The Essential Image is the Guide. By Richard Ingalls and Marjorie Ingalls

ABSTRACT. Man's oldest Cartographic Technology was a display of symbols illustrating, (A), Where you are!, (B), Where you want to go, and, (C), directions you have to follow to get there. Simply a diagram with images representing A and B, and the route you have to follow to get to C. When you ask someone directions on the street, you will often be the recipient of this type of verbal directions or a map. Old technology, but effective! When we combine this with representative and creative artwork for each attraction, print it with color vision and color science as a foundation and in a size suitable for pocket or purse, the published map is something quite different. Visitors can reach their destinations directly without trying to decipher the small print of a typical city map. Put the map on the internet, and web browsers can plan their trip, link through to hotels, restaurants, attractions, and shops, and make reservations, appointments, and purchases, before arriving at the city and before a map is actually is in their hands. The OLD TECHNOLOGY has combined with the NEW, and THE ESSENTIAL IMAGE really is the GUIDE.

When someone is in a new city. How can they go to their destination? Even if they have a technical in-scale map of the area, they will invariably have to ask someone, "Where are we located on this map?" That person will often be a hotel concierge, a person at a registration desk, a doorman, or even someone on the street. They may point out your location on a map and then point to the destination, which may be very hard to read because of the small printed detail. A person at Hertz may give some added visual instructions, "Walk down down this street three blocks until you see the Big Clock, then go left for three blocks, and you will then see the Fairmont Hotel on your left” . A map that shows the Hertz sign, the Big Clock and the Fairmont Hotel in colorful artwork can be of great help. These are the special images that become essential to finding your destination. They are the ESSENTIAL IMAGES and they are your GUIDE.

8th Ave 1 7th Ave.

6th Ave OLIVE PINE PIKE SPRING UNION SENECA 5th Ave. UNIVERSITY The

11 12 1 10 2 9 3 8 4 7 6 5 Fairmont The Hotel Big 4 th Ave. 2 Clock 3

XXII International Cartographic Conference (ICC205) A Coruna, Spain, 11-16 July 2005 Hosted by: The International Cartographic Association (ICA-ACI) ISBN: 0-958-46093-0 Produced by Global Congresos Visitors to a city will have many different agendas, interests and destinations. A map with all of the city’s highlights, attractions, fine hotels, shops, restaurants, essential landmarks and transportation features that are illustrated in artwork and in their proper location will be a very valuable tool.

Grand HUBBEL PL. 8th AVE. Hyatt SPRING ST. MADISON. UNION Town Paramount FREEWAY Citywide 165B PARK Hall Hotel Concierge Center INTERSTATE WASHINGTON

PINE ST. 7th AVE. ECA 5 N 165 OLIVE Union E S

Roosevelt Hotel Square Grill Roosevelt G Sheraton PRIN Hotel Seattle Hotel S Niketown 6th AVE. Seattle Hilton CROWNE PLAZA® Shopping Hotel SEATTLE BUS UNION ST. Hotel Crowne Plaza Vintage Park TUNNEL 5th AVE. The Fairmont Seattle Monorail Station in Olympic Hotel Westlake Red Lion Pacific Plaza Center Hotel on Fifth Hotel

WESTCOAST GRAND ON FIFTH AVENUE Foreign X Exchange Central 11 12 1 worldwide Third Level 10 2 Travelex money 9 3 8 4 4th AVE. 7 6 5 Jewels & Rare Finds Library

UNIVERSITY ST. W Seattle PIKE ST.

SENECA ST. .

T Carroll’s Northwest Hotel S Fine Pendleton

T Monaco

R Jewelry

A W

E Post Office Hotel T

S 98101 Seattle 3rd AVE.

Detail of the Central Area, SEATTLE TOURMAP 2005.

This type of map is an advertising medium that saves time for the visitor and money for the participants because directions can be given quickly . It also makes it easier for the visitor who will use this souvenir-tool while in the city. The value increases when the map is placed on a web-site with a direct link to the advertiser's web- site. The visitor can then can make reservations or business arrangements directly before going to the city.

