DOCSLIB.ORG

The Post-COVID-19 Trajectory for Algeria, Morocco and the Western Sahara

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Post-COVID-19 Trajectory for Algeria, Morocco and the Western Sahara The Post-COVID-19 Trajectory for Algeria, Morocco and the Western Sahara © 2021 IAI by Michaël Tanchum As Algeria and Morocco enter 2021, the framework of the United Nations the bilateral relationship stands at a Mission for the Referendum in Western ISSN 2532-6570 crossroads in which the status quo Sahara (MINURSO). is no longer tenable. The COVID-19 pandemic and Morocco’s spate of Yet, in response to Morocco’s multiple diplomatic successes during 2020, diplomatic breakthroughs in gaining culminating with the US’s recognition recognition of its sovereignty over the of Moroccan sovereignty over the disputed region that began with Rabat’s Western Sahara in December, have “Pivot to Africa”, the Polisario Front altered the long-standing, geopolitical ended its 29-year ceasefire with Rabat dynamics of the Western Maghreb. in November 2020 and resumed its Algeria now faces the critical decision policy of armed resistance. of whether and how to attempt to offset Morocco’s rising power. While Algeria was preoccupied with mass protests by the Hirak movement The enduring détente between Algeria during 2019, leading Algeria’s aged and and Morocco had been characterised infirm President Bouteflika to resign in by limited coordination against April and to the country’s 12 December shared threats such as terrorism and a 2019 elections, Morocco’s diplomatic contained competition in the Western juggernaut to obtain international Sahara. Since 1991, the Algerian-backed recognition of its sovereignty over Polisario Front, which seeks to establish the Western Sahara gained critical an independent Sahrawi state in the momentum. About 80 per cent of the Western Sahara, abandoned its armed contested territory, including the entire struggle in favour of working through Atlantic coast, is under Moroccan Michaël Tanchum teaches International Relations of the Middle East and North Africa at the University of Navarra and is Senior Fellow at the Austrian Institute for European and Security Studies (AIES). He also holds fellow positions at the Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace, the Hebrew University, Israel, and at the Centre for Strategic IAI COMMENTARIES 21 | 03 - JANUARY 2021 21 | 03 - JANUARY IAI COMMENTARIES Policy Implementation at Başkent University in Ankara (Başkent-SAM). The author thanks Albert Vidal Ribé for his research assistance. 1 The Post-COVID-19 Trajectory for Algeria, Morocco and the Western Sahara control, while the remaining 20 per media also reported that Algeria’s cent is controlled by the Polisario People’s National Army would build two Front as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic border bases in response.5 The reports Republic (SADR). were never denied by Algiers. A cavalcade of African nations have The prospect of Algeria building bases recently opened consulates in the on the border served to reinforce the Moroccan-controlled Sahara, after long-held view among segments of © 2021 IAI the Comoros became the first country Rabat’s security circles that Algiers to open a consulate in the regional seeks Sahrawi independence in the capital Laayoune on 18 December Western Sahara to create a dependent 2019.1 In February 2020, the political client state that would provide Algeria heavyweight Côte d’Ivoire became an outlet to the Atlantic Ocean. the seventh African country to open a consulate, with the total number of Morocco had already been wary of African consulates reaching fifteen by Algerian designs since General Saïd October 2020.2 Chengriha was appointed Chief of ISSN 2532-6570 Algeria’s armed forces immediately As African and Arab solidarity with following 23 December 2019 death of Algeria’s opposition to Morocco’s General Ahmed Gaïd Salah. The 75-year sovereignty claims eroded, tensions old Chengriha, who served during the between Algiers and Rabat climbed. Sand War, is an inveterate supporter In May 2020, Morocco’s Royal Armed of the Polisario Front and known for Forces announced that it would be his inflammatory remarks against constructing military barracks in Morocco. Jerada, 38 km from Algeria’s border.3 Although the Moroccan military made Then, on 1 November 2020, a popular clear that the facility was to have referendum, in which only 23.7 per cent no offensive capabilities, Algerian of Algeria’s eligible voters participated,6 media widely reported the action as approved a series of constitutional an escalatory provocation by Rabat, amendments, including authorisation invoking the memory of Morocco’s for the People’s National Army to border incursion that ignited the intervene outside Algeria’s borders. October 1963 “Sand War”.4 The Algerian Although Algeria faces threats from the unstable security environments 1 “Comoros Opens a Consulate General in Laayoune”, in Yabiladi, 18 December 2019, 25 June 2020, https://www.observalgerie. https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/86828. com/?p=112732. 