DOCSLIB.ORG

Ogham Tree Letters B B Beithe Birch Beginning, Renewal, Youth, Change, Purification, Childbirth

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ogham Tree Letters B B Beithe Birch Beginning, Renewal, Youth, Change, Purification, Childbirth www.facebook.com/herbsmagickpath https://herbsmagickpath.co.uk Ogham Tree Letters b B Beithe Birch Beginning, Renewal, Youth, Change, Purification, Childbirth Protection, Expression, Connection, Sanctuary, Spells of l L Luis Rowan Protection, Security n F Fern Alder Counsel, Spirit Guide, Oracular knowledge, Inspiration, f S Saille Willow Imagination, Intuition, Visions, Witchcraft, Lunar Influence, Connection, Wisdom, Expanded Reality, Transformation, Shape s N Nion Ash Shifting, Growth, Destiny h H Huath Hawthorn Contradiction, Obstructions, Desire, Shame, Fear Strength, Stability, Nobility, Endurance, Goodwill, Established D Duir Oak d way of Life Action, Assertion, Objectivity, Challenge, Emotional and T Tinne Holly t Spiritual Testing, Defence Creativity, Purity, Honesty, Wisdom, Enlightenment, Inspiration, C Coll Hazel c Knowledge q Q Quert Apple Beauty, Love, Generosity, Health, Vitality, Healing, Recovery Introspection, Relaxation, Depth, Achievement of Goals, M Muin Vine m Celebration, Divine Ecstasy Determination, Change, Patience, Ruthlessness, Survival, G Gort Ivy g Breaking Barriers Harmony, Health, Growth, Wellbeing, Healing, Sweeping out NG Ngetal Broom y Negativity, Discipline, Control, Perspective, Pain, Wounding, Conflict, ST Straif Blackthorn z Adversity, Separation Transition, Evolution, Continuation, Regret, Shame, Retribution, R Ruis Elder r Karma Clarity, Achievement, Energy, Elation, Wonder, Heightened A Ailm Fir a Conciousness, Fear, Emotion Transmutation, Resourcefulness, Sexuality, Passion, Binding O Onn Gorse o Force, Erotic Charge u U Ur Heather Dreams, Romance, Lovers, Partnership, Putting down Roots Victory, Transformation, Vision, Conquest of Fear, Self- E Eadha Aspen e Confidence, Courage Transference, Passage, Illusion, Death, A Gateway, Rebirth, I Idho Yew i Renewal The Four Treasures of the Tuathe de Danann Lia The Stone Destiny, Inner purpose, Vocation, Quest for Life’s Meaning Fail Claiomh Solais The Sword Rulership, the Warrior, Strength, Decisiveness, Impartiality Sleg The Spear Determination, Initiative, Energy, Accomplishment The Abundance, Earthly and Otherworldly Gifts, Contentment, Coire Cauldron Fulfilment. Copyright © 2021 Herb's Magick Path Ogham Tree Letters Reversed h B Beithe Birch Being stuck in a rut, Needing to let go d L Luis Rowan Broken defences, Vulnerability, Danger t F Fern Alder Ignoring Counsel, Creative Blockage, Need to lighten up c S Saille Willow Overwhelmed. Lost, Out of your depth, Need to step back q N Nion Ash Loss of control, Victim of circumstances, Need to get on track b H Huath Hawthorn An absolute barrier, Anguish, Humiliation l D Duir Oak Bad Behaviour, Weakness, Confusion, Abusing strength n T Tinne Holly Assault, Damage, Flee, Need to rebuild Strength f Disillusionment, Blockage of Wisdom, Despair, Darkness, Need C Coll Hazel for enlightenment s Q Quert Apple Sickness, Ill Health, Depression, Need to gather up your energy m M Muin Vine Excess and it’s consequences, Rootlessness, Dissipation g G Gort Ivy Challenge, Difficulty, Restriction y NG Ngetal Broom Sickness, Disease, Need for Cleansing and Healing z ST Straif Blackthorn Threat to order of life, Tranistion, Surgery r R Ruis Elder Accounts to be settled, addressing regrets, Purging Humiliation a A Ailm Fir Fear, Confusion, Paralysis, Need to untie emotional knots o O Onn Gorse Risk taking, Dangerous entanglements, Thorns u U Ur Heather Delusion, Desire, Conflicts, Illusion e E Eadha Aspen Overwhelmed, Need to overcome your fear i I Idho Yew Grief, Pain, Acceptance, Death The Four Treasures of the Tuathe de Danann Lia The Stone Difficulties in the Quest, Stumbling, Lost, Need to find Guidance Fail Claiomh Solais The Sword Misuse of Power, Actingly blindly, The Double Edge Sleg The Spear Over ambitiousness, Battle-lust, Enslavement The Coire Deprivation, Loss, Need to exert yourself Cauldron www.facebook.com/herbsmagickpath https://herbsmagickpath.co.uk Copyright © 2021 Herb's Magick Path.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Faerie Faith and the Beth-Luis-Nion Celtic Lunar Tree