The placement of artwork in location requires distortion and the map will not be in scale. Some minor streets may not be included. For the most part that does not seem to be a problem. Our SEATTLE TOURMAP has been published annually for forty two years. It is designed to simplify movement and to help the visitor enjoy the city! That help is what we try provide. These are our TOURMAPS, We are Tourmap Company, just a little Company! That's us, with Tiffany, our Director of Security, an Old English Sheepdog.

What can visitors do in Paris when they want to go to Notre Dame Cathedral or another famous attraction? A typical map has to be studied carefully. A map with artwork is easier to use, and a lot more fun! Just locate the Essential Images, and, with a little help from a concierge, you are on your way. An illustrated detail of the PARIS TOURMAP follows on the next page. Detail of PARIS TOURMAP with many famous landmarks.

E CH HO UE EN St Lazar AV RUE ST LAZARE BOULEVARD HAUSSMAN Charles de BOULEVARD DE FRIEDLAND Printemps Galeries Gaulle-Etoile George V BOU Lafayette LEVA HAUSSMAN A RD VE A NU Auber u E D b E e Arc de S r Triomphe Opera CH AM OPERA QUATRE Garnier PS IENS ELYS S ITAL MON CINNE TMA EES CAPA RTRE P D-O-M-SVBINVOC-S-M-MADGDALENAE O E RUE DE QUATRE SEPTMBRE ISSO ELEIN NNIER AD Opera A E V RD M • BOURSE• ULEVA E BO D

E Eglise L Bourse Place de la St Roch ’O Concorde P La Bourse Concorde E R (Stock Exchange) RUE REAUMUR Place A Vendome Hotel Poste Grand Palais

TIFFANY TOO SHAGGYWIGS TOURMAP COMPANY P.O. BOX 16253 Eglise St SEATTLE,WA 98126 USA Eustache Tuilleries Garden Bank of France YORK Les Halles Tuileries R E l´Alma UE D Invalides D E D R Palais Royal R

Alexandre III IV Quai d´Órsay Quai d´Órsay O LI VA Qu E AVE DE NEW ai d L Quai Branly Invalides Concorde U es T O uileries B Q uai A nato Arc de A le F VE ra Selfirino Carrousel Assemblee nce Q N Musee uai du

U Nationale BOULEVARD ST GERMAINEd Orsay L

I

XII I XII

II XI II XI X X ou III III

IX IX

I I IV E Hotel des IV

I

V V

VI VII I Royal II V (Palais Bourbon) VI VI vre Louvre Museum B Invalides AV E O N AVENUE RAPP U S Q Pont Neuf E Q Musee des u Chatelet D ai V U Armees oltaire Qu Tour de E Carrousel ai Megisserie L E Musee d´Orsay

Blvd DE LA TOUR MAUBOURG Jacques A T B Varenne Qu La Tour Eiffel O ai M U alaq R des Arts D u Conciergerie O ais N Place du A IS

11 12 1 10 2 Chatelet 9 3 8 4 7 6 5 Q BOULEVARD uai C Change ontí t au Musee Rodin Pont Neuf on

Quai Augustine P Cite

I XII I XII

XI XI II

X II X

Palais de III III

IX IX

IV IV

III

V VIII

V V VII Prefecture VII VI VI l´Institute de Police Odeon LATIN de France Q. M ST GERMAINE QUATRE ichel Michel BLVD DES INVALIDES BLVD Quai Tournelle

E SEVRES VILLARS D Ecole Militaire RUE

The PARIS TOURMAP illustrates the city's most famous landmarks and attractions. It is a general guide without adver- tising for the travel industry. The Railroad and Metro stations are included with all of the major streets and bridges. This map is also published in French.

