In 1649, English Scholars had found ancient Roman writings about the druids. When these documents were translated and written down there was only ten written pages. But the English had just finished their Civil War and was looking for a religion that was not dogmatic or materialistic. People started to investigate further to see if they could get any more information and this led to books being written by the scores.

On November 28 1717, a group of twelve druid enthusiasts met at the Apple Tree Tavern in London England and they started the Ancient Druid Order which was the first Druid Order of modern times. This started the Druid Revival. Some of these modern druids came trying to change Christianity into a less dogmatic religion. Others like John Toland believed in pantheism or that the universe was alive. You had a third group like William Stukeley who believed that Druidic meditation and mysticism could be applied to Christianity. These people were called Latitudinarian Christians.

So we of the Order of Drui are a Neo-Druidic Order Chapter I: Three Rays of Light

Einigen the Giant, who was the first of all beings and saw three rays of light coming down from the heavens. The three rays represented the true name of the god Celi, the hidden spirit of live that created all things. In the three rays were all the knowledge that ever was or will be. Einigen took three rowan staves and carved all the knowledge on them in straight and slanted lines. Instead of reading the staves, others misunderstood and worshipped them as gods. Einigen was so mad that he burst apart.

A year and a day later, Menw discovered Einigen’s skull with three rowan staves and they had taken root inside it and grown out the mouth. He learned to read the writing that was on them and became famous for his wisdom. This story is the origin myth for the Druid Revival and it represents Awen(Ah-Oh-En) which is the heart of Druidic teaching and it means illumination, spirit, and inspiration.

The tale of Einigen is a myth. The two important things about myths are its meaning and what it teaches regardless of whether it happened or who wrote it. Druids have an important saying which says, “The truth against the world.” This means that individual truth is more important than what society says is true.

The Three Rays also represents the first rays of the sun at Summer Solstice, Equinox, and Winter Solstice. Another meaning of the myth happens each year when the Sun comes up at its three primary positions on the easter horizon: southeast at midwinter, northeast at midsummer, due east at Spring and Fall.

The Three Rays can each be defined. The first ray is named Gwron(goo- Ron) and symbolizes the sun at its lowest point at the winter solstice. Gwron also is the knowledge of Awen. The second ray is named Plennydd(Plen-nith) and it symbolizes the sun at is highest power at midsummer. Plennydd also is the power of Awen. The final ray is named Alawn(AH-lon) and it symbolizes the sun at its balance, midway through the year. Alawn is the peace of Awen.

The Priestly ranks of Druidism also can be linked to the Three Rays. Ovates, which is the first rank, deals with the living power of the spiritual realms and this coincides with Plennydd. Bards, which is the second rank, keeps the knowledge of the past and this coincides with Gwron. Druid, which is the last rank,, unites knowledge and power and this coincides with Alawn. Chapter II: The Three Circles of Manifestation

The Druids teach their students that the human soul goes on a journey through three levels of being. These three levels are: Abred, Gwynfydd, and Ceugant. Abred(AH-bred) is the first level. This is the realm of plants and animal life. The newly formed souls start out as single celled life forms. When the souls have mastered all the lessons they require then they move up to the next complex life form.. Us humans are the most complex life form in Abred. According to law, humans must know all, see all and suffer all. Druids are well aware that plants and animals die a painful death. The Second level is Gwynfydd(GWIN-vuth) which is the afterlife. At this level the human soul remembers its journey through Abred. Each soul learns to express its own Awen, memories, and perceptions of the universe. The soul begins to traverse the different circles of Gwynfydd and eventually be able to take it places among the Mighty Ones. No other faith goes into as much depth about the afterlife as the Druids. Gwynfyddth is not the last stage of the soul’s journey. The last stage of the soul’s journey is Ceugant(KYE-gant). This is infinity itself and it extends above Gwynfyddth and no matter how much knowledge or power you gain you can never attain this level.

These concepts can also apply within a single life or moment. As human beings we are constantly making a choice between past and Present. Abred is the past, stationary and impossible to move. Gwynfydd is the Present always flowing and changing. Ceugant is the unpredictable future always being shaped by Abred and Gwynfydd. Fate is Abred, Will is Gwynfydd and destiny is Ceugant. The Druid Elements and Druid Ritual

Nwyfre (NOOiv-ruh)- In old Welsh this means heaven or sky. Today this means sky to us modern druids. To compare it to the Circle of Manifestation, Nwyfre would be Ceugant.

As an element, Nwyfre is the source of life and consciousness and we sometimes just call it the life force. Nwyfre exists in two different forms. The first form comes from the Sun and fills the Earth’s atmosphere and moves downward. It is the strongest at dawn and noon. At higher elevations, this energy is stronger and is the reason why monks choose to live high in the mountains. This is called the Solar Current.

Nwyfre from the Earth moves up through the stone and soil. It is strong around green plants, especially trees, and wherever water flows from beneath the Earth; holy wells and springs blaze with it. This is called the Telluric Current. The nature symbol that represents Nwyfre is sky.

Gwyar(GOO-yar)- Today it means fluid or flow. This is the word to represent water. It symbol is running water. To compare it to the Circle of Manifestation, Gwyar would be

Gwynfydd. As an element, Gwyar is the source of motion, change, growth, and decay.

Calas(CAH-lass)-It means Solidity. This is the element land. Its symbol is stone. To compare it to the Circle of Manifestation it would be Abred. It is the source of form, differentiation, manifestation, and stability.

Druid Ritual

1. Walk around to the North side of altar and face South and raise your right palm and say:

I am about to open a Grove of Druids. The first duty of a druid is to make sure there is peace in the quarters.

Take the salt and start in the North and say: I proclaim peace in the North. Walk clock wise around the outside of the Grove and then bless everyone by sprinkling their feet with salt. Put back on Altar.

Take the incense and start in the East and say: I proclaim peace in the East. Walk clock wise around the outside of the Grove and then bless everyone with the smoke. Put back on Altar.

Walk to the south and light the candle and say: I proclaim peace in the South.

Take the water bottle and start in the West and say: I proclaim peace in the West. Walk clock wise around the Grove spraying and then bless everyone with spray. Put back on Altar.

2. Now say: There is peace in the quarters now our working may began. 3. Have everyone present say the Gorsedd Prayer:

Grant, O holy ones, thy protection; And in protection, strength; And in strength, understanding; And in understanding, knowledge; And in knowledge, the knowledge of justice; And in the knowledge of justice, the love of it; And in that love, the love of all existences; And in the love of all existences, the love of Earth our mother and all goodness.

4. Meditation about the meaning of the Holy Day 5. Invoke god/dess 6. offering 7. pass chalice 8. thanks for blessing of god/dess 9. Close the Grove by saying:

I am closing the Grove of Druids. I return all energy back to Mother Earth. Namaste.

8 High Holiday Rituals

Samhain

Senior Druid Walks around to the North side of altar and face South and raise your right palm and says:

I am about to open a Grove of Druids. The first duty of a druid is to make sure there is peace in the quarters.

Druid of Land Take the salt and start in the North and say: I proclaim peace in the North. Walk clock wise around the outside of the Grove and then bless everyone by sprinkling their feet with salt. Put back on Altar.

Druid of Sky Take the incense and start in the East and say: I proclaim peace in the East. Walk clock wise around the outside of the Grove and then bless everyone with the smoke. Put back on Altar.

Druid of Flame Walk to the south and light the candle and say: I proclaim peace in the South.

Druid of Sea Take the water bottle and start in the West and say: I proclaim peace in the West. Walk clock wise around the Grove spraying and then bless everyone with spray. Put back on Altar.

Senior Druid: Ah-Oh-En (3x)

Senior Druid: There is peace in the quarters now our working may begin.

Senior Druid: Let all gathered recite the Gorsedd Prayer

Grant, O holy ones, thy protection; And in protection, strength; And in strength, understanding; And in understanding, knowledge; And in knowledge, the knowledge of justice; And in the knowledge of justice, the love of it; And in that love, the love of all existences; And in the love of all existences, the love of Earth, our mother and all goodness.

Senior Druid: Let us all take a moment to meditate on what Samhain means to each of us

(allow fifteen minutes for meditation.)

Druidess: On this day I invoke Cerridwen the goddess of wisdom, keeper of the cauldron of transformation, mistress of the cycles of change. Cerridwen, Cerridwen, Cerridwen. Join with us in the circle of the Grove.

Senior Druid: Now is the time to honor our ancestors and Mother Earth either through song or poem.

Seer: Now let us listen to what the gods has to say about our past, present, and Future.

(allow time for the seer to read the tarot and tell us the outcome for the year)

Goddess pours the apple cider into the chalice and then she walks to each person and says: Blessed be brother/sister druid and may you stay firmly grounded on the druid path.

The Senior Druid takes the chalice and if needed refills so that he can bless the Goddess. The Senior Druid Says:

Blessed be Goddess and know that we will always love and honor you.

Goddess hands the chalice back to the Senior Druid.

Senior Druid: Goddess you have honored us with your presence and now I am about to close the Grove so you can now take your leave with our blessings.

Senior Druid raises his right hand and says: I am now closing a Grove of Druids. Let all the energy return to Mother Earth. Alban Arthan

Senior Druid Walks around to the North side of altar and face South and raise your right palm and says:

I am about to open a Grove of Druids. The first duty of a druid is to make sure there is peace in the quarters.

Druid of Land Take the salt and start in the North and say: I proclaim peace in the North. Walk clock wise around the outside of the Grove and then bless everyone by sprinkling their feet with salt. Put back on Altar.

Druid of Sky Take the incense and start in the East and say: I proclaim peace in the East. Walk clock wise around the outside of the Grove and then bless everyone with the smoke. Put back on Altar.

Druid of Flame Walk to the south and light the candle and say: I proclaim peace in the South.

Druid of Sea Take the water bottle and start in the West and say: I proclaim peace in the West. Walk clock wise around the Grove spraying and then bless everyone with spray. Put back on Altar.

Senior Druid: Ah-Oh-En (3x)

Senior Druid: There is peace in the quarters now our working may begin.

Senior Druid: Let all gathered recite the Gorsedd Prayer

Grant, O holy ones, thy protection; And in protection, strength; And in strength, understanding; And in understanding, knowledge; And in knowledge, the knowledge of justice; And in the knowledge of justice, the love of it; And in that love, the love of all existences; And in the love of all existences, the love of Earth, our mother and all goodness.

Senior Druid: Let us all take a moment to meditate on what Alban Arthan means to each of us

(allow fifteen minutes for meditation.)

Senior Druid: Now is the time to honor our ancestors and Mother Earth either through song or poem.

Seer: Now let us listen to what the gods has to say about our past, present, and Future.

(allow time for the seer to read the tarot and tell us the outcome for the year)

Senior Druid pours the apple cider into the chalice and then she walks to each person and says: Blessed be brother/sister druid and may you stay firmly grounded on the druid path.

Senior Druid raises his right hand and says: I am now closing a Grove of Druids. Let all the energy return to Mother Earth.

Imbolc

Senior Druid Walks around to the North side of altar and face South and raise your right palm and says:

I am about to open a Grove of Druids. The first duty of a druid is to make sure there is peace in the quarters.

Druid of Land Take the salt and start in the North and say: I proclaim peace in the North. Walk clock wise around the outside of the Grove and then bless everyone by sprinkling their feet with salt. Put back on Altar.

Druid of Sky Take the incense and start in the East and say: I proclaim peace in the East. Walk clock wise around the outside of the Grove and then bless everyone with the smoke. Put back on Altar.

Druid of Flame Walk to the south and light the candle and say: I proclaim peace in the South.

Druid of Sea Take the water bottle and start in the West and say: I proclaim peace in the West. Walk clock wise around the Grove spraying and then bless everyone with spray. Put back on Altar.

Senior Druid: Ah-Oh-En (3x)

Senior Druid: There is peace in the quarters now our working may begin.

Senior Druid: Let all gathered recite the Gorsedd Prayer

Grant, O holy ones, thy protection; And in protection, strength; And in strength, understanding; And in understanding, knowledge; And in knowledge, the knowledge of justice; And in the knowledge of justice, the love of it; And in that love, the love of all existences; And in the love of all existences, the love of Earth, our mother and all goodness.

Senior Druid: Let us all take a moment to meditate on what Samhain means to each of us

(allow fifteen minutes for meditation.)

Druidess: One this day I invoke Bride, Ban-druid, Come and Join us your fellow druids in the Grove. Bride, Bride,Bride.

Senior Druid: Now is the time to honor our ancestors and Mother Earth either through song or poem.

Seer: Now let us listen to what the gods has to say about our past, present, and Future.

(allow time for the seer to read the tarot and tell us the outcome for the year)

Bride pours the apple cider into the chalice and then she walks to each person and says: Blessed be brother/sister druid and may you stay firmly grounded on the druid path.

The Senior Druid takes the chalice and if needed refills so that he can bless the Goddess. The Senior Druid Says:

Blessed be Bride and know that we will always love and honor you.

