DOCSLIB.ORG

Nuestra-Memoria-34.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nuestra-Memoria-34.Pdf Año XVI · Nº 34 · Diciembre de 2010 El Museo del Holocausto de Buenos Aires es miembro de la delegación argentina de la ITF* * Task Force for International Cooperation in Holocaust Education, Remembrance and Research. Grupo de Trabajo para la Cooperación Internacional en Educación, Rememoración e Investigación del Holocausto. Presidente: Dr. Mario Feferbaum Nuestra Memoria Año XVI, Nº 34, diciembre de 2010 CONSEJO EDITORIAL Directora Nuestra Memoria es una publicación Lic. Sima Milmaniene de la Fundación Memoria del Holocausto - Museo del Holocausto. Las colaboraciones Asesor de contenidos firmadas expresan la opinión de sus Prof. Abraham Zylberman autores, declinando la institución toda responsabilidad sobre los conceptos y/o Dirección Ejecutiva contenidos de los mismos. Prof. Graciela Jinich Imagen de tapa Secretaría técnica De: Adolf Eichmann. Él vivió entre Sra. Julia Juhasz nosotros. Exhibición en el Museo del Holocausto de Buenos Aires. Consejo Académico Dra. Graciela Ben Dror Concepto y diseño de tapa Dr. Mario Feferbaum Esteban Javier Rico – Grupo KPR Dr. Yossi Goldstein Prof. Avraham Milgram Diseño e impresión Dr. Daniel Rafecas Marcelo Kohan Dr. Leonardo Senkman [email protected] Dr. Arnoldo Siperman Se imprimieron 3.000 ejemplares de esta Producción edición. Lic. Claudio Gustavo Goldman ISSN: 1667-7382 Esta publicación ha sido posible gracias al aporte intelectual y económico del doctor Mario Feferbaum. En homenaje a Eliahu Toker z’l, quien con su palabra poética contribuyó a preservar la memoria del pueblo judío. Sumario 11 El plan de la “Solución Final” según nuevas tendencias historiográficas* Yossi Goldstein 27 Argentina 1930/1945: fundando una política inmigratoria hacia los judíos* Abraham Zylberman 39 Argentina y la enseñanza de la Shoá Patricio Brodsky 53 Revisión del estado de la cuestión sobre el antisemitismo en 5 ejes de debate. Algunas palabras sobre el uso del concepto de “antisemitismo” Andrés Kilstein 71 Recuerdo y resentimiento Alain Finkielkraut 79 Siguiendo el rastro de un secuestro. Escritos sobre el “caso Eichmann” cincuenta años después Raanan Rein 89 Adolf Eichmann, a cincuenta años de su captura Abraham Zylberman 95 Definición del término “genocidio” según la persona que acuñó el vocablo Ráphael Lemkin 97 La ciencia del Derecho y el advenimiento del nazismo: el perturbador ejemplo de Carl Schmitt Daniel Rafecas 125 Juan Pablo II, el pontífice amigo de los judíos Marco Gallo 135 Las relaciones entre la Santa Sede y el Estado de Israel Boris Kalnicki 147 ¿Cuánto sabía el Vaticano acerca del genocidio judío durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial? Julián Schvindlerman 155 Cruzados de la muerte. Las Einsatzgruppen y los fusilamientos masivos en el frente del Este durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial Gonzalo Díaz Díaz de Oropeza 169 Medicina nazi. Testimonio de una víctima Jaime Vándor 175 Psiquiatría, eugenesia y nazismo Daniel Navarro 195 Discusiones sobre las reacciones de los psicoanalistas a la persecución nazi y qué se puede aprender de ello Moisés Kijak 211 Los dos rostros de las palabras Arnoldo Liberman 217 Las huellas transgeneracionales de la Shoá en el psiquismo. Un transitar de generaciones Rony Cohn 227 La Bauhaus, la construcción del Tercer Reich y el Holocausto Daniel Kuryj 241 Hablan los sobrevivientes César Tiempo 247 Intelectuales recordaron al profesor doctor David Bankier z’l Nejama Schneid 251 Las mujeres y la Shoá: el caso de las auxiliares SS María Gabriela Vasquez 263 Sexo, violación y supervivencia. La mujer judía y el Holocausto Myrna Goldenberg 275 La mujer en la Shoá Sima Milmaniene 289 Perpetradores del Holocausto. Una aproximación historiográfica al estudio de los hombres comunes Adrián Viale 309 Maus. Un manifiesto contra el silencio Josefina Liendo 327 Reflexiones para posibles abordajes en la enseñanza del Holocausto