Index

A inequality, 1503 Abangan, 795, 802 injustice, 1503 Abkhazia, 154 institutional reform, 1504 Aboriginal authors, see Indigenous scholars laws/legislation, 1505 Aboriginality legal instruments, 1510 complexity of, 1000 minorities, 1506 concepts of, 995 polity participation, 1507 definition of, 996 preferences, 1502 and ethnicity, 997 procedural rectification, 1507 as fluid concept, 997–998 redistribution, 1502 idea of, 994 riots, 1504 political movement, 1005 societies, 1507 Aboriginal land title, 726 South Africa, 1509 Abuse of human rights, 852 success and failure, 1505 Academic dis-identification, 1412 symbolic goods, 1508 Accommodation, 113 zero-sum contest, 1504 Accommodative constitutional designs, 112 Africans, 660, 663, 665 Acculturation, 844, 1192, 1193, 1197 organic exporting, 1429 Aceh, 968 Afrikaans films, 1981, 1988 highlands, 1958 Afrikaner audiences, 1988 Acehnese choreographers, 1958 Afrikaner cultural nationalism, 1988 Acehnese Freedom movement, 1961 Afro-Amerindian, 1599 Adat, 794, 1453, 1454, 1456, 1458–1461 Afro-Mauritians, 1789 Adventures of a Child of War, 420 Aganuu, 1239 Affective tie, 1225 Agency, 1225 Affirmative action, 21–23 Age of migration, 1814 Ali baba practice, 1510 Agricultural production, 1016 benefits, 1509 Ahle Sunnah wal Jamaah, 830 black community, 1508 Ahmadi/Qadiani, 833, 834 culture and value, 1502 Ahmadiyah, 830 demand, 1504 Aiga (family), 1225 discrimination, 1503, 1506 Alataw Pass, 1025 education, 1507 Alawite community, 134 eligibility in US, 1510 Aliansi Kemanusiaan Indonesia untuk equality and justice, 1502 Myanmar (AKIM), 1902, 1903 group eligibility, 1508 Alii (sacred chief) titles, 1237 identity symbols, 1505 Ali, Moulvi Ameer, 830, 833 incidence, 1503 Ali, Muhammad, 828 individualism and merit, 1505 Aliran, 795

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 2015 S. Ratuva (ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2898-5 2016 Index

Alliance Party, 259 Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA), Allochthon, 2000 1882–1883 All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen Argentina, 851, 858 (AIMIM), 1879 Aristotle, 68 Al Murabitoun Battalion, 762 Arkatia (recruiting agent), 1802, 1806 Al Shabab, 760 Armenian genocide, 1548 Ambon, 1452, 1457 Art museums, 1943 Amelioration policy, 1757 Aruba, 1605 American Civil Rights Movement, 393 Aryans, 485 American Civil War, 393 ASEAN Amerindian Land Commission, 1354 charter, 1894, 1897 Anachronistic equality, 943–944 and Myanmar, 1893 Anak Lagu Penutup, 1971 regionalism, 1893 Ancestor worship, 1790 response, 1900–1902 Ancestral culture, 1784 summits, 1895 ANC government, 1991 way, 1892, 1893 Ancien régime, 1650 ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission Animist-Hindu-Buddhist associations, 1965 on Human Rights (AICHR), 1893, Anjuman Sunnatul Jamaat Association 1897, 1898 (ASJA), 842 Asian Americans, 1484 Ankle bracelets and electronic monitoring, academic success, 1484 1345 admissions discrimination charges, Ansar al-Din, 765 1485–1488 Ansar al-Din Front, 762 discrimination complaints, admissions, Ansari, Maulana, 831 1493 Anthropology, 1447, 1449, 1450, 1461 Harris’ framework, 1493 Anti-capitalism, 1035 Harvard’s holistic approach, 1491 Anti-Fur policy, 663 race conscious admissions, 1486–1487 Anti-immigration policies, 1834 Asian Casino Economy, 1319–1321 Antipodes, 1271 Asian Civilizations Museum, 1950 Anti-racist struggles, 392–393 Asian Development Bank (ADB), 1228 Anti-Semitism, 389, 393 Asia, political subjectivity and LGBTIQ rights Anti-Tamil pogrom, 640 in, see Lesbian, gay, bisexual, Aotearoa/New Zealand, 870, 877, 1266–1280, transgender, intersex and queer 1283, 1285, 1366 (LGBTIQ) Apartheid, 79–83, 86–89 Aspinall, Edward, 1961 Apartheid Museum, 1950 Assam Apartheid state, 464 Bodo community, 1530 African identity, 474–475 community’s political representation, Afrikaner identity, 470–474 1529–1530 colonial era, 464–466 elections and voting, 1528 coloured identity, 475–476 Garo community, 1530 Indian identity, 476–477 grievance redressal, 1531–1533 mining and criminalisation of race, 467–468 Assimilation, 17–18, 844 non-racialism, 478–480 Assimilationist perspective, 1168 Apprenticeship system, 1773 Assimilationist policies, 1172 Arab(s), 660, 663–666 Association of Southeast Asian Nations Arab-African dichotomy, 660, 661 (ASEAN), 1314 Arab-Fur war, 663 Ästerxan (Astrakhan) Khanate, 320 Arab-Islamic project, 658 Asylum, 1836 Arab Spring, 132, 133, 135, 139, 140 Asylum seekers, 1692 Arab world, 132, 133, 135, 140 Atarashii Rekishi o Tsukurukai, 1477 Arakan/Rakhine region, 1578, 1881–1882 Atithi Devo Bhavh, 1885 Index 2017

Atoalii, 1239 Big Man politics, 275 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 886, 894 Big-tent’ policy, 668 Atrocities, 387, 1587 Big Three, 1488, 1490 Audiences, 399, 400, 403, 405–406, 408–410 Bikini Atoll, 886, 887, 891, 899 Audit model, 1437, 1438 Bipolar partisan order, 813 Aussiedler, 1674 Black community, 1508 Australia, 887, 888, 891, 895, 1085, 1086 Black consciousness, 479 Austria, 350, 352 Black film industry, 1984, 1985, 1991 challenges to official recognition regime, Blackness, 1978 1868–1870 Black Panther party, 1216 and Germany, 1854–1855 Black people in Europe, 524–527 Islamic faith community, 1864 ethinc differences, 517–522 legacy of Habsburg empire in, 1862–1863 languages, 519 Republic of, 1860–1862 racial similarities, 522–524 Authoritarian rule, 1357 religion and faith communities, 520 Authority, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73 Black peril, 433–436 Authority-focused demands, 159 Bluefields, 1594 Autonomy, 284, 285, 287–289, 291, 294–297, Body snatchers, 1048–1056 852, 858, 860, 863, 968, 1606 Bokayo, 422 Boko Haram, 767 Bolivia, 851, 856, 857, 859, 861 B Bonjol, Tuanku Imam, 792 Baitkas, 1783 Bonnett, J., 68 Bali Democracy Forum (BDF), 1897 Borders, 1248, 1254 Bali process and Indonesian leadership, enforcement, 1343 1897–1900 internal, 1255 Bangladesh, 55, 1576 Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar and the Improvements Executive Order, 1340 China-Pakistan Economic Corridors, Bosnia, 1546 1025 Bosnia-Herzegovina Bantu Investment Corporation (BIC), 1983 ethnicized history of, 597–601 Bantustan, 469, 473, 479, 1984 ethnic nationalism, affect and descent into Barefoot in Fire: A World War II war, 545–549 Childhood, 420 fragmented political elites of, 605–609 Barthes, Roland, 66 power-sharing institutions, 601–605 Basilone, John, 1213 non-war in, 549–552 Batırşa, 321 Bosnian political system, 604 Battle of Karbala, 1964 Bosnian public discourse, 550 Batu, 318 Bosnian War, 540, 549, 553 Bau, 248, 250, 253, 261 Bradford, 448, 449, 452 Beche-de-mer, 248 Brain-waste, 1736 Beijing University, 1020 Branding culture, 1959–1962 Belief in a common descent, 43 Bravo operation, 886, 899 Belmokhtar, Mokhtar, 758 Bravo test, 886, 888, 892, 895, 896, 899 Belonging, 80–82, 89, 1252, 1255 Brazil, 853, 859 Belt and Road, 1012 Britannia, 1277, 1278 Berk, F., 65 British, 1581 Bersiap, 793–794 colonial rule, 658 Best Loser System (BLS), 1788 indirect rule, 254 Bhojpuri belt, 1712 British Abolition of Slavery Act in 1833, 1768 Biculturalism British East India Company, 1273, 1276 inequalities and neoliberalism, 874–875 British Indentured Labor system, 1768–1771 in social policy, 878–880 British Land Tenure and Tax laws, 1771 2018 Index

British National Party (BNP), 449 Chile, 851, 852, 856, 858, 861 British nuclear testing, 896 China and the Indo-China Peninsula, 1024 British Rāj, 1295 China-Central Asia, 1024 Brixton, 1656 China-Europe trains, 1025 Brussels, 1846 China-Mongolia-Russia, 1024 B-Scheme film subsidy, 1982 China Railway Construction Heavy Industry Buchanan, 1581 company, 1025 Budi Utomo, 793 China’s ethnic policy, 307 Building trust, 1570 China’s land bridge to Asia, 1024 Burma, 1576 China’s State Grid Corporation, 1021 Burnham, Forbes, 1354, 1357 China’s territorial integrity, 1026 Burnley, 448, 449, 451 Chinese, 1335 Burns, Creighton, 260 colonialism, 1019 emigration, four patterns of, 1168 employees, 1326 Exclusion Act, 1173 C immigrants, 1354 Cabo de la Vela, 1596, 1598 indentureship, 1801 Cakobau, Ratu Seru, 248 migrants, 1773 Cakobau government, 248 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 295, 1013 Calcutta, 1799, 1802, 1803, 1805, 1806 Chinese Islamic Association, 289 Calder, Alexander, 792, 805 Chinese language Internet, 1019 Caliphate State, 768 Chinese Nationalism, 1018, 1019 Calvi, G., 69 Chineseness, 1170 Campanilismo, 1204, 1206–1208, 1212 historical identity of, 1177 Candidate-centric elections, 743 loss of, 1178 Capital accumulation, 1224 in multicultural societies, 1179 Capital acquisition, 1735 Chinese People’s Political Consultative Capital investment, 1012 Conference (CPPCC), 98 Capitalism, 1035, 1041, 1044, 1052, 1053, Chongqing, 1023 1055, 1056, 1058, 1059, 1228, 1770 Christian, 1838 Caribbean Christianity, 1228, 1452, 1454, 1458 estates, 1719–1725 Christian missionaries, 251 plantation, 1713–1719 Christmas (Kiritimati) Island, 887, 892, 898, Indian indentured labourers in, 1711–1726 900, 901 Carr, E.H., 67, 68, 70 Ciarrocchi, Giuseppe, 1215 Casino, 1314–1328 Citizenship, 79, 80, 89, 1249, 1252, 1254, Caste laws, 1781 1678, 1995 Catholics, 1779 Amendment Act of 2005, 238 Cayman Islands, 1605 Chinese, 1171 Census, 1267, 1272, 1283–1306 Indonesian, 1171 2010 census, 1015 Citizenship policy index (CPI), 1855 Center-periphery dynamics, 657–659 Civic identity, 150 Central African Republic, 625 Civic nationalism, 9 Central Americans, 1336 Civic nationhood, 121 Central Asia, 1021 Civic virtue, 277 Centralized planning policy, 1562 Civil conflict, 1960 Chain immigration, 1176 Civil Rights Act, 391 Chain migration, 1206 Civil war, 134, 140, 142–144, 657–659, Chen Quanguo, 1017 663–666, 671 Chiefly system, 249 in Colombia, 1594 Chiefs, 248, 258, 260, 262 Clash of civilizations, 174 Children’s literature, 417, 418, 421, 424, 425 Classification, 78, 79, 83, 86–89 Index 2019