    The Faerie Faith and the Beth-Luis-Nion Celtic Lunar Tree Calendar James Clifford Landis Certificate of Approval: ________________________ ________________________ Richard Penaskovic Jack W. Rogers, Jr. Professor Director Religious Studies University Honors College The Faerie Faith and the Beth-Luis-Nion Celtic Lunar Tree Calendar James Clifford Landis A Thesis Submitted to The Honors College of Auburn University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Title of University Honors Scholar Auburn, Alabama May 11, 2002 The Faerie Faith and the Beth-Luis-Nion Celtic Lunar Tree Calendar James Clifford Landis Permission is granted to Auburn University to make copies of this thesis at its discretion, upon the request of individuals or institutions and at their expense. The author reserves all publication rights. __________________________ Signature of Author __________________________ Date Copy sent to: Name Date iii Vita James Clifford (Cliff) Landis, son of William Ronald and Mary Lou Landis, was born March 11, 1980, in Somerset, New Jersey. He graduated from Lowndes High School in 1998. He entered Auburn University in August, 1998, and graduated University Honors Scholar with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy with a concentration in Religious Studies in May, 2002. He obtained his Second Solar degree in the Faerie Faith in November, 2001. He maintains an interest in New Religious Movements, Mysticism, Feminist Religion, Psychology, and Library Science. iv Thesis Abstract The Faerie Faith and the Beth-Luis-Nion Celtic Lunar Tree Calendar James Clifford Landis Bachelor of Arts, May 11, 2002 57 Typed Pages Directed by Richard Penaskovic The following thesis is presented in two parts.
    [Show full text]
  • Celtiques, Conséquence
    L’IMPOSTURE DE « L’ASTROLOGIE CELTIQUE » 1 par Peter Berresford Ellis Traduction par Philippe Camby Les fabrications de « zodiaques d’arbres » celtiques, conséquence directe de l’invention d’un « calendrier des arbres » par Robert Graves, sont devenues un obstacle presque insurmontable pour des études sérieuses sur l’astrologie réellement pratiquée dans les sociétés celtiques préchrétiennes. Depuis que Robert Graves, il y a cinquante ans, a publié La déesse blanche (The White Goddess, 1946 2), ses imitateurs ont bâti une véritable industrie éditoriale qui professe des opinions astrologiques erronées, basées sur des arguments faux. Quelques-uns ont même publié des ouvrages sur ce qu’ils nomment familièrement l’« astrologie celtique », fabriquant ainsi « un système astrologique » sans authenticité. Il n’entre pas dans mes habitudes de critiquer Robert Graves ou ses disciples. Poète et romancier, Graves est tout à fait admirable et son étude des mythes grecs (Greek Myths, 1955) est hautement appréciée. Il y a même beaucoup de choses précieuses dans La déesse blanche. Son travail a consisté en une tentative intéressante d’analyse anthropologique et mythologique ; il aurait pu en résulter, avec une assistance universitaire, un apport intéressant dans la ligne des œuvres de Joseph Campbell 3. Cependant, alors qu’il avait besoin de l’avis d’un maître réputé dans les recherches celtiques, et particulièrement dans le domaine de l’Ogham, il a refusé d’y recourir parce qu’il n’admettait pas les rigoureux concepts de cette discipline. « Chacun est un débutant dans le commerce ou le métier d’autrui 4 », c’est un vieux proverbe irlandais que j’ai souvent cité.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Native Plants Ogam
