PROXY WAR AND INDONESIA’S NATIONAL SECURITY: VICTORIA CONCORDIA CRESCIT

Safril Hidayat1 and Wawan Gunawan2

Kostrad (Army’s Strategic Command) and University of General Achmad Yani ([email protected] and [email protected])

Abstract – Proxy war have occurred since ancient times until now which is conducted by the major state powers by using state actors or non-state actors. The national interests of the big countries with objective of the struggle for power and the power of influence in affecting international relations. Proxy war has motives and hard power and soft power approaches to achieve their goals. Indonesia is safeguarding its national security in dealing with the proxy war strategy against disintegration attempts, thus it can be eliminated and the integration of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia will remains intact. To safeguard the integration of the nation, Indonesia must take a counter proxy measures. This article uses qualitative approach with data from reference sources and literature related to the proxy war. The validity and reliability of the data was tested by triangulation reference. The study shows that the counter proxy war conducted by maintaining Unity in Diversity which resemble the Opus Dei upon Indonesia, implementing policies and avoiding materialistic for the benefit of people (pro bono), and keeping the harmony of Indonesia. Keywords: Proxy war, proxy war motives, national security, counter proxy war.

1 Writer is Lieutenant Colonel Czi Dr. Safril Hidayat, psc, Msc, Pamen Kostrad. Graduate from Military Academy in 1995. 2 Writer Dr. Wawan Gunawan, S.Sos, M.Si is Lecturer of Governance Science Program at Faculty of Politics and Social Science, University of General Achmad Yani, Bandung. Active contributor for Harian Pikiran Rakyat Bandung.

Proxy War and Indonesia’s National Security ... | Safril Hidayat and Wawan Gunawan | 1

Background

ar or conflict as a proxy two important actors of proxy war. war has been occurred Proxy war conducted by a major country since ancient times. The to a group of individuals who are not wperiod before World War I and World state actors (non-state actors) and state War II has fewer in total compared to the actors. All conflicts, insurgency, war, and Proxy War that occurred during the days civil war have a tendency to power of the Cold War and some of the proxy (power). war is written in the book of history and Politics is one of the means often used politics, as summarized in Table1 below. for achieving the goal for power. Based on table 1 above, we analyzed the

Table 1. Proxy War before the First World War to Cold War Proxy War that have World War I World War II Cold War been done and are taking place (ongoing) 7 Events 5 Events 72 Events 28 vents  The Egypt War  Civil War in  China’s Civil War  Mao Insurgency with Dynasty Finland  Greek Civil War  Angola Civil War Ottoman  Revolution  War of Vietnam  Occupation of  Civil War in and  Crisis of Iran in 1946 Indonesia over Timor Uruguay Intervention  War of Indochina I Leste  War in Sudan in Hungary  Civil War Paraguay  War of Cabinda (Mahdist)  War  War in Malaysia Peninsula  Chittagong Conflict in  Civil War I and II in Independence  Internal Conflict in Myanmar Bangladesh Samoa Turkey  Conflict of Baluchistan  Civil War of  Crisis in  Civil War China  War of Korea Mozambique Venezuela 1902-  Civil War Spain  The Rise of Mau-mau  Conflict of Nagorno- 1903  Revolution of Cuba Karabakh  Campaign in  War of Indochina II  Afghanistan Civil War Somalia.  Crisis of Taiwan Strait I  Insurgency in Jammu  War of Algeria and Kashmir  Civil War Sudan I  Conflict of Georgia-  Crisis of Suez Canal Osetia  Crisis of Taiwan Strait II  Conflict of Georgia-  Crisis of Lebanon 1958 Abkhaz  Rising of Tibet 1959  Civil War of Georgia  Central America Crisis  War of Yugoslavia  Crisis of Congo War  Civil War in Tajikistan

 Colonial of Portugal  Insurgency Afar II  Conflict Xinjiang  Insurgency of ADF in  War of Iraq with Kurdish I Uganda   War Independence Eritrea War of Congo I   Civil War in North Yemen Civil War of Nepal   Dhofar Rebellion Civil War of Guinea Bissau