Class struggle, 1058 Communal elections, 1355 Climate change humanitarian visa, 1691, 1697 Communalism, 6 Clinton, Bill, 1218 Communal violence, 1452–1454 Coalition-building, 736, 737, 739 Communication, 42, 44, 45 Coal pollution, 1022 Communism, 1035, 1036, 1046, 1055, Coal production and power generation, 1021 1056, 1058 Coal reserves, 1021 transition from, 322–327 Coal to gas and gasoline, 1022 Community, 80–82 Co-ethnics, 1681, 1782 cohesion, 448, 457–460 Cohen classification, 1151–1154, 1161 participation, 1373 Cold War, 1541 peace building, 1454, 1459 Collective action, 172 policing, 1660 Collective approach, 1375 sponsorship category, 1695 Collective identity, 1158, 1450, 1460 Community-based conflict resolution Collective memory, 1151, 1152, 1161 service, 588 comfort women, 1157 Comparative advantage, 1231, 1234, 1242, Halbwachs, Maurice, 1156 1243 needs, 1157 Competition of suffering, 1663 public and social commemoration, 1157 Competitive edge, 1242 social identity, 1158–1159 Complex inequalities, 1314–1318 Collectivism, 1929 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), 658, Colonial administration, 1773 667–669 Colonial discourse, 1131, 1132, 1134, 1136, Compulsory education, 1702 1139, 1140 Conard, Robert, 892, 893 Colonialism, 80, 86, 200, 202, 385, 387, 389, Concertación, 852, 856, 857 393, 464, 916, 920, 921, 1228, 1354 Concertación de Partidos por la Colonial period, 994, 998, 1004, 1006 Democracia, 852 Colonial powers, 133, 1452, 1453 Conflict, 596, 600, 609 Colonial Secretary Office, 255 analysis model, 624 Colonisation, 431, 1648 complexity, 671 Color-blindness, 111 interlinkages, 657 Colourblind ideology management, 617, 688, 968, 969, 971 challenge, 500 in Northern Ireland (see Northern Ireland) diversity and, 501 resolution, 617, 624, 811, 1570 white supremacy, 507 transformation, 617 Columbus Day, 1213 Conflict-ridden Mindanao, 981–987 Combat stereotypes, 410, 411 Congolese migrant Comedy, 484, 496 education and understanding of manhood, Comfort women, 1155, 1157, 1159 1123–1124 2012 Commission’s draft constitution, 120 Manhood and migration, 1125 Committee on Migrant Workers (CMW), 1824 work and manhood, 1124 Commodification of culture, 51–54 Congress of Peoples (COP), 815 Common nationhood, 1789 Consociational, 332 Common roll, 258 arrangement, 602 Communal boundaries, 8 democracy, 162, 626 Communal conflict, 657, 665, 666, 668, 677 Consociationalism, 14 active, 678 Constitution, 736 boundaries and local authority, 686–687 1966 Constitution, 260 cattle raids, 683–685 1970 Constitution, 116 in Darfur, 661–663 1990 Constitution, 116 devolution, 689–691 1997 Constitution, 117 electoral politics, 680–683 2013 Constitution, 110 natural resources, 685–686 democracy, 110 2020 Index

Constitution (cont.) Crypto Jews, 1598 engineering, 160 Cubagua, 1596 making, 110 Cuban Chinese, 1801, 1807 reform, 110, 119 Cukong, 800 Constitutional Review Committee (CRC), 117 Cultural awareness, 1663 Consultas, 857, 860 Cultural capital, 1790 Consultations, 852, 855, 857, 858, 861, 1661 Cultural conservatism, 1181 Contemporary conflicts, 614 Cultural days, 1947 Contestation, 804 Cultural distinctiveness, 2006 Contra War, 1594 in Netherlands, 2007–2009 Convention on Refugee of 1951, 1887 perspectives on, 2005–2007 Cook, James, 1270, 1273, 1276 Cultural hegemony, 786 Cook Islands, 223, 235, 237 Cultural hybridization, 39 Cook Islands Party, 231 Cultural identity, 597, 887, 890, 891, 897, 902 geography, 228–229 Culturalization, 1994 history, 231–234 Cultural keystone species, 1924 politics, 230–231 Cultural law, 70 population, 230 Cultural markers, 54 Coolies, 1175 Cultural memory, 1197 Cooperative republic, 1356 Cultural nationalism, 333, 1473 Co-optations, 277 Afrikaner, 1988 Copenhagen Criteria, 369 Afrikaner identity and, 1990 Corruption, 1243 Cultural pluralist model, 1787 Cosmopolitanism, 213–214, 372, 377 Cultural regulation, 72 Cosmopolitan workplace, 1315, 1317 Cultural Revolution, 1810 Counterinsurgency, 659, 665 Cultural socialization and ethnic consciousness Counter-stereotyping, 407, 410 development, 57–59 Coup, 118 neoliberal globalization, 51–54 Coup attempt, 670 social media, 59–61 Cox’s Bazar, 1892 tourism, 54–57 Creative Cultural symbols, 36, 39, 45 class, 1740 Cultural traits, 1314 nationalism, 277 Cultural turn, 1447 Creepiness, 1052, 1053 Cultural wounding, 716 Creolization, 832 and ethnicity, 718–720 Crime, 400–403, 406 healing, 727–730 Crime of crimes, 1539–1551 violence and ethnic conflict, 720–722 Criminal, 400, 401 Yanyuwa families, land rights, 722–727 Criminalization Culture, 82, 83, 86, 89, 1082, 1084, 1086, 1087, definition, 1337 1089, 1091–1093, 1096, 1097, post-civil rights, 1337 1447–1454, 1456, 1457, 1459–1461 pre-civil rights, 1337 of migration, 1675 of race, 1648 Curacao, 1599, 1600 Crimmigration Customary law, 1451, 1452, 1459 after 9/11, 1339 definition, 1337, 1338 D Crisis equilibrium, 1558, 1560 Daesh and Salafist discourse, 757, 759–761, Critical discourse analysis, 1830 765, 768 Critical Race Theory (CRT), 492 Darfur, 657 Cronyism, 799, 800 communal conflicts in, 661–663 Cross-cutting cleavages, 598 communal conflicts to civil war and ethnic Cross-ethnic alliances, 741 cleansing, 663–666 Cross-ethnic coalitions, 736, 737, 741, 742, 752 land and identity in, 660 Index 2021

Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA), 665, 671 comfort women, 1155 Darién, 1602 deterritorialization, 1153 Darul Islam, 802 ethnic identity, 1153 Database expansion, 1344 ethnonationalistic group, 1155 Dayton Peace Agreement, 601 imagined community, 1152 De Horatiis, Joseph, 1215 Indian diaspora, 1161–1164 Deadly force, 1655 role of ethnic memory (see Ethnic memory) Decentralization, 805, 1455 Safran classification, 1151, 1152, 1154 despotism, 274, 277 transnationalism, 1154, 1155 Decision making, 1376 Yaqona and ethno-cultural identity in, 1931 Decolonial turn, 862, 863 Diet, 1192, 1193, 1199 Decolonization, 259, 484 Diligent, 1314 Deep ethnic division, 811, 814, 815 Diouf, S., 827 De-ethnicization, 20–22, 119 Direct air links between Xinjiang and Western of politics, 114 European cities, 1025 Deliberative democratic political theory, 1431 Discourses, 543, 544 Democracy Discrimination, 942, 949, 956, 958, 1694, building activities, 163 1701, 2002 consolidation, 110 assimilation, 800 and representation, 1518–1521 laws, 79, 82 Democratic Labor Party (DLP), 813 Disidentification, 1416–1418 Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), 614, Disintegration of national economy, 1561 616, 619–622 Disproportionate force, 1013 Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 338–343 Dissident sub-nationalism, 274 Democratization, 1663 Distribution sits, 1507 Demography, 1266, 1267, 1284, 1301, 1302, Distributive justice, 213, 214, 216 1306 District Peace Committees, 688 Demonisation, 1651 Diversity, 1649 Deng Xiaoping government, 1012 ideology, 502, 506 Department of Justice (DOJ), 1342 Divide and rule, 115 Depoliticisation, 1083 Divided societies, 110, 112, 118 of Tibetan ethnicity, 307–309 Divided state, 811, 815 Deportability Divisive racial campaign, 821 concepts of, 1251 Domestic labour, 69 of migrants, 1248 Domestic laws, 1818 threat, 1257 Domestic print and on-line media Deportation, 1251 sources, 1027 continuum, 1346 Double-consciousness, 1053 regime, 1346 Driving while black, 1654 Deservingness, 1258, 1260 Drug war, 1605 Deterritorialization, 1169 Dual frame of reference, 1738 imagined communities, 1153 Dual identity, 45, 1198 Development, 853 Dusky maiden, 1913 projects, 858, 861 Dutch East India Company, 799 Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia, 804 Dutch East Indies, 793 Diachronic discourse analysis, 544 Dutch Ethical Policy, 793 Dialect groups, 1170 Dwifungsi, 797 Dialectical materialism, 1038 Diaspora groups, 1079–1085, 1186–1188, E 1191, 1194, 1196–1199, 1242 Earliest arrival, 1267, 1269, 1270 assimilationism, 1153 Eastern Fiji, 248 Cohen classification, 1151, 1152, 1154 Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), collective memory, 1151 1815 2022 Index

Economy, 1243 Ethnic, 31, 33–35, 38–43, 45 cost, 1695 Afrikaans-language films, 1981 factors, 1706 Afrikaner nationhood, 1980 obstacles, 1819 Bantustan ideology, 1983 power, 1787 bipolarity, 1361 reforms, 1560 blindness, 111, 112, 121–123 Education, 83, 84, 87, 443, 484, 486, 491, 931, characteristics, 44 932, 934, 938, 939, 941–946, 951, 953, consciousness (see Cultural socialization 954, 957, 958, 1256, 1417, 1418, 1702 and ethnic consciousness) and housing projects, 1014 defensiveness, 1210 and institutions, 1017 discontent, 1017 stereotypes, 491–493 distinctions, 799 Effective tie, 1234 diversity, 124 Eisenbud, Meril, 886 divisions, 615 Election-related communal violence, elites, 268 680–683 entrepreneurs, 275, 276 Elections, 1527 equity, 810 Electoral features, 736, 737 exclusion, 811 Electoral system, 1229 extremists, 1585 Eligibility rules, 1510 group identity, 1781 Elites, 275, 276, 657, 658, 668, 669, 671 groups, 80, 86, 87, 277, 737, 1014 bargains, 278 identity, 67, 70, 266, 274, 627, 696, 711, factions, 278 792, 1020, 1153, 1155, 1163, 1768, institutions, 1488, 1492–1495 1945–1947, 1951 Elitism, 590 identity-based politics, 266 El Socorro Islamia School, 841 intra-elite competition, 277 Embedded achievement, 1420 issues, 1016 Employment, 1701 labour market, 1317 opportunities, 1029 markers, 1705 Empowerment, 1228, 1371 migrants, 1316–1318 Enemy aliens, 1214 militias, 564, 571 Enemy within, 1659 minorities, 1019, 1648 Enforcement party, 1559 minority language, 409 English language support, 1702, 1703 minority prisoners, 1027 Entrepreneurial choices, 61 mobilisation, 274, 563, 565, 568, 571 Environmental pollution, 1029 murder, 516 Epeli Hau’ofa, 890 nationalism, 112, 276, 545–549, 1997 Episodes and pockets’ of social unrest, 1012 partisan politics, 824 Epistemic exploitation, 501 partisan preference, 814, 821 definition, 501 plurality, in Indonesia (see Indonesia) philosophical context of, 502 politic(s), 278 Epistemological decolonization, 862 political mobilisation, 276 Epistemological violence, 716 political violence, 276, 278 Epton, Bernard, 1216 relation, 448, 458 Equality, 931, 938–941, 1503 stereotypes, 17 of opportunity, 2002 tensions, 798, 1014 Equal treatment, 2002 unrest, 1013, 1016 Equiano, Olaudah, 1602 violence, 541, 543–545 Escalator, 1735 Ethnic media, 406–410 Essentialist, 35, 38, 39 cinema, 1990 construction of identity, 272 cultures, 30, 31 Eternal City, 73, 74 identity, 32, 34, 41, 44 Ethicized voter preferences, 817 imageology, 42 Index 2023

