LDV/SOF =ledipasvir/sofosbuvir(e.g.,Harvoni) EBR/GRZ =elbasvir/grazoprevir (e.g.,Zepatier) DCV/ASV +PR=daclatasvirandasunaprevir plusPR DCV +SOF=daclatasvirandsofosbuvir DCV +ASV=daclatasvirandasunaprevir SOF/VEL =sofosbuvir/velpatasvir SOF +RBV =sofosbuvirandribavirin SOF +PR=sofosbuvirandpegylatedinterferon plusribavirin SIM +SOF=simeprevir andsofosbuvir;simeprevir/sofosbuvir SIM +PR=simeprevir andpegylatedinterferon plusribavirin z Often alsowrittenas:paritaprevir/ritonavir/ombitasvir anddasabuvirwithorwithout ribavirin: PAR/RIT/OMB +DAS ±RBV 117

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Topic Headings Alphabetize topic headings. Section Groupings Group allthetopics intheirrespective sections(e.g.,atechnologyforballoonsinuplasty Format andLayout would gointheEar, Nose,and Throat section,andnotintheRespiratory section). topics andtheirtitles. Below are someexamplesoftopic headings―this isnotanexhaustive list.Note,useall List thesummariesalphabeticallyby title,rather thanby agency;includethenameof Provide alistingoftheagenciesdirectly followingtheintroduction andpreceding the Horizon ScanRoundup originating agencyimmediatelybelowthetitleofreport. caps. ARTHRITIS ANDPAINANESTHESIA MANAGEMENT GYNECOLOGY GASTROINTESTINAL ANDLIVER CARDIOVASCULAR ANDRADIOLOGYCANCER, IMAGING, OTHER ORTHOPEDICS ONCOLOGY Oncology, Pediatrics, etc. Orthopedics, INFECTIOUS DISEASEANDINFECTION CONTROL NERVOUS SYSTEM ANDNEUROLOGY MENTAL HEALTH KIDNEY ANDUROLOGY EYE ANDVISION ENDOCRINE, NUTRITION, ANDMETABOLIC EAR, NOSE,AND THROAT DERMATOLOGY, WOUNDS,ANDINJURIES PEDIATRICS PALLIATIVE ANDLONG-TERM CARE RESPIRATORY REHABILITATION 118

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Titles Text Blurbs Table 17listsallowableabbreviations forcommonterms that Abbreviations Style Spelling ( first reference, withtheabbreviation inparentheses, andthenuseonlytheabbreviation. Proofreading FinalLayout Only useabbreviations foratermthatisusedtwotimesormore. If theabbreviation isusedmore commonlythanthetermitself (e.g.,NSAID),use If anabbreviation isusedinthetitleofitemwe’re linkingto, spellitoutinthetexton thereafter, useonlytheabbreviation. the abbreviation onfirstreference andthenexplaintheterm,infull,parentheses; terminology; forexample,favour “orthopedics” ( Use theexacttitleasitappearsonWeb orviathelink,butapplyCADTH style(for Use Ensure thattheblurbsforeachtechnologyare Look forthefollowing: example, captitlesconsistentlythroughout butdonotchangespelling). out infullonfirstmention. Canadian • • • Widows (alineoftextstandingaloneatthebeginninganothercolumnorpage)and Word breaks resulting from formatting;it’s bestnotto have anyword breaks inthe (for example, the dictionary, whichshowsthecorrect syllablebreaks. text unlesstheword isacompoundandbreaks afterthefirstword inthecompound Missing linesandtext orphans (a solitary word attheendofaparagraph,orphans (asolitary onitsownline). Dorland’s MedicalDictionary

Oxford no spelling). for

“scan-ning”; for allmedicalterminology, includingcommonmedical yes for“round-up”). Butifaword mustbreak, consult completely Dorland ’s spelling)over “orthopaedics” rewritten. do not have to bewritten 119

Cheat Sheets CADTH STYLE GUIDE: b a Table 17:Abbreviations Allowedin Text WithoutaDefinitionRequired Asper This spellingisanexception forHorizon Scanproducts only. OtherCADTH use“anti-inflammatory.” products andreports UK OCD NSAID MS MRI LDL IV IUD ICU HRT HPV HIV HDL GI FDA ECG CT CPR BMI ASA Abbreviation CanadianOxford Dictionary. a 5thEdition, 2017 United Kingdom obsessive-compulsive disorder nonsteroidal antiinflammatory multiple sclerosis magnetic resonance imaging low-density lipoprotein intravenous intrauterine device intensive care unit hormone replacement therapy human papillomavirus human immunodeficiencyvirus high-density lipoprotein gastrointestinal US Food andDrugAdministration electrocardiogram computed tomography resuscitationcardiopulmonary body massindex acetylsalicylic acid Term Abbreviated

b drug 120

Cheat Sheets CADTH STYLE GUIDE: Quick behaviour onsocialplatforms. Policy consult CADT Tw privac t Tw Remember here isnoguar Tip eeting, it’ i tter ispublicbydefaultand , whichgovernsemployee y. Beforeyoubegin , everythingon s agoodideato H’ 5thEdition, 2017 antee of s SocialMedia