2 Ali Haidar, “Zambia and Eswatini Open 5 “L’Algérie va construire deux bases militaires Consulates in Laayoune”, in Sahara News, 27 à la frontière avec le Maroc”, in ObservAlgerie, October 2020, https://sahara-news.org/?p=2587. 2 July 2020, https://www.observalgerie. 3 “FAR : Pas de construction de base militaire com/?p=113979. à Jerada, mais d’une caserne”, in Le Matin, 30 6 “Révision constitutionnelle : « le oui » May 2020, https://m.lematin.ma/amp/article. l’emporte largement”, in TSA Algérie, 2 php?id=338210. November 2020, https://www.tsa-algerie.com/ 4 Ahmed Oul, “Le Maroc exerce de la provocation revision-constitutionnelle-le-oui-lemporte- diplomatique envers l’Algérie”, in ObservAlgerie, largement-2. IAI COMMENTARIES 21 | 03 - JANUARY 2021 21 | 03 - JANUARY IAI COMMENTARIES 2 The Post-COVID-19 Trajectory for Algeria, Morocco and the Western Sahara in neighbouring Libya and Mali, the battle under a Biden administration.9 constitutional change was further Israel, however, could become an cause for concern in Rabat. alternative supplier for Rabat, greatly enhancing its capabilities. On 4 November 2020, the United Arab Emirates became the first Arab country Rabat’s parade of diplomatic successes to open a consulate in the Western in late 2020 were not just met with Sahara, further weakening Algeria’s simple acquiescence on the part of the © 2021 IAI position. Two weeks later, Jordan Sahrawi population. On 13 November announced its intention to open a 2020, open hostilities broke out between consulate. On 14 December, Bahrain the Morocco and the Polisario Front in opened a consulate too, indicating Guerguerat after the Moroccan military the possibility that Saudi Arabia could forcefully opened the border crossing follow suit in the not-too-distant to Mauritania that had been blocked future. In late December 2020, media by Sahrawi activists. In response, the reports began circulating that Egypt Polisario Front formally ended its would open a consulate in the Western decades-long ceasefire and began to ISSN 2532-6570 Sahara as well.7 engage in low-intensity conflict along the 2,700 km berm that separates The landmark 11 December 2020 the Moroccan and SADR-controlled decision of the United States to regions of the Western Sahara. recognise Morocco’s sovereignty over the Western Sahara, or the “Moroccan Morocco, which built Africa’s first high Sahara”, was part of a broader diplomatic speed rail line in 2018, now seeks to package brokered by Washington that extend the track through the Western included Morocco’s normalisation of Sahara to the Mauritanian border to its relations with Israel. Morocco and create an Africa-to-Europe commercial the US also agreed to 1 billion US dollars transport corridor.10 The Polisario weapons sale that would provide Front’s resumption of hostilities has Morocco with four long-endurance served as justification for Rabat to MQ-9B Sea Guardian drones and JDAM take control of Guerguerat and extend precision-guided munitions.8 the berm to the Mauritanian border to secure the commercial crossing11 – a While the weapons sales will likely be approved before President Trump leaves 9 Marianne LeVine, “Inhofe Slams Trump office, future sales could face an uphill Administration on Western Sahara Policy”, in Politico, 10 December 2020, https://politi. co/3gAoBs1. 10 Michaël Tanchum, “Morocco’s Africa-to- 7 Mohamed Saied, “Egypt Denies Plans to Join Europe Commercial Corridor: Gatekeeper States Opening Western Sahara Consulates”, of an Emerging Trans-Regional Strategic in Al-Monitor, 2 January 2021, http://almon. Architecture”, in AIES Fokus, No. 8/2020 (July co/3fcu. 2020), https://www.aies.at/publikationen/2020/ 8 Patricia Zengerle and Mike Stone, “Exclusive- fokus-20-08.php. Trump Administration Moves Forward with 11 “Morocco PM Says Western Sahara Wall at $1 Billion Moroccan Arms Deal”, in Reuters, 11 Centre of Dispute Completed”, in Reuters, 17 December 2020, https://reut.rs/2JU9uOc. November 2020, https://reut.rs/38Qy6l7. IAI COMMENTARIES 21 | 03 - JANUARY 2021 21 | 03 - JANUARY IAI COMMENTARIES 3 The Post-COVID-19 Trajectory for Algeria, Morocco and the Western Sahara strategic gain for Morocco. With the Algeria’s export revenues.15 position of Personal Envoy of the UN Secretary General for Western Sahara Algeria’s economy has been forecasted remaining vacant since May 2019, the to contract by 5.5 per cent in 2020,16 international response to Morocco’s forcing Algiers to reduce the planned action has been relatively mute. investments by its state-owned energy company Sonatrach by 50 per The COVID-19 pandemic has also cent.17 Even if energy prices recover © 2021 IAI tipped the scales in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • War and Insurgency in the Western Sahara
    Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) is part of the U.S. Army War College and is the strategic-level study agent for issues relat- ed to national security and military strategy with emphasis on geostrategic analysis. The mission of SSI is to use independent analysis to conduct strategic studies that develop policy recommendations on: • Strategy, planning, and policy for joint and combined employment of military forces; • Regional strategic appraisals; • The nature of land warfare; • Matters affecting the Army’s future; • The concepts, philosophy, and theory of strategy; and, • Other issues of importance to the leadership of the Army. Studies produced by civilian and military analysts concern topics having strategic implications for the Army, the Department of Defense, and the larger national security community. In addition to its studies, SSI publishes special reports on topics of special or immediate interest. These include edited proceedings of conferences and topically-oriented roundtables, expanded trip reports, and quick-reaction responses to senior Army leaders. The Institute provides a valuable analytical capability within the Army to address strategic and other issues in support of Army participation in national security policy formulation. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press WAR AND INSURGENCY IN THE WESTERN SAHARA Geoffrey Jensen May 2013 The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Tuareg Music and Capitalist Reckonings in Niger a Dissertation Submitted
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Rhythms of Value: Tuareg Music and Capitalist Reckonings in Niger A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnomusicology by Eric James Schmidt 2018 © Copyright by Eric James Schmidt 2018 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Rhythms of Value: Tuareg Music and Capitalist Reckonings in Niger by Eric James Schmidt Doctor of Philosophy in Ethnomusicology University of California, Los Angeles, 2018 Professor Timothy D. Taylor, Chair This dissertation examines how Tuareg people in Niger use music to reckon with their increasing but incomplete entanglement in global neoliberal capitalism. I argue that a variety of social actors—Tuareg musicians, fans, festival organizers, and government officials, as well as music producers from Europe and North America—have come to regard Tuareg music as a resource by which to realize economic, political, and other social ambitions. Such treatment of culture-as-resource is intimately linked to the global expansion of neoliberal capitalism, which has led individual and collective subjects around the world to take on a more entrepreneurial nature by exploiting representations of their identities for a variety of ends. While Tuareg collective identity has strongly been tied to an economy of pastoralism and caravan trade, the contemporary moment demands a reimagining of what it means to be, and to survive as, Tuareg. Since the 1970s, cycles of drought, entrenched poverty, and periodic conflicts have pushed more and more Tuaregs to pursue wage labor in cities across northwestern Africa or to work as trans- ii Saharan smugglers; meanwhile, tourism expanded from the 1980s into one of the region’s biggest industries by drawing on pastoralist skills while capitalizing on strategic essentialisms of Tuareg culture and identity.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This Issue As a Full-Text
    AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS LAW JOURNAL Volume 12 No 2 2012 ahrlj-2012-2-prelims.indd 1 2013/02/14 10:41 AM The financial assistance of the European Union is gratefully acknowledged. © JUTA Law First Floor Sunclare Building 21 Dreyer Street Claremont 7708 South Africa This journal is copyright under the Berne Convention. In terms of the Copyright Act 98 of 1978 no part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. ISSN 1609-073X Cover design: Colette Alves Typeset in 10 on 12 pt Stone Sans by ANdtp Services, Cape Town Printed and bound by Shumani Printers ahrlj-2012-2-prelims.indd 2 2013/02/14 10:41 AM CONTENTS Editorial ................................................................................... v Articles Ten years of the Robben Island Guidelines and prevention of torture in Africa: For what purpose? by Debra Long and Rachel Murray ......................................... 311 African civil society and the promotion of the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance by André Mbata Mangu ........................................................ 348 Towards defining the ‘right to a family’ for the African child by Ekanem Okon ................................................................... 373 South Africa, the African Union and the responsibility to protect: The case of Libya by Sandy Africa and Rentia Pretorius ...................................... 394 A truth commission for Uganda? Opportunities and challenges by Prudence Acirokop ............................................................ 417 Military courts and human rights: A critical analysis of the compliance of Uganda’s military justice with the right to an independent and impartial tribunal by Ronald Naluwairo ...........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Dave Meyer IES Abroad Rabat, Morocco Major: Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE)
    Dave Meyer IES Abroad Rabat, Morocco Major: Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) Program: I participated in IES Abroad's program in Rabat, the capital city of Morocco. After a two week orientation in the city of Fez, we settled into Rabat for the remainder of the semester. I took courses in beginning Arabic, North African politics, Islam in Morocco, and gender in North Africa. All my classes were at the IES Center, which had several classrooms, wi-fi, and most importantly, air conditioning. The classes themselves were in English, but they were taught by English-speaking Moroccan professors. My program also arranged for us to go on several trips: a weekend in the Sahara desert, a weekend in the Middle Atlas mountains, and a trip to southern Spain to study Moorish culture. Typical Day: On a typical day, I would wake up around 7:15, get dressed, and head downstairs for breakfast prepared by most host mother, Batoul. Usually breakfast consisted of bread with butter, honey, and apricot jam and either coffee or Moroccan mint tea. After breakfast, I would start the 25 minute walk through the medina and city to class at the IES Center. Usually, the merchants in the medina were just setting up shop and traffic was busy as people arrived downtown for work. After Arabic class in the morning, I would head over to my favorite cafe, Cafe Al-Atlal, which was about two blocks from the center. There, I would enjoy an almond croissant and an espresso while reading for class, catching up on email, or just relaxing with my friends.
    [Show full text]
  • First International Forum on Biosaline Agriculture Laayoune, Convention Center, Hôtel Paradore, May 3-4 2019
    First International Forum on Biosaline Agriculture Laayoune, Convention Center, Hôtel Paradore, May 3-4 2019 RATIONALE: Increased demands on fresh water supplies in arid regions threaten the future sustained availability of fresh water for irrigation and crop production. Currently the quantity of water in these regions are very limited and most of the time are saline. Current climate change predictions indicate that many Desert regions presently irrigated will face increasing temperatures and decreasing rainfall, further aggravating the water scarcity in these regions. The need to increase food production in Desert regions can only be achieved by increased productivity of irrigated lands and/or increased acreage under irrigation. Alternative water supplies as well as more efficient use of existing water supplies are essential in avoiding a food crisis in regions such as the Middle East, North Africa, and to sustain the food production. However, numerous constraints face brackish water use, such as the increase in soil salinity, yield reductions and high cost of agricultural inputs. On the other hand, brackish water could be looked at as an opportunity for irrigation, whether directly, or it could be desalinated or mixed with treated wastewater. BACKGROUND: Following the successful introduction of a new crop by the international Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA) in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE) in Foum El Oued perimeter Laayoune. ICBA has been evaluating the growth and productivity of several field crops proven to have salt-tolerance potential, with the objective of studying their adaptation and yield potential to introduce them to the farmers in marginal and salt affected areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the FAO Working Group on the Assessment of Small Pelagic Fish Off Northwest Africa. Banjul, the Gambia, 26 June–1 Ju