Ethnic community, 376 social networks, 1159–1161 language, 43 Ethnic migration, 1673 markers, 41, 43 Romanian Germans, 1674–1676 pluralism, 33 Romanian Hungarians, 1676–1678 violence, 1884 Ethnic politics, 273, 677, 690 Ethnically-blind’ constitution, 110, 114 and global justice theory (see Global justice) Ethnically-diverse students, 1409–1412, Ethnic Power Relations (EPR) dataset, 1523, 1525 1415–1418 Ethnization, 31 Ethnically divided societies, 112 Ethnoburb, 1174 Ethnically bi-polar state, 810 Ethnocentrism, 490, 780 Ethnical nationalism, multiethnic communities, definition, 779 783–787 dispersion in world, 780–781 Ethnic-class-territorial politics, 154 ethnics and, 781 Ethnic cleansing, 665, 1585, 1884 Ethno-class conflict, 152 evidence of, 1585 Ethno-communal conflict, in South Sudan, Ethnic Community/State Respondents, 1535 see South Sudan Ethnic conflicts, 112, 180, 560, 563, 571, 811, Ethnocratic state, 274 824, 1446, 1450 Ethno-cultural community, 1503 characteristics, 623 Ethno-cultural division, 1511 and cultural wounding, 720–722 Ethno-cultural identities, 794 internally displaced peoples, 621 Ethno-cultural symbolism and group identity and peace building, 624–627 belief in a common descent, 43 Ethnicity, 31–40, 44, 268, 275, 276, 384, 386, communication, 44 390, 391, 909, 922, 1225, 1267, 1269, cultural hybridization, 39 1283–1293, 1296, 1297, 1299, 1302, dual identity, 45 1304, 1305, 1316, 1447–1448, 1459, ethnic imageology, 42 1461, 1543, 1548, 1613, 1621, 1632, ethnos/ethnicity, 32, 35 1649, 1666, 1672–1674, 1676, 1684 general, 37 affirmative action, 21–23 global era, 33 and assimilation, 17–18 group boundaries, 41 and civil wars, 618–624 identity markers, 39 and communal boundaries, 6 language, 43 and conflict, 195–197 mobility, migration and refugees, 30 definition, 615 modern and global inventions, 32 globalization and, 777, 781–782 multiple identities, 33 and intersectionality, 20–21 national culture, 31 and LGBTIQ (see Lesbian, gay, bisexual, neo-Marxist “ethnos theory”,33 transgender, intersex and queer particular, 37 (LGBTIQ)) political and economic factors, 32 and nationalism, 7–9, 193–195 “primordialist” position, 35 and race, 9–10 quality of ethnic groups, 33 soft skills, 1321–1325 religion, 44 and specialism, 774 “self-other” distinctions, 37 theoretical engagement, 1315 situational ethnicity, 34 and the state, 12–14 traditional attachments, 36 transactional, 11 universal cultural features, 37 Ethnicity and class, 1034–1044 Ethnographic data, 1234 Badiouian procedure, 1056–1059 Ethnographic research, 1447, 1452 psychoanalytic and philosophical Ethno-nationalism, 7, 1013, 1020 contribution, 1044–1048 Ethnonym, 42, 43 Ethnicized intra-elite competition, 277 Ethnos, 32–35, 39 Ethnic memory, 1161, 1163 Ethno-symbolism, 37–39, 44 collective memory (see Collective memory) Euphoria of nationalism, 1569 2024 Index

Eurasian economic corridors, 1024 Fijian, 898, 900 Europe, 248, 250, 255, 257, 259, 261, 369–370, Fijian Affairs Board, 257 1842 Filipinos, 417 citizens, 1681 employees, 1318 ethnic differences in black populations, Film, 399, 400, 403, 404 517–522 First contact, 1271, 1273, 1306 historical background of black people in, First-past-the-post electoral system, 816, 824 524–527 Folk dancing, 1193 immigration crisis, 1834, 1846–1848 Food and supply committees, 588 imperialism and colonialism, 389 Forced migration, 1116 model of organic certification, 1437 Foreign terrorists, 1028 peasantry/serfs, 388 Foreshore and Seabed Act, 876 racial similarities in black populations, Foresti, Felice, 1208 522–524 Forgiveness, 71, 72 settlers, 252 Formal and informal religious institutions, 179 European Union, 371 Formal education, 840 Evangelical Christian denominations, 1932 Formal rules, 1556 Exclusionary nationalism, 150 Franco-Mauritians, 1785 Exclusionary practices, 805 Fraser, Nancy, 211, 214, 217 Exclusive economic zone (EEZ), 228 Fraud and abuse, 1566 Exit costs, 1558 Free association, 224, 234, 236, 239 Exodus, 1683 Freedman’s perspectives, 776 Exploitative operations, 1774 Freedom of religion, 2007 Export agriculture, 1430 French bourgeoisie, 70 Exteriority, 1050 French culture, 1772 External intimacy (extimacy), 1048, 1051, 1059 French India spiepr132Company, 1273 Extra-constitutional politics, 162 French model, 1856 ExxonMobil, 1360, 1361 French nuclear testing, 897 French Polynesia, 888, 890, 897, 898, 902 F Freud, S., 66, 67, 71, 74 Faalavelave, 1236 Frozen conflict, 154 Faamatai, 1224, 1228, 1229, 1241 Fur, 660, 663 Faasinonomaga, 1243 Facebook monitoring, 1344 G Faifeau (Church ministers), 1237 Gacaca, 1451, 1634–1636 Failed state, 133 Gagnon, Alan-G., 317 Faizrakhmanists (Fäyzraxmançılar), 326 Gandong, 1456, 1458 False consciousness, 276, 277 Garang, John, 666–669 Family reunification, 1693 Gardening, 1192 Family systems, 829 Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 1205 Fantasy, 66, 1035, 1044–1050, 1053, 1059 Garifunas, 1603 Far right, 348–356, 358 Gas exploitation, 1022 Federal constitution, 1561 Gas reserves, 1021 Federation Party, 259 Gawaian Bodkin-Andrews, 1385–1386 Feminist, 69 Ğayaz İsxaqıy (Iskhaki), 321 scholars, 1316 Gayo language, 1972 Fiji, 110 Gayo people, 1958 politics, 117 Gaza Strip and the West Bank, 581 pre-Cession Fiji, 249–253 Gender, 1253 as republic, 116 Gender disparity, 1783 tri-ethnic discourse, 253–261 Gendered migration, 1741 Yaqona (kava) and national ethno-cultural Gender imbalance, 1802 identity in, 1926–1930 General Ne Win, 1881 Index 2025

Generic humanity, 1036, 1046, 1056–1058 Global North, 1648 Genericity, 1035, 1048, 1051, 1057 Global South, 1648 Genghis Khan, 318 Godelier, M., 69 Genocide, 72, 1585, 1649 Golden Horde, 318–320 causes of, 1547–1549 Golkar, 797, 798 characteristics of, 1541–1546 Goode, W. Wilson, 1216 debate, 1542, 1549 Good Friday (Belfast) Agreement, 332 distinctiveness of, 1549–1550 Good Night, Lala, 421 efforts and failures to prevent or halt, Gorbachev, Mikhail, 321 1540–1541 Gordon, Arthur, 248 and interethnicconflict, 1621–1630 Government collection of information, 1018 Justice, 1632, 1634 Government ‘regulation’ of religion, 1027 post-genocide Rwanda, 1630–1637 Government sponsored force, 1014 Rwanda, 1613–1615 The Grand Morcellement, 1784 ten stages, 1548 Grass-roots discontent, 1028 Genocide Convention, 1540–1544, 1546, 1550 Great Lakes, 621 Geo-economic realities, 1026 Great Leap Forward (GLF), 287 Geographic origin, 1189 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM), 968 (GPCR), 288 Germany, 205 Great Western Development campaign, 1023 and Austria, 1854–1855 Greek(s), 1186, 1188–1190, 1194, 1196, 1199 foreign workers in, 1857–1858 culture, 1188, 1193, 1195, 1196, 1198 Muslims in, 1870–1873 language, 1187, 1190, 1191, 1193, 1195, Red-Green coalition, 1858–1860 1198, 1199 Ghair Mukallid, 830, 834 Greek identity, in Australia, 1198 Ghana, 1433, 1434 acculturation, 1192 Ghetto Act, 79 Australian Greek community, change in, Girard, R., 66 1193–1195 Girmityas (agreement signers), 1269, 1802, cultural community, 1191 1803 cultural memory, 1197 Global capitalism and cheap labour, 1796–1797 diet, 1192 immigrants, descendants of, 1809–1810 folk dancing, 1193 indentured women, 1804–1805 gardening, 1192 legacy of indentureship, 1807–1809 geographic origin, 1189 movement towards abolition, 1805–1806 Greek settlement, 1189 plantation system, 1797–1798 history of Greek diaspora, 1186–1188 Indian indentureship, 1801–1804 language, 1189–1191 transition to indentureship, 1798–1801 Greekness, 1188, 1193, 1195–1199 Global economy, 1225 Greek Orthodox Church, 1190, 1194, Global Financial Crisis, 1028 1195, 1199 Globalization phenomenon, 30–32, 34, 44–46, Group Areas Act (GAA), 82, 83, 85, 86, 88 210–212, 774, 1154, 1225 Group boundaries, 41 from below, 1228 Group eligibility, 1508 characteristics, 776 Group identities, and ethno-cultural symbolism, definition, 775 see Ethno-cultural symbolism and group ethnicity, 777 identity ethnocentrism, 779 Guajira peninsula, 1595, 1597 Global justice, 211–212, 215–218 Guandong, 1800, 1805 cosmopolitanism, 213–214 Guard committees, 588 definition, 210 Guatemala, 855, 858, 860 distributive justice, 213 Guilt, 72, 74 emergence of, 210 Guinea, 1601 internationalism, 214–215 Gujarat, 1295 2026 Index