en la educación argentina Verónica A. Kovacic Documentos 339 Los mil niños judíos que no pudieron ingresar a la Argentina. Repercusiones en la prensa argentina Propuesta didáctica 359 Los perpetradores del Holocausto en perspectiva histórica Marcia Inés Ras El plan de la “Solución Final” según nuevas tendencias historiográficas* Yossi Goldstein** La biblioteca de la Shoá es enorme, las investigaciones son cada vez más numerosas -sólo en Yad Vashem tenemos más de 100.000 volúmenes dedicados a la Segunda Guerra Mundial y a la Shoá-, lo que resulta casi una misión imposible el objetivo de poder abarcar todo y comprender todos sus aspectos. A nivel de la historiografía voy a hacer una breve reseña de los principales ejes, debates, ejes polémicos, cuáles son las grandes preguntas que historiadores se formularon a través del tiempo con focalización en los últimos quince o veinte años y con una ejemplificación que les voy a dar a través de historiadores importantes, incluyendo a mi maestro recien- temente fallecido, el profesor David Bankier z’l. ¿Cuáles son las grandes preguntas que nos formulamos en torno a la Shoá, o que los historiadores se formulan? La historiografía de la Shoá fue avanzando en función de tres polos importantes: uno es la investigación en los Estados Unidos, el segundo en Alemania y el tercero en Israel, especialmente desde Yad Vashem, fundado en 1953 como instituto para registrar a las víctimas de la Shoá, las páginas de testimonio y más adelante se convirtió en museo y centro educativo. El primer gran libro dedicado a la investigación de la Shoá en base a la documentación alemana disponible es sin duda el de Raul Hilberg, La destrucción de los judíos europeos, publicado en el año 1961. Raul Hilberg * Conferencia dictada en el Museo de la Shoá. Buenos Aires, 10/8/10. ** Profesor de la Universidad Hebrea de Jerusalem y Yad Vashem. 12 / Nuestra Memoria sostenía que con su libro comenzó la historiografía del Holocausto.1 En realidad hubo dos libros anteriores importantes, considerados además pro- gramáticos y pioneros, uno del historiador francés (oriundo de Rusia) León Poliakov, Breviario del odio (1951), en el cual el énfasis más importante estaba puesto en la ideología antisemita y el rol central que ocupó el anti- semitismo en la Alemania nazi, un tema recurrente que vamos a tratar más adelante. El segundo libro es de Gerald Reitlinger dedicado a la Solución Final (1953), quizás uno de los que iniciaron una escuela que estableció una línea directa desde Mein Kampf (Mi lucha), libro de cabecera de la ideología nazi antisemita, hasta el plan de “Solución Final”. Recién en el año 2005 la obra maestra de Hilberg fue traducida al espa- ñol. Hilberg falleció en el año 2007. Este libro fue traducido al hebreo poco antes de su muerte y uno de los que promovieron la traducción, como parte de sus funciones en Yad Vashem, fue justamente David Bankier. Hilberg nos legó en un libro posterior una de las grandes visiones importantes del Holocausto que es la separación entre los tres protagonistas importantes de la Shoá: los perpetradores (Alemania nazi y sus colaboradores), las vícti- mas de la Shoá y los observadores pasivos.2 Hilberg sin embargo se focalizó solamente, o fundamentalmente, en lo que sería la política nazi. Los documentos que analizó eran alemanes, des- pués vinieron otros historiadores que empezaron a analizar a los otros dos protagonistas. El tema de la voz de las víctimas es muy importante en los últimos veinte años. No era un tema acentuado en la décadas del ’50, ’60, ’70. Recién en la década del ’80 del siglo pasado surgen las voces de las víctimas como protagonistas importantes, que merecen ser investigados. En realidad, vamos a ver más adelante que la obra monumental reciente del historiador Saul Friedländer. Nacido en Praga, profesor israelí que hoy en día dicta clases en la UCLA (Universidad de California) en Los Angeles, pasando por Ginebra, el sobreviviente de la Shoá rescata la voz de las víc- timas