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 Insurgency Communist Sarawak  Sand War in Algeria  Crisis of Aden  Insurgency in the Northeast of India  War in Rhodesia  the Civil War in the Dominican Republic  the Civil War in Chadia  Communists insurgency in Thailand  Campaign of Bolivia  the Korean War II  the War of the South Africa Border  the Nigerian Civil War  Mao Insurgency  Communists insurgency in Malaysia  terrorist incidents  Operation Condor  War of A Wadiah  Civil Conflict in the Philippines  Yemen War 1972  the civil war in Angola  the Civil War in Ethiopia  the Lebanese Civil War  the War of Western Sahara  Indonesian Occupation in East Timor  the Cabinda War in Angola  Insurgency in Laos  Civil Conflict in Turkey  Shaba I in Angola  Ethiopia's Ogaden War  the Vietnam-Cambodia War  Mozambique Civil War  Conflict of Chittagong in Bangladesh  Shaba II in Congo  Uganda - Tanzania War  NDF Rebellion in Yemen  Chadia conflict with Libya  Yemen War 1979  War Soviet Union and Afghanistan  China - Vietnam War  Internal Conflict in Peru  Ethiopia-Somalia Border War  Sri Lankan Civil War  the Thai-Laos Border War  Afghan Civil War. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List of_proxy_wars, accessed on 23 of January 2017, (Processed by Writers)

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The approach is beyond the territorial out with the military power or political limits of the country with foreign policy power4. and when it became the international A set of rules and standards of dynamics it will be identified as achievement are also determined to international politics. Thus the political measure the progress made by the donor approach conducted by major countries receiving countries in form of global is closely related to power as in the policies such as MDG (Millennium adagium of all politics tend to power. A Development Goals), Civil Society, Civil state foreign politics alongside the Supremacy, Human Rights, Climate implementation of foreign policy as an Change, Transparency, Accountability, action as a form of behavior.3 and so forth. These set of standards and The behavior is carried out through regulations cannot be rejected because it an approach or action of the big is an important issue in international countries in the form of soft power or politics. Even today the issue being hard power. Soft power is carried out in a considered as low politics issue during proxy war by using economic tools the cold war (economic, technological, (Economy Power) and today taken form etc.) is now deemed as important as the as technological devices and information high politics issue (military and political). of aid or donations from the countries or The above mentioned phenomenon donors organizations (which was also are unavoidable by the countries in need supported by donor countries) to for domestic development in their countries in need which are mostly country (domestic politics). The nature of developing countries or the third world the state in providing a sense of security countries. While hard power is carried and well-being as specified by Socrates out through an intervention by the hundreds of years ago is domestic countries that is relatively well- politics. The weakness of a country make established in economy, politics, and cooperation as the key to perform the military toward third world or developing duties and functions of the state. If the countries. The intervention was carried needs are not met, it will potentially

3 Thomas G Hermann, “Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior Using the Personal Characteristics of 4 Mike Stillman, Proxy Wars: The Business of War, Political Leaders”, International Studies (Bloomington, Indiana: Trafford on Demand Quarterly, Vol. 24. 1 1980 002 7-46. Pub, 2008), page. 78.

4 | Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara | April 2017, Volume 1 Number 1 trigger a conflict or war for resources in the Indonesian perspective particularly order to meet the security and prosperity on military perspective about proxy war. of its people. The definition of a proxy war by Hard power use will likely facing www.reference.com (2017) is as follows: resistance from various countries these “A proxy war is a conflict inflicted by a major power or powers that days. The resistance will be higher if the do not become involved in it country does not have a good (national directly. Often, proxy wars involve countries fighting their opponents’ image) in international politics as allies or helping their allies fight experienced by China and Russia. When their opponents.”5 hard power is carried out by the state The Oxford online dictionary (2017) with ‘good’ dominance, hegemony, and has similar definition about proxy war national image, then there is possibility which in principle implicating indirect of hard power action being legitimized involvement “A war instigated by a major by international community (law power which does not itself become warfare) as that of the United States, involved.”6 It is interesting to highlight NATO, and the like. the word major power behind proxy war. In the Indonesian perspective, the The further question is what is the issue of proxy war has been increased major power motives in Indonesia? after Gen. Gatot Nurmantyo Which one is more dangerous between disseminating it to a wide range of higher hard power and soft power in the education, community and youth context of Indonesia? What is the history organizations and various circles in of proxy war that happened in Indonesia regarding the threat of proxy Indonesia? How to promote plurality in war. Proxy War in Indonesian also Indonesia that is vulnerable to proxy war defined as war of influence extension. attempt? Through this short article the War conducted by one side writers will elaborate on the motives in a against another by using a third party proxy war, the use of soft power and from within the country itself or other hard power, national security, counter actors who operate by utilizing the local 5 Proxy War Reference, https://www.reference. community or locals. Com/education/proxy-war-b728308de84469fd, accessed on February 12, 2014. However, the definition of proxy 6 English Oxford Living Dictionaries, Proxy war, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ war cannot be determined according to proxy_war, accessed on 12 February 2014.