Gujarati, 1266 Heritage, 1190, 1192–1195, 1199 Ghulam Ahmad, Mirza, 833 Heterogeneity, 804 Guyana, 1359, 1360 Hezbollah, 136, 139 decolonization and ethnic mass politics, Hill Tribes, 252 1354–1356 Himpunan Mahasiswa, 804 economy, 1360 Hindu, 1779 ethnic distribution, of Guyanese population, Hinduism, 838, 1790 1352 Hindu-Muslim, 840 multi-ethnic state, 1352–1354 Hiroshima, 1545 seizure of power and ethnic domination, Historical memory, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 426 PNC, 1356–1359 Historical trauma, 1389 Gwadar Port, 1025 History, 66, 74, 1266–1269, 1271, 1272, 1279, “G” word, 1540 1280, 1282, 1283, 1286, 1299, 1301, Gypsies, 1650 1306, 1447, 1455, 1458 History textbooks of Japan, see Japanese H history texbooks Haji Ruknudeen, 829, 830, 834 Hokkien, 1169 Halbwachs, Maurice, 1156 Holocaust, 71, 72, 1549 Hamitic hypothesis, 1622 Home, 720 Han, 284–288, 290–294, 296 Homophobia, 1082 and Hui immigrants, 1013 Homosexuality, 1078, 1087, 1088, 1090, minority relations, 1019 1092–1098 paternalism, 1014 Honduras, 1599 Hanifa, Imam Abu, 830 “Hosay” festival, 832 Hard power, 1014 Hosay Riots, 832 Hardworking, 1314, 1317 Hostility, 489, 490 Harff, B., 1548 Hot-spot policing, 1654 Haruku Island, 1457 Household migration, 1741–1743 Hatuhaha, 1457–1459 Housing, 1700 Hau’ofa, 890 Houthis, 136 Hawaiian sovereignty Htoo, U Aung, 1900 Ea and other pre-Western understanding, Hu Angang, 1020 951–954 Hua, C., 69 in federal courts, 930–933 Huaqiao, 1178 federal recognition, 934, 944–947 Huayi, 1178 Native Hawaiian narratives, 948–951 Human capital, 1564 pre-loaded narratives, 939–944 Humanitarian, 1690, 1695 race and colorblindness, 934 colonialism, 253, 256 restorative and remedial self-determination, colonial policy, 259 936–937 Human radiation experiments, 892, 894, 902 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Human rights, 94, 99, 100, 102, 370, 1026, Peoples 2007, 954–959 1588 validation, need for, 937–939 Chinese tradition, 103 Hawkins, John, 1597 Euro-American tradition, 104 Health care, 1256 European tradition, 102, 103 Health disparities, 1369, 1376 of migrant workers, 1815 Health equity, 1368, 1369, 1376, 1377 organizations, 1886–1887 Health promotion, 1374 violations, 852 Health service provision, 1372 Humour, 484, 495–496 Hegel, G.W.F., 71 Hungarian state, 1844 Hegemonic ethnic enterprises, 272 homogeneity, 1845 He Korowai Oranga (HKO), 1370 identity, 1837 Herder-farmer, 661 Hybrid ethnocide, 317 Index 2027

Hybrid identity, 1198 Immigration, 1217, 1998 Hybrid system, 161 industrial complex, 1346 Hypervisibility, 490 reform, 1173 Imperialism, 389, 430 Indentured labor, 78, 79, 89, 255, 1353, 1712, I 1714, 1768 Iberoamerica, 1596 ancestral heritage and cultural capital, ICMW, 1814–1821 1789–1791 limitations of, 1822–1824 British, 1768–1771 Idel-Ural state, 322 categorization of race and ethnicity, 1782 Identification, 267 ethnic boundaries, 1781–1791 card system, 1018 indentured laborer category, 1783 Identitarianism, 1034, 1035 independence and Indo-Mauritian political Identity, 31–33, 36, 40, 43, 908–910, 912, 914, power, 1787–1789 915, 920–922, 1178, 1224, 1373, 1447, land ownership, 1784 1448, 1450–1454, 1457, 1461, 1621, language, religion and identity, 1786 1631–1637 mass migration of Indian laborers, of Aboriginal people, 994 1782–1783 from adversity, 1005–1006 Mauritius, 1772–1778 collective, 1910 recruitment sites, 1771 concepts, 995–996 reinvigoration of endogamy, conflict, 132, 133, 135, 137, 140–144 1784–1785 cultural, 1003 Indentureship, 1796 development and media, 1911–1913 indentured women, 1804–1805 development of, 1911 legacy of, 1807–1809 dual, 45 Indian indentureship, 1801–1804 ethnic, 31, 32, 34, 37, 41–43 transition to, 1798–1801 Greek identity, in Australia (see Greek Independence, 110 identity, in Australia) India, 1771 Indian identity, in South Africa (see Indian Indian(s), 255, 262 identity, in South Africa) ancestry, 1786 indigenous, 996–997 diaspora, 1266–1268, 1285, 1286, kava and ethno-cultural, 1924–1934 1300, 1303 markers, 39 electoral democracy and representation, multiple, 33 1521–1522 national, 38, 43–45 immigration, 1353 and nation state, 1003–1005 indentured labourers in Caribbean, in Northern Ireland (see Northern Ireland) 1711–1726 politics, 801 indentureship, 1801–1804 religious, 44 militancy, 258 rivalry, 810 presence, 1267–1280, 1283, 1287, 1288, symbols, 1505 1290, 1295, 1301, 1306 threat, 494 settlement, 1266, 1267, 1280–1283, 1299, tribal, 995 1301, 1306 Ideological films, 1981 Indian identity, in South Africa Ideology, 1052, 1054 community and belonging, 80–82 Ijtihad, 836 fixed identity, 86–87 Ikatan Cendekiawan Muslim Indonesia, 804 Ghetto Act, 79 Imagination, 277 isolation and exclusiveness, 82–86 Imagined community, 7 Indian National Congress (INC), 1806 Imagined decolonization, 803 Indigeneity, 53, 943, 944 Imagined transnational communities, 1152 concepts of, 1002 Immigrant ticket system, 1776 vs. ethnicity, 997 2028 Index

Indigenist research Inner Mongolia, 696, 698, 701, 703, 705 indigenous people voice, 1387 Institutional discrimination, 87, 1698 indigenous standpoint theories, 1386, 1387 Institutional protection for whites, non-indigenous standpoints, 1387 1488–1490 Indigenous activists, 856, 862 Institutional racism, 392, 486–488 Indigenous Australians, 720–722, 1386, 1388 Institutional stagnation, 1557–1560 Indigenous belief systems, 801 Institutional weaknesses, 1569 Indigenous communities, 53 Instrumental/situational/mobilizationist, 36 Indigenous ethno-methodology Instrumentalised ethnicity, 266, 268, 273 indigenist research principals, 1391–1392 Instrumentalists, 7 procedure, 1392 Instrumentalization, 1451, 1454, 1457 qualitative research (see Qualitative yarning Instrumentalized ethnicity, 278 method) Intangible heritage, 1941 quantitative research method, 1397–1401 Integration, 113, 114, 1997 Indigenous organizations, 858, 860, 861 Integrationist constitutional frameworks, 112 Indigenous peoples, 1387, 1388, 1402 Integrative models of conflict Indigenous resources, 248 management, 603 Indigenous rights, 872, 877, 879 Intent to destroy, 1543 Indigenous scholars, 863 Inter-ethnic conflict, 278 Gawaian Bodkin-Andrews, 1385–1386 Inter-ethnic violence, 266 Shannon Foster, 1386 Inter-generational challenges, 1237 Treena Clark, 1386 Intergenerational loyalty, 1194 Indigenous state-nations, 1172 Intergroup attitudes, 405–406 Indirect rule, 114 Interiority, 1050 Individual identity, 1505 Intermarriage, 1785 Individualisation, 61 Internal control system (ICS), 1438 Indo-Caribbean dishes, 837 Internal enforcement, 1343–1344 Indo-Mauritians, 1779 Internalised racism, 1081 diaspora, 1779 Internally displaced peoples, 621 Mauritius, indentured labor and, 1771–1772 Internally Displaced Persons (IDP’s), 1595 Muslim, 1780 Internal wars, 135 political power, 1787–1789 International community, 1570 religious practices, 1790 International community intervention, 625 Indonesia, 792, 968, 1447, 1452, 1454, 1455, International Criminal Court (ICC), 1544 1458, 1460 International criticism, 1026 Bersiap, 793–794 International human rights law, 1814, 1817, ironies of, 1070 1819, 1824, 1825 Islam and nation-building, 801–804 International interventions, 1447 Orde Baru, rise of, 795–798 Internationalism, 214–215, 371, 374 Pancasila, 794–795 International Labor Organization passed political identity, 792 Convention 169 (ILO 169), 852, 854, post-independence, 799 857, 858, 1815 pre-independence, 798 International migration, 1226 repressive developmentalism, 799 International Monetary Fund (IMF), and sexuality, 1066–1067 851, 1228 Indonesian leadership, 1897–1900 International Romani Union (IRU), 374 Indo-Trinidadians, 826 Interpreters, 1704 Inequality, 1013, 1503, 1684 Intersectionality, 1038 Informal rules, 1557 Intervening institutions, 1770 Information committees, 588 Interventions, 1541, 1549 Information Scandal, 1985 Intifada, 586–587 Infrastructure construction, 1017 Intra-communal dynamics, 261 Injustice, 1503 Intra-elite cleavages, 276 Index 2029

Intra-state conflicts, 616 Jamaica, 1605 Investment, 1013 Jammu and Kashmir Inward migration, 1990 community’s political representation, 1528 Iran, 136 elections and voting, 1527–1528 Iraq, 132, 197, 198, 1561 grievance redressal, 1530 collective action, 1566–1567 Janjaweed, 664–666 exit-enter costs, 1567–1568 Jankélévitch, V., 71, 74 path dependence, 1562–1564 Japan, 189, 205, 416, 425 The Neighbors’ effect, 1564–1566 Japanese, 1335 Irish Language Act, 339, 340, 344 representation, 417, 418, 424, 425 Irish nationalism, 332, 334, 336, 340 Japanese Emperor, 416 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 156, 332, Japanese history textbooks 335–337 continental migration, 1471 ISIS, 838 culture and minzoku, 1466 Islam, 175, 1452, 1454, 1458, 1838 emotive language, 1466 and sexuality, 1067–1068 Jōmon era, 1468 Islamic Party of North America, 828 migrants of the Yayoi era, 1467 Islamic religious belief and practice, 1016 Ministry of Education, 1468 Islamic Resource Society (IRS), 828 race and culture, 1473 Islamic State, 757, 1895 Jaspers, K., 72 Islamic State organisation (DAESH), 136 Java, 792, 795, 800, 802 Islamic Trust, 843 Jean François Marie de Surville, 1270, 1273 Islamist Resistance Movement (Hamas), 585 Jehadi groups, 1883 Israel, 189, 191, 192 Jetnil-Kijiner, Kathy, 902 Italian(s), 1334, 1335 Jewish Problem, 1488 Italian Americans, 1205, 1210–1215, 1217, Jews, 485, 1334 1218 Juba, 659, 668–670 Italian identity Jus sanguinis, 1857–1858 Columbus Day, 1213 Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), enemy aliens, 1214 664, 665 ethnic defensiveness, 1210 Italianness, 1210–1212 K Little Italies, 1212, 1213 Kalimantan, 792, 800, 802, 805 mafia, 1209 Kalla, Jusuf, 1895, 1900 Mussolini’s government, 1212 Kamanchi, 1579 Order Sons of Italy in America, 1213 Kandyan Sinhalese, 636 post-ethnic identity, 1217–1218 Kanem-Bornu, 757 Quota Acts, 1210 Kanuri, 763 whiteness, 1215, 1216 Kariu, 1458, 1459, 1461 World War II, 1212–1215 Kartosuwiryo, S.M., 802 Italianness, 1210–1212 Kashgar, 1023, 1025 Italo-Ethiopian war, 1211, 1212 Kasimov Khanate, 320 Ivan IV (the Terrible), 320 Katuulo cooperatives’ capacity, 1439–1440 Kavalactones, 1925 Kava, see Yaqona J Kazak, 1015, 1024 Jadidism, 321 Kazan Khanate, 319, 320 Jagan, Cheddi, 1354, 1358 Kazan Tatars, 319 Jahaji bandal (ship’s belongings), 1807, 1808 Kebatinan, 801 Jakarta Charter, 801 Kenya, 676 Jakartan style, 1962 communal conflict (see Communal conflict) Jakeway, Dereck, 258 political developments, 677 Jamaat-al-Muslimeen, 828 waves of violence, 676 2030 Index

