Memoria Ladina: Heritage, Community Und Partizipation in Den Dolomiten

in den Dolomiten Partizipation Community und Heritage, Memoria Ladina: Emanuel Valentin unibz junior researcher in den Dolomiten den Dolomiten in Partizipation Community und Heritage, Memoria Ladina: Emanuel Valentin unibz junior researcher Bozen-Bolzano University Press Freie Universität Bozen www.unibz.it/universitypress Cover Design: DOC.bz / bu,press Druck: Digiprint, Bozen Gedruckt 2019 ISSN 2612-3002 ISBN 978-88-6046-151-3 E-ISBN 978-88-6046-152-0 This work–excluding the cover and the quotations–is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribuition-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Inhalt Preface ...................................................................................................................vii Dank .....................................................................................................................xi 1. Einleitung .......................................................................................................1 1.1 Heritage, Communities, Partizipation ........................................................... 2 1.2 Absicht und Forschungsfeld der Studie ........................................................ 5 2. Heritage, Communities und Partizipation ..................................................... 6 2.1 Heritage: Kurze Entwicklungsgeschichte eines Konzepts ...................................6 2.2 Heritage in der wissenschaftlichen Betrachtung ................................................19 2.3 Archive und Partizipation ....................................................................................54 2.4 Zusammenfassende Bemerkungen ...................................................................60 3. Forschungsfragen und Hypothesen ........................................................... 64 4. Das Forschungsfeld ..................................................................................... 67 4.1 Die Dolomiten: UNESCO-Weltnaturerbe ...........................................................67 4.2 Weltnaturerbe: Doch wo bleiben die Menschen? ...............................................71 4.3 Die ladinische Sprachminderheit in den Dolomiten ...........................................74 4.4 Kurze Kolonisierungsgeschichte der Ladiner ....................................................76 4.5 Die Situation der ladinischen Minderheit nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg ...............83 4.6 Gibt es eine ladinische Kultur? ...........................................................................86 4.7 Akteure der Kultur und des Kulturerbes in den Dolomiten .................................94 4.8 Zusammenfassende Überlegungen zum Forschungsfeld Dolomiten..............140 5. Methode ...................................................................................................... 142 5.1 Memovoice: Entwurf einer Methode zur partizipativen Identifizierung von Kulturerbe .........................................................................................................145 5.2 Der anthropologische Ansatz ...........................................................................149 5.3 Zwischen traditioneller und indigener Anthropologie: Reflexionen zu meiner eigenen Position als Forscher im Feld .....................................................................151 5.4 Einige Bemerkungen zur Forschungsethik ......................................................156 v 6. Memoria Ladina im Gadertal: Ein Pilotprojekt ......................................... 158 6.1 Die Eingrenzung des Forschungsfeldes ..........................................................158 6.2 Die institutionelle Einbindung ...........................................................................161 6.3 InfoEvents: Kommunikation des Projektes und Rekrutierung von Projektteilnehmern ............................................................................................164 6.4 CollectionEvents: Durchführung von Sammlungsaktionen .............................166 6.5 Restitution .........................................................................................................169 7. Ergebnisse .................................................................................................. 173 7.1 Ist partizipative Identifikation und Dokumentation von Kulturerbe möglich? .......................................................................................... 174 7.2 Kann eine Auseinandersetzung mit Kulturerbe ohne Experten erfolgen? ......178 7.3 Lässt sich Kulturerbe durch Partizipation nachhaltig managen? .....................182 8. Schlusswort .............................................................................................184 Literaturverzeichnis ...........................................................................................187 Der Autor .............................................................................................................215 vi Preface It is with great pleasure that I write these prefatory words for the publica- tion of Emanuel Valentin’s original thesis on participatory cultural heritage among South Tyrol’s Ladin minority. The research Valentin expounds here offers an innovative application of his background in anthropology to is- sues of sustainable and democratic community development, as promoted through the social-pedagogical track in the PhD programme at the Faculty of Education at the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano. As a number of scholars have noted, in today’s increasingly globally interconnected world, the definition and celebration of local identities takes shape in and through a people’s self-conscious relationship to their cultural heritage. Heritage thus becomes identified, recognized, rediscovered, reinvented, revitalized and celebrated – but not without conflict on the part of the different actors involved: one group’s “heritage” might be another group’s “backwardness”, one group’s claim to a uniqueness justified by reference to their cultural heritage might well be contested by another group who says they share that very feature. As anthropologists such as Michael Herzfeld, Bernardino Palumbo and Daniel Fabre have pointed out, the process of heritage-making deserves our critical attention, and it has to be seen as being encapsulated and channeled through multiple institutional actors situated on different levels of the field who estab- lish the rules of the heritage game, so to speak. On the global level, most nota- bly, this means UNESCO: the United Nations agency that has the paramount authority to designate what can and should be recognized as heritage. Items of tangible and intangible cultural heritage therefore take on a second life, as representations not only of the insider groups that claim to brandish them as identity markers, but also those outsiders who either acknowledge them or reject them as unworthy, especially those outsiders who are in a relation of power to the insider groups. It is against this backdrop in the academic studies that Valentin sit- uates his conception of a participatory approach to identifying a group’s vii cultural heritage. In the first part of his work, he develops a theoretical ap- paratus that details the changing conceptions of cultural heritage within the scientific community and its pragmatic articulations by key institutional actors like UNESCO. Here, Valentin reviews the very rich and extensive liter- ature inspired by cultural anthropology in the French, Italian, English, and German-speaking traditions. Offering a critical, deconstructive perspective, he indicates the epistemological and ethical deficiencies of the dominant – al- beit often well-intentioned – conceptions of cultural heritage. In particular, Valentin points to the top-down and reifying character of heritage discourse, to the problem of collective identities, and to the often questionable relations of power that involve local populations as heritage bearers vis-à-vis the ex- perts and institutional agents who have commonly assumed the authority to define and valorize cultural heritage. In this sense, in its 2003 Convention, UNESCO itself has promoted a perspective that empowers community participation in numerous aspects of cultural heritage definition and manage- ment. Even so, as Valentin notes, the very concepts of community and participation cannot be taken for granted and are not easily operationalized into practice; he therefore subjects them to critical reflection as well. Having established this critical perspective, Valentin devotes specific attention to the question of inventories and archives of cultural heritage items. He traces the historical development of archives and the transformation of their relation to group memory; he presents a number of international compari- sons in order to grasp the degree of variation in how the notion of community participation is interpreted in different contexts of cultural heritage inventories. The theoretical basis laid down in in the first part of this volume informs his research questions, which regard the potential for community-participatory and sustainable approaches in cultural heritage, with a final aim of pro- moting a democratization of heritage-making processes. One of the strengths of this work is precisely its attempt to respond to the deep theoretical critique of cultural heritage that has been elaborated in the scientific community – certainly a necessary critique, but one that nonetheless risks leaving practi- tioners in a state of paralysis. viii The empirical portion of the study presents Valentin’s proposal

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