Proxy War and Indonesia’s National Security ... | Safril Hidayat and Wawan Gunawan | 5 proxy, as well as integration and domestic politics interests of a state.8 disintegration. As stated by Lord Acton that all This article was prepared by using politics tend to power. Therefore, in descriptive qualitative approach using principle any form of proxy conducted by study of literature and documentation as a great power against a country through the source of research data. The validity the political elites and Non-Governmental and reliability of the data was tested by Official (NGO) is the struggle for power triangulation reference. or power of influence.9 This motive is not necessarily seek The Motives Framework of Proxy War for occupation, because it will be dealing At the time of the cold war which full of with international institutions and other statist nuances, self-help, and the countries. However, in some cases survival of the individual countries intervention has been conducted to concerned about security issues.7 The replace the regime (such as in the Arab security interest as well as political Spring), influencing political leaders interests made the proxy incurred in (Latin America and Africa), and connection with these two issues (high eventually to preserve the power of the politics). During the post-cold war when big countries at the international politics nuclear war is no longer a major issue, stage both in terms of power and the the issue of economic, technology, effect. human rights (particularly in perspective of international relations known as Hard Power and Soft Power human security), and environmental The concept of difference between hard issues. Even today, the struggle for power and soft power was introduced by power and the power of influence goes 8 Dick Simpson, James Nowlan, Elizabeth beyond security and political issues O’Shaughnessy, The Struggle for Power and Influence in Cities and States 1st Edition, although in the end it still affecting the (London: Pearson, 2010), page. 233. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith, security and international politics as well Domestic Explanations of International Relations, (New York: Department of Politics New York University, 2012), page.161-81. 9 Michael A Innes, Making Sense of Proxy Wars: 7 Tim Dunne & Brian C. Schimdt, “Realism”, in States, Surrogates & the Use of Force, (Dulles John Baylis & Steve Smith (Eds), The Virginia: Potomac Books, 2012) and Mike Globalization of World Politics, 2nd edition, Stillman, Proxy Wars: The Business of War. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), page. Bloomington, (Indiana: Trafford on Demand 141-60. Pub, 2008).

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Joseph Nye more than two decades ago expansion is another example of soft (1990). Nye defines power as the ability power.16 to affect others to get the desired The effectiveness of the hard results10 and hard power as the use of power and soft power approaches coercive force by persuasion or threats11. depends on the accessibility of Hard power is based on the use of resources.17 Major state powers such as coercive force by military intervention, the United States or Russia with higher diplomacy and economic sanctions national income are financially able to economic12 and rely on actual resources maintain large armed forces, and deploy such as the army or economic powers13. them in other countries with suppressed Example of use of hard power was in the economy. Smaller countries, with the German invasion of Poland (1939), and lack of hard power ability, but has the the United Nations economic sanctions soft power capability that can be a form against Iraq (1991) in post-Gulf War I. of power to affect other countries like Soft power is the ability to Norwegia.18 persuade others to performed what they However, there are differences desire.14 Nye said that the persuasion as when compared with Japan or China. persuasive power of by attraction and Heng said that the history of Japanese emulation of cultural resources, ideology, war resulting a limitation in soft power.19 and organizations.15 Dispersion of China’s authoritarian leadership impede American culture in the Eastern Block the full utilization of their soft power during the Cold War indicates the soft potential.20 Thus the strength of a power of America, and the process of EU country's soft power is related to its history and social system to determine

10 Joseph S. Nye, Understanding International Conflicts. 7th ed, (New York: Pearson, 2009), 16 Ibid, page. 63-64. page. 61. 17 Heywood, Global Politics, (Basingstoke: 11 Ibid, page. 63. Palgrave Foundation, 2011), Picture. 9.1, page. 12 E.J. Wilson, “Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart 72. Power”, ANNALS of the American Academy 18 Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success of Political and Social Sciences, Issue 616, 2008, in World Politics, (New York: Public Affairs, hlm. 114. 2004), page.111-112. 13 G. Gallarotti, “Soft Power: what it is, its 19 Y.K. Heng, “Mirror, mirror on the wall, who is importance, and the conditions for its effective the softest of them all? Evaluating Japanese and use”, Journal of Political Power, vol. No.1, 2011, Chinese strategies in the ‘soft’ power pp. 29. competitions era”, International Relations of 14 E.J. Wilson, op.cit, page.114. the Asia-Pacific, Vol.10, 2010, hlm. 299. 15 Joseph Nye, op.cit, page.63 20 Ibid., page.300.