Kenya, ethnicity and politics in Leadership, 1370 atavistic /residual cultural ghost thesis, Lebanon, 132 268–269 Left-liberal EU elite, 1837 class struggle, 275–277 Left-right, 348, 350–354, 356, 358 colonial state power, 270 Legacy of indentured labor, 1771 imagined community, 277–278 Legal barriers, 1818–1819 nationalistic response, 274–275 Legal instruments, 1510 social resistance, 270–274 Legal narratives, 930, 938 theoretical approaches, 267–268 Legal status transitions, 1251 Kiir, Salva, 667–670 Legitimacy, 1662 King Jeremy I, 1602 Lemkin, Raphael, 1540 Kiribati, 887, 890, 891, 897, 898 Lenin, 68, 70 Klan, K.K., 151 Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex Kleptocratic, 804 and queer (LGBTIQ), 1078 Know India Programme (KIP), 1162 Asian migration, 1086–1087 Knowledge, 193, 199 Australian perspectives, 1085–1086 Kojève, A., 70, 71 in China, 1094–1095 Komando Jihad, 803 in India, 1088–1093 Komik, 418, 421 in Indonesia, 1098 Komite Indonesia Untuk Solidaritas dengan in Japan, 1096 Dunia Islam, 804 in Korea, 1096 Kongsi, 1170 in Malaysia, 1097 Kubuna, 249 MCMF, 1080, 1084, 1085 Kurdistan Regional Authorities, 138 in Nepal, 1094 Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), 1561 in Pakistan and Bangladesh, 1094 collective action, 1566–1567 race-based marginalisation and exclusion in, exit-enter costs, 1567–1568 1079 path dependence, 1562–1564 in Singapore, 1097 The Neighbors’ effects, 1564–1566 in Taiwan, 1095 Kurds, 134 technological, economic, social and political changes, 1080 in Thailand, 1096–1097 in Vietnam, 1097 L Levi-Strauss, C., 72 Labour Lhasa, 1013 camps, 1784 Liberalism, 1846 migration, 1771, 1781 Liberal peace, 1449 Labourers, in Caribbean, 1711–1726 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 635, Labour-lifestyle migration, 1739 649, 650 Labour Party, 454 Libya, 132 Lagden Commission, 469 Lijst Pim Fortuyn (LPF), 348 Lake Chad, 768 Likok Pulo, 1967–1970, 1974 Lançados, 1597 Lima malosi and loto alofa, 1234 Land, 248, 249, 251, 252, 254, 257, 259, 262, Lindsay, John, 1216 436–438 Linnaeus, Carl, 385 alienation, 254 Liquid migration, 1680 conflict, 686 Little Italies, 1207, 1211–1213, 1217, 1218 Land and Titles Court, 1231 Living dead, 1056, 1059 Language, 33–36, 38, 40–45, 472, 1186, 1187, Liwayway, 418 1189–1199 Local agency, 1446, 1460 Lascars, 1273–1282, 1285, 1286 Local government officials, 1022 Law, 1095–1098 Local moral order, 271 Lawrence, S., 1656 Local ownership, 1449 Index 2031

Local peacebuilding, 1447 Maralinga, 888, 896 Local powerbrokers, 798 Marginalisation, 1372 Local turn, 1449–1452 Marion du Fresne, 1275 London Missionary Society (LMS), 232 Marketplace of religion, 171 Low country’ Sinhalese, 636 Ma Rong, 308, 1020 Low-grade warfare, 154 Maroonage, 1600, 1773 Lumads, 970, 987 Marriot/Mayhew, 841 Marsden project survey, 1227, 1231 Marshall Islands, 886–888, 890, 894, 896–898, 902 M Marsudi, Retno, 1896, 1898 Macau, 1314, 1316, 1318–1320, 1322, Marxist approach, 103 1325–1327 Masjumi, 801 casino resorts research, 1318 Masked Battalion, 762 local workers, 1318 Mass immigration, 1843 Machar, Riek, 667 Matai, 1224 Macina Battalions, 763 Matai palota, 1229 Macina Liberation Front, 767 Matanitu, 249 Mackerras, Colin, 1015 Mato oput, 1451 MacPherson Report, 1656 Mau Mau rebellion, 273 Macphersons, 1231 Mauriora, 1373 Maddock, Kenneth, 258 Mauritian Ordinance of 1849, 1774 Mafia, 1209 Mauritius 1721-1860 Magazines, 403, 404, 407 British period 1810-1870, 1754–1760 Majelis Ulama Indonesia, 804 ethnicity and diversity, 1778–1781 Majority black government, 1987 ex-apprentices and the epidemics, Malaysian employee, 1318 1760–1763 Malcolm X, 828 and Indentured labor, 1772–1778 Maluku, 1447, 1450–1461 Indo-Mauritians and indentured labor, Mamalu, 1238 1771–1772 Mamdani, Mahmood, 798 slave labour force, 1751–1754 Managerial school, 1559 slavery, health and epidemics in, 1750–1764 Managing manhood, 1112 Mayroz, E., 1547 Mandal Commission, 1525 Media, 484, 490, 494, 495, 1249 Mandela, Nelson, 393 as gateways, 1910 Manhood identity development and, 1911–1913 country of origin, 1124–1125 stereotypes and, 493–495 education and understanding, 1123–1124 uses, 1910 and migration, Congolese migrant in Media and stereotypes Durban, 1125 effects, 405–406 and work, Congolese migrant in ethnic, 406–410 South Africa, 1124 news media, 400–403 Manumission, 1773 popular, 403–405 Māori, 870, 879, 1266, 1269, 1366–1370 Medical committees, 588 communities, 871 Medical services, 1017 definition, 868 Meiteization, 912, 920 and Pacific students, 1412 Memorialization, 1633 renaissance, 872–874 Mental health, 1704 Waitangi Tribunal, 875–877 Merchants’ committees, 588 Māori Language Act, 877, 878 Merit principle, 1506 Mapuche, 852, 856, 857, 862 Mesuji, 802 Mara, Kamisese, 258 Metaphoric return, 1226 Maracaibo, 1598 Meta-Samoa, 1242 2032 Index

Metropoles, 1228 Misrepresentation, 304, 307 Mexicans, 1336 Missionaries, 1228 Mexico, 853, 855, 857 Mitigation of national sovereignty, 784 Microstates, 224–228, 238, 241 Mobile Caliphate state, 764 Middle-class labour migrants Mobility, 30, 31, 33, 34, 38, 39, 41, 43, 45, age and migration, 1738–1739 1225, 1226 culture and migration, 1739–1741 Model migration schedule, 1738 household migration, 1741–1743 Model minority, 1174 spatial and social mobility, 1733–1738 Modernization and development, 1012 transnational turn, 1743 Modernization globalization, 922 Middle East, 774, 783–785, 787, 1026 Modern protected states, 224–227, 241 Middling migrants, 1731 Moeldoko, 1895 Migrants, 1582 Moluccan conflict, 1447, 1457, 1458 human rights of, 1815 Mongolian, 1015 networks, 1679 elites before 1949, 696, 699–704 workers, 1317 Monogamy, 1724 Migration, 30, 34, 36, 41–45, 911, 912, 916, Monotaga, 1236 920, 921, 1112, 1186, 1188, 1191, 1197, Monstrosity, 1059 1224, 1268–1271, 1279, 1295, 1302 Monstrous ‘living dead’, 1048 among men, 1119–1120 Moral economy, 270, 271, 277 around the world, 1115–1116 Moral ethnicity, 267, 268, 271, 277 compact, 1697 Moral panic emergence, 449 consequences of, 1114–1115 Moral panics, 1340 crisis, 1814 Moretti, F., 70 and economy, 1116–1117 Moro Islamic Liberation Front and gender, 1117–1119 (MILF), 968 manhood and masculinity, 1120–1122 Moruroa, 897, 899, 900 need for, 1113–1114 Moruroa Atoll, 902 qualitative approach, 1122–1123 Moruroa e Tatou, 897 Milad-un-nabi, 831 Moses, D., 1542 Miles, R., 487 Moulood, 831 Militancy, 1036, 1040, 1056, 1057 Movement for Social Justice (MSJ), 815 Military, 1583 Mufti, 833 Military coup, 116 Mughal, 1580 Military occupations, 188 Muhammadiyah, 796, 801, 803, 804, 1895, colonialism and ethnicity, 197–198 1902, 1903 foreign, 188–193 Muharram massacre, 832 Miller, David, 215 Mujahids, 1881 Mindanao, 968, 987 Multicultural, 855, 857, 861, 862 Mindanao peace process, 987–988 citizenship, 1995 Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, 1162 coalition, 811 Minority(ies), 18 Multicultural and multi-faith (MCMF), 1080, identities, 1019 1084–1086, 1099 nationality, 1015 Multiculturalism, 45, 348, 352, 353, 356, preferences, 1017 358, 854, 855, 857, 859, 860, 1175, splitism, 1019 1178, 1194, 1650, 1847, 1854, 1855, Mintimer Shaymiev, 324 1994, 2006 MINZU, 696, 698, 703 Multi-ethnic communities, 1772, 1782, 1787 distribution of, 699 Multi-partyism, 276 identification, 712 Multiple citizenship, 1998 Mongol from 1949 to 1979, 704–709 Multiple identities, 33 as social transformation, 707 Musa Bigiyev, 321 MINZUism, 697 Muscovy, 319–320 Index 2033

Museum Nation, 150 and celebration of identity, 1949–1952 National, 31, 32, 35, 38, 40, 43–45 and cultural appreciation, 1948 National belonging, 1996 and cultural tourism, 1949 in Netherlands, 1998–2001 and cultural wealth, 1948 National Congress Party (NCP), 658 definition, 1941 National consciousness and civic education, and ethnic identity, 1945–1947 1026 and ethnic memories, 1947 National consultations, 1835 features of, 1942 National delimitation, 161 modern, 1944–1945 National Film and Video Foundation, 1987 origins, 1943 National Human Rights Commission, 1886 role and status of, 1943 National identity, 132 and social connection, 1947 National identity formation, 804 technology and education, 1949 National interests, 1016 types of, 1943 National Islamic Front (NIF), 658 Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Nationalism, 190, 193, 195, 372, 375–377, 470, (MAA), 1952 792–794, 799, 1839 Muslim, 1016, 1579, 1779, 1838 Afrikaner, 471, 478 Muslim Ban, 1341 black, 479 Muslim Brotherhood (MB), 585 Nationalist ideology, 9 The Muslim Standard, 843 Nationalist leaders, 792, 793, 798, 804 Mussolini, Benito National Italian American Foundation, 1218 anti-fascists, 1211 Nationality, 94–100, 102, 104, 105 anti-semitic provisions, 1212 definition, 94–96 colonial military campaign, 1212 National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), Myanmar, 1576 815, 822 Myth, 66, 67, 69, 74 National minorities, 1015 Myth of nationhood, 794, 803 National minority blind, 1020 Myth of return, 1225 National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI), 1951 National Party (NP), 78, 79, 606, 1980 National People’s Congress (NPC), 98, N 289, 290 Nadi, 260 National sovereignty, 1822 Nagas identity and nationalism National unity, 1013 Baluch and Pakhtoon movements, 908 National Unity and Reconciliation British colonialism, 921 Commission, 1632 ceremonies, 911 Nation branding, 57 Christian missionaries, 913, 916 Nation building policy, 1960 cultural identities, 910 Nation-state, 133, 134, 141, 996, 1003, 1005, identity formation, 908 1996 southerners’ (Rongmeis) settlement, 911 Nation-state of Samoa, 1224 women and the subordinate ethnicities, 909 Native Hawaiians, 929–937 Zeliangrong movement, 920 Native Land Husbandry Act (LHA), 438 Nahdlatul Ulama, 796, 801 Native Land Ordinance, 248 Nahkid, 1225 Na tribe, 69 Nakama, 420 Natsir, 801, 802 Nakba, 580 Natural dispositions, 1314 Nanay Coring, 422 Nayacakalou, Rusiate, 257 Narcissus, 67 Nazi, 71, 72 Narrative, 66, 67, 70, 72 Negara integralistik, 795 Naspers, 1987 Negara Islam Indonesia, 802, 803 Natal Indian Congress (NIC), 80, 81 Negrophiliacs, 1055 2034 Index

