THE KING’S EUROPEAN MOROCCO: A POSTCOLONIAL APPROACH TO MOROCCO’S QUEST TO BECOME A EUROPEAN COMMUNITY MEMBER A Ph.D. Dissertation by VOLKAN İPEK Department of Political Science İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara June 2015 To Nilgün, Tayfun and Yağmur İpek THE KING’S EUROPEAN MOROCCO: A POSTCOLONIAL APPROACH TO MOROCCO’S QUEST TO BECOME A EUROPEAN COMMUNITY MEMBER Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by VOLKAN İPEK In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA June 2015 I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. ………………………………………... (Assistant Professor Dr. Ioannis Grigoriadis) Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. ………………………………………... (Professor Dr. Alev Çınar) Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. ………………………………………... (Associate Professor Dr. Aslı Çırakman) Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. ………………………………………... (Associate Professor Dr. Jack Kalpakian) Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science. ………………………………………... (Assistant Professor Dr. Başak İnce) Examining Committee Member Approval of the Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences ………………………………………... (Professor Dr. Erdal Erel) Director ABSTRACT THE KING’S EUROPEAN MOROCCO: A POSTCOLONIAL APPROACH TO MOROCCO’S QUEST TO BECOME A EUROPEAN COMMUNITY MEMBER İpek, Volkan Ph.D., Department of Political Science Supervisor: Assistant Professor Dr. Ioannis Grigoriadis June 2015 This study aims to analyze the membership application of the Kingdom of Morocco to the European Community in 1987 through postcolonial nationalism, which refers to the fact that the impacts of colonizer states continue on the national identity of the colonized states after colonialism. It analyzes the membership application of the Kingdom of Morocco to the European Community in terms of how Morocco felt European so that it claimed its Europeanness according to the article 237 of the Treaty of Rome that required the aplicant states to be European, as the main article of the Treaty that founded the European Community. Taking the Bhabhaian approach to hybridity as one of the main tenets of postcolonial nationalism, this dissertation argues that the Kingdom of Morocco’s relations with the European Community in 1987 should go beyond why it applied to be one of its members that was already explained by different economic and political iii reasons. Instead, it offers a cultural aspect defined by postcoloniality that analyzes how Kingdom of Morocco asserted its Europeanness, and how it explained to the European Commission that it was a European state according to the Treaty of Rome. Framing Morocco’s colonial status between 1912 and 1956, this dissertation examines how Morocco that constructed its national identity both during and after colonialism against Europe (against France) due to European colonialism (the French Protectorate) added Europeanness into this national identity in its postolonial period, by claiming that Moroccan nation and state together are European, with King Hassan II’s membership application to the European Community. Accordingly, this dissertation argues that Morocco’s 1987 membership application to the European Community is the instrumentalization of hybridity that was created by the French among Moroccan locals between 1912 and 1956 by King Hassan II, in the postcolonial Moroccan national identity to claim that Morocco was European according to the article 237 of the Treaty of Rome. Keywords: Morocco, European Community, Postcolonial Nationalism, Hybridity, Culture, National Identity iv ÖZET KRALIN AVRUPALI FAS’I: FAS KRALLIĞI’NIN AVRUPA TOPLULUĞU’NA ÜYELİK BAŞVURUSUNA POSTKOLONYAL BİR YAKLAŞIM İpek, Volkan Doktora, Siyaset Bilimi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yardımcı Doçent Dr. Ioannis Grigoriadis Haziran 2015 Bu çalışma Fas Krallığı’nın 1987 yılında Avrupa Topluluğu’na yaptığı üyelik başvurusunu, kolonyal dönemde kolonici devletlerin kolonize devletlerde yarattığı etkilerin kolonyal dönemden sonra da kolonize devletlerin milli kimliği üzerinde devam ettiğini vurgulayan postkolonyal milliyetçilik teorisiyle açıklamaktadır. Çalışma, bu bağlamda, Fas Krallığı’nın Avrupa Topluluğu’na yaptığı üyelik başvurusunu Fas Krallığı’nın kendini nasıl Avrupalı hissettiği ve bu Avrupalılığını Avrupa Topluluğu’na başvuracak olan devletlerin Avrupalı olması gerektiğini vurgulayan