    Florida Native Plants Ogam OBOD Ovate Gift Dana Wiyninger Starke, Florida USA July 29, 2012 Introduction Moving to a new region with completely different plants and climate, and having to manage a neglected forest meant I had to really learn about and examine the trees and plants on our property. (No relying on my previous knowledge of plants on the west coast.) Even with the subtropical climate, we paradoxically have many temperate east coast trees in north Florida. To make sense of it all in context of the Ogam, I had to seriously study and search to find the plants in my Florida Ogam. I often had to make more intuitive associations when an Ogam plant species wasn‟t found here. I had vivid impressions from the Ogam (and other) plants- I later used these to find my path through the many interpretations authors have offered. Personally, I use my own Florida correspondences when I see many of these plants every day; the impressions and messages are just part of my perceptions of the plants now. Since using my correspondences I‟m more aware of the varying time streams the plants experience and the spirits associated with them. I feel a conduit with the plants, and the resulting insights are particularly useful to me and relevant to changes going on in my life. Not quite formal divination, I receive guidance none the less. I feel there may be a healing practice in my future that will incorporate the Ogam, but that is yet to come. So, as enjoyable as it was, learning the basics of the Ogam wasn‟t easy for me.
    [Show full text]
  • Ogham-The-Druidic-Play
    Ogham (A Druidic Play1) by Susa Morgan Black, Druid (OBOD) Characters: Celtic Deities: Name Description Suggested Prop or tool Nemetona NEH-MEH- Celtic Goddess of Sacred Robed in the colors of the TONA Groves and forests forest – greens and browns Duine Glas DOON-YEH - The Green Man Green foliage, Celtic torque GLAS Druid Fellowship: Name Description Suggested Prop or tool Druid Master of Ceremonies, Druid staff or shepherd’s dressed in white robe and crook; or scythe and gold tabard (or plain white mistletoe robe with no tabard) Ovate Seer; dressed in white robe Ogham cards in ogham and green tabard bowl, Druid wand Bards Poets, Musicians; dressed Harp or Zither; in white robe and blue Drum tabard Nymphs Dressed as fairies Fairy wands, flowers, etc. The Ogham Trees (in one of the traditional ogham orders, Beth Luis Fearn). Each tree should have a sign with their tree name printed in Gaelic and English, so that they can be easily found at the time of divination Name Description Suggested Prop or tool Beith (Birch) BEHTH A young, energetic maiden white shawl Luis (Rowan) LOOSH A witchy, sexy woman sheer red veil Fearn (Alder) FARN A strong determined man, a Building tools (perhaps a “bridge builder” hammer) Saille (Willow) SALL-YEH A mysterious lunar female Luminescent shimmering veil Nunn (Ash) NOON A stalwart guardian tree Spear Huathe (Hawthorn) HOO- The playful May Queen Green and white finery with AH a floral wreath Duir (Oak) DOO-OR Regal Male, Druid King of Oak staff, scepter, acorns the Woods Tinne (Holly) TCHEEN- Young male warrior
    [Show full text]
  • Answers and Solutions
    191 ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS ~ds a column POEMS IN PRAISE OF ENGLISH PHONOLOGY Charles F. Hockett ment on arti­ lough need for 1. stop 2. spirant 3. labial, laminal, dorsal 4. lateral, retroflex, nasal 5. voiceless 6. voiceless 7. voiceless, obstruent 8. nasal but let I s 9. voicele s s 10. labial rench-Ian­ AN OLYMPIC QUIZ Darryl Francis ure Potenti­ Horrors of myopical, diplomacy, cephalodymia, polydemoniac, polysemantic, ecita1 of the polymicrobic, mycoplasmic, compliancy, cytoplasmic, microphysi­ cle on OuLiPo cal, polyschematic Lge example polymicroscope, cosmopolicy, lycopersicum, lycopodium/polycod­ ~y, hate-shy ium, polygamistic, cryptoglioma, hypokalemic, polypharmic, poly­ you ex-wise mathie, myelopathic, polyhemic, lipothymic polychromia, polychromin, polytrichum, polystichum, impolicy, lms, Profes­ mispolicy, compliably, myopically, pyromellitic, symptomical, :h Phonologyll cryptonemiales, polyatomic : a princess in .ins no bilabials polysomatic, polynomic, cypselomorphic, polymicrian, policymak­ er, microtypal, pyrometrical, polymeric, microcephal y /pyrochem­ ical, polycormic, polydromic, polymastic es of the is sue ge as this can spatilomancy, cyps eliform, compre s sively, myeloplastic, polysomic, , and I try to polycrotism, polycentrism, polymetameric, polymythic, complicity, ~ar in rough compositely, polyonymic llC e of printing , to the problem. PRIMER TIME Ralph G. Beaman the se copie s however, if 'two letter s, T and A, are used in this alphabet primer to form the ed. (Don't tliree-Ietter words TAA, TAB, TAC, etc. Two imperfect words are TAFe and TAQlid. -- Adventuret! KlCKSHAWS Philip M. Cohen mprehensive Heful study. Jabberwocky: The vicar Bwigs chilled bubbly in the parish too. litd in defining If you try this with II Jabberwocky" you'll find it much less ::annot stomach; amenable, but some changes are possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Auraicept Na Néces: a Diachronic Study
    Auraicept na nÉces: A Diachronic Study With an Edition from The Book of Uí Mhaine Nicolai Egjar Engesland A dissertation submitted for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor The 20th of October 2020 Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies Faculty of Humanities University of Oslo τῳ φωτί τῆς οἰκίας Foreword First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor Mikael Males at the Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies at the University of Oslo for his untiring support and crucial input to the project at all stages. His enthusiasm for the field is unmatched. Der var intet valg, kun fremad, ordren ville lyde: døden eller Grønlands vestkyst. Secondly, I would like to thank Jan Erik Rekdal for having co-supervised the project and for having introduced me to the fascinating field of Irish philology and to Conamara. I would like to thank Pádraic Moran for valuable help with the evaluation of my work this spring and for useful feedback also during the conference on the dating of Old Norse and Celtic texts here in Oslo and on my visit to the National University of Ireland Galway last autumn. A number of improvements to the text and to the argumentation are due to his criticism. The community at NUI Galway has been very welcoming and I would like to show my gratitude to Michael Clarke and Clodagh Downey for accommodating us during our trip. Clarke also provided me with profitable feedback during the initial part of my work and has been a steady source of inspiration at conferences and workshops both in Ireland and in Norway.
    [Show full text]
  • Druid Book.Pdf
    In 1649, English Scholars had found ancient Roman writings about the druids. When these documents were translated and written down there was only ten written pages. But the English had just finished their Civil War and was looking for a religion that was not dogmatic or materialistic. People started to investigate further to see if they could get any more information and this led to books being written by the scores. On November 28 1717, a group of twelve druid enthusiasts met at the Apple Tree Tavern in London England and they started the Ancient Druid Order which was the first Druid Order of modern times. This started the Druid Revival. Some of these modern druids came trying to change Christianity into a less dogmatic religion. Others like John Toland believed in pantheism or that the universe was alive. You had a third group like William Stukeley who believed that Druidic meditation and mysticism could be applied to Christianity. These people were called Latitudinarian Christians. So we of the Order of Drui are a Neo-Druidic Order Chapter I: Three Rays of Light Einigen the Giant, who was the first of all beings and saw three rays of light coming down from the heavens. The three rays represented the true name of the god Celi, the hidden spirit of live that created all things. In the three rays were all the knowledge that ever was or will be. Einigen took three rowan staves and carved all the knowledge on them in straight and slanted lines. Instead of reading the staves, others misunderstood and worshipped them as gods.