en su última obra, que también está recientemente traducida al espa- ñol, La Alemania nazi y los judíos, en dos volúmenes: el primero publica- do en 1997, sobre los años de la persecución en la Alemania nazi del ’33 al ’39; el segundo, de 2007, los años del exterminio del ’39 al ’45. El argumento de que la voz de las víctimas como protagonistas impor- tantes en la época de la Shoá fue rescatado recientemente puede sonar 1 Hilberg, Raul. La destrucción de los judíos europeos. Madrid, Akal, 2005. Sobre Hilberg y los primeros historiadores del Holocausto, ver: Finchelstein, Federico. El canon del Holo- causto. Buenos Aires, Prometeo Libros, 2010, cap. 1, pp. 19-71. 2 Hilberg, Raul. Perpetrators, victims, bystanders. The Jewish catastrophe. 1933-1945. New York, Harper Collins, 1992. El plan de la “Solución Final” según nuevas tendencias historiográficas/ 13 paradójico, ya que en la actualidad nos parece obvio que hay que escuchar los testimonios de los sobrevivientes. No obstante, para Hilberg esta fuente no era científica ni tenía mayor importancia historiográfica por su subjeti- vidad. Investigar no sólo a los sobrevivientes, sino los diarios, las fuentes primarias del período de la Shoá, pero poniendo hincapié en las voces de las víctimas, es algo relativamente reciente. Lo notamos, por ejemplo, en las representaciones de la Shoá en el cine y los museos. El nuevo Museo de Yad Vashem, inaugurado en marzo de 2005, se basa en unos cien testi- monios de sobrevivientes de la Shoá; es decir, también Yad Vashem rescató en estos últimos años las voces de las víctimas. La investigación de los perpetradores, de la Alemania nazi, iniciada por Hilberg, se convirtió en el eje de la polémica de historiadores alemanes a partir de los años de 1960, cuando fue denominada como el “Sonderweg” (camino especial de Alemania hacia el nazismo) y tuvo su punto culmi- nante entre 1986 y 1988, con el “Historikerstreit” (debate entre historia- dores) en torno a la importancia del estudio del nazismo y el rol que debe ocupar el pasado en las miradas del presente.3 ¿En qué medida este camino se pudo dar en otro país y no en Alemania? Evidentemente existía una tendencia a acentuar la particularidad alemana.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Paul Touvier and the Crime Against Humanity'
    Paul Touvier and the Crime Against Humanity' MICHAEL E. TIGARt SUSAN C. CASEYtt ISABELLE GIORDANItM SIVAKUMAREN MARDEMOOTOOt Hi SUMMARY I. INTRODUCTION ............................................... 286 II. VICHY FRANCE: THE BACKGROUND ................................ 286 III. TOUVIER'S ROLE IN VICHY FRANCE ................................ 288 IV. THE CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY ................................. 291 A The August 1945 Charter ................................... 291 B. The French Penal Code .................................... 293 C. The Barbie Case: Too Clever by Half ........................... 294 V. THE TouviER LITIGATION ....................................... 296 A The Events SurroundingTouvier's Captureand the PretrialLegal Battle ... 296 B. Touvier's Day in Court ..................................... 299 VI. LEGAL ANALYSIS: THE STATE AGENCY DILEMMA.. ...................... 304 VII. CONCLUSION ............................................... 309 " The idea for this essay began at a discussion of the Touvier trial with Professor Tigar's students at the Facut de Droit at Aix-en-Provence, with the assistance of Professor Andr6 Baldous. Ms. Casey provided further impetus for it by her research assistance on international human rights issues, and continued with research and editorial work as the essay developed. Ms. Giordani researched French law and procedure and obtained original sources. Mr. Mardemootoo worked on further research and assisted in formulating the issues. The translations of most French materials were initially done by Professor Tigar and reviewed by Ms. Giordani and Mr. Mardemootoo. As we were working on the project, the Texas InternationalLaw Journaleditors told us of Ms. Finkelstein's article, and we decided to turn our effort into a complementary piece that drew some slightly different conclusions. if Professor of Law and holder of the Joseph D. Jamail Centennial Chair in Law, The University of Texas School of Law. J# J.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Science Fiction in Argentina: Technologies of the Text in A