    FIAF/R1247(Bi) FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report Rapport sur les pêches et l’aquaculture ISSN 2070-6987 5HSRUWRIWKH )$2:25.,1**5283217+($66(660(172)60$// 3(/$*,&),6+2))1257+:(67$)5,&$ %DQMXOWKH*DPELD-XQH²-XO\ 5DSSRUWGX *5283('(75$9$,/'(/$)$2685/·e9$/8$7,21'(6 3(7,763e/$*,48(6$8/$5*('(/·$)5,48(125' 2&&,'(17$/( %DQMXO*DPELHMXLQ²MXLOOHW FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report No. 1247 FAO, Rapport sur les pêches et l’aquaculture no 1247 FIAF/R1247 (Bi) Report of the FAO WORKING GROUP ON THE ASSESSMENT OF SMALL PELAGIC FISH OFF NORTHWEST AFRICA Banjul, the Gambia, 26 June–1 July 2018 Rapport du GROUPE DE TRAVAIL DE LA FAO SUR L’ÉVALUATION DES PETITS PÉLAGIQUES AU LARGE DE L’AFRIQUE NORD-OCCIDENTALE Banjul, Gambie, 26 juin–1 juillet 2018 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION DES NATIONS UNIES POUR L’ALIMENTATION ET L’AGRICULTURE Rome, 2019 Required citation/Citation requise: FAO. 2019. Report of the FAO Working Group on the Assessment of Small Pelagic Fish off Northwest Africa.Banjul, the Gambia, 26 June–1 July 2018. Rapport du Groupe de travail de la FAO sur l’évaluation des petits pélagiques au large de l’Afrique nord-occidentale. Banjul, Gambie, 26 juin–1 juillet 2018. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report/FAO Rapport sur les pêches et l’aquaculture No. R1247. Rome. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Rights in Western Sahara and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps
    Morocco/Western Sahara/Algeria HUMAN Human Rights in Western Sahara RIGHTS and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps WATCH Human Rights in Western Sahara and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps Morocco/Western Sahara/Algeria Copyright © 2008 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-420-6 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org December 2008 1-56432-420-6 Human Rights in Western Sahara and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps Map Of North Africa ....................................................................................................... 1 Summary...................................................................................................................... 2 Western Sahara ....................................................................................................... 3 Refugee Camps near Tindouf, Algeria ...................................................................... 8 Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 12 To the UN Security Council ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • AFRICA 40 20 0 20 Minsk 40 60 IRE
    AFRICA 40 20 0 20 Minsk 40 60 IRE. U.K. Amsterdam BELARUS London Berlin Warsaw RUSSIA NETH. KAZAKHSTAN GERMANY Brussels POLAND Kyiv BEL. LUX. Prague NorNor t h CZ. REP. UKRAINE Volga Aral Paris SLOV. Sea A t l a n t i c Vienna AUS. MOL. SWITZ. Budapest Sea of Tashkent HUNG. Azov FRANCE SLO. ROM. O c e a n CRO. Belgrade 40 Bucharest UZBEKISTAN BOS.& Danube HER. SER. Black Sea Caspian ITALY Sofia GEO. Sea KOS. TURKMENISTAN PORTUGAL AND. Corsica MONT. BULG. AZER. AZORES Madrid Rome MACE. ARM. Ashgabat ALB. Ankara (PORTUGAL) Lisbon SPAIN Sardinia GREECE TURKEY Tehran Algiers Sicily Athens Tigris AFG. MADEIRA ISLANDS Strait of Gibraltar Oran Constantine Tunis MALTA (PORTUGAL) SYRIA Rabat Fès CYPRUS LEB. E IRAQ up Casablanca hr IRAN TUNISIA Mediterranean Sea Beirut Damascus ates MOROCCO Baghdad Jerusalem Marrakech ISRAEL Amman CANARY ISLANDS Tripoli Bangha¯zi Alexandria (SPAIN) Cairo JORDAN KUWAIT - Al Jizah Persian Laayoune A L G E R I A Gulf (El Aaiún) BAHR. Abu L I B Y A Dhabi Western EGYPT Riyadh QATAR Muscat Sahara U.A.E Al Jawf Aswan- TropicTropic ooff CCancerancer Admin. SAUDI OMAN Nouadhibou Boundary 20 ARABIA 20 SAHARA Port Red MAURITANIA Sudan Sea CAPE VERDE Nouakchott N I G E R Nile Tombouctou Praia ERITREA YEMEN Dakar Agadez Omdurman ArabianArabian SENEGAL MALI CHAD Khartoum Asmara Sanaa Banjul Niger SeaSea Bamako BURKINA Niamey Zinder Lac'AssalLac'Assal THE GAMBIA S U D A N Blue Gulf of FASO (lowest(lo west pointpoint inin Socotra Bissau Africa,Africa, -155-155 m)m) Djibouti Aden Kano N'Djamena (YEMEN) Ouagadougou Nile DJIBOUTI GUINEA-BISSAU GUINEA Nile Y Conakry BENIN E NIGERIA L Niger White Addis Hargeysa Freetown GHANA L CÔTE Abuja Moundou A Volta Ababa TOGO V SIERRA LEONE D'IVOIRE Prov.