Bride hands the chalice back to the Senior Druid.

Senior Druid: Goddess you have honored us with your presence and now I am about to close the Grove so you can now take your leave with our blessings.

Senior Druid raises his right hand and says: I am now closing a Grove of Druids. Let all the energy return to Mother Earth.

Alban Eiler

Senior Druid Walks around to the North side of altar and face South and raise your right palm and says:

I am about to open a Grove of Druids. The first duty of a druid is to make sure there is peace in the quarters.

Druid of Land Take the salt and start in the North and say: I proclaim peace in the North. Walk clock wise around the outside of the Grove and then bless everyone by sprinkling their feet with salt. Put back on Altar.

Druid of Sky Take the incense and start in the East and say: I proclaim peace in the East. Walk clock wise around the outside of the Grove and then bless everyone with the smoke. Put back on Altar.

Druid of Flame Walk to the south and light the candle and say: I proclaim peace in the South.

Druid of Sea Take the water bottle and start in the West and say: I proclaim peace in the West. Walk clock wise around the Grove spraying and then bless everyone with spray. Put back on Altar.

Senior Druid: Ah-Oh-En (3x)

Senior Druid: There is peace in the quarters now our working may begin.

Senior Druid: Let all gathered recite the Gorsedd Prayer

Grant, O holy ones, thy protection; And in protection, strength; And in strength, understanding; And in understanding, knowledge; And in knowledge, the knowledge of justice; And in the knowledge of justice, the love of it; And in that love, the love of all existences; And in the love of all existences, the love of Earth, our mother and all goodness.

Senior Druid: Let us all take a moment to meditate on what Samhain means to each of us

(allow fifteen minutes for meditation.)

Druidess: On this day I invoke the goddess Eostre, Fertility Goddess come and join us in the Grove. Eostre, Eostre, Eostre.

Senior Druid: Now is the time to honor our ancestors and Mother Earth either through song or poem.

Seer: Now let us listen to what the gods has to say about our past, present, and Future.

(allow time for the seer to read the tarot and tell us the outcome for the year)

Eostre pours the apple cider into the chalice and then she walks to each person and says: Blessed be brother/sister druid and may you stay firmly grounded on the druid path.

The Senior Druid takes the chalice and if needed refills so that he can bless the Goddess. The Senior Druid Says:

Blessed be Eostre and know that we will always love and honor you.

Eostre hands the chalice back to the Senior Druid.

Senior Druid: Eostre you have honored us with your presence and now I am about to close the Grove so you can now take your leave with our blessings.

Senior Druid raises his right hand and says: I am now closing a Grove of Druids. Let all the energy return to Mother Earth.

Beltane

Senior Druid Walks around to the North side of altar and face South and raise your right palm and says:

I am about to open a Grove of Druids. The first duty of a druid is to make sure there is peace in the quarters.

Druid of Land Take the salt and start in the North and say: I proclaim peace in the North. Walk clock wise around the outside of the Grove and then bless everyone by sprinkling their feet with salt. Put back on Altar.

Druid of Sky Take the incense and start in the East and say: I proclaim peace in the East. Walk clock wise around the outside of the Grove and then bless everyone with the smoke. Put back on Altar.

Druid of Flame Walk to the south and light the candle and say: I proclaim peace in the South.

Druid of Sea Take the water bottle and start in the West and say: I proclaim peace in the West. Walk clock wise around the Grove spraying and then bless everyone with spray. Put back on Altar.

Senior Druid: Ah-Oh-En (3x)

Senior Druid: There is peace in the quarters now our working may begin.

Senior Druid: Let all gathered recite the Gorsedd Prayer

Grant, O holy ones, thy protection; And in protection, strength; And in strength, understanding; And in understanding, knowledge; And in knowledge, the knowledge of justice; And in the knowledge of justice, the love of it; And in that love, the love of all existences; And in the love of all existences, the love of Earth, our mother and all goodness.

Senior Druid: Let us all take a moment to meditate on what Samhain means to each of us

(allow fifteen minutes for meditation.)

Druid: On this day I invoke Belenus, Belenus, Belenus, Belenus come and join us in the Grove.

Senior Druid: Now is the time to honor our ancestors and Mother Earth either through song or poem.

Seer: Now let us listen to what the gods has to say about our past, present, and Future.

(allow time for the seer to read the tarot and tell us the outcome for the year)

Belenus pours the apple cider into the chalice and then she walks to each person and says: Blessed be brother/sister druid and may you stay firmly grounded on the druid path.

The Senior Druid takes the chalice and if needed refills so that he can bless the Goddess. The Senior Druid Says:

Blessed be Belenus and know that we will always love and honor you.

Belenus hands the chalice back to the Senior Druid.

Senior Druid: Belenus you have honored us with your presence and now I am about to close the Grove so you can now take your leave with our blessings.

Senior Druid raises his right hand and says: I am now closing a Grove of Druids. Let all the energy return to Mother Earth. Alban Heffyn

Senior Druid Walks around to the North side of altar and face South and raise your right palm and says:

I am about to open a Grove of Druids. The first duty of a druid is to make sure there is peace in the quarters.

Druid of Land Take the salt and start in the North and say: I proclaim peace in the North. Walk clock wise around the outside of the Grove and then bless everyone by sprinkling their feet with salt. Put back on Altar.

Druid of Sky Take the incense and start in the East and say: I proclaim peace in the East. Walk clock wise around the outside of the Grove and then bless everyone with the smoke. Put back on Altar.

Druid of Flame Walk to the south and light the candle and say: I proclaim peace in the South.

Druid of Sea Take the water bottle and start in the West and say: I proclaim peace in the West. Walk clock wise around the Grove spraying and then bless everyone with spray. Put back on Altar.

Senior Druid: Ah-Oh-En (3x)

Senior Druid: There is peace in the quarters now our working may begin.

Senior Druid: Let all gathered recite the Gorsedd Prayer

Grant, O holy ones, thy protection; And in protection, strength; And in strength, understanding; And in understanding, knowledge; And in knowledge, the knowledge of justice; And in the knowledge of justice, the love of it; And in that love, the love of all existences; And in the love of all existences, the love of Earth, our mother and all goodness.

Senior Druid: Let us all take a moment to meditate on what Samhain means to each of us

(allow fifteen minutes for meditation.)

Druid: On this day I invoke Lugh, Father Sky, Lugh Lugh Lugh come and join us in the Grove.

Senior Druid: Now is the time to honor our ancestors and Mother Earth either through song or poem.

Seer: Now let us listen to what the gods has to say about our past, present, and Future.

(allow time for the seer to read the tarot and tell us the outcome for the year)

Belenus pours the apple cider into the chalice and then she walks to each person and says: Blessed be brother/sister druid and may you stay firmly grounded on the druid path.

The Senior Druid takes the chalice and if needed refills so that he can bless the Goddess. The Senior Druid Says:

Blessed be Lugh and know that we will always love and honor you.

Lugh hands the chalice back to the Senior Druid.

Senior Druid: Lugh you have honored us with your presence and now I am about to close the Grove so you can now take your leave with our blessings.

Senior Druid raises his right hand and says: I am now closing a Grove of Druids. Let all the energy return to Mother Earth. Lughnasadh

Senior Druid Walks around to the North side of altar and face South and raise your right palm and says:

I am about to open a Grove of Druids. The first duty of a druid is to make sure there is peace in the quarters.

Druid of Land Take the salt and start in the North and say: I proclaim peace in the North. Walk clock wise around the outside of the Grove and then bless everyone by sprinkling their feet with salt. Put back on Altar.

Druid of Sky Take the incense and start in the East and say: I proclaim peace in the East. Walk clock wise around the outside of the Grove and then bless everyone with the smoke. Put back on Altar.

Druid of Flame Walk to the south and light the candle and say: I proclaim peace in the South.

Druid of Sea Take the water bottle and start in the West and say: I proclaim peace in the West. Walk clock wise around the Grove spraying and then bless everyone with spray. Put back on Altar.

Senior Druid: Ah-Oh-En (3x)

Senior Druid: There is peace in the quarters now our working may begin.

Senior Druid: Let all gathered recite the Gorsedd Prayer

Grant, O holy ones, thy protection; And in protection, strength; And in strength, understanding; And in understanding, knowledge; And in knowledge, the knowledge of justice; And in the knowledge of justice, the love of it; And in that love, the love of all existences; And in the love of all existences, the love of Earth, our mother and all goodness.

Senior Druid: Let us all take a moment to meditate on what Samhain means to each of us

(allow fifteen minutes for meditation.)

Druid: On this day I invoke Tailtu, Father Sky, Lugh Lugh Lugh come and join us in the Grove.

Senior Druid: Now is the time to honor our ancestors and Mother Earth either through song or poem.

Seer: Now let us listen to what the gods has to say about our past, present, and Future.

(allow time for the seer to read the tarot and tell us the outcome for the year)

Belenus pours the apple cider into the chalice and then she walks to each person and says: Blessed be brother/sister druid and may you stay firmly grounded on the druid path.

The Senior Druid takes the chalice and if needed refills so that he can bless the Goddess. The Senior Druid Says:

Blessed be Tailtu and know that we will always love and honor you.

Tailtu hands the chalice back to the Senior Druid.

Senior Druid: Belenus you have honored us with your presence and now I am about to close the Grove so you can now take your leave with our blessings.

Senior Druid raises his right hand and says: I am now closing a Grove of Druids. Let all the energy return to Mother Earth. Alban Elved

Senior Druid Walks around to the North side of altar and face South and raise your right palm and says:

I am about to open a Grove of Druids. The first duty of a druid is to make sure there is peace in the quarters.

Druid of Land Take the salt and start in the North and say: I proclaim peace in the North. Walk clock wise around the outside of the Grove and then bless everyone by sprinkling their feet with salt. Put back on Altar.

Druid of Sky Take the incense and start in the East and say: I proclaim peace in the East. Walk clock wise around the outside of the Grove and then bless everyone with the smoke. Put back on Altar.

Druid of Flame Walk to the south and light the candle and say: I proclaim peace in the South.

Druid of Sea Take the water bottle and start in the West and say: I proclaim peace in the West. Walk clock wise around the Grove spraying and then bless everyone with spray. Put back on Altar.

Senior Druid: Ah-Oh-En (3x)

Senior Druid: There is peace in the quarters now our working may begin.

Senior Druid: Let all gathered recite the Gorsedd Prayer

Grant, O holy ones, thy protection; And in protection, strength; And in strength, understanding; And in understanding, knowledge; And in knowledge, the knowledge of justice; And in the knowledge of justice, the love of it; And in that love, the love of all existences; And in the love of all existences, the love of Earth, our mother and all goodness.

Senior Druid: Let us all take a moment to meditate on what Alban Arthan means to each of us

(allow fifteen minutes for meditation.)

Senior Druid: Now is the time to honor our ancestors and Mother Earth either through song or poem.

Seer: Now let us listen to what the gods has to say about our past, present, and Future.

(allow time for the seer to read the tarot and tell us the outcome for the year)

Senior Druid pours the apple cider into the chalice and then she walks to each person and says: Blessed be brother/sister druid and may you stay firmly grounded on the druid path.

Senior Druid raises his right hand and says: I am now closing a Grove of Druids. Let all the energy return to Mother Earth.

The Ranks of Druidism

The Druids had four main ranks which were the following:

1) Arch Druid- There were only three. These three had a large area that was under there control. One ArchDruid’s area was Gaul. Another had Ireland and a third had Britian. The ArchDruid’s main function was to make his rounds to the groves in his area.

2) Druid- The Druids were priests and they were responsible for training the young In the ways of Druidism. If a young celtic child showed aptitude they were wisked into the Druid Groves for training as a priest. The Druids were respected as the learned members of Celtic Society. Druids were the judges who handed out the punishments according to Brehon Law.

3) Bard- They learned all of the myths and legends of the Celts and they would go all over Ireland, Gaul or Britian gathering information to bring back to the Druids. If a ruler did not over room and board to a bard then the bard would create a song that made the king look like a fool. These songs or poems were called satires and any ruler that had one sung about him lost great honor in the eyes of his subjects and also his right to rule.

4) Ovate- This was the lowest rank in Druidism. They learned about healing herbs, Divination, they learned the Ogham which was the sacred language of the Druids, and they learned the Brehon Laws and they were the lawyers in all disputes.

Ogham By Alim Eabhadh W Alim Huath

I. Origins of Ogham

-carved into stone with space between each flesc(flayshk).

-the letters are called feda(fay-dah).

-The consonants are called taebomnai(tay-bow-nih)

-the forefeda were never written on the standing stones.

-The primary sources for Ogham are: The Scholar’s Primer, Values of the Forfeda, and the Book of Ogam.

-there are over one hundred types of Ogham.