    [Show full text]
  • Trees and Plants in Mythology
    Legends The name locust tree is attributed to the religious sects that immigrated to North America in the 17th Century. According to the Bible, John the Baptist ate locusts and wild honey (Matthew 3:4). The "locusts" are believed to have been pods of the Carob tree, a member of the legume or pea family indigenous to the Middle East. Since the Locust tree resembles the Carob tree, its name reflects the biblical reference. The Carob tree is also called Saint John's Bread, and, ironically, Locust tree. The longevity of locust wood is an article of faith in the lore and legend of agrarian society; locust fence posts False acacia, locust tree, yellow reportedly lasting for over one hundred locust, black locust years and pioneer homes with locust corner posts still standing. Because of its many attributes, the Locust tree has been spread by the conscious actions of good-intentioned arborists throughout the world. It was one of the first New World trees to be exported to Europe, entering England in the 1630's. The Cherokee Indians chewed the root bark to induce vomiting and to ameliorate the pain of a toothache. The flowers contain the glycoside robinin, which has been shown experimentally to act as a diuretic. A tea made from the flowers was used to treat everything from headache to nausea. Juice from the leaves purportedly inhibited viruses. Parts of the locust tree are consumed as food by both humans and animals. Honey produced by bees from Locust tree nectar is considered among the finest in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Analysis of Irish and Scottish Ogham Pillar Stones Clare Jeanne Connelly University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
    University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations May 2015 A Partial Reading of the Stones: a Comparative Analysis of Irish and Scottish Ogham Pillar Stones Clare Jeanne Connelly University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Communication Commons, and the Medieval History Commons Recommended Citation Connelly, Clare Jeanne, "A Partial Reading of the Stones: a Comparative Analysis of Irish and Scottish Ogham Pillar Stones" (2015). Theses and Dissertations. 799. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/799 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A PARTIAL READING OF THE STONES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF IRISH AND SCOTTISH OGHAM PILLAR STONES by Clare Connelly A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Anthropology at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee May 2015 ABSTRACT A PARTIAL READING OF THE STONES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF IRISH AND SCOTTISH OGHAM PILLAR STONES by Clare Connelly The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2015 Under the Supervision of Professor Bettina Arnold Ogham is a script that originated in Ireland and later spread to other areas of the British Isles. This script has preserved best on large pillar stones. Other artefacts with ogham inscriptions, such as bone-handled knives and chalk spindle-whorls, are also known. While ogham has fascinated scholars for centuries, especially the antiquarians of the 18th and 19th centuries, it has mostly been studied as a script and a language and the nature of its association with particular artefact types has been largely overlooked.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 1 Texts Title Page
    Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/20979 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Griffiths, Alan Title: A family of names : Rune-names and Ogam-names and their relation to alphabet letter-names Issue Date: 2013-06-18 A FAMILY OF NAMES: Rune-names and Ogam-names and Their Relation to Alphabet Letter-names Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. C. J. J. M. Stolker, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op dinsdag18 juni 2013 klokke 15.00 uur door Alan Griffiths geboren te Beckenham, V. K. in 1938 Promotiecommissie: Promotores: Prof. dr. R. H. Bremmer (Universiteit Leiden) Prof. dr. P. C. H. Schrijver (Universiteit Utrecht) Overige leden: Prof. H. Gzella (Universiteit Leiden) Prof. dr. A. Quak (Universiteit Leiden) Dr. A. Blom (University of Oxford) Copyright © 2013, Alan Griffiths. Alle rechten voorbehouden. Illustrations on cover: 1. Anglo-Saxon runes, Insular letter equivalents and names from the (now destroyed) manuscript British Library, Cotton B. x, as listed beside George Hickes’s copy of the Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem in the 1705 edition of his Linguarum Vett. Septentrionalium Thesaurus Grammatico-Criticus et Archaeologicus. 2. The names of the ogam characters as listed at the end of The Book of Ogams in the fourteenth- or fifteenth-century Book of Ballymote manuscript, Royal Irish Academy 23P12/536, fol. 312 (s. xiv–xv), reproduced as no. 27 in Calder’s edition of the Auraicept na nÉces [The Scholars’ Primer], 1917: 302. A FAMILY OF NAMES: Rune-names and Ogam-names and Their Relation to Alphabet Letter-names by Alan Griffiths VOLUME 1 Texts A.