    Revised Pages Science Fiction in Argentina Revised Pages DIGITALCULTUREBOOKS, an imprint of the University of Michigan Press, is dedicated to publishing work in new media studies and the emerging field of digital humanities. Revised Pages Science Fiction in Argentina Technologies of the Text in a Material Multiverse Joanna Page University of Michigan Press Ann Arbor Revised Pages Copyright © 2016 by Joanna Page Some rights reserved This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial- No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California, 94105, USA. Published in the United States of America by the University of Michigan Press Manufactured in the United States of America c Printed on acid- free paper 2019 2018 2017 2016 4 3 2 1 A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Page, Joanna, 1974– author. Title: Science fiction in Argentina : technologies of the text in a material multiverse / Joanna Page. Description: Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015044531| ISBN 9780472073108 (hardback : acid- free paper) | ISBN 9780472053100 (paperback : acid- free paper) | ISBN 9780472121878 (e- book) Subjects: LCSH: Science fiction, Argentine— History and criticism. | Literature and technology— Argentina. | Fantasy fiction, Argentine— History and criticism. | BISAC: LITERARY CRITICISM / Science Fiction & Fantasy. | LITERARY CRITICISM / Caribbean & Latin American. Classification: LCC PQ7707.S34 P34 2016 | DDC 860.9/35882— dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015044531 http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/dcbooks.13607062.0001.001 Revised Pages To my brother, who came into this world to disrupt my neat ordering of it, a talent I now admire.
    [Show full text]
  • 2021 International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust
    Glasses of those murdered at Auschwitz Birkenau Nazi German concentration and death camp (1941-1945). © Paweł Sawicki, Auschwitz Memorial 2021 INTERNATIONAL DAY OF COMMEMORATION IN MEMORY OF THE VICTIMS OF THE HOLOCAUST Programme WEDNESDAY, 27 JANUARY 2021 11:00 A.M.–1:00 P.M. EST 17:00–19:00 CET COMMEMORATION CEREMONY Ms. Melissa FLEMING Under-Secretary-General for Global Communications MASTER OF CEREMONIES Mr. António GUTERRES United Nations Secretary-General H.E. Mr. Volkan BOZKIR President of the 75th session of the United Nations General Assembly Ms. Audrey AZOULAY Director-General of UNESCO Ms. Sarah NEMTANU and Ms. Deborah NEMTANU Violinists | “Sorrow” by Béla Bartók (1945-1981), performed from the crypt of the Mémorial de la Shoah, Paris. H.E. Ms. Angela MERKEL Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany KEYNOTE SPEAKER Hon. Irwin COTLER Special Envoy on Preserving Holocaust Remembrance and Combatting Antisemitism, Canada H.E. Mr. Gilad MENASHE ERDAN Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations H.E. Mr. Richard M. MILLS, Jr. Acting Representative of the United States to the United Nations Recitation of Memorial Prayers Cantor JULIA CADRAIN, Central Synagogue in New York El Male Rachamim and Kaddish Dr. Irene BUTTER and Ms. Shireen NASSAR Holocaust Survivor and Granddaughter in conversation with Ms. Clarissa WARD CNN’s Chief International Correspondent 2 Respondents to the question, “Why do you feel that learning about the Holocaust is important, and why should future generations know about it?” Mr. Piotr CYWINSKI, Poland Mr. Mark MASEKO, Zambia Professor Debórah DWORK, United States Professor Salah AL JABERY, Iraq Professor Yehuda BAUER, Israel Ms.
