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Studying Ethnicity Geographically GEOG 247 Cultural Geography Ethnic geography is the study of the spatial The Geographies aspects of ethnicity. of Cultural geographers: identify ethnic regions Race and Ethnicity study ethnic diffusion and interaction delve into the relationship between people and Part 2 their environment (ecology) and Prof. Anthony Grande Lecture design, content and differentiate ethnic landscapes. Hunter College‐CUNY presentation ©AFG 0616. Individual images and ©AFG 2016 illustrations may be subject to prior copyright.
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Ethnic Regions Tribal “Homelands” in the Republic of South Africa Textbook asks: Are ethnic groups always minorities? Can a majority group form an ethnic region?
Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black “homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of 4 apartheid.
Homelands Ethnic Regions in Yugoslavia The Balkans in 1914 The Balkans in 1994
Yugoslavia was established after WW I to make the small Balkan countries more powerful as a unit. It officially recognized six of its member states (or “republics”) as homelands. In the late 1980s separatist movements developed in each of the homelands and Yugoslavia split into separate units.
The unification of a homeland for the Kurds (creation of Kurdistan) was prevent- ed after WW I by European powers who drew political borders through the area, to lessen the power of a unified people.
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Ethnic Homelands North America is composed Homeland of the and Ethnic Islands of native populations (ethnic homelands) and immigrant Cherokee Indian Nation of North America populations who established themselves in certain areas (ethnic islands). They exist is various states of vitality.
A moribund ethnic homeland is one that was once thriving but now in decline or is a remnant (relic) area. (How can we tell someone else was once there?)
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Ethnic Islands in Wisconsin Ethnic Islands
Ethnic Islands: Small ethnic areas in the countryside; sometimes called “folk islands.”
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Local Ethnic Regions Chicago’s Ethnic Neighborhoods Ethnic Neighborhood A voluntary urban community where people of like-origin reside by choice. Ghetto An area of a city where an ethnic group lives either by choice, lack of a better opportunity, or mandate. Ethnoburb A area outside of a city (suburban ethnic neighborhood) that becomes home to an immigrant population; usually wealthier immigrants. Fig. 7-5: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city. 12
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Los Angeles Chinatown Ethnoburb Alhambra, CA (W of Los Angeles) Present-day ethnic urban region with an ethnic landscape.
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Jewish Venetian Ghetto Cultural Diffusion and Ethnicity 16th Century Migration: the large scale movement of people between different regions. Most migration of ethnic groups falls under the definition of relocation migration. Chain Migration The tendency of people to migrate over a period of time from specific source areas to specific destinations. (Dominicans and Upper Manhattan.) Involuntary (forced) Migration Note the word “nuovo” on the map, The forced displacement of a population, whether by an indication of ghetto expansion. government policy, warfare, or other violence, ethnic cleansing, disease, natural disaster or enslavement. (Darfur region of the Sudan; fleeing warfare in Syria)
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Pattern of African American Cultural Diffusion and Ethnicity Migration in the U.S. Ethnic Cleansing Return Migration The removal of an unwant- Ethnic diffusion that ed minority population from involves the voluntary a nation-state through movement of a group harassment, mass killing, of migrants back to its deportation, or imprison- ancestral or native ment. (Jews in Nazi Germany; country or homeland. Rwandan genocide) (African-American return to areas in the South)
Now there is a return migration to the South. Fig. 7-8: Twentieth-century African American migration within the U.S. 17 consisted mainly of migration from the rural south to cities of the 18 Northeast, Midwest, and West.
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Cultural Diffusion and Ethnicity Ethnic Ecology
Cultural simplification Cultural Pre-adaptation Cultural Mal-adaptation The process by which immigrant ethnic groups lose The adaptive traits and Poor or inadequate adap- aspects of their traditional culture in the process of skills possessed by a group tation that occurs when a group pursues an adap- settling in a different area, creating a new culture in advance of migration, tive strategy that fails to that is less complex than the old. giving the group survival ability and competitive provide the necessities of But languages and dialects, traditional food flavorings, advantage in occupying life or destroys the envir- and modernized religious services offer good examples onment that nourishes it. of the preservation of the archaic. the new environment. . Scandinavians in Wisconsin . Tried to plant homeland crops in new environment . Cubans in South Florida (Bantu in southern Africa) . Used improper techniques (British in tropical Africa)
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Caucasus People developed Cultural Ecology: techniques to deal Ethnic Ecology with water and Hillside Farming in Asia steep slopes.