-Beithe Luis Nion is the old name of the Ogham

- The ogham trees had four classifications which were based on the trees economic worth. The classes in order are as follows: shrub, herb, peasant, Chieftain

To see the symbols for the ogham go to this site: http://ogham.lyberty.com/otable.html

Beith means new beginnings(Birch)(b)(beh)(peasant) Luis means protection and control of the senses(Rowan)(L)(lweesh)(peasant) Fern means guidance (Alder)(V)(fair-n)(peasant) Sail means mysteries and water related subjects feminine attributes (Willow) (sahl)(peasant) Nion means ancient knowledge (Ash)(N)(ne-un) (chieftain) Huath means counseling, protection, and clensing(H)(Hawthorn)(oo-ah)(peasant) Duir means wisdom and strength(oak) (D) (dah-r)(chieftain) Tinne means justice and balance (Holly) (T) (chin-yuh) (chieftain) Coll means wisdom & intuition (Hazel) (cull) (chieftain) Ceirt means the Otherworld & choice (Q) (crab apple) (kwurt) (chieftain) Muin means prophecy and inhibition (M) (vine) (muhn) (herb) Gort means the search for yourself and inner wisdom (English Ivy) (G) (gort) (herb)

nGetal means working and tools (Broom) (NG) (na-tal) (herb) Straif means trouble and negativity (Blackthorn) (ST, STR, or Z) (strahf) (shrub) Ruis means entrance to the otherworld & the fair folk. (Elder) (R) (rhos) (shrub) Ailm means far seeing and knowing the future. (Silver Fir)(A) (ahl-m) (chieftain) Onn means collecting things to you. (Gorse) (O) (uhn) (herb) Ur means healing and homelands. (Heather) (U) (oor) (herb) Eadhadh means communication. (Aspen) (E) (ed-ath) (peasant) Iodhadh means death and rebirth (Yew) (I) (etho) (chieftain) Eabhadh means buoyancy and floating above ones problems. (Poplar) (EA,CH,E or K) (eb-ath) (shrub) Or means community, working in the home. (Spindle) (OI or CH) (or) Uilleann means spirits especially nature spirits. (Gooseberry) (UI, IO, or PH) (ul- anth) (herb) Ifin means drawing things together and binding. (European Honeysuckle) (IA, IO,P or PE) (ibin) (shrub) Eamhancholl means magic and hidden knowledge. (Witch Hazel) (AE, X or XI) (shrub)

The Birch(December 24-January 20)

To the Druids, the Birch (often referred to as the "Lady of the Woods" due to its grace and beauty) represented renewal, rebirth and inception, since it was the first tree to come into leaf after the Winter Season. The Birch along with the Elder were said to stand on either side of the one "Nameless Day" (December 23). This slender but determined tree, which represented the seed potential of all growth, is hardier than even the mighty Oak and will thrive in places where the Oak will fail to flourish. It also signifies cleanliness and purity. The Birch once fulfilled many purposes...from providing handles for brooms and axes to the manufacture of cloth and childrens' cradles. It is particularly well-known for its use in making writing parchment and oil from the bark was often used to treat skin conditions and depression. People were once "birched" in order to drive out evil spirits, while twigs were given to newlyweds to ensure fertility. Witches would use Birch twigs bound with Ash for their broomsticks or "besoms." Birch has been known to cure muscular pains and the sap used in the manufacture of wine, beer and vinegar. It is the rod of a Birch that Robin Red Breast used to slay the Wren in a furze or gorse bush on Saint Stephen's Day. In Wales, the Birch is a tree of love and wreaths of Birth are woven as love tokens. Its trunk was frequently use to form the traditional maypole and boughs were hung over cradles and carriages to protect infants from the glamor of the Little People.

The Silver Birch, often found in spreading clumps on sandy soils, is the most common tree Birch in most of Europe. This elegant tree with its slender trunk, light branches and smooth, thin bark can grow to 100 feet (the Common Birch, reaching up to 65 feet in height, prefers acid or peaty soils). The Birch is one of the first trees to colonize an area after a mature forest is cut. It is a deciduous tree with white or grey bark and one of the earliest trees to gain its Spring leaves. The Birch lives to about age 50. It is cultivated in North America, often under the name of "Weeping Birch." A member of the Birch family and indigenous to Europe, the Birch may be found from Sicily to Iceland and even in some parts of Northern Asia. Its name is derived from the meaning "Bright" or "Shining" in Indo-European and Sankskrit terminology. It is possible that it came from the Anglo-Saxon term "Beorgan," meaning "to protect or to shelter."

There are two distinct types of Birch individuals (a division which relates to all Celtic Tree Signs). The "new moon" character is associated with the first two weeks of a sign and the "full moon" character is associated with the last two weeks.

The "new moon" Birch individual has a more impulsive and emotional nature, but is inclined to be subjective and/or introverted. The positive traits of these people are displayed by their resolve or faith in themselves in overcoming all obstacles, thereby being more tenancious in pursuing their objectives in life. The "full moon" Birch individual possesses a clarity of purpose combined with a visionary nature. Such people are inclined to be more objective and/or extroverted. The characteristic negative traits, however, hinge upon a lack of reality which can sometimes cloud the judgment.

In general, Birch individuals are determined, resilient and ambitious. Being goal-oriented, they make for excellent leaders, good organizers and supreme strategists. Usually undeterred by setbacks and possessed of an intense need to succeed, Birch individuals believe that hard work, patience and persistance will eventually triumph. Birch people are loyal, reliable and trustworthy, but prone to be reserved in displays of affection...although they are sociable with those they choose to socialize with. Personal limitations are not readily accepted by Birch individuals and due to their drive and ambition, there is sometimes a tendency to grow cynical. These people thrive best under a well-regimented lifestyle and are often known as the "workaholics" of society. Serious by nature with a somewhat droll sense of humor, Birch individuals sometimes aim to become less serious, which can lead to identity problems. There is a tendency for Birch people to become obsessive about health, but they are unlikely to be affected physically or mentally, having developed a powerful resistance. They prefer to keep a low profile, even in high office, preferring not to flaunt their successes, and have an acute sense of money...having worked hard to acquire their financial status. On the more negative side, Birch individuals can have a pessimistic attitude at times and may impose upon themselves a large amount of self-discipline. There is a tendency for the Birch individual to experience loneliness and successful marriages frequently occur later in life, since it is often difficult for such people to easily find someone willing to fit into their strict routine. Divorce is rare for those governed by the Birch...separations being more likely or the premature death of spouses. Birch people need a goal in life in order to avoid becoming depressed and pessimistic. They possess much individual potential but must cultivate great persistence in order to overcome personal setbacks.

Physical Goal: To be rid of negativity, unhelpful influences and bad thoughts in order to accomplish a fresh, new start.

Mental Goal: To concentrate on personal desires...the image of the result wanted must be held firmly in mind.

Spiritual Goal: To focus on new beginnings...the White Birch symbolizes the desired image, standing out clearly from distractions and obstructions.

Amergin Verse: "I am a Stag of Seven Tines"

Ogham Association: Beith

Polarity: Feminine

Color: White

Class: Peasant

Letter Character: "B" Month: November...the New Year in the Celtic calendar and the first Ogham month, also being the traditional first month of the Winter Quarter. November begins with the Festival of Samhain, first day of the Celtic Year. Since it was once a time for killing livestock which would be unable to survive the Winter, the Anglo-Saxon name for November was "Blotmonath" or "Blood Month." It is a month which foretells of new beginnings and a cleansing period. Its name probably comes from the Latin Novem, which means "nine." Novem was the ninth month of the old Roman calendar.

Alias: "Moon of Inception" and "Moon of Beginning"

Magickal Properties: Protection of children, purification and creativity

Some Famous Birch People: Jim Carrey, Minnie Driver, Mel Gibson, Marilyn Manson, Richard Nixon, Louis Pasteur and Howard Stern

Gemstone: The Birch gemstone is Rock Crystal, a naturally-occuring substance with the ability to render invisible light visible through the means of refraction. It is formed from clear, lustrous quartz and was first discovered in the Alps, at which time it was believed to be a kind of ice or "krystallos." Rock Crystal has been valued since ancient times as a magical stone of divination and was formed into spheres for the art of crystal-gazing. Sometimes, shadows would materialize within the Crystal as it cooled...shadows which resembled mountains or pyramids, usually indistinct and barely discernable. These shadows were known as "phantoms" or "ghosts" and though considered imperfect for divination, such ethereal inner shapes lent a certain unique enchantment to the particular sphere. In Medieval Europe, alchemists believed that if Rock Crystal were cut in a certain manner and then placed in sunlight, it would have the power to make any solid thing invisible. To the Japanese, it was the "perfect jewel," being a symbol of purity, patience and perseverance, and in Ancient Rome, noblewomen carried Crystal balls in their hands during the heat of Summer, believing they had been formed from ice and thus, possessed cooling properties. American Indians treasured the Crystal as a sacred stone, believing it to possess a life and energy which was treated as a sacred trust. Some tribes would "feed" their Crystals with sacrificial blood whenever a Deer or Caribou was slain, believing this would keep the spirits within the stones aware of their reverence. The Druids are said to have used Rock Crystal to make themselves invisible so that they might travel undetected. If held in both hands, it was believed to induce serenity and peace of mind, as well as sharpening the mental processes. An aura of mysticism and magic continues to surround the Crystal and it may be many centuries before all its secrets are truly revealed.

Flower: The flower of the Birch is the Common Daisy, which blooms from the earliest days of Spring until late in the Autumn and covers the ground with its flat leaves so closely that nothing can grow beneath them. It is said that the Daisy awakens with the Sun and sleeps with the Moon. As a symbol of innocence and fidelity, some authorities claim that the lineage of the Daisy may be traced to "Belenos," a Celtic God of Light and a Solar deity. Others maintain that the name is derived from the Latin bellus (meaning "pretty" or "charming") while yet others believe its name is taken from a dryad named "Belidis." The healing powers of the Daisy were often employed by the Druids, particularly on the battlefield. Under such circumstances, those who could counteract the debilitating shock of injuries accompanied by the immense loss of blood, were considered to be great wound- healers. Knights of old would wear a chain of Daisies on their persons to protect them in battle. If such a knight wore a double band, then he was recognized as being betrothed. Worn as a charm, the Daisy was said to protect the wearer and afford a cure for ulcers and warts. The Daisy grows profusely over wide areas throughout the world and is an evergreen plant of hardiness which complements the durability of the Birch. There is an old English proverb which states that Spring has not arrived until one's foot can be set upon twelve Daisies. To dream of Daises in the Spring or Summer is associated with good luck, but the same dream in the Autumn or Winter is considered to be bad luck. The tears of Mary Magdalene, as they fell upon the ground, are said to have created the first Daisies and, according to Celtic legend, the spirits of infants who had died in childbirth scattered Daisies on the Earth to cheer their sorrowing parents.

Celestial Body: The celestial body associated with the Birch is the Sun ("Sul"). In terms of Celtic mythology, the Sun was a powerful deity whom the Welsh Bards called "Taliesin" and whose brilliance was referenced in many romantic and intellectual deeds which are the subject of numerous poems. In similar fashion, the Irish Celts also have many tales recounting the great deeds of their greatest of all Warrior Gods...their Sun-King named "Lugh." Lugh had many titles, one of which was "Lugh of the Long Arm," since he was believed to be guardian of two Great Gifts of the Ancient Irish...the Magical Sword and Spear. This belief in Lugh would eventually evolve over time into the beliefs surrounding Christianity and Jesus Christ...the "sun" or "son" of God who, coincidentally, may have belonged to an ancient Jewish order known as the "Essenes" or "Brotherhood of Light." Lugh is also credited with being the inventor of all arts and crafts.

Deity: The Birch deity is Lugh, also known as the "Shining One." Lugh was a Hero God whose symbol in Wales was a White Stag and whose sacred symbol was a spear. Always accompanied by two Ravens, Lugh is sometimes depicted as having only one eye. He was a deity of many skills, a diverse God whose jurisdiction included the Sun, light, grain harvest, fire, metallurgy and weaving. He was also know to be a protector of the weak. Lugh, whose destiny it was to kill his grandfather, was Chief Lord of the Tuatha De Danaan and may have originally been a King of the Fomorians who was adopted by the Tuatha De Danaan and then by the Celts. Though divine, Lugh is thought to have possibly been sired by an earthly father and, because of this association, is perceived as a "bridge" between the mortal and immortal worlds. More statues and holy sites were erected to Lugh than to any other Celtic deity and he is often equated with the Greek God, Apollo. Lugh's final claim to fame is that his name became part of the term used to describe a certain fairy common in Irish folklore...over time, "Little Stooping Lugh" or "Luchorpain," evolved into the word "Leprechaun," the tiny expert cobbler and guardian of hidden treasure.

Animals:

The Golden Eagle - The Golden Eagle once symbolized the soul...signifying resurrection and rebirth...the power of life over death. It also represented a metamorphosis or change of spirituality on all levels. Now almost extinct in Britain, this magnificent Bird is seldom seen except in the North of Scotland. Scottish Highland Chieftains still wear three golden-eagle feathers in their bonnets to proclaim their high rank. The Druids were believed to have the ability to change into the form of all birds and beasts, but among their favored choices was the Eagle, as well as the Raven and the Crow.