    [Show full text]
  • LA RICERCA STORICA SULLA PRESENZA DEL III REICH in ARGENTINA (Pier Luigi Guiducci)
    LA RICERCA STORICA SULLA PRESENZA DEL III REICH IN ARGENTINA (Pier Luigi Guiducci) Per un non breve periodo di tempo, diversi storici hanno descritto l’interazione che avvenne tra il III Reich e l’Argentina focalizzando in prevalenza gli anni della seconda guerra mondiale, e il periodo immediatamente successivo (quando molti ex-nazisti fuggirono dall’Europa per raggiungere le terre dell’America meridionale). In realtà, la costruzione di stabili canali tra tedeschi e argentini precedette di diversi anni il 1939.1 Si tratta di una storia che è importante da ricordare. Serve infatti a spiegare la presenza di consolidate comunità tedesche, e l’organizzazione di un sistema produttivo locale, ancor oggi esistente, riconducibile a investimenti che provennero da fondi della Germania.2 La Nazi Landesgruppe Argentinien (1931) Il movimento nazista in Argentina, e a Buenos Aires in particolare, ricevette un primo sostegno dai tedeschi che operavano nelle Compagnie di navigazione ‘Hamburg-Süd’3 e ‘Hapag-Lloyd’4. Le navi di queste società salpavano dal porto di Hamburg (Amburgo). Qui, dalla metà del 1930, i membri del partito nazionalsocialista cominciarono ad attivarsi per istituire un proprio ufficio a Buenos Aires. L’obiettivo era di attivare contatti permanenti con i tedeschi che vivevano all'estero, e di raccogliere fondi per il movimento hitleriano.5 Il 7 aprile 1931 venne fondata la Nazi Landesgruppe Argentinien6. Era composta da cinquantanove membri. L’organismo costituì un gruppo estero dipendente da una sezione speciale del partito nazista (Auslandsabteilung der Reichsleitung der NSDAP7). Due mesi dopo, il capitano Rudolf Seyd condusse la Landesgruppe argentina in Germania. Quest’ultima, partecipò pure a una cerimonia che si svolse a Berlino, presso il Memoriale dei caduti della I guerra modiale8.
    [Show full text]
  • Pius XII on Trial
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Honors College 5-2014 Pius XII on Trial Katherine M. Campbell University of Maine - Main, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors Part of the Anthropology Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Campbell, Katherine M., "Pius XII on Trial" (2014). Honors College. 159. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/honors/159 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PIUS XII ON TRIAL by Katherine M. Campbell A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for a Degree with Honors (Anthropology and Political Science) The Honors College University of Maine May 2014 Advisory Committee: Henry Munson, Professor of Anthropology Alexander Grab, Professor of History Mark D. Brewer, Associate Professor of Political Science Richard J. Powell, Associate Professor of Political Science, Leadership Studies Sol Goldman, Adjunct Assistant Professor of Political Science Copyright 2014 Katherine M. Campbell Abstract: Scholars have debated Pope Pius XII’s role in the Holocaust since the 1960s. Did he do everything he could and should have done to save Jews? His critics say no because of antisemitism rooted in the traditional Catholic views. His defenders say yes and deny that he was an antisemite. In my thesis, I shall assess the arguments on both sides in terms of the available evidence. I shall focus both on what Pius XII did do and what he did not do and on the degree to which he can be held responsible for the actions of low-level clergy.