Tips Table 18showsalistofapproved abbreviations to usewhen Tweeting. This isnotan This sectionisdesignedto guideyour Twitter useatCADTH. #raredisease/s #ptsafety #pharma #pCODR #medtech #meddevice #medlibs #librarian #healthcare #health #hcsm #globalhealth #drug #device #CdnHealth #canmedlibs #CADTHtalks #CADTHSymp Abbreviations Social Media Hashtags In alltypesofCADTH hashtagsinregular material,write font:don’t useitalicsorbold. team ifyou have anydoubts. Twitter hasa exhaustive list,andmay beupdatedperiodically, socheckinwiththeCommunications • • • • • • • • • • Avoid postingaseriesofmore thanthree orfourrelated Tweets inarow. ofa Ifpart When shortening dates,skipspacesandpunctuation,avoid including“th”When shortening and“nd” When you mustabbreviate to save formsfirst. characters, usewell-knownshort Create your ownabbreviations onlywhenabsolutelynecessary. If postingaseriesoftweets,add“1/2”attheendfirst Tweet (indicatingfirstof If possible,substituteahashtagforword insteadofusingboth. Ideally, usefullwords when Tweeting. two Tweets), andadd“2/2”attheendofsecondorlasttweet(indicating Use “via@{nameofsource}” to recognize where you sawa Tweet. You don’t have to Don’t use“HC”for“healthcare,” asthisistoo easilyconfusedwith“HealthCanada.” Skip theperiodafterabbreviations to save characters. after numbers. of two Tweets).of do thisforallsources, butitispoliteto acknowledgeyour source. conversation, take itofflineto adirect messageoremail,ifwarranted. useful glossary forcommonlyusedterms. 121

Cheat Sheets CADTH STYLE GUIDE: Table 18: Twitter Abbreviations UsedatCADTH point ofcare patient national meeting modified Retweet medical librarian medical education long-term care knowledge mobilization literature international information individual in caseyou missedit Horizon Scan history Health Technology Assessment To recognize asource: hattiporheard through group forward evidence evaluation Environmental Scan email economic did you know direct message diagnosis dev’t convo(s) conference committee CADTH pan-CanadianOncologyDrugReview CADTH CommonDrugReview by theway because about and Full Term…For This 5thEdition, 2017

DM dx development conversation(s) conf cmmte pCODR CDR BTW b/c abt & Abbreviation …Use This PoC pt nat’l mtg MT Medlib MedEd LTC KMb lit int'l info ind ICYMI HS hx HTA HT grp fwd evid eval ES EM Econ DYK 122

Cheat Sheets CADTH STYLE GUIDE: without treatment tomorrow today Ilearned twice daily three timesdaily thanks technology(ies) systematic review spinal cord injury social media review Retweet Rapid Response randomized controlled trial question(s) prescription please Full Term…For This 5thEdition, 2017

tid thx ortks tech(s) SR/SysRev SCI SoMe rev RT RR or#RapidReview RCT Q(s) Rx pls Abbreviation …Use This w/o Tx tmrw TIL bid 123

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The formatfortimesandsessionsthatappearattheendofeachworkshop,etc.,should Workshops Add degrees onlyinthebiosection,notlistofspeakers. Abstracts When listingthenamesofpresenters, addasemicolonbetweenthenamesof Format/Layout from thenextgroup by asemicolon. Bios CADTH Symposium then thedegree, followedby acomma,thencontinuewiththeotherauthorsfrom thesame Use acolonfollowingeachheading. Use commasto group oneormore presenters from thesameorganization, separated Use thefollowingformatfortitlesofworkshops: Note: These headingsmay from notbeconsistentandvary abstract to abstract. Keep thelevels andlevel descriptionsinitalics. For listsofpresenters, addtheirdegrees aftertheirnames.Ifthere are multiple authorsfrom organization; thenaddafinalsemicolonbefore addingtheorganization’s namein full. presenters from different locations. be writtenthisway: [Workshop AM-3,Apr. 10,0900to 1200] different organizations, listthefirstorganization’s author’s name, followedby acomma; • • • Terry Smith,PhD, Vice-President, MedicalDevices andRapidResponsePrograms, Joanna Leigh,BillyBonds,andLeanneDunphy, CADTH; Dr. NeilDegrasse and Joanna Leigh,Director, HealthEconomics, CADTH; andDr. Dave Cooper, Professor, Workshop PM-4 Workshop AM-1 Workshop Full-Day 1 Intermediate. This isforresearchers… Donald Dodge,McMasterUniversity ofEpidemiologyandCommunityMedicine,University ofOttawa Department Health Economics, CADTH; Dave Cooper, Harley Jones, MLIS,Manager, andJoannaLeigh,Director, InformationServices, Conclusion: Introduction: Presenters: MA, MSc,PhD,MA, McGill University 124