Proxy War and Indonesia’s National Security ... | Safril Hidayat and Wawan Gunawan | 7 the effectiveness of the soft power. We already know the point of Smith-Windsor stated that the weakness on the use of hard power. boundary between soft power and hard After the Cold War, the use of soft power power is unclear21. Smith-Windsor said has been strongly implemented by the that the armed forces can also be used in major powers. Thus the focus of the peacekeeping operations, humanitarian, analysis is the use of soft power to and the handover of power determine its weaknesses. Cooper said (interposition).22 The use of the armed that there are at least three weak points forces indicating no firm boundaries of soft power. First, questioning the between hard power and soft power. power of culture as a source of soft A country's foreign policy strategy power in which cultural influence and can be an effective combination of both political power are not the same; Second, types of power This is identified by the desired results using a strategy of Nossel and Nye as “smart power”.23 soft power depends on the specific Armitage and Nye conveyed smart circumstances that cannot always be power as combination of hard power and influenced by the state; Third, Cooper soft power.24 Armitage and Nye are both criticizing the actual benefits of setting agree that smart power is an approach the agenda as a positive result of the that underlining the needs of strong practices that have lasted a long time by military power, while also heavily using soft power.26 investing in alliance, partnership and Proxy war tend to begin with soft organizations. According to Wilson smart power through diplomacy, donations, power is ability (...) to combine elements until developing an insurgency groups of hard power and mutually (dissident) in a country. The adagium of strengthening soft power25. enemy's enemy is a friend is often

implemented in performing the soft 21 B.A. Smith-Windsor, “Hard Power, Soft Power reconsidered”, Canadian Military Journal, Vol. power. At a certain scale when soft No.3, 2000, pp. 51-56. power is no longer effective, hard power 22 Ibid., page.53. 23 Nye, op.cit, dan S. Nossel, “Smart Power”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. No.2, 2004, pp. 131-142. 24 R. L. Armitage & Joseph S. Nye, CSIS 26 R. Cooper, Hard Power, Soft Power and the Commission on Smart Power: A smarter, more Goals of Diplomacy, in D. Held & M. Koenig- secure America. (Washington: CSIS Press, 2007), Archibugi (Eds), American Power in the 21st page.7. Century, (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004), page. 25 E.J. Wilson, op.cit, page. 115. 170-171.

8 | Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara | April 2017, Volume 1 Number 1 will be implemented in form of embargo, of Indonesia is clearly stated in the fourth political interference and military paragraph of the preamble in the 1945 intervention with series of resistance Constitution. Therefore, the government, attempts by local leaders through their with all the potential and resources is organization according to the pretension mandated to maintain the national that have been transmitted by the major Security by: (a) Protecting all citizens and powers in accordance with its national the homeland of Indonesia; (b) interests. Promoting the general welfare and intellectuality the nation; and (c) Counter Proxy War Participating in keeping the world order The nationalism spirits of European based on everlasting peace and social countries has encouraged the spirit of justice. regionalism which later bring forth the The constitutional mandate EU. The expansion of EU membership particularly rests within the executive in demonstrates the successful use of soft order to carry out the tasks of national power effectively.27 According to defense as a means to uphold the Cooper, the integration of other country's external sovereignty as the countries by joining with the EU shows manifestation against external threat by how soft power is being used with a using military force (external readiness to offer a choice at the table sovereignty by force). Furthermore, the of decision makers.28 The formation of government is in charge of carrying out the European Union to guarantee peace public diplomacy in the world to and security between the Europe maintain the external sovereignty, countries and the EU expansion process especially in its efforts to develop the has further strengthening its position at external sovereignty by diplomacy. the global level. Thus, soft power is Meanwhile, inside (internal beneficial for the EU member states and sovereignty), the government the EU itself. (executive) shall promote the general National Security welfare and the intellectuality of the nation. The concept of Homeland security Communitarian concept 27 Ibid. 28 Ibid., pp.180. 179-180. (reciprocity between the individual and