    [Show full text]
  • Die Neufassung Des § 1A Bundesversorgungsgesetz (BVG): Streichung Von Kriegsopferrenten Für NS-Täter – Schlussbericht –
    FORSCHUNGSBERICHT 472 Die Neufassung des § 1a Bundesversorgungsgesetz (BVG): Streichung von Kriegsopferrenten für NS-Täter – Schlussbericht – November 2016 ISSN 0174-4992 Die Neufassung des § 1a Bundesversorgungsgesetz (BVG): Streichung von Kriegsopferrenten für NS-Täter - Gründe für die geringe Zahl der Streichungen trotz der Vielzahl der vom Simon Wiesenthal Center übermittelten Daten - Ein Gemeinschaftsprojekt des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales und des Simon Wiesenthal Centers Schlussbericht September 2016 2 Die Neufassung des § 1a Bundesversorgungsgesetz (BVG): Streichung von Kriegsopferrenten für NS-Täter - Gründe für die geringe Zahl der Streichungen trotz der Vielzahl der vom Simon Wiesenthal Center übermittelten Daten - Ein Gemeinschaftsprojekt des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales und des Simon Wiesenthal Centers Schlussbericht Autoren: Dr. Stefan Klemp (Simon Wiesenthal Center) Martin Hölzl (Simon Wiesenthal Center) Ort: Bonn im September 2016 ISBN/ISSN: Auftraggeberschaft / Inhaltliche Verantwortung Erstellt im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales. Die Durchführung der Untersuchungen sowie die Schlussfolgerungen aus den Unter- suchungen sind von den Auftragnehmern in eigener wissenschaftlicher Verantwor- tung vorgenommen worden. Das Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales über- nimmt insbesondere keine Gewähr für die Richtigkeit, Genauigkeit und Vollständig- keit der Untersuchungen. Copyright Alle Rechte einschließlich der fotomechanischen Wiedergabe und des auszugswei- sen Nachdrucks
    [Show full text]
  • Learning from the Aftermath of the Holocaust G
    Learning From The Aftermath Of The Holocaust G. Short, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom International Journal of Historical Learning, Teaching and Research [IJHLTR], Volume 14, Number 2 – Spring/Summer 2017 Historical Association of Great Britain www.history.org.uk ISSN: 14472-9474 Abstract: In this article I seek to encourage those involved in Holocaust education in schools to engage not just with the Holocaust but also with its aftermath. I conceptualise the latter in terms of two questions; namely, what happened to those Jews who survived the Nazi onslaught and what became of the perpetrators? British researchers in the field of Holocaust education have largely ignored these questions, discovering only that many schools ignore them too. I argue that students are able to benefit in a number of ways from learning about the aftermath of the Holocaust, for the topic provides a sense of closure, allows for a more sophisticated understanding of the fate of European Jewry between 1933 and 1945 and also has the potential to promote responsible citizenship. Keywords: Citizenship, Curriculum, Holocaust Aftermath, Learning, Teaching INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL LEARNING, TEACHING AND RESEARCH Vol. 14.2 LEARNING FROM THE AFTERMATH OF THE HOLOCAUST G. Short, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom Abstract: In this article I seek to encourage those involved in Holocaust education in schools to engage not just with the Holocaust but also with its aftermath. I conceptualise the latter in terms of two questions; namely, what happened to those Jews who survived the Nazi onslaught and what became of the perpetrators? British researchers in the field of Holocaust education have largely ignored these questions, discovering only that many schools ignore them too.