Neighbour, 1045, 1047, 1059 Normikhla, 1578 Neighbouring relations, 600 North American Free Trade Agreement Neo-fascist, 448 (NAFTA), 853 Neoliberal capitalism, 1056, 1059 Northern Cyprus Turkish Republic, 154 Neoliberal development, 859 Northern Ireland, 332 Neoliberal globalisation, 51–54 cultural nationalism, emergence of, 333 Neoliberalism and indigenous rights, in Latin IRA, 335 America Irish Protestantism, 334 post-neoliberal and/or post-multicultural Northern Catholics, 335 moment, 858–863 political culture in, 334 social suffering and early resistance, politics of identity, 336–339 850–854 sectarianism, 340–343 Neoliberal multicultural, 856, 859, 860 Unionism, 334 Neoliberal multiculturalism, 855, 861 Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey Netherlands, 348, 350, 352 (NILT), 341 Neutrality of the state, 2007 Nuclear Free and Independent Pacific New Economic Policy, 1172 movement (NFIP), 889, 895 New Order (Orde Baru), 795–798 Nuclear racism, 887 News media, 398, 400–403, 406 Nuer, 666–670 New York Declaration on Refugees and Nuremberg trials, 1541 Migrants, 1697 NZ-born, 1231 New Zealand, 1266–1272, 1274, 1277, 1279, 1281–1306, 1366, 1367 health policy, 1369–1370 New Zealand Citizenship Act of 1977, 238 O New Zealand Refugee Resettlement Strategy, Obeah, 837 1698 O’ Brien, George, 256 Ngā manukura, 1370, 1371 Occupation, 188, 193, 197, 198, 200 Nihon bunkaron, see Nihonjin-ron termination strategies, 201–205 Nihonjin-ron Occupied Palestinian territories, 581 ethnocentrism and racism, 1471 Oceania hard, 1469, 1473, 1476–1478 kava and ethno-cultural identity in, Jiyūsha and Ikuhōsha, 1469 1924–1934 mixture of hard and soft, 1466 origination of kava in, 1924–1925 soft, 1471, 1476 Office diplomacy, 163 Nihonron, see Nihonjin-ron Office of Civil Rights of the Department of Nihon shakairon, see Nihonjin-ron Education (OCR), 1485 Nikulin, D., 73 Ohrni, 835 9/11 attacks, 448 Oil and gas extraction, 1021 Niue, 223 Oil pollution, 1022 geography, 229–230 Oil reserves, 1021 history, 235 Oldham, 448–450 politics, 231 Old Providence, 1600, 1601 population, 230 O le ala i le pule o le tautua, 1224, 1234 Nomadic Gypsies, 366 Ontologicallly, 1036 Nonconceptual, 1042 Opportunity gap, 492, 493 Nonconcurrent electoral cycles, 749 Opposition, 1229 Non-discrimination Oppression, 1648 anachronistic equality, 943–944 Orang Tionghoa-Indonesia, 799, 800 real-time equality, 941 Orban, 1840 Non-national block, 607 Order of the Orange, 156 Non-negotiable principles, 119 Order Sons of Italy in America, 1208, Normativity, 1035, 1037, 1038 1211–1213, 1217 Index 2035

Organic agriculture Panafrican Federation of Filmmakers expansion, 1429 (FEPACI), 1979 export-led certified, 1429 Pancasila, 794–795, 796, 801–803 governance, 1432–1433 Papua, 792, 800 group certification and democracy Parmusi, 803 legitimacy, 1437–1440 Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI), 795, 801 standard setting and deliberative capacity, Participation, 1704 1435–1437 Partnership failure, 1556 in Uganda and Ghana, 1433–1435 Party of Political Progress Groups Organisation for Economic Co-operation and (POPPG), 813 Development (OECD), 1818 Party systems, 349–353, 356, 358, 606 Organisation for National Reconstruction Pasifika, 1268 (ONR), 814 Pastoralist, 660, 661, 668 Organisation of the Great Sahara, 762 Pastoralist conflict, 683, 688 Orientalism, 1131, 1132 Patel, A.D., 258 Orisha, 837 Paternalism, 99 Oslo Peace Agreement, 590 Paternalistic tax policy, 255 Othered, 800 Patronage, 277 Othering, 333, 334, 340, 343, 344, 1649 networks, 275 Outbound power transmission, 1021 opportunities, 278 Outer Mongolia, 701 Patron-client relationships, 274 Outputs, 158 Peace and conflict studies, 1449, 1461 Over-policing, 1651–1655 Peacebuilding, 1447, 1448, 1450, 1452, 1457, Overseas-born, 1236 1459, 1461 aims, 617 P and ethnic conflicts, 624–627 Pacific Collections Access project (PCAP), Peace industry, 1446, 1449 1948 Peacekeeping operations (PKOs), 625 Pacific islanders, 886–888, 890, 891, 893, 900 Peace process, 338, 339, 344 Pacific masculinities, 1915 Peace research, 1449 Pacific media, 407, 408 Pela, 1455–1457, 1459, 1460 Pacific nations, 1696 Pellico, Silvio, 1205 Pacific people Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik ancestors, 1918–1920 Indonesia, 802 character, 1910 Pendatang, 800 inhabiting, 1920 Pengangkat, 1971 in media, 1910 People’s Progressive Party (PPP), 1354, 1359 Pākehā, 868, 870, 873, 879, 1266, 1269, 1306 People’s Daily website, 1027 Pakistani community, 457 People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 286 Palenques, 1601 People’s National Congress (PNC), 1355–1359 Palestine, 191 Peoples National Movement (PNM), 810, Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO), 581 813, 823 Palestinian civil society People’s Partnership (PP), 815, 817, 820, 822 civil society and national initiatives, People’s Republic of China (PRC), 284 587–588 autonomy, 294–296 committees of, 589–590 diversity in, 284–286 conflictual relations, 583 ethnic relations, 296–298 Islamist framewok, 585–586 Maoist era, 286–288 occupation, 581–586 reform era, 288–294 political framework and institutional Peranakans, 1169 growth, 582–583 Perasaan senasib sepenanggungan, 793 prior to 1948, 579–581 Performance burden, 1413–1416 social organisations, 584–585 Perpetual foreigners, 88 2036 Index

Persistent Samoan identity, 1229 Political truth, 1035, 1036, 1057 Perso-Arabic arts, 1965 Political violence, 278, 279 Personal model of exchange, 1558 Politics, 268, 274, 276, 1083 Pesalaman, 1971 Australian, 1086 Petén, 1602 LGBTIQ identity, in Asia (see Lesbian, gay, PetroChina, 1021 bisexual, transgender, intersex and queer Petroleum reserves, 1021 (LGBTIQ)) Peusijuek, 1451 Polynesian labor trade, 389 Philippines, 416, 418, 420, 424, 426, 968, 987 Pondicherry, 1273 Philosophy, 1034–1037, 1040, 1041, 1046 Popular culture, 490, 494, 496 Pioneer, 1236 Popular education committees, 588 Pipelines, 1021 Popular media, 403–405, 417 Pirate, 1600 Popular Mobilisation Forces, 138 Pisicano, Paul, 1213–1215 Population Registration Act (PRA), 83, 88 Place, 719 Positive action, 2003 destruction and designification, 722 Postcolonial critique, 200 Plantation system, 1797–1798, 1803, 1807 Post-colonial discourse, 7 Plan vigipirate, 1659 Postcolonial identity, 804 Plural societies, 1771, 1785, 1787, 1788 Postcolonial insights Plurinationality, 861 into occupations, 198–201 Plurinational state, 855, 856, 859–861 Postcolonial mind, 193 Pogge, Thomas, 214 Post-colonial situations, 994 Polarization, 1733 Postcolonial societies, 197 Polarized pattern of voting, 815, 822 Postcolonialstate, 798 Police Postcolonial theories, 198 custody, 1657 Post-conflict Aceh, 970–981 liaison schemes, 1661–1662 Post-conflict institution-building, 160 property, 1655 Post-ethnic identity, 1217–1218 shootings, 1655 Post-Helsinki Aceh, 975–981 stop-and-search, 1652 Post-ideological, 1041, 1052, 1054 training and education, 1663 Post-independence history, 110 violence practices, 1651 Post-modern approach, 7 workforce, 1663–1665 Post-multicultural, 860 Police checkpoints, 1018 moment, 858 Policing, 454, 1649 question, 859 community, 1660 Post-neoliberal moment, 858 over-policing, 1651–1655 Post-neoliberal multiculturalism, 861 procedural, 1662 Post-structuralism in international relations, Polish minority treaty, 1861 1830 Political economy of violence, 278 Postwar nationalist discourses, 550 Political factors, 1690, 1692 Pouvanaa a Oopa, 888 Political geography, 775 Power resources, 271 Political identity, 792 Power sharing, 332, 626, 627, 689, 736 Political legitimacy, 368, 370–374 Power vertical, 325, 327 Politically-motivated migration, 1676 Practice turn, 1448 Political mobilisation, 171, 266 Prasad, Ayodhya, 258 Political obstacles, 1820 Pravasi Bharatiya Divas, 1162 Political party, 744 Praxis, 1054, 1057 Political representation of ethnic groups PRC, see People’s Republic of China (PRC) (PREGs), 1524 Precarious immigration status, 1250, 1258 Political stability, 110 pre-Cession Fiji, 249–253 Political tribalism, 267, 268, 276 Pre-electoral coalition making, 739 Index 2037