Diversity within a small area because of rug- ged physical geography (iso- Remember the lated regions). languages map of this region!
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Ethnic Cultural Interaction Ethnic Cultural Interaction Ethnicity interacts with . Immigrant groups bring their Ethnicity interacts with: types of employment: trades with them to a new . Certain groups have location or engage in . Religion: religion tenets and belief systems will activities that are skill- influence how people will relate to others tended to excel in employment/labor based. . Health: attributes affecting health as diet, seeking niches; can be ecology . Stereotypes may develop medical attention, vaccinations, smoking, personal related or a history of as Korean grocers, Chinese hygiene, body mutilations, etc. vary with culture working with a skill set. launderers, Italian cooks, Kenyan long-distance runners, . Business activity: how business is done; the way . Opposite occurs when Irish police officers, Jewish items are bought and sold: post prices/barter for best deal groups whose skill sets merchants, Dominican cannot be utilized in new baseball players, Native location are employed in American construction low wage and menial workers, German brewers. jobs.
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Religion and Neighborhood Ethnic Businesses Landscapes Ethnic flag: A readily visible marker of ethnicity on the landscape.
Influence of Dutch Reformed Church prevents stores from opening on Sundays even if permitted by law.
http://www1.cuny.edu/portal_ur/content 25 /nationofimmigrants/gallery.php 26
Spices of India Ethnic Landscapes: Cuisine Ethnic Landscapes: Cuisine
Culinary Landscape: “Tell me what you eat and I’ll tell you Cuisine can be an indication of a dominant who you are.” “Food is a sensitive indicator of identity .” TOP 10 group or the local influence of tasty food Chinese TOP 20 Mexican Mexican provided by an enterprising person. Italian Italian CUISINE: style or method of cooking, esp. as character- Japanese Indian http://blogs.voanews.com/all-about- Greek Cajun istic of a particular country, region, or establishment. French Soul/BBQ america/2015/05/18/top-10-most-popular- Thai Thai Characterized by distinctive ingredients, techniques, ethnic-cuisines-in-us/ Spanish Greek Indian Chinese traditions and dishes (combinations and presentation) usually http://www.herinterest.com/types-of-cuisine/ Mediterranean Lebanese associated with a specific culture or geographic region. Japanese – What’s the next big thing in ethnic food? American Moroccan Hearth cuisine was influenced by availability of local Moroccan, Korean, Southeast Asian, Cuban, Mediterranean French ingredients and traditions. Vietnamese, and Peruvian foods are growing Spanish German Religious food laws (e.g., Hindu/Islamic/Jewish) can have a in popularity. Korean Vietnamese strong influence on the dishes and their preparation. Turkish Caribbean Food presentation and eating methods (including utensils) are part of this. 27 28
Food Preferred Food Types by State Associations
The map below does not show the most popular cuisine in each state, but rather which food outperforms others in the state as compar- ed to the national average.
http://www.businessinsider.com/the-best-thing-to-eat-in-every-us-state-2015- 10/#colorado-feast-on-some-light-crispy-and-protein-rich-rocky-mountain- 29 oysters-also-known-as-prairie-oysters--aka-fried-bull-calf-testicles-6 30
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Ethnic Landscapes: How can you tell? Ethnic Landscapes: Engineering Where is it?
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Urban Ethnic Landscapes: Great Engineers or Alien Culture? Greek Area in Astoria, Queens
How else! What are the hints?
Terry G. Jordan-Bychkov
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Urban Ethnic Landscapes: Religious Ethnic San Diego Mural Landscape Symbols
Terry G. Jordan-Bychkov 35 36
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