The White Stag - The Stag of ancient times was considered a beast of royal lineage and, as a horned deity called "Cernunnos," became an important intermediary for the Celts between the animal kingdom and man, being guardian of the gateway connecting these two worlds. The Stag figures prominently in Celtic myths and legends. Antlers have been unearthed in Newgrange (Ireland), as well as at various sites in Britain, including Stonehenge and Glastonbury. It was a symbol of the metamorphic process of spiritual growth, high ideals and aspirations.

December 24-December 31: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Apple, whose motto is "Fulfilled In Love." The Apple Tree is the tree of perfection, the love link that unites nature with mankind, life with death and the beyond with the here and now. It is one of the seven sacred Celtic trees. The Celtic calendar has only two fruit trees...one is the Apple and the other is the Fig. Apple individuals are usually slight of build and blessed with an abundance of charm, appeal and attraction. They exude a pleasant aura and are flirtatious, adventurous and sensitive. Always in love, Apple people seek to be loved and make for faithful and tender partners. They are generous, stable and possessed with scientific talents. A person who "lives for today," the Apple individual is a carefree philosopher endowed with imagination who dreams about an untroubled life with no division. Apples are excellent mediators, their moral tolerance being beyond reproach and they like to be in contact with people they can help, for by helping others, they can often help themselves out of a bad patch. January 1-January 11: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Fir, whose motto is "To Watch Over Every Birth" or "The Mysterious." Fir individuals have extraordinary taste, dignity and sophistication. They love anything that is beautiful, but tend to be somewhat moody and stubborn. Though somewhat egotistic, Fir individuals nonetheless care deeply for those close to them. They are usually quite modest, very ambitious, talented and industrious. Fir people tend to make many friends...and equally as many foes...but are very reliable in character. Reserved about everything that affects them closely, Fir individuals tend to take refuge beneath the facade of prosperity, with a paradoxical need to feel free and protected at the same time.

January 12-January 20: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Elm, whose motto is "Noble Attitude." Elm individuals are usually pleasantly built and are fond of tasteful clothes. Their demands are modest and they are practical by nature. There is a tendency to be unforgiving of those who make mistakes, but they are otherwise cheerful. With a desire to lead, the unconventional Elm individual dislikes being given orders, but does make for an honest and faithful partner. With an inherent dislike of selfish people and those who "follow the pack," the ideals of Elm people lean strongly toward justice and tolerance. Although Elm individuals are prone to make decisions on behalf of others, they are nonetheless noble-minded and generous with a good sense of humor. Those who fall under the jurisdiction of the Elm detest being labeled...even if that label be a flattering one.

The Rowan(January 21-February 17)

Rowan trees were planted near doors and gates to ward off evil influences and branches were attached to barns in order that the cattle housed inside would be protected from misfortune. This tree was also believed to guard the gateway to the spirit world and its boughs often used for dowsing and deflecting spells. The Rowan is sometimes called the "Whispering Tree" and ancient legend tells that it has secrets to reveal to those who would but listen. The Rowan has been associated throughout history with protection against wickedness and is believed to be the wood which was used to engrave the Norse Runes. Its name is linked with the Norse "Runa" or "Rundall," meaning "a charm." It is also associated with the Sanskrit "Runall" meaning "magician." The Cornish and Scots would carry an equal- sided cross of Rowan to protect them from harm and wands were often placed over doorways to houses in order to ensure good fortune. In Wales, Rowans used to be planted in churchyards so that they might to watch over the dead. The Rowan, a tree of protection and insights, was known to be a tree belonging to the Faery. Its wood was frequently used for bows, favored second only to Yew for this purpose. When sliced in two, the orange-red Rowan berry reveals a pentagram symbol of protection. Thus, this tree was believed to possess the ability to protect from enchantment and trickery. It was once thought that the berries of the Rowan were so sacred that the Gods guarded them jealously and kept them from humankind. The Rowan was also believed to enhance strength with courage. The Ancient Druids would light fires of Rowan wood to help induce insights as to how a battle might progress and to invite the Faery folk of the Sidhe to fight alongside them, thus lending aid in the fray. The Tuatha De Danaan are said to have brought the Rowan to Ireland from Tir Tairnagire, the "Land of Promise." In Irish legend, the first human female was created from Rowan (the first male being created from Alder).

The Rowan tree, whose blossoms are members of the Rose family, flowers in May and rarely grows to be more than 30 feet in height. Also known as the Mountain Ash (although it is not related to the true Ashes), this tree is sometimes referred to as the "Lady of the Mountains," due to the fact that it often grows in the most inhospitable of places, though it is most frequently found in moutainous areas as well as gardens. The Rowan is also known as "Delight of the Eye," "Wiggy" and "Witchbane." This is a small, deciduous tree (considered by some to be more a shrub) with shiny, smooth, grey-brown bark that tends to roughen with age. All parts of the tree are astringent and may be used in tanning and dyeing black. When cut, its wood yields poles and hoops for barrels. The ripe red berries are said to be beneficial in the treatment of sore throats and inflamed tonsils and were once used as a curative for scurvy. The fruit of the Rowan is a favorite among birds and a delicious jelly can be made from the berries, which carry a pentagram shape...the symbol of protection and, according to many folk legends, an aid against magick. The Welsh once brewed an ale from Rowan berries, but the secret of this art has been lost over time. Walking sticks or magician staves were customarily made of this wood in order to ensure safe journeys at night and it was often carried on ships to prevent damage from storms. If planted upon a grave, the Rowan was thought to keep the deceased from haunting. A Rowan which grows out of another Rowan is known as a "Flying Rowan" and was considered especially potent against witches and their magick...a counter-charm against sorcery. Rowan is considered an "ornamental wood" and is a wonderful lure for birds (which gives this tree yet another name, "Bird Catcher"). It is also useful in making fence posts and walking sticks.

There are two distinct types of Rowan individuals (a division which relates to all Celtic Tree Signs). The "new moon" character is associated with the first two weeks of a sign and the "full moon" character is associated with the last two weeks.

The "new moon" Rowan individual tends to become impatient and frustrated in the struggle toward a greater awareness. Although such Rowans may never be quite reticent on a personal level, they will nonetheless help to pioneer great social changes with reforming zeal. The "full moon" Rowan individuals are less reticent all around, but are inclined to promise more than they are able to deliver. However, this will not negate their powerful influence and inspiration, and their response to every situation is primarily directed toward asserting the rights of the individual.

In general, Rowan individuals are basically idealistic and progressive thinkers possessed of visionary minds, coupled with strong humanitarian and spiritual principles. They thrive on change, becoming impatient with convention or restriction. Artistic, original and unconventional, Rowan people can appear to others as detached and aloof for they are self- contained individuals and their vision is not necessarily always shared by the rest of humanity. Their cool temperament disguises many passionate beliefs and the need is always present for these individuals to argue their case against bigotry and ignorance. If Rowans are unable to find an outlet for their powerful imagination, they easily become restless and quarrelsome. Being true individuals who hate conformity, Rowans are natural born leaders but, because they often adopt unpopular causes, sometimes have very few followers. They are kind and thoughful people but have problems in following others, which can lead to serious authority issues. Rowan people make for excellent listeners and are very respectful of others' opinions. Since they are somewhat unconventional characters in their approach to life, however, they have a tendency to be a little tactless and may alienate people. Rowans are also liable to antagonize through debate and escalate a situation out of proportion. In terms of a career, the Rowan individual is naturally drawn toward modern technology and possesses an overwhelming desire to reorganize and improve on anything which might be outdated.

Rowans are sympathetic bosses but would rather not take on responsibility for others. They frequently have diverse interests and tend to tinker with everything since they are extremely inventive people. The Rowan's sense of humor leans a little toward the odd side, with a propensity to laugh at serious issues...a trait that tends to reinforce their inherent knack for alienatation. They also possess a natural curiousity in science fiction and the concept of UFOs, while still being musically inclined and often enjoying the works of modern or relatively obscure musicians and composers. The unpredictable aspect of Rowans is a weak point in terms of relationships and they tend to be somewhat unromantic by nature. They usually marry later in life because they are reluctant to lightly make such a committment and also reluctant to relinquish personal freedom...it is not easy to find a partner who will understand this. Rowans can, however, enjoy extremely successful marriages if the chosen partner shares the same way of thinking. They are supportive parents, but will expect a great deal of independence from their children.

Physical Goal: To keep a hold on senses in order to distinguish good from bad...and harm from help.

Mental Goal: To refuse to be swayed, tricked or beguiled.

Spiritual Goal: To possess the strength to turn away anything that threatens purpose and serenity...to be unafraid.

Amergin Verse: "I am a Wide Flood on a Plain"

Ogham Association: Luis

Polarity: Masculine Color: Red and/or Grey

Class: Peasant

Letter Character: "L"

Month: December...the second month of the Ogham calendar and named for the Roman Goddess Decima who, as the middle of the Three Fates, personified the present. Alternatively, it may have been named after the Latin Decem, which means "ten." Decem was the tenth month of the old Roman calendar. Anglo-Saxons called December "Aerra Geola" ("The Time Before Yule") or "Wintermonat" ("Winter Month") and to the Irish, it was "Mi na Nollag" or "Christmas Month." The December Full Moon is known as the Backwoods' Cold or Hunting Moon.

Alias: "Moon of Vision," "Spirit Moon" and "Astral Travel Moon"

Magickal Properties: Healing, personal empowerment and divination

Some Famous Rowan People: Garth Brooks, Charles Darwin, Charles Dickens, Michael Jordan, Charles Lindbergh, Jerry Springer and Jules Verne

Gemstone: The Rowan gemstone is the Peridot, also known as "Olivine," the "Evening Emerald" and, in ancient times, called "Chrysolite." Its name derives from the Greek meaning "golden stone." It is a transparent gem of a rich, bottle-green shade which contains a golden inner glow. One of the oldest known stones, it was once mined only at night because legend stated that the Peridot could not be easily seen during the daylight hours. It has been regarded as a gem of powerful magic by all ancient cultures. The Egyptians and Babylonians used it as a protective amulet against evil and it was often used to decorate medieval churches. Large Peridots (more than 200 carats in size) adorn the Shrine of the Three Magi at the Cologne Cathedral. The Greeks used it in headbands in order to foretell the future and the Druids stitched Peridot into their robes for protection. Said to possess the ability to drive away evil spirits, the power of the Peridot was considered to be even more intense when set in gold and King Solomon is believed to have been made wise and enlightened by drinking from cups made of Peridot. It is the only gemstone born in fire...the volcanic gem.

Flower: The flower of the Rowan is the Snowdrop, also known as the "Fair Maid of February," "Candlemas Bells" and "Mary's Tapers," and referred to by old botanists as the "Bulbous Violet." Its botanical name derives from two Greek words for "milk" and "flower" and it has long been associated with purity, being described in poetry of classical Rome from the First Century A.D. as being "brought down from heaven." Nevertheless, it is said to be unlucky to bring the flower into the house if a member of the family is ill. The Snowdrop has been known for centuries throughout Europe and grows best in cool, moist soil, reaching six to eight inches in height. Despite its beauty, the Snowdrop is often seen as an omen of death. One of the legends associated with the origin of the Snowdrop states that after her expulsion from the Garden of Eden, Eve sat weeping while an angel comforted her. Since the banishment, no flowers had bloomed...instead, snow fell ceaselessly. As the angel spoke with Eve, he caught a snowflake in his hand, breathed upon it and it fell to Earth as the first Snowdrop. The flower bloomed and Hope was thus born. According to German legend, when God made all things on the Earth, he asked Snow to go to the flowers and obtain a little color from each of them. One-by-one, the flowers refused. Extremely saddened, Snow asked a Snowdrop to give a little of its color and the Snowdrop agreed. As a reward, Snow now allows the Snowdrop to bloom first whenever Spring arrives. Snowdrops were originally transported to Europe from Turkey. Monks carried the bulbs from Rome to England and were the first to plant them around old monasteries. Because of this, the Snowdrop is sometimes known as the "Church Flower." Their presence in churchyards eventually generated an unlucky reputation for the Snowdrop. Although commonly believed to be the first wildflower of the year, the Winter Aconite is perhaps more worthy of the title. The Snowdrop is reputed to have digestive healing properties.

Celestial Body: The celestial body associated with the Rowan is the planet Uranus ("Brigantia"). Known to the Romans as Coelus ("Heaven"), Uranus was God of the Sky and father of the Titans.