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Time Spelling Concurrent Sessions Check the Preliminary Program timeanddate.com/time/zone/canada/ottawa Use theword “to” to denotearange. Use 24-hourclockdesignations. Use thefollowingformatforsessiontitlesandspeakers. Notethattitlesare addedfor Use thefollowingformat: Keep thevoice inthird-person singular. NOTE: Ottawatimevaries betweenEST andEDT, dependingonthetimeofyear. See professors anddoctors only(notMr., Ms.,orMrs.).Alsonotetheopenbullets. The Fundamentals ofQualitative Research: WhatItIs,Howto Appraise It,andWhat This workshopwilldiscuss 1900 to 2300 You CanDoWithIt Workshop AM-1 Concurrent SessionA1—Panel Discussion Concurrent SessionD4 Concurrent SessionB2 to ClosetheEvidence-to-Patients Loop From Recommendationto AdoptionatScale:Emerging Frameworks andInitiatives small-group discussions 0730 to 1200 hemoglobin A1C • • • • • Jack Thomas, University oftheWitwatersrand Julia Miles,University ofSaskatoon Dr. GailMcArthur, University ofCalgary Dr. LindaRothschild,CADTH Prof. FionaJones,University of Toronto Spelling sectionforamore comprehensive listofterms.Butwatchforthese: (not: HbA1C) (not: We willdiscuss) to confirm.

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Cheat Sheets CADTH STYLE GUIDE: Table 19:Abbreviations Allowedin Text WithoutSpellingOutFirst US UK RCMP NORAD NAFTA Ltd. Inc. HIV FDA DNA CADTH ASA AIDS Abbreviation 5thEdition, 2017 United States United Kingdom Royal CanadianMountedPolice AmericanAerospace Defense Command North AmericanFree North Trade Agreement Limited (unlessspelledoutinanofficialcompanynameusedthetext) Incorporated (unlessspelledoutinanofficialcompanynameusedthetext) human immunodeficiencyvirus US Food andDrugAdministration deoxyribonucleic acid Canadian AgencyforDrugsand Technologies inHealth acetylsalicylic acid acquired immunedeficiencysyndrome Definition

Titles Abbreviations Style In Plenary Sessionsbios,referIn Plenary to thespeakers by theirlastnames,afterfirstwritingout their namesinfull. For THETA, PATH, andAHRQ,writeouttheirfullnamesthenabbreviations in parentheses, perusualstyle. • • • • • Toronto HealthEconomics and Technology Assessment(THETA) Collaborative Table 19listsallowableabbreviations forcommonterms that Treat asaseparate eachentry item;i.e.,ifthere’s anabbreviation, spellitouton Agency forHealthcare Research andQuality(AHRQ) Programs forAssessmentof Technology inHealth (PATH) Research Institute written outinfullonfirstmention. first mentioneven iftheprevious workshoporabstract usedthatsame orbio entry Only useabbreviations ifatermisusedtwotimesormore. If theabbreviation isusedmore commonlythanthetermitself (e.g.,NSAID),usethe If anabbreviation isusedinthetitleofpresentation, spellitoutinthetextonfirst abbreviation onfirstreference andthetermexplainedinfull,parentheses; then,use abbreviation. only theabbreviation thereafter. reference, withtheabbreviation inbrackets, andthenuse onlytheabbreviation. do not have to be 126