Considerable time and effort are required to prepare the original artwork for these publications. Each attraction is carefully drawn and color is applied with a background of many years of preparation. Many examples can also be used in other formats, such as artistic prints. The character or “personality” of each city is expressed in our presentation. The renditions of the Basilique of Sacre Coeur in Paris and the Colosseumin Rome appear below......

SACRE COEUR, PARIS COLOSSEUM, ROME

The ROME TOURMAP and the LONDON TOURMAP are other publications that illustrate the landmarks and attractions of those cities. Rome is also published in Italian and Paris is also in French. Examples of the TOURMAPS will be available at the conference. These are intended to cover each city’s entire general area of interest. The LONDON TOURMAP was first published in 1975. The ROME TOURMAP was first published in 2004...... CARTOGRAPHY AND THE SCIENCE OF COLOR.

Another area of interest and involvement is the SCIENCE OF COLOR. Artists and map publishers use color, but it helps to understand how light and the color effect an object, how we see color, and how we perceive color images. This involves three main areas that effect our color vision.: (1),The PHYSICAL, when light illuminates an object and is seen by the eye, (2). The PHYCHOPHYSICAL, how the eye senses light and the object and then transmits the information to the brain. and, (3), The PSYCHOLOGICAL, what the brain perceives as the visual experience and the reaction tothe light and color of the object.

PHYSICAL PHYCHOPHYSICAL PSYCHOLOGICAL

All three areas effect color vision. As the color temperature and characteristics of a natural or synthetic light source changes, one will see the color of the object change. The particular and sometimes unique physical make up of each individual’s eye and brain also effects how that person sees color. Color vision is basically a perception and is unique for each individual. Color vision is also effected by age, the angle of vision, and the chemical makeup of the pigments or dyes in the viewed object. It is sometimes surprising when the phenomenon of metamerism occurs. That happens when the chemical makeup of two samples have a different chemical make-up but appear as a color match under a particular light source.

Problems regarding the viewing of color printed material have been minimized by following the standards established by international and national associations such as the CIE, AIC, GATF, and the National Bureau of Standards, etc. However, problems still exist because, in reality, few actual viewing conditions conform to these standards. A person looking at a map anywhere in the world will experience various conditions, as with the illumination, the angle of vision, various pigments and dyes, and the many variables regarding the observers. Sensitivity to these problems provide a helpful platform for the publishing of maps in color.

Considering psychology, it is generally accepted that. “It’s the color that makes you like it”. Color produces different emotions that are often symbolic. This knowledge is kept in mind when using color in our various Tourmaps. Freeways are purple, on ramps are “hot”, and appear in red. Off ramps are cool and are in blue. Contrasting colors are used to show special areas, parks, etc. The intention is to produce a souvenir tool that can easily be used without knowing the spoken language. SCIENTIFIC COLOR ORDER SYSTEMS.

Four slices of the OSA Color Space were produced by the authors of this paper in a patented method developed by the authors. They were included in the 1981 Spring edition of the Learned Society Journal, COLOR RESEARCH AND APPLICATION, (published by John Wiley & Sons). That edition was devoted to The Optical Society of America’s Uniform Color Scales. The “OSA” original color chips were first produced in early 1977 and were based on specifications developed by its Committee on Uniform Color Scales. For the production of the four slices, each individual sample was measured and matched by the authors to produce superior color fidelity. Some three thousand sets were produced and were inserted as the centerfold of that edition. One of the four slices, “J+G=O”, is illustrated below.

“Joe” One slice of The Optical Society of America’s Uniform Color Space.

Another example of the author’s involvement in the science of color is reproduced in , “MEASURING COLOUR”, a book on the subject by R.W.G. Hunt with a slice of CIELAB color space at the L*50 level. The original was produced with only measurement data available for each sample. The colors had not been actually seen until the chart was produced. A horizontal section through the CIELAB system at the L*50 level.

With this experience in mind, we delight in adding a little colorful flavor to our TOURMAPs. TOURMAP is Regestered trademark with world rights reserved.