Deity: The Rowan deity is Brigid, Celtic Goddess of Fertility and Poetry. Also known as "Brid" (among many other aliases), Brigid's name comes from the old Irish word "brigh," which means "power" or "renown." Daughter of the Dagda, Brigid was a major Celtic pastoral deity and one of the great Mother Goddesses of Ireland. Her priestesses numbered nineteen, representing the nineteen-year cycle of the "Celtic Great Year." As a Goddess, Brigid presided over many things...fire, fertility, the hearth, all feminine arts and crafts, as well as healing, agriculture, learning, poetry, love, witchcraft and occult knowledge, to name but a few. Brigid became Christianzed as Saint Brigit of Kildare, who is said to have lived from 450 AD to 523 AD, founding the first female Christian monastery community in Ireland. In Irish mythology, Brigid is regarded as midwife to the Virgin Mary, and has also been worshipped as a guardian of children and slayer of serpents. As Saint Brigit or Saint Bride, she is one of Ireland's Patron Saints.

Animals:

The Crane -- One late Celtic tradition (apparently originated after the arrival of Christianity) stated that Cranes were people paying penance for wrong-doing. The Crane was associated with Lir, the Celtic Sea-God, who made his bag from the skin of this bird. The Crane was also sacred to the Triple Goddess and sometimes known as the "Moon Bird." It symbolized shamanic travel, the learning and keeping of secrets and the search for deeper mysteries and truth.

The Green Dragon - The Dragon symbolized inspiration and imagination. It represented the supernatural forces that guarded the great secrets and treasures of the universe. There are numerous references to serpents or dragons in Celtic mythology. On many occasions, the Fianna fought huge dragons in lakes. One likely center of the Serpent/Dragon was the sacred site of Kildare, under the protection of the Goddess Brigit. Most cultures considered the Dragon as a benevolent dweller of caves, lakes and the Inner Earth. In ancient times, it was a symbol of wealth and associated with the power of the Elements (particularly that of the Earth), but also of the treasure of the subconscious mind. It often appeared in many varieties...as a water serpent or worm-shaped beast, as well as the more well-known winged depiction.

January 21-January 24: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Elm, whose motto is "Noble Attitude." Elm individuals are usually pleasantly built and are fond of tasteful clothes. Their demands are modest and they are practical by nature. There is a tendency to be unforgiving of those who make mistakes, but they are otherwise cheerful. With a desire to lead, the unconventional Elm individual dislikes being given orders, but does make for an honest and faithful partner. With an inherent dislike of selfish people and those who "follow the pack," the ideals of Elm people lean strongly toward justice and tolerance. Although Elm individuals are prone to make decisions on behalf of others, they are nonetheless noble-minded and generous with a good sense of humor. Those who fall under the jurisdiction of the Elm detest being labeled...even if that label be a flattering one.

January 25-February 3: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Cypress, whose motto is "Song of Resurrection" or "The Faithfulness." Cypress individuals are strong, muscular and adaptable, taking what life has to offer. Content and optimistic, Cypress people crave money and acknowledgement and hate to be lonely, although they are prone to pursue independence. They are passionate individuals, with a love which is difficult to satisfy, but are nonetheless faithful. Cypress individuals have a tendency to be quick-tempered, unruly, pedantic and careless. They often possess a biting irony and a certain taste for sarcasm, acquired by virtue of their tendency to bravely undergo the hardest of blows and thereby learn how to free themselves from the burdens of life.

February 4-February 8: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Poplar, whose motto is "Overcome Doubt" or "The Uncertainty." Poplar individuals have a decorative appearance but tend lack self-confidence. They are prone to mature very quickly and assimilate things equally as quickly. Displaying courage only when absolutely necessary and hostile only toward extremists, the narrow- minded or hotheads, Poplar people prefer the goodwill of others and pleasant surroundings. This individual can be somewhat choosy, is often lonely and may harbor great animosity toward others. Artistic by nature, they are good organizers who lean toward philosophy. Reliable in almost any given situation, Poplar people cherish their friends and surround them with love. They take partnerships very seriously but are inclined to be generous only toward those who are generous in return. The life of a Poplar individual is made of judicious transactions and all manner of exchanges. If the Poplar perceives a warm and friendly atmosphere, then the heart and spirit opens...if not, then he or she will withdraw.

February 9-February 17: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Cedar, whose motto is "Moral Greatness" or "The Confidence." Cedar individuals are often possessed of rare beauty. They know how to adapt, have a love of luxury and are usually blessed with good health. Not in the least shy, Cedar people are prone to sometimes look down on others, they themselves brimming with self- confidence. Determined and often impatient, Cedar individuals like to impress. They have many talents, are industrious and possess a healthy optimism and inner strength. Alert and usually thoughtful, the Cedar lives in enlightenment, responding to precise self-imposed requirements. Neither success nor failure can erode the serenity or the determination of a Cedar individual. Otherwise able to make quick decisions, Cedar people seem to constantly be waiting for their one true love.

The Ash(February 18- March 17)

The Ash was a sacred chieftain tree, believed to "court the flash" since it was prone to be struck by lightning. The wood of the Ash was thought to be enchanted and was used by the Druids to fashion wands and spears. Its twigs were placed in circles as a protection from snakes, while witches would use the timber as handles for their broomsticks. Children would be passed through the branches of an Ash in order that they might be protected and to cure them from illness. Ash leaves were placed under pillows to induce prophetic dreams or placed in bowls of water to ward off ailments. The Celts believed that the Ash originated in the Great Deep or the Undersea Land of Tethys. It belongs to the trilogy of sacred Irish trees (the other two being the Oak and the Hawthorn) and is said to offer particular protection from death by drowning. The seeds of the Ash have long been used in love divination. If the seeds did not appear on a certain tree, then its owner was thought to have been unlucky in love or a future venture would be unsuccessful. In Northern England, it was once believed that if a woman placed an Ash leaf in her left shoe, then she would be fortunate enough to immediately meet her future spouse. In Greece, the Ash was sacred to the Sea God Poseidon and in Ancient Wales and Ireland, oars were made of this wood. The shade of this tree is said to be harmful to plants because its roots will strangle other roots.

The Ash of the Ogham alphabet is the Cosmic Ash, also known as the World Tree. It appeared in Norse mythology as Yggdrasil, the Tree of Odin (or Woden) who hung upside- down from its branches in order to gain enlightenment into the secrets of the Runes. Gwydion, the Celtic equivalent of this Norse God, was known to choose the thick, strong twigs of the Ash for his wands and was renowned for his magical abilities. The Ash has roots which deeply penetrate the soil, souring the ground and making it difficult for other vegetation to grow beneath it. The wood of the Ash is tough and pliable and often used in weaver's beams. This tree was indicative of the linking between the inner and outer worlds. In Norse legend, it was an Ash which spanned the Universe...with its roots in Hel and its boughs supporting the Heavens and Earth at its center. In Celtic lore, the Ash connected the three circles of existence...Abred, Gwynedd and Ceugant...which may be interpreted as the Past, the Present and the Future, or as Confusion, Balance and Creative Force. There was no hell in Celtic beliefs...only continual rebirth as passage was made from circle to circle until the Land of the Blessed was finally reached.

The Common Ash is a large, deciduous shade tree with grey-brown bark furrowed in diamond patterns. A major tree of the lowland forests in much of Europe (together with the Oak and the Beech), it can grow to 130 feet in height on open sites, with a broad crown reminiscent of the American Elm. The Ash was and still is an important timber tree and traditional material for the handle of a witch's besom. The Common Ash is occasionally cultivated in North America and similar native Ash species are widely grown as street trees. The Ash is a member of the Olive family. The Ash is a tenacious tree, such that it is not unusual for a singular branch to begin to sprout from one tiny point on the bark of an otherwise dead trunk. There are two distinct types of Ash individuals (a division which relates to all Celtic Tree Signs). The "new moon" character is associated with the first two weeks of a sign and the "full moon" character is associated with the last two weeks.

The "new moon" Ash individual tends to be more impulsive and demonstrative when it comes to emotional relationships. Although he or she may appear apprehensive, hiding beneath the surface is an immensely spontaneous person. The "full moon" Ash individual tend to be a natural exhibitionist who responds to situations with great generosity of spirit. This may be considered by some as a certain gullibility or naivete, but this apparent weakness is just that...merely apparent. In truth, it is the outward display of a humble spirit...a rare and much-coveted quality.

In general, all Ash individuals tend to have duality in their natures. On one side, they are artistic with an aura of vulnerability...on the other side, they are quite pragmatic. Being compassionate and sensitive, they understand the baser elements of humankind, as well as the spiritual aspect. The compassion of Ash individuals also extends to the animal kingdom and they have an innate ability to relieve suffering, both by physical nursing and the power of prayer. The faith of the Ash is rarely orthodox in a religious sense, but they are highly intuitive individuals, often possessing a strong deeper sense of spiritual matters. Ash people are highly adaptable and, despite a frail appearance, can recover from almost any emotional blow. On the negative side, theose governed by the Ash frequently experience trouble when handling the more mundane practicalities of everyday living. Often easily influenced by others, the Ash individual can be low on self-confidence and may become isolated.

Ash people have a creative genuis for making money but frequently fail to carry a project or idea through to its completion. As children, they require careful direction in order to learn how to use their talents to the fullest potential. Possessed of a somewhat mystical quality, Ash individuals are drawn to fantasy worlds. They adore the theater and movies, frequently blessed with beautiful singing voices although their preference is to work behind the scenes. They are also usually attracted to the ocean...or any other body of water...sometimes with fascination and sometimes with fear. There is no compromise for the vulnerable Ash individual where water is concerned...it will be one or the other. The career of the Ash person should never involve a routine which is too strict. The arts are a good choice but, because of the compassionate nature of these individuals, they are often drawn to the medical field and are good at organizing charitable functions.

Ash individuals are quick-witted, spontaneous and gregarious. They possess a lively curiosity and are intelligent, persuasive speakers. Being enthusiastic, inquisitive and communicative, Ash people love engaging in discussions about new ideas and projects. They are gentle individuals and, though easily hurt, are able to cope well with the negative in addition to the positive. They make for kind and considerate friends, ideal sweethearts and caring parents. Being romantics and dreamers, Ash individuals frequently appear to have one foot in the "Land of the Sidhe" and strive constantly to keep order in their lives. On the negative side, Ash people possess a nebulous quality which can lead to an inability to cope with the practicalities of everyday living. They are also easily influenced by others and have a hypersensitive nature which can undermine their self-confidence and ambitions. It is important for Ash people to focus their mental abilities or they are inclined to become nervous and irritable.

Physical Goal: To realize that actions echo in the cosmos as a stone cast into a pond creates ripples. Awareness of self and the world are interconnected and the effect of actions warrants careful consideration.

Mental Goal: To learn that problems and questions are not exclusive to an individual...others also ponder. It is necessary to regard the question in a wider context and learn to ask opinions.

Spiritual Goal: To become aware that all things are connected...to balance individual need with that of the Earth.

Amergin Verse: "I am a Wind on a Deep Lake"

Ogham Association: Nuinn

Polarity: Feminine

Color: Green

Class: Chieftain

Letter Character: "N"

Month: March...the fifth month in the Celtic Ogham and named for Mars, the Roman God of War and Agriculture. To the Celts, this was the time of "Alban Eiler" or "Lady Day," associated with fertility rites. March also celebrated the Vernal Equinox and the First Day of Spring. The Celtic people believed that Hares (sacred to the Moon Goddess) came to chase away the Spririts of Winter during this month. Hares were native to the British Isles and later associated with Easter as the "Rabbit who hides the eggs." March foretold of a need to be aware of the inner and outer worlds and the fine balance between the two. To marry in this month is said to bring both joy and sadness.

Alias: "Moon of Waters" Magickal Properties: Prosperity, Protection and Healing

Some Famous Ash People: Jane Austen, Drew Barrymore, Albert Einstein, Michaelangelo, John Travolta and George Washington

Gemstone: The Ash gemstone is Coral, also known as the "Forest of the Sea." It is formed from an animal skeleton and thus, is not a true gemstone, but an ocean jewel. One of the most ancient of gem materials, Coral has been used for adornment since prehistoric times. Coral inlays and ornaments have been found in Celtic tombs from the Iron Age. Coral has a history of religious significance, being one of the seven treasures in Buddhist scriptures while in China, it was said that the Altar of the Sun was fashioned from Red Coral. It is said to possess the mystical property which builds an emotional foundation and was often used as a powerful talisman to stop the flow of bleeding, afford protection from evil spirits and ward off hurricanes. In Greek Mythology, when Perseus set the head of Medea on branches near the seashore, the blood which dripped was gathered by the Sea Nymphs and planted in the Sea to grow into Coral. This stone is also believed to protect children, cure madness and bestow wisdom upon those who wear it. Legend states that an amulet of Coral will turn chalky-white when encountering sickness. Once holding a special value for sailors and travelers, it was thought to possess the power of allowing the safe crossing of rivers and seas. Through the ages, Coral has been used extensively as a cure for almost every ailment, from staunching bleeding wounds to curing insanity.