Roma Antlaşması’nın 237.maddesine göre nasıl iddia ettiğini/açıkladığını incelemektedir. v İncelemeyi Homi Bhabha’nın postkolonyal milliyetçiliğin ana unsurlarından biri olan hibridite yaklaşımı temelinde yapan bu çalışma, Fas Krallığı’nın Avrupa Topluluğu ile 1987 yılı itibariyle olan ilişkilerini(günümüzde Avrupa Birliği ile olan ilişkilerini) derinleştirmeyi hedeflemektedir. Çalışma, bu anlamda, Fas Krallığı’nın 1987 yılında Avrupa Topluluğu (bugünkü Avrupa Birliği) ile olan ilişkilerini “Krallık Topluluğa üyelik için neden başvurdu?” sorusuna yanıt olan ekonomik ve siyasi içerikli cevaplar yerine “Krallık Roma Antlaşması’na göre kendini nasıl Avrupalı hissetti?” sorusuna yanıt olabilecek, postkolonyallik çerçevesinde şekillenen kültür kavramıyla incelemektedir. Fas Krallığı’nın 1912 ve 1956 yılları arasındaki kolonize devlet konumunu değerlendiren bu tez, milli kimliğini kolonyal dönemde ve kolonyal dönemden sonra Avrupa kolonyalizminden (Fransız Protektorasından) dolayı Avrupa’ya (Fransa’ya) karşı oluşturan Fas Krallığı’nda, Avrupa Topluluğu’na üyelik başvurusunda bulunarak Fas halkının devletiyle ve milletiyle Avrualı olduğunu iddia eden Kral İkinci Hasan’ın Avrupalılık bileşenini Fas milli kimliğine nasıl eklediğini sorgulamaktadır. Tez, Roma Antlaşması’na göre Fas’ın Avrupalılığının, 1912 ve 1956 yılları arasında Fransızların Fas’ta yarattığı hibriditenin Kral İkinci Hasan tarafından postkolonyal Faslı milli kimliğine araçsallaştırılarak açıklandığını iddia etmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Fas Krallığı, Postkolonyal Milliyetçilik, Avrupa Topluluğu, Hibridite, Kültür, Milli Kimlik vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS An author from Cameroon says: To start is the half way to succeed, but the start is the difficulty of the success”. In a dissertation where I analyzed a state’s national identity from colonial to postcolonial times in eight different chapters, I never felt the difficulty of writing a section on acknowledgements. Not only because I do not know where to start for this part, as the author says, but I hardly choose the proper words that would express my thoughts and emotions. First of all, I never thought I would write this section, since I never guessed I would come to this point with a consistent psychological and physical health. To write this dissertation was quite difficult to me, both in terms of the resources I utilized, the places I visited, the things I witnessed, the incidents I experienced to collect more data in Africa, and also in terms of my relations with people while writing it. I very often felt that to protect the stability in these relations with my parents, friends and professors was more difficult than to construct my dissertation chapters. I quite a lot broke hearts of people around me, sometimes disappointed them, sometimes made them cry, and even sometimes made them hate me in this process. I am also aware that I was quite selfish many times while writing this dissertation, always thought about myself first, and neglected people who loved me. This dissertation, primarily, is my gift to all these people, whom I hope will understand me one day, if not today. vii Second, I see this dissertation as a legend that I created, since I believe everyone in this world creates at least one legend when they are alive. Remembering the first days I knocked my first supervisor’s office door and told her that I wanted to work on Morocco, I knew that a very tough job was going to wait for me. Lack of resources that I needed to use in Turkey on the one hand, I had an IR mind focused on bilateral relations between countries, that was humiliating nationalism, cultural, and identity studies, on the other hand. In addition, the lack of people around me who already worked on Morocco doubled the unfeasibility of this dissertation research. Last but not least, I did not have a defined place in the world where I would find the necessary documents I needed. The wish to open a new branch in Turkish political science, to explain something that was never studied before in Turkey and in the world, to throw myself into an African adventure were the basis of this ambition. Today, I am clearly and openly proud of myself, maybe the first time in my life, because I managed to finish my dissertation, conclude this ambition, and offer an original study to the readers in the world. If term comes to present my special