Proxy War and Indonesia’s National Security ... | Safril Hidayat and Wawan Gunawan | 9 the community) is mandated by the In relation with national security preamble of National Constitution 1945, and proxy war, the government policy shows that the concept of nation means should be able to anticipate the the Indonesian citizens (human). Thus determined to sow terror engendered people centered security (human by the proxy war (the terror sown by security) within the Indonesian context the proxy war). In that sense, national is not identified as simply individual security policy is the government's security or human security, but perception of threats that is allegedly inseparable interrelationships between able to disrupt the national security and the citizens security as part of the its citizens as well as the prevention. national security. Policies could guide the most possible The concept of human security is actions to be carried out by the the assurance that the state will government, so that the policy is a plan exercise its obligation to protect the of action were considered to guide the Indonesian citizens from all forms of predetermined decisions. The national threats, freeing the citizens from fear security policy shall consider internal (freedom from fear) and the freedom to and external threats, and must be in line wish (freedom of want). The freedom with global policies that has been given to Indonesian citizens is obviously ratified accordingly.30 not the individualistic liberal freedom, In democratic countries, the but freedom within the framework of parliament has the authority to take the communitarian society, nation and state final decision on the budget as well as of Indonesia. That means, there is a monitoring and evaluating the balance between national security and implementation of policies including the security of citizens. Citizen Security security policies.31 In national security also hinted that the state is obliged to decision-making, the government not protect all Indonesian citizens 30 everywhere they reside, including IPU and DCAF, Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector: Principles, Mechanisms and abroad (principle of nationality)29 Practices (Pengawasan Parlemen atas Sektor Keamanan: Prinsip, Mekanisme dan Praktik), (Geneva: IPU and DCAF, 2003), page. 27. 29 Secretary General of National Defense Council, 31 Peter Albrecht and Karen Barnes, Developing National Security: A Concept and Security System National Security and Gender Policy, (Geneva: for Indonesia, (Jakarta: Secretariat General Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed National Defense Council, 2010), page. 53. Forces/DCAF, 2008), page. 1.

10 | Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara | April 2017, Volume 1 Number 1 only regulating itself, but also regulate states" (nation-state).33 other countries. If a country feels In the process, the domain of a threatened, it could improve its ability state internal security becoming to threaten other countries (balance of increasingly complex because it touch power). The action of each country wider issues such as poverty, social closely associated with the future and conflicts, radicalism, corruption, the fate of every other political entity32. narcotics, demagogy (the speech of In International Encyclopedia of hatred), natural disasters, interracial the Social Sciences security is "the conflicts, crime, and armed rebellion. ability of a nation to protect its internal Thus the effort to preserve and maintain values from external threats". It the state security is not only determined traditional definitions has following by the military capabilities, but also characteristics: first, identifying takes the willingness of others element “national” as “state”; second, threats of national power. One is the capacity of from outside the state; and, third, the government and the awareness of civil use of military force to deal with the society. threats. Therefore it makes sense when Integration and Disintegration of a Arnold Wolfers reaching the conclusion Nation that the main problem faced by every Integration is a close and intact country is in developing the power to interdependent within element of living deter or to defeat an attack. In addition, organisms or between members of the military threats are not the only type of community therefore leading to a threat faced by a country. Perhaps the consolidation of considerably traditional definition as known in the harmonious relationship. The word West for decades can only be integration comes from the word understood by considering the history 33 Kusnanto Anggoro, "National Security, National of the formation in most Western Defense, and Public Order", Comparative Paper countries that has been set forth by the for National Law Development Seminar VllI. Organized by the National Law Development Wesphalian conception of "nation- Agency (Ministry of Justice and Human Rights RI at Kartika Plaza Hotel, Denpasar, on 14 July 2003), http: //www.lfip.org/Bahasa Inggris/pdf/back-seminar/National Security% 20% 20Pertahanan% 20Negara% 20-% 20% 32 see David Hell, Democracy and Global Order, 20anggoro.pdf koesnanto, downloaded on 23 (Jogjakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2004), page. 141. February 2017.

Proxy War and Indonesia’s National Security ... | Safril Hidayat and Wawan Gunawan | 11 integer, which means as a whole, not has a relatively high potential for cracked, round, solid (E Pluribus Unum). disintegration. One of the indication for

The driving factor of integration this potential is the low ethnic and are the high level of awareness on linguistic homogeneity. integration and participation, the The disintegration or intensive and effective supervision, the disorganization is a condition in which realization of the social justice principle there is incompatibility in every element and the principles of solidarity/power as the whole. Compatibility between sharing effectively, threats and pressure every elements shall exist in order for from the outside, and the symbol of the community to function properly as unity. On the contrary, the inhibiting part of the organization. In theory, factor are the growing of chauvinism, social theory stated that the factors the development of social stratification which affect the social integration is the or group conception, the growing belief homogeneity of the group, the size of only its religion and faith as the absolute the community, physical movement, and truth, the development of specific efficiency and communication. cultural assumption is higher than other The disintegration or cultures, and so on. The key word is disorganization is a state where there is harmony or balance. no harmony in the elements of a single According to the Indonesian entity or a process of fading norms and Dictionary, disintegration is a not united values in society as a result of changes situation or a state of being disunited34; that occurred in the institutions of loss of the integrity or association; society. When a society is in a state of disunity. Disintegration is literally disintegration, the harmony in social understood as a disunity of a nation that relations becomes impaired. Thus, the split into different elements35. This individuals in society are no longer live in definition refers to the verb of peace and order, but facing conflicts or disintegrate, “to lose unity or integrity contradictions caused by different by or as if by breaking into parts”. perceptions of values and social norms According to empirical data, Indonesia that have changed. The early symptoms of social 34 Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, 2008. 35 Webster’s New Encyclopedic Dictionary 1994.