    [Show full text]
  • Serge Klarsfeld
    Grand Oral Serge 1984 - 2014 1984 KLARSFELD • Écrivain, historien et avocat, président de l’Association des Fils et Filles des Déportés Juifs de France, vice- président de la Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Shoah 30 ANS DE RENCONTRES 30 DE RENCONTRES ANS en partenariat avec le Mémorial de la Shoah et la librairie Mollat « Jury » présidé par Bernadette DUBOURG, Journaliste à Sud Ouest Jeudi 4 décembre 2014 1984 - 2014 17h00 – 19h00 • Amphi Montesquieu • Sciences Po Bordeaux 330 ANS0 INTRODUCTION Les Rencontres Sciences Po/Sud Ouest ont pour vocation de faire découvrir, à l’occasion de leurs Grands Oraux, des personnalités dont le parcours et l’œuvre sont dignes d’intérêt et parfois même tout à fait exceptionnels. Avec Serge Klarsfeld nous sommes face à un engagement exceptionnel qui constitue l’œuvre d’une vie : la poursuite des criminels nazis et de leurs complices et un travail patient, fastidieux de mémoire pour reconstituer l’identité et l’itinéraire des 76 000 déportés Juifs de France. Telle est l’œuvre de cet avocat, historien qui préside l’association des Fils et Filles des Déportés Juifs de France. Cette quête de vérité l’a poussé avec sa femme, Beate, à traquer par tous les moyens d’anciens nazis comme Klaus Barbie et à dépouiller inlassablement les archives. Une vie de combat obstiné pour que soient jugés à Cologne en 1979, Kurt Lischka, Herbert Hagen , Ernst Heinrichsohn, trois des principaux responsables de la Solution finale en France, que soient inculpés les Français René Bousquet ou Jean Leguay et jugé et condamné Maurice Papon en avril 1998 pour complicité de crime contre l’humanité.
    [Show full text]
  • 180203 the Argentine Military and the Antisubversivo Genocide
    Journal: GSI; Volume 11; Issue: 2 DOI: 10.3138/gsi.11.2.03 The Argentine Military and the “Antisubversivo” Genocide DerGhougassian and Brumat The Argentine Military and the “Antisubversivo ” Genocide: The School of Americas’ Contribution to the French Counterinsurgency Model Khatchik DerGhougassian UNLa, Argentina Leiza Brumat EUI, Italy Abstract: The article analyzes role of the United States during the 1976–1983 military dictatorship and their genocidal counterinsurgency war in Argentina. We argue that Washington’s policy evolved from the initial loose support of the Ford administration to what we call “the Carter exception” in 1977—79 when the violation of Human Rights were denounced and concrete measures taken to put pressure on the military to end their repressive campaign. Human Rights, however, lost their importance on Washington’s foreign policy agenda with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 and the end of the Détente. The Argentine military briefly recuperated US support with Ronald Reagan in 1981 to soon lose it with the Malvinas War. Argentina’s defeat turned the page of the US support to military dictatorships in Latin America and marked the debut of “democracy promotion.” Keywords: Proceso, dirty war, human rights, Argentine military, French School, the School of the Americas, Carter Page 1 of 48 Journal: GSI; Volume 11; Issue: 2 DOI: 10.3138/gsi.11.2.03 Introduction: Framing the US. Role during the Proceso When an Argentine military junta seized the power on March 24, 1976 and implemented its “ plan antisubversivo ,” a supposedly counterinsurgency plan to end the political violence in the country, Henry Kissinger, the then United States’ Secretary of State of the Gerald Ford Administration, warned his Argentine colleague that the critiques for the violation of human rights would increment and it was convenient to end the “operations” before January of 1977 when Jimmy Carter, the Democratic candidate and winner of the presidential elections, would assume the power in the White House.
    [Show full text]
  • Building an Unwanted Nation: the Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nationhood, 1918-1934
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository BUILDING AN UNWANTED NATION: THE ANGLO-AMERICAN PARTNERSHIP AND AUSTRIAN PROPONENTS OF A SEPARATE NATIONHOOD, 1918-1934 Kevin Mason A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2007 Approved by: Advisor: Dr. Christopher Browning Reader: Dr. Konrad Jarausch Reader: Dr. Lloyd Kramer Reader: Dr. Michael Hunt Reader: Dr. Terence McIntosh ©2007 Kevin Mason ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Kevin Mason: Building an Unwanted Nation: The Anglo-American Partnership and Austrian Proponents of a Separate Nationhood, 1918-1934 (Under the direction of Dr. Christopher Browning) This project focuses on American and British economic, diplomatic, and cultural ties with Austria, and particularly with internal proponents of Austrian independence. Primarily through loans to build up the economy and diplomatic pressure, the United States and Great Britain helped to maintain an independent Austrian state and prevent an Anschluss or union with Germany from 1918 to 1934. In addition, this study examines the minority of Austrians who opposed an Anschluss . The three main groups of Austrians that supported independence were the Christian Social Party, monarchists, and some industries and industrialists. These Austrian nationalists cooperated with the Americans and British in sustaining an unwilling Austrian nation. Ultimately, the global depression weakened American and British capacity to practice dollar and pound diplomacy, and the popular appeal of Hitler combined with Nazi Germany’s aggression led to the realization of the Anschluss .