Flower: The flower of the Ash is the Wood Anemone, a member of the Buttercup family. This flower is sometimes referred to as the "Woodland Ghost" because it can often be found on sites which were once covered by ancient woodlands. Blooms usually first appear in March, preferring wooded areas and meadows and it is said that the Wood Anemone never blossoms earlier than March 16 and never later than April 22. The Egyptians held the Anemone as the emblem of sickness and to the Chinese, it was the "Flower of Death." According to one Greek legend, Anemos (the Wind) sent his namesakes, the Anemones, in the earliest Spring days as the heralds of his coming...yet another states that the blooms sprang from the tears of Aphrodite as she wandered the woodlands weeping for the death of Adonis. In Palestine, the Anemone was thought to have grown beneath the cross of Jesus and for many years, the flower was believed to carry diseases. In Europe it was once customary to hold one's breath while travelling through a field of Anemones, the belief being that even the air which surrounded them would be poisonous. In ancient times, herbalists would recommend application of various parts of the Anemone for headache, agues and rheumatic gout.

Celestial Body: The celestial body associated with the Ash is the planet Neptune ("Lir"), Roman Lord of the Sea.

Deity: The Ash deity is Gwyddion, son of the Goddess Don. In Welsh Mythology, the Children of Don were the deities who represented the Sky and the people of Cymru referred to the Milky Way as the "Castle of Gwyddion." Magician, storyteller and trickster, Gwyddion was very wise, particularly in music magick, and once rescued Llew (his nephew) by singing an enchantment. Often referred to as a "Master of Illusion," Gwyddion was a helper of humankind and a warrior against the greedy and small-minded. He supported the cultural arts and learning, and attempted to stamp-out ignorance. For these endeavors, Gwyddion is sometimes called the "Druid of the Gods." Gwyddion and his brothers fought in the Battle of the Trees to ensure that the Dog, Deer and Lapwing which Gwyddion had taken from Annwn could remain on Earth. His last foray into the Otherworld resulted in Pigs (sacred to many Goddesses) being brought to humankind.

Animals:

The Adder - The Adder was symbolic of wisdom and spiritual energy. Snakes have long been associated with wisdom, reincarnation and cunning. Druids often carried an amulet called gloine nathair or serpent glass, which they stated was formed from the egg of an Adder, but is thought today to have actually been made of blown glass.

The Seagull or Common Tern - Although this sea bird does not figure in Celtic legend, it is connected to Lir, the Sea-God and, like many other birds, was considered to be a messenger from the Otherworlds.

The Sea Horse - An important figure in Celtic mythology, the Sea Horse often depicted significant connections with the Otherworlds, as symbolized by the fish tail. It was believed that The Sea Horse invited an individual to travel on a journey of discovery. It was also representative of confidence and grace. Many Celtic cultures regarded this creature as a baby Dragon.

February 18: Those born on this date also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Cedar, whose motto is "Moral Greatness" or "The Confidence." Cedar individuals are often possessed of rare beauty. They know how to adapt, have a love of luxury and are usually blessed with good health. Not in the least shy, Cedar people are prone to sometimes look down on others, they themselves brimming with self-confidence. Determined and often impatient, Cedar individuals like to impress. They have many talents, are industrious and possess a healthy optimism and inner strength. Alert and usually thoughtful, the Cedar lives in enlightenment, responding to precise self-imposed requirements. Neither success nor failure can erode the serenity or the determination of a Cedar individual. Otherwise able to make quick decisions, Cedar people seem to constantly be waiting for their one true love.

February 19-February 28/29: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Pine, whose motto is "Father of Wisdom" or "The Particular." Pine individuals are very robust and active, and also tend to be cautious, provident and hard-working people. They are idealists, being trustworthy and practical by nature. They love agreeable company and know how to make life comfortable without being selfish...if Pine individuals have a benefit, it will almost always reflect on those around them. They make for good companions, though not always overly-friendly to those they do not know. Pine people fall in love easily, but with a passion which is prone to burn out quickly. They have a tendency to give up without much struggle and may suffer many disappointments in life.

March 1-March 10: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Weeping Willow, whose motto is "Nothing Unknown" or "The Melancholy." Willow individuals are extraordinarily attractive and very empathetic...but filled with melancholy. They adore anything beautiful and tasteful and possess an inherent desire to travel. Both psychologically and intelluctually, Willows are flexible and adaptable, blessed with a tolerance which allows them to identify with the most diverse of people. Practical-minded, Willow individuals are able to remain calm during "hustle and bustle." Being restless and capricious dreamers, Willow people are not always easy to live with, often demanding by nature. Honest with good intuition, Willows nonetheless frequently suffer greatly in matters of the heart before they find an anchoring partner.

March 11-March 17: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Lime (whose motto is "The Doubt") or the Linden (whose motto is "Protector of the Oak Trees")...dependent upon the source. Lime individuals are said to be inclined to accept in a composed fashion whatever life hands to them. They detest fighting, stress, laziness and idleness. Limes are relenting people who will often make sacrifices for their friends. They possess many talents but lack the tenacity to make those talents blossom. Lime people can be somewhat jealous and complaining by nature, but are very loyal individuals. Linden individuals are said to love life. No matter how much such people may try to convince themselves that everything is perfect, they cannot help but wonder why their ideas and dreams are more beautiful than reality. Extremely imaginative, Linden people tend to look at the world through "rose-colored glasses." This is an ideal that they are often able to convey to those around them who may then also view life in a more beautiful manner.

The Alder(March 18- April 14)

The Alder was believed by the Druids to link both male and female principles, thus helping to create a balance between the two within each individual. It is also associated with courage and represents the evolving spirit. Considered to be a tree of death and resurrection, it may have been used (along with the Poplar) in the fe rod which was kept in pre-Christian cemeteries for the measuring of graves and corpses. The fe rod was handled only by an appointed official and was believed to have been carved with an Ogham inscription. Resistant to the rotting element of water, wood from the Alder was often used in the making of bridges, boats, clogs and milk jugs. It was also frequently used in the making of magical whistles, flutes and pipes. It was once a crime to fell an Alder since the angry tree spirit was believed to take revenge by burning down houses. If felled, however, the tree literally "bleeds" by turning from white to red. Red dyes were once made from the bark, brown dyes from the twigs and green dyes from the flowers of this tree. The Alder is a Faery tree sacred to Bran and, therefore, oracular in nature and often used for divination. Medicinally, it would be used to rid people of fleas and boils. In Irish legend, the first human male was created from Alder (the first female being created from Rowan).

The Common Alder is a somber, deciduous tree with a dark bark. It is water-loving and most comfortable along lowland rivers and streams, often in the company of Aspens, Poplars and Willows. Like the Willow, the Alder sprouts from a stump, which allows this tree to regenerate after heavy flooding. In protected areas, Alders may grow to be 65 feet tall. European Alders are not widely cultivated in North America (where they are often sold under the name of "Black Alders"). Alders are members of the Birch family. The timber of the Alder is oily and used extensively for underwater foundations...parts of Venice and many medieval cathedrals were built on Alder pilings. On the Continent, Alder is used extensively to make cigar-boxes and the branches make good charcoal...valuable in the manufacture of gunpowder. Alpine peasants are often reported to have been cured of rheumatism by being covered with bags filled with heated Alder leaves. Horses, cows, sheep and goats are said to eat of the Alder, but swine refuse it and it is thought that it may be bad for horses, turning their tongues black.

There are two distinct types of Alder individuals (a division which relates to all Celtic Tree Signs). The "new moon" character is associated with the first two weeks of a sign and the "full moon" character is associated with the last two weeks.

The "new moon" Alder individual is perhaps the most restless and indecisive. While personal courage and sincerity may never be in doubt, such an individual might be well-advised to slow down every now and again in order to reconsider the cosequences of any actions. The "full moon" Alder individual is the most persuasive, exuding a more confident approach to life in general, but can lack the apparent vibrant energy associated with the "new moon" Alder. Nevertheless, such individuals can become extremely successful by being strategically placed in the right position to take full advantage of any crisis situation.

In general, Alder individuals are powerful, adventurous people prepared to make their own way in the world, often leaving friends and family behind. They possess a great deal of courage and make for wonderful allies, but usually prefer to fight their own battles. They have a restless spirit and, on occasion, can be foolhardy in pursuits due to their sense of adventure. Since they are also very competitive by nature, they are likely to do everything to the limit of their being, but often direct their energies entirely for the good of others...frequently to their own detriment. Alder people are inclined to break down barriers and explore new territory. Their enthusiasm and bravery makes them excellent leaders. They can, however, be selfish and display a quick temper which may earn them enemies. The Alder individual has a well-honed sense of humor (sometimes considered to be barbed or even satirical) and will often "play the clown" when in the midst of a group. Being extremely physical people, Alders are full of energy and have a deep-seated need to be active almost 24 hours a day.

Impetuous and self-reliant, Alders enjoy risk-taking and are tenacious workers. Being affectionate, gentle, charming and usually accommodating, they inspire great loyalty in others. Magnificent as entrepreneurs, Alder individuals are often flamboyant and frequently attracted to dangerous occupations. In friendship, their personal ego rides high but they possess a need for recognition which often makes them vulnerable. They are great competitors but, if on the losing end, have the tendency to quit and try something new instead. If an Alder can be convinced to channel his or her energy into humanitarian causes, then he or she will be the type of person who is not easy to forget. Psychologically, the Alder is uncomplicated and will usually express any opinion quite openly. With a passionate nature and an inherent desire for love, they are apt to marry quickly but usually make better sweethearts than they do spouses, given their need for personal freedom. As parents, however, they rank among the best than can be found. It is important for Alder individuals to learn the art of diplomacy or they are prone to waste energy in fruitless disputes.

Physical Goal: To be aware of the unique quality in self and in others. To keep eyes open in order to see the unusual and to acknowledge what is seen in another, if at all possible.

Mental Goal: To utilize something that was previously overlooked. Oracular skills are not easy to acknowledge and the mind is sometimes unwilling to deal with the intuitive part.

Spiritual Goal: To offer spiritual aid and protection in a dipsute...to let inutition be the guide.

Amergin Verse: "I am a Tear the Sun lets fall"

Ogham Association: Fearn

Polarity: Masculine

Color: Crimson Class: Chieftain

Letter Character: "F" and "V"

Month: January...the third month in the Celtic Ogham, named for Janus, the Roman God with two faces who presided over Gates and Doorways...beginnings and endings...the past and the future. A mild January is said to foretell of bad luck in the coming months, particularly May.

Alias: "Moon of Utility," "Moon of Efficacy" and "Moon of Self-Guidance"

Magickal Properties: Spirituality, Teaching, Weather Magick, Duty and Mental Prowess

Some Famous Ash People: Mariah Carey, Eric Clapton, Mata Hari, Harry Houdini, Elton John, Eddie Murphy, Rosie O'Donnel and William Shatner

Gemstone: The Alder gemstone is the Ruby, a variety of the Corumdum family (basically aluminum oxide, of which the Sapphire is also a member), which is next in hardness to the Diamond. A stone of glowing, brilliant red, the Ruby was treasured throughout the Orient as the most precious of the gemstones. Rubies were once given as offerings to Buddha in China and to Krishna in India. It was once believed that the Ruby would change color and become darker when its owner was in danger or when an illness was imminent. It was also thought that this stone could chase away the spirits of the dead and any evil phantom not contained within Hell. The Ruby was once considered a powerful amulet, affording protection from disaster, plague and pestilence and promoting a cheeful disposition upon its wearer. It was also formerly believed to overcome depression and sorrow. In the form of a ring, this stone was said to bestow knowledge, health and wealth. During the Tenth Century in China and Europe, dragons and snakes were carved into the surfaces of Rubies to increase the flow of money and power to those who owned them. The finest Rubies are found in Burma and Ceylon and have a prominent place in the Crown Jewels of almost every empire. The medicinal powers of the Ruby were said to range from that of snake bite antidote to a curative for liver and heart ailments and the gem was also highly-prized as a symbol of love, passion and friendship. It was also believed to guarantee success in battle. To dream of Rubies was thought to bring success in trade for the businessman and a bountiful harvest for the farmer.

Flower: The flower of the Alder is the Broom...a member of the order of Leguminosae, or pod-bearing tribe. Its long, slender, erect and tough branches were often used in the making of brooms...hence its English name. As a medicinal aid, the Broom (under the name "Genista") is mentioned in the earliest printed herbals, especially of benefit in bladder and kidney afflictions. The bark of the Broom also yields an excellent and fine fiber, which has been employed since ancient times in the manufacture of paper and cloth, while the twigs and branches of this plant have often been used for thatching cottages and cornricks. As a heraldic device, the Broom was adopted as the Badge of Brittany and Geoffrey of Anjou thrust it into his helmet at the moment of entering battle in order that his troops might see and follow him. Legend states that the Broom was cursed by the Virgin as she and Joseph fled into Egypt due to the cracking of its ripe pods, which they touched in passing and which risked drawing the attention of Herod's soldiers to the fugitives.

Celestial Body: The celestial body associated with the Alder is the planet Mars ("Maurth"), named for the Roman God of War who was the former God of Agriculture.