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7. 1. 4. 5. 2. 3. 6. (See Numbers CADTH Style Top 20 Note: The en dash can be found in the Symbols section under Insert, oryou cancreateNote: it The endashcanbefoundintheSymbolssectionunderInsert, Here’s aquickreference to somepreferred CADTH styleandusageconventions to by holdingdownCTL andtypingthe“-”signonyour keyboard’s numberpad,orholding down ALT andtyping“0150”onthenumberpad. consider whenwritingCADTH reports. –30° Celsius Table 2inAppendix3 15 to 16 days Appendix 12, Table 2 2,000 patients 25 mL 95% CI,60%to 66% 5 mg 5 mgto 6mg ≥ 25 P =0.004 word to insteadofahyphen. them from theappendixnumberwithacommaorword “in.” In appendices,continuethenumberingoftablesand figures onfrom the Leave aspacebetweennumerals andsymbolsunitsofmeasurement For andcredible confidenceintervals intervals, useacommaandthe Use “to” insteadofahyphenorendash to denotearange. Use commaswithnumbersfrom 1,000andhigher. in textandtables. Use anitalicized, capital“P”forprobability ( Use theendash(–)insteadofahyphenforminussigns. main text.Whenreferring to tablesandfigures inappendices,separate Numbers andStatistics (not: ≥25) (not: p=0.004) (not: -30°Celsius) (not: 15-16days) (not: 5mg-6mgormg–6mg) (not: 2000patients)

(not: 95%CI;60%-66%) (not: Appendix 12 Table 2) sectiononpage77 . ) P

value). 127

Cheat Sheets CADTH STYLE GUIDE: Source: ClinicalStudyReport. d c b a Note: Tables inthis b.i.d. =twicedaily;ECGelectrocardiogram; EEG=electroencephalogram; PP=per-protocol; q.d.=oncedaily. Table 20:Exampleofa Table Notedby 3of5studiesexamined. Asderived from theABCstudy. Found intheDEFstudy. Conflicting results reported from Conflicting ECGandEEG. results reported Dosage Placebo group, age Patients, n(%) Characteristics ofPatients Style Guide 5thEdition, 2017 are forillustration purposes only.

Tables 11. 10. 12. 9. (See 8. q.d., b.i.d.,andt.i.d. “twice daily,” and“three timesaday” intext. The alphabetized, superscripted, lower-case letters( footnote (anddon’t addfootnotecitationsto tabletitles). footnote withaperiod. follow ahorizontal order withinthetable,left to right.Concludeeach terms, witheachletterseparated use“once withaperiod.Otherwise, daily,” tables (figures), followedby footnotes,asrequired. Employ aperiodatthe Include alegendbeneatheachtable,andalphabetize thelisted Equal signsintablelegendsshouldhave spaces before andafterthem. Use “Note:”forinformationthatappliesto thefulltable,insteadofa Use “q.d.,” “b.i.d.,” etc.,intablesonly, abbreviated astheirlower-caseLatin Use thecorrect footnotecitationsundertables,stackingthefootnotes. abbreviations. Figures alsorequire legends.Legends appearfirstbelow end ofthelistabbreviations andattheend ofevery footnote. Tables sectiononpage88 > 65years 25 (100%) (n =25) PP Set b.i.d. (not: OD, BID, and TID) b . ) 100 (100%) ≤ 65years Study 003 (N =100) a , b q.d. , c , etc.)should d c a 128

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Text 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. 19. 18. (See the Note: Ifthere are onlytwoauthors(oroneauthor)forastudy, justlistthem. Ensure thatyou includetheetal.intablescitingauthorswhenthere are three ormore authors. The dataare robust. 1,200 mcg 5% to 6%,5mgto 6mg (odds ratio, 2.24[95%CI,1.36to 3.68]) CADTHSymposium. announceditsupcoming Bentley andSmith Bentley etal.(2007) Bentley etal. health care Not: [oddsratio, 2.24(95%CI,1.36to 3.68)] upcoming symposium.) The word “data” is Manufacturer andsimilarwords (“organization,” “directorate,” “staff,” etc.) Health care is spelled astwowords. Use ameasurement unitorsymbolrepeatedly beside numericvalues for Use themcgabbreviation for“microgram.” is neededintext. Use softparentheses ()astheoutsidebrackets whenmore than onetype Use etal.(withtheperiod,noitalics)to followallreferences to authors’ should not be referred to as “they,” “he,” etc. These are treated as inanimate studies intextwhenthestudyhasthree ormore authors: entities andshouldalways bewritteninthesingularandreferred to as“it.” comparisons insteadofusing itonceforarange. Punctuation (not: 1,200µg) (not: healthcare) 15

(not: Bentley 15 sectionforhowto useparentheses inmathematicalequations.) orBentley 15 (not: The data isrobust.)

(not: Bentley (2007) always (not: 5to 6%,5to 6mg) 15 ) plural. “Datum” isitssingularform. 15 15 ) (not: CADTH announcedtheir 129

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20. Check numberingstylespecificto scale,score, orothernumberingconvention. Use Romannumerals fortheseotheracceptedmedicaldesignations: Use Romannumerals withphase. Study ABCwasaphaseItrial. stage IIIcancer, scheduleIIdrug,level Itrauma, ClassIIdevice Use Arabic numerals, except inthesecases: (not: phase1trial) 130

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