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disintegration or disorganization is no sanctions imposed to those who shared vision (perception) between violate the norms are not implemented members of the public about the initial consistently. This resulted in a purpose that was originally used as a dissociative social process such as guidance by every member of the competition, conflict or controversy community. In addition, the norms of (instigation, defamatory, interrupting society can no longer function properly the process, and nerves battle) or as a means of social control to achieve demagogy.

the objectives of the community thus Based on the above theoretical leading to disagreement over the framework, the writers determine the norms that exist in society. Besides, the framework as stated in Picture 1.

Picture 1. Scope of Work

Source: Processed by Writers, 2017

Proxy War and Indonesia’s National our cultural heritage for the welfare of Security the people. The differences can also be a Understanding the Big Power Motives in threat to the integrity of Indonesia. So as Indonesia historically the predecessor of the nation We realize that Indonesia has been stating the motto of "Unity in Diversity", blessed with abundant natural resources which means different, but one (E and plural human resources given by God Pluribus Unum). (Opus Dei) to Indonesia. This could have The Proxy war motive conducted either positive or negative impact. The by the major powers in some cases is the positive impact is that as citizens of political power and economy both by Indonesia we could take advantage of using hard power and soft power. Proxy the natural resources wisely or manage

Proxy War and Indonesia’s National Security ... | Safril Hidayat and Wawan Gunawan | 13 war is conducted by exerting local religions that is vulnerable to be divided groups of a country coming from state and ruled by foreign powers not only for and non-state actors. The political and controlling the natural resources but military domination is inseparable from could be turn into market segments the interests of the big countries (major (market) for foreign products. powers) either within the framework of The approach also varied ranging struggle for power or the power of from mutually beneficial trade influence.36 interaction, which later turned into a Our history as a nation has profitable part for special elite group experienced conditions of disintegration that eventually lead to internal dispute. because there was no growing sense of Therefore, in an effort to build nationalism. Various kingdoms with awareness is by returning to tabula rasa different religions such as Kingdom of as an Indonesian citizen and pro bono for Majapahit, Kingdom of Sriwijaya, the public benefit. Kingdom of Samudra Pasai, Kingdom of Safeguarding the Indonesian National Bugis, Kingdom of Makassar, the Security kingdom of Ternate, Kingdom of Kutai, The National Security policy including and others has been played off for the Law No. 6 of 1946 on the State of economic dominance (the lucrative Emergency, Law No. 74 of 1957 spices trading in Europe). Today’s concerning Revocation of “Regelling op condition is not much different with de Staat Van Oorlog en Beleg” and the more than 300 different languages and designation of "State of Emergency", GR 36 Andrew Mumford, Proxy Warfare. War and 23/1959 on the State of Emergency, Conflict in the Modern World, (Cambridge U.K: Polity Press, 2013); Innes, op.cit; Shane Harris, Regulation No. 16 of 1960 on the Request @ War: The Rise of the Military-Internet Complex, (Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin and Deployment of Military assistance. Harcourt Publishing Company, 2012), E. L. Speed, Proxy War, Volume One: Phantom War While the Technical Act stipulated Post- Trilogy, (Triburon, California, U.S: Metaterra Publications, 2012), Stillman, op.cit; Peter Reformation including Law No. 39 of Hopkirk, The Great Game: On Secret Service in 1999 on Human Rights, Law No. 2 of 2002 High Asia (Reprint Edition), (New York: Oxford University Press. 2006); Bean, Richard et al, The on the Police, Law No. 3 of 2002 on Great Game: Afghanistan (Oberon Modern Plays), (First Edition. U.K: Oberon Books Limited, 2010); National Defense, Law Number 15 of Ariel I. Ahram, Proxy Warriors: The Rise and fall of State-Sponsored Militias, (Stanford, California: 2003 on Combating Terrorism, Law Stanford University Press, 2011).