    [Show full text]
  • Activity Sheet 6: Ogham Stones
    Activity Sheet 6: Ogham Stones The Ogham alphabet was made up of simple strokes for consonants - and strokes or dots for the vowels. These shapes were easy for the Celts to make, carving the strokes along a central line which was usually the edge of a slab. Some strokes would go to the left of the line, some to the right, to help tell them apart. The Celts started off by carving Ogham onto pieces of wood but then they began to carve onto rocks which became known as ‘Ogham Stones’. If you were reading an Ogham stone, you would read it from the bottom to the top. There are only twenty letters in the early Irish Ogham alphabet instead of the twenty-six we have in our alphabet. Some people believe that the names of the letters might be the names of ancient trees or shrubs, and they call it the ‘Celtic Tree alphabet’. Ogham letters along with their old irish names and meanings n nin q ceirt r ruis i idad “ash” “apple tree” “elder” “yew” s sail c coll z straif e edad “willow” “hazel” “blackthorn” “aspen” f fer t tinne ng getal u ur “fern” “holly, elder” “broom” “heath” l luis d duir g gort o onn “rowan” “oak” “ivy” “furze” b beithe h huath m muinn a ailm “birch” “whitethorn” “vine” “pine tree” Sometimes the vowels use dots rather than lines. The dots must be made on the middle of the central line. a o u e i Find out more about Saint Patrick at bbc.co.uk/saintpatrick Try and decipher the messages on the scrolls by finding the hidden words on the Ogham stones.
    [Show full text]
  • ALPHABETUM Unicode Font for Ancient Scripts
    (VERSION 14.00, March 2020) A UNICODE FONT FOR LINGUISTICS AND ANCIENT LANGUAGES: OLD ITALIC (Etruscan, Oscan, Umbrian, Picene, Messapic), OLD TURKIC, CLASSICAL & MEDIEVAL LATIN, ANCIENT GREEK, COPTIC, GOTHIC, LINEAR B, PHOENICIAN, ARAMAIC, HEBREW, SANSKRIT, RUNIC, OGHAM, MEROITIC, ANATOLIAN SCRIPTS (Lydian, Lycian, Carian, Phrygian and Sidetic), IBERIC, CELTIBERIC, OLD & MIDDLE ENGLISH, CYPRIOT, PHAISTOS DISC, ELYMAIC, CUNEIFORM SCRIPTS (Ugaritic and Old Persian), AVESTAN, PAHLAVI, PARTIAN, BRAHMI, KHAROSTHI, GLAGOLITIC, OLD CHURCH SLAVONIC, OLD PERMIC (ANBUR), HUNGARIAN RUNES and MEDIEVAL NORDIC (Old Norse and Old Icelandic). (It also includes characters for LATIN-based European languages, CYRILLIC-based languages, DEVANAGARI, BENGALI, HIRAGANA, KATAKANA, BOPOMOFO and I.P.A.) USER'S MANUAL ALPHABETUM homepage: http://guindo.pntic.mec.es/jmag0042/alphabet.html Juan-José Marcos Professor of Classics. Plasencia. Spain [email protected] 1 March 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. Intr oduc tion 3 2. Font installati on 3 3. Encod ing syst em 4 4. So ft ware req uiremen ts 5 5. Unicode co verage in ALP HAB ETUM 5 6. Prec ompo sed cha racters and co mbining diacriticals 6 7. Pri vate Use Ar ea 7 8. Classical Latin 8 9. Anc ient (po lytonic) Greek 12 10. Old & Midd le En glis h 16 11. I.P.A. Internati onal Phon etic Alph abet 17 12. Pub lishing cha racters 17 13. Mi sce llaneous ch aracters 17 14. Espe ran to 18 15. La tin-ba sed Eu ropean lan gua ges 19 16. Cyril lic-ba sed lan gua ges 21 17. Heb rew 22 18.
    [Show full text]