    [Show full text]
  • The US-Army Entering Rome on June 4Th 1944
    514 The US-Army entering Rome on June 4th 1944 “Tomorrow John Kitterer will play”: The SOE Operation Duval 515 Peter Pirker “Tomorrow John Kitterer will play” The SOE Operation Duval and the Mauthausen Survivors Josef Hemetsberger and Hans Prager1 When the US and British Armies marched into Rome on June 4, 1944 there was finally an opportunity for two deserters of the German Wehrmacht to come out of hiding respectively leave their precarious situation with the partisans behind and act openly: Josef Hemets- berger, then 23 years old, and Hans Prager, then 18 years old, went to the house of the former Austrian embassy in Rome without knowing of each other. Prager was responding to a newspaper announcement which encouraged all Austrians in Rome to take this step; Hemetsberger followed a long harboured wish to join an Austrian legion which was, ac- cording to rumours at home, led by the former Heimwehrführer (Home Guard leader) Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg and would fight for the reinstallation of an independent Austria on the sides of the Allied Forces. Both were considerably surprised when they were met by American soldiers and taken into custody. Until recently, the building in the Via Perigolesi had been the re- gional headquarters of the foreign NSDAP. Two days after the liberation of Rome the building was occupied by a group of Aus- trians, among them Bishop Hudal and the last Austrian ambassa- dor in Italy and former foreign minister in the Schuschnigg government, Egon Berger-Waldenegg. They flagged the building with the red and white Austrian flag and the banner “Es lebe das freie und alliierte Österreich” (Long live the free and allied Austria).2 At the same time rumours were spread that the Allied Forces were already Bishop Alois Hudal envisaging Berger-Waldenegg as head of a future Austrian gov- ernment.3 After a couple of days, the Allied military police cleared the building after pro- tests from left-wing and middle-class exile organisations in Great Britain and the USA and harsh criticism of the British press.
    [Show full text]
  • Criminals with Doctorates: an SS Officer in the Killing Fields of Russia
    1 Criminals with Doctorates An SS Officer in the Killing Fields of Russia, as Told by the Novelist Jonathan Littell Henry A. Lea University of Massachusetts-Amherst Lecture Delivered at the University of Vermont November 18, 2009 This is a report about the Holocaust novel The Kindly Ones which deals with events that were the subject of a war crimes trial in Nuremberg. By coincidence I was one of the courtroom interpreters at that trial; several defendants whose testimony I translated appear as major characters in Mr. Littell's novel. This is as much a personal report as an historical one. The purpose of this paper is to call attention to the murders committed by Nazi units in Russia in World War II. These crimes remain largely unknown to the general public. My reasons for combining a discussion of the actual trial with a critique of the novel are twofold: to highlight a work that, as far as I know, is the first extensive literary treatment of these events published in the West and to compare the author's account with what I witnessed at the trial. In the spring of 1947, an article in a Philadelphia newspaper reported that translators were needed at the Nuremberg Trials. I applied successfully and soon found myself in Nuremberg translating documents that were needed for the ongoing cases. After 2 passing a test for courtroom interpreters I was assigned to the so-called Einsatzgruppen Case. Einsatzgruppen is a jargon word denoting special task forces that were sent to Russia to kill Jews, Gypsies, so-called Asiatics, Communist officials and some mental patients.
    [Show full text]