Preferential development programmes, 1014 Q Preferential policies, 94, 96, 99, 105 Qaddafi, 135 Preferential treatment, 2004 Qadiani, 834 Preferential voting, 118 al-Qaeda, 136, 757–762, 765–769 Prejudice, 486, 487, 489, 490, 496 Qasida, 831 Presidential candidates, 737 Qing dynasty, 100 Presidential elections, 736, 737–742 Qualitative yarning method, 1393 Presidential terms limits, 747 experience, 1397 Pribumi, 799, 800, 1172 no racism, 1396 Primitive natives, 892 physical racism, 1396 “Primitive” peoples, 891, 892 racism as erasure, 1395–1396 Primitivism, 891 racism on the outside, 1394 Primordialism, 268 racist slurs, 1394 Primordialist, 4, 35 stereotyping subleties, 1395 Primordial public, 274 teacher racism, 1396–1397 Primordial realm, 274 Quantitative research method, 1397–1399 Priority Enforcement Program (PEP), 1341, aboriginal students, 1400 1343 inferential analyses, 1399–1400 Procedural justice, 1662 Queer, 1079, 1084, 1086, 1088, 1089 Procedural rectification, 1507 activism and scholarship, 1091 Professionalisation, 1663 identity, 1089 Professional politicians, 608 in India, 1089, 1091 Pro-government militias (PGMs), 561–563 Quota(s), 1663 defector, 565–566 Quota Acts, 1210, 1217 effects on conflict dynamics, 568–572 rival, 566–568 Project 4.1, 892, 893 Project Sunshine, 894 R Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act, Race, 80, 82–89, 484–491, 493, 1648, 2001 1983 denial of, 1388–1389 Propaganda, 1991 group, 83, 84, 86, 87 Prophet Muhammad cartoons, 496 illusion of, 1387 Proportional representation, 824 thinking, 89 Proportional representation (PR) systems, 159 Race and ethnicity Protected groups, 1543 empire, discourse of, 1132–1134 Protestant, 826 intergenerational conflict, sexuality and Proto-affirmative action, 1504 migrant families, 1139–1143 Protocol of 1967, 1887 young people and sexualised media, Proto-state, 798 1134–1139 Protracted conflicts, 154 Race and racism Proxies, 798, 800 anti-Semitism, 389 Prunier, G., 1551 cognitive and behavioral dimensions, 391 Psychoanalysis, 70, 1035, 1044–1048, 1059 English language, 390 Public attitudes, 1821 and ethnic group, 385 Public Order Act, 455 ‘old’ and ‘new’ racism, 391–392 Pule, 1224 Polynesian labor trade, 389 Pulo Aceh community, 1963 race relations and anti-racist struggles, Punjab, 1295 392–393 Punjabi, 1266 racial and ethnic stereotypes and Putin, V., 325 prejudices, 390 Putra daerah, 800 racial discrimination, 391 Pygmalion, 65, 66 racialization, 385–388 2038 Index

Racial and ethnic minorities, media Raja, 1455–1456, 1459, 1460 representation, see Media and Rakhine Buddhist, 1587 stereotypes Rakhine State, 1892–1894, 1899–1903 Racial capitalism, 1253 Ramadan, 1016 Racial centrality, 491 Rancière, J., 67 Racial community, 84, 85 Ratéb Meusekat, 1964–1966, 1974 Racial discrimination, 516–517, 1391 Ratoh Jaroe, 1962 Racial equality, 393, 1508 Rawls, John, 213, 214 Racialization, 78, 484, 485, 487, 489, 490, Real, 1045 493, 496, 1332 Reality, 1840 immigrants, 1332 Real-time equality, 941 migrant, 1252 Rebellion, 792, 802, 805, 969 Racial justice Rebel-rebel conflicts, 657 issues, 506 Recognition, 854, 862 racism and, 501 Reconciliation, 1448, 1451, 1454, 1456, 21st century problem, 502 1458, 1460, 1613, 1632–1636, 1639 Racial politics, 1354 Recruitment strategy, 1774 Racial prejudice, 15 Red-Green coalition, 1858–1860 Racial profiling, 1654 Red Guards, 288 Racial unrest, 1216 Redistribution, 853, 855, 856, 860, 862 Racism, 14–17, 484–489, 490, 492, 496, Re-education, 1024 1079, 1081–1083, 1085, 1099, camps, 1027 1370, 1372, 1384, 1409–1412, Reeves, E., 1550 1705, 1997 Referendum for independence, 1568 aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Reform and modernisation, 1012 adults, 1390 Reformasi, 804 and black peril, 433–436 Refugees, 30, 31, 43, 137, 142, 1576, definition, 430 1583–1585, 1690 denial of, 1388–1389 crisis, 1840 descriptive statics, 1399 protection, 1690 as erasure, 1395–1396 quota, 1691 experience, 1397 Regime change, 160 historical trauma, 1389 Regional autonomy, 626 illusion of, 1388 Regional conflict system, 620 impact, 1390 Regional counter-terrorism law, 1018 indigenist research, 1386–1387 Regional government, 1017 labour regime, 439–441 Regions of labor supply, 1774 multi-levelled in nature, 1389 Registration card, 1014 physical, 1396 Reintegration of society, 1447, 1454 positioning, 1385–1386 Religion, 34–36, 38–41, 43–45, 176–178, quantitative measures, 1398 585, 1447, 1448, 1452–1454, 1457, scientific, 431–432 1459, 1461, 1648, 1672, 1681 teacher, 1396–1397 Religious conversion, 920 white, 436–438 Religious education, 1863, 1864 Racist in Austria, 1866–1867 slurs, 1394 Islamic, 1872 truth, 496 Religious framing, 174 Radicalism, 792 Religious governance, 1856, 1870 Radical religious ideology, 175 Austria, 1869 Radioactive contamination, 886 Religious institutions, 178–179 Radio Bantu, 1984 Religious minorities, 141 Rail and road networks, 1017 Reluctant matai, 1235 Rainbow nation, 1979 Remittances, 1224 Index 2039

Rent-seeking, 278 challenge, 1903–1904 rebellions, 668, 670 and Indonesian government, 1891 Repatriation, 1458, 1460, 1461, 1584 Indonesian policy, 1895–1897 Repeat visits, 1224 second track diplomacy, 1902–1903 Representation, 217 theories of regionalism and humanitarian situational analysis, 1522–1534 intervention, 1893–1895 Repressive developmentalism, 799 Roma, 366–369, 1650 Resilience, 317 minority, 1683 Resistance, 200, 201, 203, 205, 1910, 1917 Roman Catholic, 826 Resource curse, 1361 Romanian migration, 1674 Resource exploitation, 1014 Germans, 1674–1676 Resource reserves, 1016 Hungarians, 1676–1678 Responsibility to Protect (R2P), 1541 labor migration, 1678–1681 Reverend John Morton, 829 Romani identity, 367 Reverse discrimination, 1506 Romaphobia, 368 Reverse racism, 391 Rooinga, 1582 Revival of local traditions, 1451 Rorlich, Azade-Ayşe, 317 Rhodes, C., 431, 441 Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Rhodesia, 432 Custody, 1657 political marginalisation, 443–444 Ruijin ethos, 104 racism (see Racism) Rummel, R., 1545 white racism and alienation and racialisation Runit Island, 902 of land, 436–438 Russia vs. Tatarstan treaty, 327 Riots, 448 Rwanda 2001 riots, 448, 449, 454, 457, 458, 460 colonisation, 1618–1621 Risorgimento, 1204 ethnic groups of, 1613–1615 identity of, 1205–1206 genocide, 1613–1615, 1630 Rituals, 173, 1447, 1449, 1451, 1459, 1460 post-genocide, 1630–1637 Rival discourses, 551 precolonial, 1615–1618 Rizzo Frank, 1216–1217 Roatan, 1601 S Rodney, Walter, 1357 Saddam Hussein, 137 Rohang, 1578 Safran classification, 1153, 1154 Rohingya, 1576–1583 Sahel, African, 623, 756–759, 764, 766, Rohingya muslims 769, 770 Arakan/Rakhine region, 1881–1882 Salafi, 836 Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army, Salamasina, 1238 1882–1883 Salim, Agoes, 801 Asaddudin Owaisi, 1879 Saman, 1958, 1970 channels, 1880 Samoan culture, 1224 ethinic violence, 1884 Samoan language, 1237 human rights organisations, 1886–1887 Samoan observe, 1241 in Jammu region, 1885 Samoan transnationalism, 1228 major destinations, 1883 Samoa’s comparative advantage, 1231, 1242 polarisation, 1880–1881 San Andres Island, 1594 2014 Report of Amnesty International, 1884 Sanctuary cities, 1341 threat to national security, 1885 Sandalwood trade, 250 Trinmool Congress, 1878 San Diego, 1238 Rohingya refugees Santa Marta, 1595 in Andaman sea, 1892 Santri, 795, 802 ASEAN commitment, 1892 Sa’o (paramount chiefs), 1241 ASEAN response, 1900–1902 Sarekat Islam, 803 Bali process, 1898 Savage, Charles, 251 2040 Index

Scandella, Giuseppe, 1210 Shia, 134 Scapegoats, 800 influence on, 1964 Scarman Report, 1656 Shi’ite, 832 Schabas, W., 1542 Shirk, 835 Scheffer, D., 1550 Siddiqi, Maulana, 831 Schröder government, 1859 Simab, Moulvi Nazeer Ahmad, 835, 836 Scientific racism, 431–432 Singapore, 1314, 1316, 1318–1327 Second-order ethnic minorities, 969 casino resorts research, 1318 Second-order minorities, 969 local workers, 1318 in conflict-ridden Mindanao, 981–987 Sinn Féin, 338–340, 342, 343 Mindanao peace process and, 987–988 Sinophone studies, 1180 in post-conflict Aceh, 970–981 Situational definition of ethnicity, 596 post-helsinki Aceh and, 975–981 Situational ethnicity, 34 The Secret, 418 Slave demography, 1751, 1755 Secret societies, 1170 Slave labour force, 1751–1754 Sectarian, 333, 335–336, 339–341, 344 Slavery, 484–486, 494, 1354, 1649 Sectarianism, 137–139, 335, 340–343 Small arms and light weapons (SALW), 683 Secularization theory, 171–174 Small states, 222, 224, 225, 227, 233 Secure Communities (S-Comm), 1341 Smith, R., 1545 Security forces, 687 Smithsonian Museum, 1951 Security vacuum, 680 Soccer, 1193 Sedentary, 660 Social capital, 1226, 1672, 1679, 1682 Seemab, Nazeer Ahmad, 830 Social categorization, 1996 Segregated sport, 84, 85 Social closure, 1679 Segregation, 459, 468, 469, 478, 1047 Social cohesion, 1789 Self-determination, 150, 153, 945, 946, 949, Social construction, 267 951, 955–961 of ethnicity, 274 Self-government, 254 Social constructionist, 7 Self-identify, 267 Social control, 488–490, 497 “Self-other” distinctions, 37 Social Democratic and Labour Party Self-representation, 407–410 (SDLP), 338 Semi-exclusiveness of religious Social engineering, 1450, 1451, 1459, 1460 community, 599 Social equality, 2001 Separatism, 792, 1026–1028 in Netherlands, 2004–2005 Separatist/Islamist ideas, 1018 perspectives on, 2001–2003 Sepoys, 1276–1278 Social field, 1225 Seram, 1456, 1457 Social identity, 409, 1648 Serb nationalist discourse, 540 Social identity theory (SIT), 490, 491 Service class, 1733 Social imaginaries, 792, 804 Settlement policy, 1690 Social imagination, 277 Settler Social infrastructure and services, 1014 colonialism, 869–872 Social media, 59–61 Rhodesia, 431–432 Social mobility, 1733–1738 societies, surviving exclusion in, 1173 Social networks, 1743 Sexuality, 1132–1134, 1135, 1138–1143 Social reform committees, 588 in ancient times, 1064–1066 Social relations Indonesia and, 1066–1067 restoration of, 1447, 1450, 1454 Islam and, 1067–1068 Social stability, 1013 Sexual racism, 1081 Social suffering, 852, 854, 857, 858, 863 Shannon Foster, 1386 Social ties, 1679 Shared citizenship, 224, 227, 235–240 Societal individualisation, 1739 Sharpeville massacre, 479, 1982 Societal pluralism, 134 Sheikh Amat Badron, 1967 Society, 1078–1081, 1084, 1085 Index 2041