    [Show full text]
  • Rabat and Salé – Bridging the Gap Nchimunya Hamukoma, Nicola Doyle and Archimedes Muzenda
    FUTURE OF AFRICAN CITIES PROJECT DISCUSSION PAPER 13/2018 Rabat and Salé – Bridging the Gap Nchimunya Hamukoma, Nicola Doyle and Archimedes Muzenda Strengthening Africa’s economic performance Rabat and Salé – Bridging the Gap Contents Executive Summary .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 Setting the Scene .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 The Security Imperative .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 Governance .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 Economic Growth .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 Infrastructure .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 Service Delivery .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 Conclusion .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 Endnotes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 About the Authors Nchimunya Hamukoma and Published in November 2018 by The Brenthurst Foundation Nicola Doyle are Researchers The Brenthurst Foundation at the Brenthurst Foundation. (Pty) Limited Archimedes Muzenda was the PO Box 61631, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa Machel-Mandela Fellow for Tel +27-(0)11 274-2096 2018. Fax +27-(0)11 274-2097 www.thebrenthurstfoundation.org
    [Show full text]
  • Download Date 01/10/2021 20:02:43
    Why has the Arab League failed as a regional security organisation? An analysis of the Arab League¿s conditions of emergence, characteristics and the internal and external challenges that defined and redefined its regional security role. Item Type Thesis Authors Abusidu-Al-Ghoul, Fady Y. Rights <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by- nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Licence</a>. Download date 01/10/2021 20:02:43 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6333 University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. WHY HAS THE ARAB LEAGUE FAILED AS A REGIONAL SECURITY ORGANISATION? An analysis of the Arab League’s conditions of emergence, characteristics and the internal and external challenges that defined and redefined its regional security role Fady Y. ABUSIDUALGHOUL submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Peace Studies School of Social and International Studies University of Bradford 2012 Fady Y. ABUSIDUALGHOUL Title: Why has the Arab League failed as a Regional Security Organisation? Keywords: Arab League, Regional Security, Regional Organisations, Middle East security, Arab Relations, Middle East conflicts ABSTRACT This study presents a detailed examination of the Arab League’s history, development, structure and roles in an effort to understand the cause of its failure as a regional security organisation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legal Issues Involved in the Western Sahara Dispute
    The Legal Issues Involved In The Western Sahara Dispute The Principle of Self-Determination and the Legal Claims of Morocco COMMITTEE ON THE UNITED NATIONS JUNE 2012 NEW YORK CITY BAR ASSOCIATION 42 WEST 44TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10036 THE LEGAL ISSUES INVOLVED IN THE WESTERN SAHARA DISPUTE THE PRINCIPLE OF SELF-DETERMINATION Table of Contents Contents Page PART I: FACTUAL BACKGROUND....................................................................................... 3 PART II: ENTITLEMENT OF THE PEOPLE OF WESTERN SAHARA TO SELF- DETERMINATION UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW ........................................................... 22 I. THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW: GENERAL PRINCIPLES ............................................................................................................ 22 A. Historical Development of the Right to Self-Determination ................................................ 23 B. The United Nations Charter and Non-Self-Governing Territories ....................................... 26 C. Status of Right as Customary Law and a Peremptory Norm ................................................ 27 D. People Entitled to Invoke the Right ...................................................................................... 32 E. Geographic Boundaries on the Right to Self-Determination ................................................ 34 F. Exceptions to the Right to Self-Determination ..................................................................... 38 II. THE COUNTERVAILING RIGHT TO TERRITORIAL
    [Show full text]
  • Study Abroad
    STUDY ABROAD STUDENT GUIDE TAP INTO THE POWER OF STUDY ABROAD Be prepared to, meet new people, discover a new perspective, and learn new skills. You will return with a new outlook on your academic and future professional life – guaranteed. found employment within 12 months of 97% graduation earned higher salaries 25% than their peers built valuable skills for the 84% job market saw greater improvement 100% in GPA post-study abroad 96% felt more self-confident *University of California Merced, What Statistics Show about Study Abroad Students studyabroad.ucmerced.edu/study-abroad-statistics/statistics-study-abroad 4 YOUR BEST CHOICE FOR STUDY ABROAD The provider you choose can make all the difference. As the nonprofit world leader in international education, CIEE has been changing students’ lives for more than 75 years. With CIEE you can count on… ɨ One-on-one guidance from CIEE staff from pre-departure through your return home ɨ Best-in-class, culturally rich, high-quality, engaging academics ɨ Co-curricular activities and excursions included ɨ One easy application for access to more merit and need-based funding per term than any other provider ɨ Comprehensive health, safety, and security protocols Study Abroad 150+ Programs Sites Around 30+ the World Years as International 75+ Education Leader LEARN MORE ciee.org/study 5 YEAR-ROUND FLEXIBLE PROGRAM OPTIONS BERLIN No matter what your area of study, academic schedule, or budget, CIEE has a study abroad program that’s right for you. Open Campus Block Programs Our most flexible study abroad option that combines CAPE TOWN six-week blocks at one, two or three cities.
    [Show full text]