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Number 32 of 2004 on Regional languages, customs, religions and beliefs, Government, Law No. 34 of 2004 on the apparently have a vulnerable side of a National Army, Law Number 24 of 2007 potential disintegration with a very on Disaster Management, Law No. 14 of broad and deep implication that might 2008 on Public Information, Law No. 35 occur. Corresponding with a quote of of 2009 on Narcotics, Law No. 36 of 2009 Sun Tzu's; "strength is weakness." on Health, Law No. 17 of 2011 on the Disharmony in the political, Intelligence and Law No. 7 of 2012 on economic, social, and culture si potential Social Conflict Management and others. threat for disintegration amidst the In principle, the policies and other demographic diversity of Indonesia. The legislation is to maintain national security unbalanced condition or otherwise of Indonesia formulated with sentences unstable might be escalated to crisis and orientation according to their which later lead to disagreement as a respective sectors. form of protest against the injustice felt Rules and regulations made by the by a group of people so that it can be ruling elite are still overlapping and being easily used as an extension tool (proxy) implemented separately (sectoral) in of the major powers countries to divide accordance with the interests of each and rule Indonesia. As with the politics of institution. This situation led to the devide et impera during the the Dutch ineffectiveness in the handling of various colonial era (VOC) in 1596- 1942. problems or threats against national The tendency of the major powers security.37 Thus the threat of in using soft power needs to be analyzed disintegration that haunt this country from the Indonesian context. The could emerge from different sources of Indonesia's national security must be both government and non-government. defended in dealing with the soft power. The diversity which is considered as the As Cooper said that there are at least wealth of the nation, both in terms of three weak points of soft power, hundreds of existing ethnics, cultures, therefore the Indonesian national security need to strengthen the culture

37 Army Marshal Bambang Eko S, SH, M.H, "The as cultural and political influence are not urgency of the National Security Act in Indonesian constitutional system", Wira the same. The National Constitution 1945 Magazine, Jakarta, the Indonesian Ministry of Defense Special Edition, 2015, p. 6-13 has described about Indonesian culture

Proxy War and Indonesia’s National Security ... | Safril Hidayat and Wawan Gunawan | 15 so that it is necessary to strengthen the John Locke (1697) “the human mind at local culture as local wisdom. birth is a complete, but receptive, blank The use of soft power strategy slate, upon which experience imprints depends on the specific circumstances knowledge”. Locke said that the man has that cannot always be influenced by the a hollow nature which later influenced by State. With so many actors who serve as the environment. As Ralph Waldo third party it will be difficult for a country Emerson said “...man is a bundle of to force its interest directly. Thus an relations, a knot of roots, whose flower appropriate strategy to be exercised by and fruitage is the world...”. We should Indonesia is by disseminating the return to our consciousness as citizen of perspectives to the NGOs community Indonesia which has its own values that and youth organizations beside the have been formulated by our socialization among educational predecessors in the philosophy of institutions. Pancasila and Unity in Diversity. The actual benefits of setting the The journey of independence that agenda as a positive result of long has entered its 70 years, still leaves a existing practices of using soft power by wide range of issues in the diversity of big countries do not necessarily respond with its growing intensity. The conflict to local needs. As a consequence, the that is expected to be resolved by the writers think that it will takes a relatively spirit of Pancasila and Unity in Diversity long time, and will be longer if nationally have not been fully achieved. Violenc a country is more independent in become preferable option in some adopting an international policy in communities to resolve differences. accordance with its culture. Horizontal conflict triggered by political, economic, religious, civil society Sparking the Integration Spirit: Tabula organizations arrogance, even football rasa, pro bono publico, and Opus Dei Indonesia as Effort to Counter Proxy games are often ended with violence. War Referring to the conflict and war, as

Tabula rasa has the sense of “something described in Table 1 above, the most existing in its original pristine state”38 important to be influenced are the elite. The elites is representing state and non-