Deity: The Alder deity is Bran the Blessed, God of the Spirit World, Celtic Raven God and Welsh God of the Underworld. He is also the God of Prophecy, The Arts, War and Writing, among others, and the patron of bards, minstrels and musicians. Said to be colossal in size, Bran was so large than no house or ship could contain him. A Master of the Isle of Britain, Bran set out with an army to avenge the ill-treatment of his sister Branwen by her husband, King Matholwch of Ireland. Mortally wounded in the foot by a poisoned spear during the battle, he instructed his followers to decapitate him and carry his head to London, where it was buried under the White Mount (now the vicinity of the Tower of London) and set facing France...the chief menace of invasion...in order to defend and protect the realm. It is said that King Arthur later had the head exhumed and then reburied facing a different way, being loath to have the kingdom guarded by any other than himself and his Knights of the Round Table. Some authorities believe Bran to be the root character of the Fisher King mentioned in Arthurian romance and according to medieval christian writings, Bran is credited with being the first British man.

Animals:

The Fox - The Fox symbolizes skill in diplomacy. It is a cunning and sly animal, possessed of the ability to make fools out of those who chase it.

The Bear - Although not mentioned in Celtic legend, there is evidence that the Bear was a "totem animal" of the Druids. The word "arth," which means "bear," is the root word for the name "Arthur." The Bear was noted for its strength and stamina, symbolizing balance and harmony in life, and the fortitude to accomplish what is necessary.

The Hunting Falcon or Hawk - Celtic tradition lists the oldest animal as the Hawk of Achill. As with many other birds, the Hawk is a messenger of the various worlds. However, it is noted as being more skillful and stronger than most others of its species. The Hawk symbolizes clear-sightedness and far-memory. To hear the cry of a Hawk during a journey is an indication that it would be wise to be alert to upcoming situations that require boldness and decisiveness in order to keep from being thrown off-balance. A noble bird that brought the Sun within his feathers and enabled recollection with the ability to progress. Merlin was said to have often transformed himself into a small Hawk...perhaps the reason why today, the smaller family member of the Hawk is known as a Merlin. Two knights who sat at Arthur's Round Table carried the name of the Hawk: Gwalchmai the "Hawk of May" and Gwalch-Y-Had the "Hawk of Summer," better known respectively as Sir Gawain and Sir Galahad.

March 18-March 20: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Lime (whose motto is "The Doubt") or the Linden (whose motto is "Protector of the Oak Trees")...dependent upon the source. Lime individuals are said to be inclined to accept in a composed fashion whatever life hands to them. They detest fighting, stress, laziness and idleness. Limes are relenting people who will often make sacrifices for their friends. They possess many talents but lack the tenacity to make those talents blossom. Lime people can be somewhat jealous and complaining by nature, but are very loyal individuals. Linden individuals are said to love life. No matter how much such people may try to convince themselves that everything is perfect, they cannot help but wonder why their ideas and dreams are more beautiful than reality. Extremely imaginative, Linden people tend to look at the world through "rose-colored glasses." This is an ideal that they are often able to convey to those around them who may then also view life in a more beautiful manner.

March 21: Those born on this date also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Oak, whose motto is "Symbol of Vital Strength" or "The Brave." Oak individuals are robust, courageous and strong by nature. People of action who are often adverse to change, Oaks are unrelenting, independent and sensible. Every opposition rouses the fighting spirit of Oak individuals, who possess extraordinary vigor and unfailing endurance, fearing neither death nor the devil. Oak people are happily devoted characters...to family, to neighbors, to a cause, to art...the list is almost endless. They possess a very high self- esteem, believing themselves to be the tool of superior forces and refusing to be duped by pretentious human reason.

March 22-March 31: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Hazel, whose motto is "To Be The First" or "The Extraordinary." Hazel individuals are charming, undemanding and often extremely understanding...they know how to make a good impression. Hazels are also active fighters for social causes. They are akin to pioneers, but with a competitive mind which can consume much of the Hazel energy. It is important that Hazels do not tire themselves out by trying to remedy too many faulty situations. Being honest and tolerant, with a precise sense of judgment, they are usually popular people, but can make for moody and capricious partners. Those born under the jurisdiction of this tree are said to have been conceived during the shortest or longest nights of the year and the number 9 is said to be particularly lucky for such individuals.

April 1-April 10: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Rowan, also known as "The Service Tree," whose motto is "A Delight for Birds" or "The Sensitivity." Rowan individuals are full of charm, cheerful and talented without being egotistical. They like to draw attention and basically love life...even its complications. Somewhat restless, Rowans are both dependent and independent. They constantly strive for approval from others and detest loneliness. Rowans possess excellent taste, are artistic, passionate and emotional, with a burning desire to create a better and more beautiful world. Rowan people make for good company but find it hard to forgive what they perceive to be transgressions.

April 11-April 14: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Maple, whose motto is "Combative Angel" or "Independence of Mind." Maple individuals are far from ordinary and never completely satisfied with standard replies. They admire those who clearly assert themselves and rise eagerly to any challenge. Maple people are full of imagination and originality, inclined to stand out in a crowd due to their willpower and sense of committment. Though appearing shy and somewhat reserved, they are truly ambitious, proud and self-confident. Maples hunger for new experiences and have a desire to impress. They enjoy what is unknown, strange and even hostile. The inherent Maple need for independence often clashes with the need to be surrounded by a community. With a tendency to be nervous, Maple people have many complexities. They possess excellent memories and easily learn new things. The love relationships of Maple individuals tend to be complicated affairs.

The Willow(April 15-May 12)

The Willow symbolizes the female and rhythms of the circle. This tree was sacred to the Moon and, in Celtic lore, the Universe was hatched from two crimson serpent eggs (which contained the Sun and the Earth) hidden among the boughs of the Willow. Hens' eggs were later substituted for those of the serpent and symbolically eaten as part of the Beltane feasting. This ritual was eventually transferred to the celebration of Easter in the Christian calendar with the eggs becoming Easter eggs. Staves cut from this tree were often used for fencing, roofing house and lunar wands. Along with Sandalwood, Willow bark aided in the conjuring of spirits forth from the Otherword. It was also said to help soothe those who felt bitter or jealous and proved to be an effective medicine in the cure of worms and dysentery. Both Willow bark (containing Salicin) and the Primrose (the plant associated with the Willow) were once used as analgesics, particularly in the treatment of arthritic diseases. Pregnant women would lay cloths beneath the tree in order to catch the leaves, which were believed to assure an easy birthing process. Always known as a "tree of enchantment," the Willow is reported to have bestowed the mystic gift of eloquence upon Orpheus when he visited the sacred grove of Persephone at the Temple of Delphi in Greece. The Celts associated the Willow with poets and young suitors would commonly wear a sprig of Willow to acknowledge the power and status of the old "wise one" (the Cailleach of Celtic myth who was the Crone aspect of the triple goddess and to whom this tree was sacred). The words "Witchcraft" and "Wicca" are both derived from the word "Willow." The Willow was also host to the sacred Mistletoe of the Druids, which was often more commonly found growing on the Willow and the Poplar than it was on even the mighty Oak. This tree was once referred to as "Witches Aspirin," probably not only for its reputation in resolving dilemmas, but also for its headache-relieving properties. In the past, some cultures have been known to "Wear the Green Willow" in order that others might be aware they were going through a period of mourning and Druidical sacrifices were customarily offered in Willow-wicker baskets. It was once said that if someone felt an overwhelming need to confess, the secret could be shared with a Willow and be forever trapped. Its wood was often used for planing and lining burial graves due to its associated symbolism with death and protection.

There are at least 500 species of Willow...from tall trees to Arctic plants barely two inches tall. The European Willow, found in central and Southern Europe, is also known as the White Willow because of its greyish bark. The American variety is called the Black Willow due to its black-colored bark. Together with Poplars and Alders, this tree is usually found growing beside streams and lowland rivers, with a preference for damp and boggy areas. Its spreading branches, which reach toward the source of water, create a full shape and its leaves are long and slender, covered with silver hairs that give the entire tree a "shimmering" appearance. Willows can reach 80 feet in height and sprout vigorously from stumps. Its flowers are tiny and bear no petals. It is an imposing tree with a thick trunk and heavily-ridged bark. The Willow's catkins, which appear in early Spring prior to the appearance of leaves, attracts bees to begin the cycle of pollination.

There are two distinct types of Willow individuals (a division which relates to all Celtic Tree Signs). The "new moon" character is associated with the first two weeks of a sign and the "full moon" character is associated with the last two weeks.

The "new moon" Willow individual tends to more inclined to sudden mood changes and displays more unreliable character traits. These people are however receptive to change and quick to take advantage of any opportunity which presents itself. The "full moon" Willow individual tends to disregard advice, even though his or her own reasoning power often lacks credibility. The "full moon" Willow is, however, the most resourceful of the two types and is blessed with an even more exceptional memory than his or her "new moon" counterpart.

In general, Willow individuals are basically articulate, strong-willed, resourceful and possessed with excellent memories. They touch upon all aspects of nature and its association with the Moon. Emotional and enigmatic, Willow people respond quickly to situations but are prone to sudden mood changes, which can make them difficult to get to know. Being shrewd and practical, they can be brilliant inventors but are also drawn to the unexplained mysteries of life. As a friend, the Willow individual can be a powerful ally...on the other hand, he or she can make for a formidable enemy. Willows have a type of passive tenacity and can be extraordinarily wise counselors and extremely nurturing parents who are protective of loved ones. The Willow person is often reluctant to forgive and forget, which can lead to permanent rifts with friends and family. In the work force, Willows are usually employed in very responsible positions but find it hard to settle upon a definitive career. If the career choice should be in the field of education, however, they are counted among the best teachers. Willow individuals seldom express a controversial opinion in public (which makes them appear very amiable) but privately, their views are usually strong one way or the other. They are possessed with an overactive imagination and tend to fret needlessly about health matters. The Willow has a deep interest in family loyalty and history and usually becomes the family genealogist. The figure of the mother tends to dominate and influence the Willow throughout his or her life but once, married, there is no more devoted individual when it comes to the spouse and children.

The lunar energy of Willow people can be positively channeled into the arts, but it can also suddenly activate latent creative skills that may appear to change the personality. For the most part, Willows are incredibly difficult to get to know due to the type of "veil" over their personalities which hides a great deal. Their sense of humor is not always easy to define and tends to "come and go" depending upon the occasion. Blessed with a potential wisdom that makes them wise advisors, they are usually valued members of society. Willow individuals usually marry at a young age and close personal relationships are of the utmost importance. With the correct partner, Willow individuals create a powerful bond that tends to strike an affinity between the sexes. Willows must learn how to trust their inner voice or they can become moody and chronically indecisive. Since the Moon has always been associated with those who can influence the public with the force of their personality...either good or bad...the Willow individual is usually one to be reckoned with.

There will be some Willow individuals who fail to fit the character pictures described above. These are, in every sense, the great magicians of the world. Appearing on the surface to be the most conventional of human beings, he or she will be experiencing an incredible inner life or imagination. However, there will be a time when this hidden potential suddenly bursts forth. It may take the form of writing to public figures or perhaps adopting a personal political role to address the rights and wrongs of a particular issue. Then again, there will be periods when such personal motiviation ceases as suddenly as it began and the intuitive nature of such a Willow individual appears to crave a complete break from the routine rigors of daily life.

Physical Goal: To encourage a comfortable relationship with the material world, which is full of lessons and cycles of changing values. Change is paramount for growth...and values are no exception.

Mental Goal: To gain understanding of a particular concept...a steady accumulation of facts is the foundation of understanindg. Not everything may be learned in one lesson...the key is repetition.

Spiritual Goal: To learn that there must be periods of rest rather than continual activity.

Amergin Verse: "I am a Hawk on a Cliff"

Ogham Association: Saille

Polarity: Feminine

Color: Known only to be "bright"

Class: Peasant

Letter Character: "S"

Month: February...the fourth month in the Celtic Ogham. A time for purification and cleansing of the old while making way for the birth of the new season. Its name is said to have derived from the Latin Februarius, which means "to purify." Alternatively, it may have come from the Roman Goddess Februa, who is also known as June Februa, or from the God Februs who was later identified with the Roman God Pluto. According to legend, Romulus (founder of Rome) did not include this, the shortest month of the year, when he created the first Roman calendar, which contained only ten months.

Alias: "Witches' Moon" and "Moon of Balance"

Magickal Properties: Romantic Love, Healing, Protection, Fertility and Female Magick

Some Famous Willow People: Charlotte Bronte, George Clooney, Sigmund Freud, Karl Marx, Conan O'Brien, Jerry Seinfeld, William Shakespeare, Uma Thurman and Leonardo da Vinci Gemstone: The Willow gemstone is the Moonstone (also known as Feldspar), an opalescent and transparent gem which is sometimes said to resemble a raindrop. It can come in a variety of soft sheens...including white, pink or yellow. Sometimes referred to as "Selenite," the Moonstone was used in ancient times in various parts of the world as a lucky charm and some miraculous cures have been attributed to the power of this stone. The Romans believed that the gem enclosed the image of Diana, their Moon Goddess, who represented the "moonlight splendor of night." It was said to have the power of bestowing wealth, victory and wisdom upon its wearer. The Druids suspended Moonstones from fruit trees to ensure a good crop and believed the stone changed color according to the waxing and waning of the Moon. As a gift for sweethearts, the Moonstone was thought to arouse tender affection and, if placed within the mouth at the Full Moon, was believed to grant the ability of foretelling both good or ill fortune.