Socio-structural factors, 1375 State subsidy, 1980 Soft power, 1014 Stereotypes, 83, 87, 484–486, 488, 489–491 Somoza, 1594 consciousness, 491 Source communities, 1948 and education, 491–493 South Africa, 1979 and humour/satire, 495–496 cinema in, 1979 and media, 493–495 film industry, 1979 subleties, 1395 Indian identity in (see Indian identity, in Stereotype threat, 1408 South Africa) in Aotearoa New Zealand context, South Asian, 448–452, 454, 459, 460 1412–1413 based communities/diasporas, 1771 combating, 1418–1421 Southeast Asia, 1319 disidentification, 1416–1418 after WWII, 1178 impacts of, 1413–1421 Chinese communities in, 1169 performance burden, 1413–1416 decolonisation and Chinese in, 1171–1172 racism and ethnicity, 1409–1412 diasporic population in, 1168 Stop-and-search, 1652 immigrants from, 1181 Strategic alterity, 1317, 1326 maritime trade and Chinese in, 1169–1171 Strategic ethnic divides, 799 postcolonial politics in, 1178 Strike forces, 587 South Ossetia, 154 Structural adjustment reforms, 851, 852 South Sudan, 623, 656 Students for Fair Admissions (SFFA), CPA, 669 1486, 1491 Dinka-Nuer war, 670 Subaltern, 203 interim period, 667–669 co-ethnics, 275 SPLM/A, 666, 667 Subconscious bias, 14–17 SPLM/A-IO, 669, 670 Subidentities, 133 Sovereign Christian states, 123 Subjectivization, 1037, 1043, 1047, 1050, Sovereignty, 222, 223, 225–227, 232, 234, 237, 1054, 1055 1248, 1368, 1831 Subordinate groups, 276 See also Hawaiian sovereignty Substantive rectification, 1507 Special intent, 1544 Sudan, 132, 656 Spiralism, 1735 center-periphery dynamics and civil wars Splitism, 1026–1028 in, 657–659 Splitting, 1044 Darfur (see Darfur) SPLM/A-In Opposition (SPLM/A-IO), Sudan Liberation Movement/Army 669, 670 (SLM/A), 664, 665 Sri Lanka Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/ ethnicization and ethic war colonial impact, Army (SPLM/A), 658, 659, 663, 636–640 666–668 ethnic riot, 640–643 Suel naru, 1972 ethnic violence of July 1983, 648–649 Sufism, 833, 1964 historical emergence of ethnic identities, 635 Sugar post war violence, 650–651 industry, 256 violence in Puttalam, 643–646 plantation, 1353, 1776 violence of 1981, 646–648 Sugar cane, 258, 1773 Stalin, 1015 Suharto, 794–800, 803–805 State and minority nationalities, in China Sukarno, 792–795, 799–804 Chinese nationalities policy, Sukuna, Ratu, 257 96–99 Sulawesi, 792, 800, 802, 805 Hui nationality, 94 Sumatra, 792, 800, 802 human rights, 102–105 Sunni, 137, 828 preferential policy, 94, 96, 99, 105 Sustainable peace, 1447 terrorism/separatism, 100–102 Suu Kyi, Aung San, 1902 2042 Index

Syed Abdul Aziz, 829 Terrorist incidents, 325 Symbols, 1447, 1450, 1451, 1455, 1458, Terrorist jihadist organisations, 138 1460, 1461 Tertiary education, 1703 ethnicity, 1217 Te Tiriti o Waitangi, 869–870, 1367 goods, 1508 Theology, 175–176 production, 1042, 1043, 1059 Theories of ethnos and ethnicity, 38 universes, 1168 Third-party peacekeeping operations, 163 Symbolism, 12 30th September Movement, 795 Syncretisms, 837 Thurn, Everard im, 256 Syria, 132 Tiananmen incident, 1012 Systemic inequities, 1371 Tibet, 1013 de-politicisation, 307–309 T non-separatism self-representation, Tabligh/ Dar ul Uloom, 838 309–310 Tabot festival of Bengkulu, 1964 Tibetans, 284, 285, 287, 292–296, 1015 Tabuik festival, 1964 Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR), 286, 293 Taiwanese, 1179 Tibetan Lamaism, 702 Taiwanese nationalism, 1181 Tibetan uprising, 1013 Takveeatul Islamic Association (TIA), 841, 842 Timbuktu, 767 Talamanca mountains, 1602 Tino rangatiratanga, 874 Tangata whenua, 868, 1268 Tjokroaminoto, H.O.S., 803 Tang Dynasty, 95 Tobago Organisation of Peoples (TOP), 815 Tangible heritage, 1941 Toiora, 1374 Tangomaos, 1597 Tongans, 249 Tanjung Priok massacre, 803 Torres Strait Islander, aboriginal and Tarim Oilfield, 1021 adults, 1390 Tari Saman group, 1960 children, 1390 Tasman, Abel, 1273 voices, 1391 Tatar, 316, 318 youth, 1390 Tatar Declaration of Sovereignty, 324 Tourism, 54–57, 1243 Tatar language, 316 Tradition, 1447, 1451, 1452, 1454–1459 classes ban, 327 Traditional alliances, 1454, 1456 Tatar Public Center (TOTs), 323 Traditional attachments, 36 Tatarstan, 325 Traditional justice, 1449–1452, 1455 Tatarstan Airlines Boeing 737-500 crash, 327 Traditional justice mechanisms (TJM), 1450, Tatar Yoke myth, 318 1451, 1459, 1460 Tauiwi, 1272, 1306 Traditional leaders, 1450, 1452, 1454, 1455 Tautala faasamoa, 1237 Traditional Unionist Voice (TUV), 340 Tautua, 1224, 1227, 1236 Traditional village union, 1457 Tazeem, 831 Training schools, 1018 Teacher racism, 1396–1397 Trans-and international activism, 852 Teaiwa, T., 891 Trans-Asia Railway, 1024 Technology, 1012 Trans-border ethnic groups, 616 Television shows, 403, 406, 407 Transformation, 1229, 1237 Te mana whakahaere, 1371 Transformational approach, 1376 Temporary Protected Status (TPS), 1342 Transition to democracy, 119 Tentara Islam Indonesia, 802 Transmigration policies, 800 Tentara Nasional Indonesia, 797 Transnational contacts, 1743 Te Oranga, 1375 Transnational framework, 1224 Te Pae Mahutonga, 1368 Transnational imagination, 1152 Te reo Māori, 871 Transnationalism, 372–374, 1153, 1155, 1169, Territorialisation, 1651 1180, 1225 Terrorism, 94, 99–102, 327, 1026–1028, 1835 Transnationalized religious community, 1682 Index 2043

Transnational matai, 1224 UNESCO Declaration on Race and Racial Transnational network, 1179–1180 Prejudice, 385 Transnational reincorporation, 1224, 1243 UNHCR, 1892, 1898 Transnistria, 154 Unionism, 332, 334, 339, 340, 342, 343 Transport and communication networks, 1024 United Democratic Front (UDF), 480 Trauma, 66, 67, 71, 72, 74 United Fruit and the Standard Fruit Company, Treaty of Waitangi, 869–870, 880, 1271, 1301 1603 Treena Clark, 1386 United Kingdom, 332, 333, 341 Tribalism, 267, 269 United National Congress (UNC), 810, 812, Tribal Trust Lands (TTLs), 438 815, 817, 819, 821, 823 Trinidad and Tobago (TT), 810, 811 United Nations (UN), 374, 1588 Crown Colony governance, 813 United Nations Committee on the Elimination economy, 812 of Racial Discrimination, 1027 election results, 821–822 United Nations High Commissioner for 2010 elections, 815–817 Refugees, 1690 ethnic groups, 811 United Nations’ sources, 1027 ethnic types, 817 United States Citizenship and Immigration non-ethnic types, 817 Services (USCIS) website, 1342 population, 813 Unity in diversity, 1649 UDeCOTT, 816, 818, 819 Universal cultural features, 37 Trinidad Muslim League (TML), 834, 842 Universal suffrage, 1229 Trinmool Congress (TMC), 1878 University entrance examination (EGE), 327 Trobriand Islands, 70 Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), 661 Trump, D., 384 Upuh pawak, 1972 Truth claims, 496 Urumqi Airport, 1017 Tuaregs, 758 Urumqi riots, 1013 Tui Viti, 252 US nuclear test, 886, 902 Tulafale (orator chief), 1237 Uyghurs, 284, 285, 287, 292–296, 1015 Tunggal Saman genre, 1971 activists resident overseas, 1027 Turaga ni koros, 257 architectural inheritance, 1024 Turkey, 137 labour force, 1016 Turkic peoples, 1016 nationalism, 1014 Turkish-Islamic Union for Cultural and Social resentment, 1021 Cooperation in Austria, 1868 residents, 1013 Twice-migrants, 1163, 1164 unrest, 1013 Two-ness, 1053

V U Valle du Par, 1594 Uganda, 1433–1435 Values, 1187, 1194, 1196, 1198 Ulama, Nahdlatul, 1896, 1902, 1903 Vancouver’s Museum of Anthropology (MOA), Ulster Defence Association (UDA), 332 1951 Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), 339, 340 Van Mook, H., 793 Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), 332 Victimhood politics, 1567 Ulu Ni Lagu, 1971 Video games, 400, 403, 404 Uncanny, 1048–1051, 1053, 1055 Vietnam War refugees, 1176 Unconscious cognitions, 490 Village council (fono), 1238 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Villages, 1236 Peoples 2007, 954–959 Violence, 277, 278, 615, 1057 Underclass, 1652 capacity, 278 Underground fires in coalfields, 1022 ethnic lines, 1518 Underperformance, 1416 and intimidation, 1030 UNESCO, 485 Violent non-state actors, 142 2044 Index

Visman Commission, 793 Wog, 1198 Visual representation, 402 Women as matai, 1238 Voice, 1705 Women’s Committees, 587 Volga Bulgar state/Volga Bulgaria, 318, 319 Wong, Gilbert, 1232 Volga Tatars, ethnogenesis of, 319 Work, 1257 Voluntary contracted labor, 1770 World Bank, 851, 857, 1228 Volunteers, 1699 World Uighur Congress, 1028 Voting, 1527 World War I, 1205, 1207, 1210 Vulnerability, 1662 World War II, 1205, 1212–1215, 1218

W X Wahhab, Muhammad Ibn Abdul, 835 Xenophobia, 88, 1830, 1834 Wahabbism, 835 Xi Jinping, 1012 Wahavi Islam, 1882 Xinjiang, 1013 Waiora, 1374 Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, 1013 Waitangi Tribunal, 874–877, 879 Xinjiang–Western Europe rail connections, Wallace, G., 1216 1024 War preparation, 1563 Washington, Harold, 1216 Water shortages, 1022 Y Wayuu, 1599 Yaqona, 1926–1934 Weibo, 1019 role of, 1933–1934 Weiner, A., 70 as symbol of cultural identity, 1931 Welfare system, 1702 Yasin Abu Bakr, 828 Western Europe, 348 Yellow peril, 1174 expert survey data and analyses, 352 Yeltsin, 321 far right, 349–352 Yemen, 132 immigrants and immigration policy, Young, Iris Marion, 216 theoretical implications for, 356–357 Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang, 1897, 1900 immigration, multiculturalism, and Yugoslavia, 602 traditional left-right, 352–356 Western metropoles, 1243 Western press, 1022, 1027 Z Westphalian regime, 1156 Zambos, 1595, 1598 Whānau Ora, 1375 Zapatista, 853 White fragility/guilt, 506, 509, 510 Zapatista National Liberation Army White genocide, 1989 (EZLN), 853 Whiteness, 489, 1214, 1215, 1978 Zero-sum contest, 1504 White privilege, 1488–1490 Zero-sum games, 746 White racism, 436–438 Zionism, 578, 580, 590 White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, 1488 Žižek, 68, 70, 74 White Settler Societies, 1173 Zuid Afrikaanse Republiek (ZAR), 471