38 Merriam Webster Online Dictionary, 2017. state actors. The economy and political

16 | Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara | April 2017, Volume 1 Number 1 justice in its relation to power is often internal faculty, and become angry with another, and with a third feel the cause of rising local resistance desire for all the pleasures movement. When the people power connected with eating and drinking, and the propagation of the species; naturally emerged against the injustice or upon every impulse to action, do there will be a social revolution. The we perform these several actions with the whole soul?”39 social revolution has never happened in Indonesia because of its diverse culture Avoiding the sectoral ego is a key rich with different perspectives that word in maintaining integration. make it difficult to be united as social and Returning to the nature of Indonesia political forces. This is a weakness as well with the pristine values in maintaining its as strength because it will be difficult to diversity, Pancasila as the ideal get influenced by the outside influence foundation, the 1945 Constitution as the within a short time. constitutional foundation, Archipelagic Of course we shall not forget how Knowledge as visional foundation, and the "balkanization" has been tested over National Defense as the Conception Indonesia with the Sanggau Ledo, Foundation, and the Senates Decree Sambas and Sampit incidents (conflict Number: V/MPR/2000 on the between the ethnic of Dayak/Malay and Enhancement of National Unity and Madurese), the riots in Ambon and Poso Integrity. (religious conflict) and Military Operation Facing the motives and the in Aceh that led to the desire to separate approach taken by major states (major themselves from the Homeland, and powers) will required actions undertaken other goals. This is such an unfortunate by the government for the domestic condition for a nation that was born from politics that will be reflected in its foreign the union of diversity. In running a state relations. Nationalism is the key word to it requires a balance of each component / impart counter proxy. Nationalism is not sub-system of the country as stated by only associated with military power (hard Plato: power) but rather to the values that can “...Are all our actions alike integrate the diversity into a unity (E performed by the one predominant Pluribus Unum). faculty, or are there three faculties operating severally in our different When nationalism is stronger than actions? Do we learn with one 39 Plato-The Republic: Book 4.

Proxy War and Indonesia’s National Security ... | Safril Hidayat and Wawan Gunawan | 17 the integration will be strengthened as influenced to deal with the threat of well. In the end, the political objective of nonmilitary dimension. using hard power and soft power as On the other hand the government described above is to create policy should be able to anticipate the disintegration in a country conducted by determined to sow terror engendered by major powers through third parties the proxy war. National security policy is (originating from within the target not just the domain of the government country). The Dutch colonials used to or the ruling elite. National security is the exert the divide et impera politic (bring domain of all the elite including outside the kingdoms into conflict) with their of government (non-governmental). motive of gold, gospel, and glory that National security policy should be given eventually means to control the natural to the elite outside the government to resources of the archipelago which at create a balance between the role of the that time was fascinating the governing elite and the elite of non- international economy. The writers think governmental organizations (NGOs, that in addition to the control of natural community leaders, etc.). As the resources, nowadays it is also keyword said that the country belongs competition of large countries in seizing every one of us then who else will stand the market. Major countries use the up and defend it except its people. term divide and rule (pitting to govern). In addition, one of the social National security today is not just a integration factors in Indonesia is the military dimension but has other Indonesian language as a symbol of unity dimensions, especially the economy. The and pride as a citizen of Indonesia. The perception of national security that only use of Indonesian language will revive oriented on military force should also be the spirit of integrity and unity so that no balanced against the other dimensions single ethnic group would wanting to threat such as economic, social, cultural, separate themselves from the Homeland and even now touching religious issues. as may have been agreed by the nation It is very dangerous for Indonesia with its founding fathers through the Youth Opus Dei being created by God with a Pledge in 1928. Likewise for Pancasila as complex diversity. It needs awareness of the personality and life guidance of every each community not to be easily citizen of Indonesia. The spirit of

18 | Jurnal Pertahanan & Bela Negara | April 2017, Volume 1 Number 1 teamwork and a strong sense of or doing professional and especially legal solidarity and religious tolerance is the work donated especially for the public values stated in Pancasila with other good.” In a more Indonesian definition it enriching values to create harmony. The means selfless. Selfless in managing the historical factors of camaraderie as the diversity, the ability to integrate all result from long suffering from different groups, races, and religions, occupation that commonly shared by all and to unify the differences in harmony. ethnic groups in Indonesia should be Especially among the elite which remembered to understand how being according to the historical aspect of independent is better than scattered and Indonesia are often became the actors oppressed. being used by both the major powers, both elites from state actors or non-state Conclusion actors. The motives of major countries are not Opus Dei has a meaning of “God’s so much different from the actual work”. God creation means we condition. Today, soft power has been acknowledge the God and His creation. used more than hard power and at a Indonesia is created by the plurality. With certain scale has been carried out as a the plurality hence the characteristic of combination by the major power Unity in Diversity. Accompanied by the countries. The historical journey of love of the nation, sacrifice, tolerance Indonesia has experienced different (sense of togetherness, tolerance), periods in which the elites are competing patriotic spirit (pro bono), and so on have for power as the arms of the big to be kept in balance or harmony so that countries, thus resulting in the scattered we can achieve victory (Victoria unity of Indonesia. Concordia Crescit). To maintain the integrity of

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