Flower: The flower of the Willow is the Primrose. It was highly-prized by the Druids and its abundance in woods, hedgerows and pastures made it an easily-collectible plant. The Primrose is in full flower during April and May and, in sheltered areas during mild Winters, may even be found in blossom during the opening days of the year. Primroses were often carried by the Druids during certain rituals as a protection from evil. The fragrant oil of the flower was also used by the Druids to annoint their bodies prior to specific rites in order that they might be cleansed and purified. The medicinal properties of the Primrose were believed to ease muscular rheumatism, cure insomnia and also aid in the healing of some forms of paralysis. An infusion of the flowers was recommended by some herbalists in order to make Primrose tea. If consumed during the month May, this tea was thought to cure "phrensie" or nervous hysteria. The Primose was once thought to fall under the jurisdiction of the Roman Goddess, Venus, and its leaves most beneficial as a fine salve to heal wounds. In ancient culinary arts, Primrose flowers were the chief ingredient of "Primrose Pottage" and its ground blooms were also used in a dish containing rice, almonds, honey and saffron. Its leaves are said to be consumed voraciously by the common silkworm.

Celestial Body: The celestial body associated with the Willow is the Moon ("Llun"), which traditionally represents the mother figure and is associated with the maternal nature. It is also linked to the unconscious mind. The Moon has always been considered a symbol of illusion for it is constantly changing and dissolving. The Realm of Dreams is considered to fall under the jurisdication of the Moon but also relates to the residue of memory.

Deity: The Willow deity is Cerridwen the Moon Goddess, also known as the Great Mother, Grain Goddess and Goddess of Nature. Cerridwen was the wife of Tegid the Giant and the mother of three children: a beautiful girl named Creirwy and two ugly boys, Avagdu and Movran. The ancient Welsh Bards called themselves Cerddorion or "Sons of Cerridwen." The Bard Taliesin was said to have been born of Cerridwen and to have tasted a potent brew from her magic cauldron of inspiration. This potion, known as "greal," is believed to be the origin of the word "Grail." Cerridwen was associated with death, fertility, regeneration, inspiration, magic, astrology, herbs, science, poetry, spells and knowledge. Her symbol was a white sow. She was said to also be the Goddess of dark prophetic powers and was believed to be the Keeper of the Cauldron of Underworld in which inspiration and divine knowledge are brewed. Cerridwen is often equated with Hecate, the crone of Greek mythology and also to the Greek Muses, but in a more violent and dark form.

Also associated with the Willow is Morgan le Fay, a formidable lunar sorceress and half- sister to King Arthur. It was the power of Morgan le Fay, working against Arthur behind the scenes, which eventually destroyed the unity of the Order of the Knights of the Round Table. The motivation behind her actions was revenge for the death of her father who had been treacherously killed by Uther Pendragon, the father of Arthur. In Celtic lore, Morgan le Fay symbolizes the darker forces of the psyche, which require great understanding and recognition.

Animals:

The Adder - The Adder is symbolic of wisdom and spiritual energy. Snakes have long been associated with wisdom, reincarnation and cunning. Druids often carried an amulet called gloine nathair or serpent glass, which they stated was formed from the egg of an Adder, but is thought today to have actually been made of blown glass.

The Hare - The Hare was an animal particularly sacred to the Goddess Andraste. The movements of the Hare were sometimes used for divination. It is said that Boadiccea used the Hare in such a fashion just before her last battle with the Romans. Associated with transformation, the Hare is symbolic of adaptation, hidden teachings and intuitive messages.

The Serpent or Sea-Serpent - In all ancient myths of creation, Serpents have been closely aligned with the growth of humankind in spiritual terms. Legends of Serpents are usually associated with the aspect of transformation found within the fire festivals of the Celts. The sacred Serpent is associated with the Goddess aspect of the Moon...a passive but form- creating spirit.

April 15-April 20: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Maple, whose motto is "Combative Angel" or "Independence of Mind." Maple individuals are far from ordinary and never completely satisfied with standard replies. They admire those who clearly assert themselves and rise eagerly to any challenge. Maple people are full of imagination and originality, inclined to stand out in a crowd due to their willpower and sense of committment. Though appearing shy and somewhat reserved, they are truly ambitious, proud and self-confident. Maples hunger for new experiences and have a desire to impress. They enjoy what is unknown, strange and even hostile. The inherent Maple need for independence often clashes with the need to be surrounded by a community. With a tendency to be nervous, Maple people have many complexities. They possess excellent memories and easily learn new things. The love relationships of Maple individuals tend to be complicated affairs.

April 21-April 30: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Walnut, whose motto is "Looking for a Homeland" or "The Passion." Walnut individuals are unrelenting, considered somewhat strange by many and full of contrasts. Often egotistical, Walnuts are aggressive and noble with a broad horizon. They are unexpected and sponteneous in their reactions with little or no flexibility. Walnut people possess unlimited ambition and can make for difficult and uncommon partners. Not always liked but often admired, the Walnut individual is an ingenious stategist, who is very jealous and passionate by nature and rarely given to compromise. Walnuts will accept and endure a multitude of troubles in order to satisfy the desire for pleasure. An uncompromising character, the Walnut individual will undertake a project with inexhaustible perseverance and once in love, tends to love until death.

May 1-May 12: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Poplar, whose motto is "Overcome Doubt" or "The Uncertainty." Poplar individuals have a decorative appearance but tend lack self-confidence. They are prone to mature very quickly and assimilate things equally as quickly. Displaying courage only when absolutely necessary and hostile only toward extremists, the narrow-minded or hotheads, Poplar people prefer the goodwill of others and pleasant surroundings. This individual can be somewhat choosy, is often lonely and may harbor great animosity toward others. Artistic by nature, they are good organizers who lean toward philosophy. Reliable in almost any given situation, Poplar people cherish their friends and surround them with love. They take partnerships very seriously but are inclined to be generous only toward those who are generous in return. The life of a Poplar individual is made of judicious transactions and all manner of exchanges. If the Poplar perceives a warm and friendly atmosphere, then the heart and spirit opens...if not, then he or she will withdraw.

The Hawthorn(May 13- June 9)

The Hawthorn was a symbol of psychic protection due to its sharp thorns. It was also generally seen as a tree which brought good luck to the owner and prosperity to the land upon which it stood. It belongs to the trilogy of sacred Irish trees (the other two being the Oak and the Ash). Faery spirits were believed to dwell in Hawthorn hedges, which were planted as protective shrubs around fields, houses and churchyards. The Hawthorn was once thought to offer psychic protection to the traveler. The twigs would frequently be used as a curative for depression and the powdered seeds used to cure gallstones. Often used for walking sticks and to make fires, the Hawthorn also formed the Maypole around which the Celts would dance at Beltrane...the onset of Summer. The Hawthorn was associated with both the sacred and the unlucky (some holding the belief that it was from the Hawthorn that the crown of thorns used at the Crucifixion of Christ was made, for example). To destroy this tree was to incur great peril to the individual who was responsble for such an act. The Hawthorn was embodied in the character of the chief giant Yspaddaden in a Welsh romance of Kulhwch and Olwen. As a guardian figure who attempts to protect the virginity of Olwen, he is felled and the blooms of Summer soon open. Thus, the Hawthorn symbolized the advance of Summer and the defeat of Winter. In ancient times, young girls would rise at dawn in order to bathe in dew gathered from Hawthorn flowers, thus ensuring their beauty for the coming year. The blossoms, especially the white variety, were also used to decorate halls and worn as crowns by maidens in wedding ceremonies. The Celts believed the Hawthorn could assist in releasing negative and/or blocked energy held within.

According to some Arthurian sources, Nimue trapped the besotted Merlin in a Hawthorn tree, where his voice may be heard to this very day, but perhaps the most famous Thorn tree was at Glastonbury (the site of Glastonbury Abbey), which is said to have sprouted from the staff of Joseph of Arimathea and reputed to have blossomed only on Christmas Day. The original tree is believed to have been felled during the English Civil War...although Hawthorn Trees may still be found around the Abbey, which are said to be the cuttings of the ancient original.

Associated with the Goddess Brighid, the Hawthorn is connected to the Festival of Beltrane...a time when the branches of the tree are pruned or blossoms removed to symbolize the beauty of the journey and make way for new growth. Thus, a synmbolic representation of shedding the old in order to give ground to the new. It is considered unlucky to take the tree, branches or blossoms into the home for fear that a member of the Fae may be residing therein. The Hawthorn is one tree which has managed to breach the divide between Paganism and Christianity...the thorns worn by Jesus Christ being one example of this transition.

The wood from the Hawthorn provides the hottest known fire. Its leaves and blossoms are often used to create a tea which aids in relieving anxiety, loss of appetite and poor circulation. The Hawthorn is a small tree that grows with a dense, many-branched and twisted habit. Due to its impenetrable growth, it is used chiefly for hedging. The origin of the word derives from the Anglo-Saxon "haegthorn," which means "hedge-thorn." It is also known as Whitehorn and May. Whitehorn originates from the contrast of the smooth, grey bark with the powdery black bark of the Blackthorn. May is derived from the month of the tree's flowering when the blossoms are used to form garlands on houses and maypoles for Mayday. The thickets of the Hawthorn bear prickles which provide it with an excellent defense system. Hawthorns have many species throughout Europe and not always easy to differentiate. All are thorny shrubs of the Rose family which usually bear white or pink flowers. The Hawthorn is common in abandoned fields and along the edges of forests.

There are two distinct types of Hawthorn individuals (a division which relates to all Celtic Tree Signs). The "new moon" character is associated with the first two weeks of a sign and the "full moon" character is associated with the last two weeks.

The "new moon" Hawthorn is more impulsive than his or her "full moon" counterpart and bears a stronger sensual nature. On the other hand, the positive traits of these individuals are extremely consolidating once they have decided upon a course of action. The "full moon" Hawthorn has a distinctly different approach to all things and is much more difficult to "pin down" regarding personal relationships or any type of committment. The positive traits of the "full moon" Hawthorn is linked to a wider vision which can open the "locked doors" of the mind.

In general, Hawthorn individuals are charismatic, creative and full of innovative ideas. Being multi-talented people, they possess an ability to adapt easily to any change in circumstances. They have personal qualities which are akin to those of the ancient Celtic Bards and Druids, often excelling in the performing arts. They also have a gift for influencing others while still remaining sympathetic. Lively and spontaneous with good communication skills, the Hawthorn individual has an abundance of self-confidence and makes for a great leader. They are honest and sincere as friends, given their natural sympathy and ability to be good listeners. There is a tendency, however, toward a volatile temper and bursts of anger. The Hawthorn person is adept at devising the most brilliant of plans and schemes. Generally, the great strength of the Hawthorn comes from knowledge regarding the weaknesses of adversaries or any opposing force. However, the Hawthorn individual is not a ruthless character, merely a clever strategist.

Hawthorn individuals often participate in a variety of sporting activities. They possess a sharp sense of humor which is brimming with innuendo...a talent which frequently attracts them to writing and journalism. Due to the Hawthorns low bordeom threshold, they frequently have trouble forging a permanent relationship. However, they do make wonderful parents who cannot be fooled by their "clever" offspring and often lead a colorful and exciting lifestyle. Easily bored, they crave mental stimulation and challenges. With a desire to try a "little bit of everything," the Hawthorn person often seems to be almost ageless in appearance and character. Physical Goal: To work upon the physical condition and betterment of self...to engage in exercise and maintain a healthy diet.

Mental Goal: To open the mind to self-imposed ignorance and false facts. Thoughts should be free-flowing and the mind should be cleansed.

Spiritual Goal: To learn that through the most dire of problems, the spirit will create new and unexpected strengths.

Amergin Verse: "I am Fair among Flowers"

Ogham Association: Huatha or Uath

Polarity: Masculine

Color: Purple

Class: Peasant

Letter Character: "H"

Month: April/May. April is the sixth month in the Celtic Ogham. It is a favorite month among poets as it is said to tell of the coming of Spring and, thus, considered to be the month of love. Its name originates from Aphrodite, the Greek Goddess of Love and in the old Roman calendar, it was known as "Aprillis." May, the month of the female Hawthorn, is the seventh month in the Celtic Ogham. Its name originates from Maia, the Roman Spring Goddess whose divine powers encouraged the growth of crops.

Alias: "Moon of Restraint," "Moon of Hindrance" and "Summer Moon"

Magickal Properties: Fertility, Peace, Prosperity, Cleansing, Protection and Chastity

Some Famous Hawthorn People: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Bob Dylan, John F. Kennedy, Marilyn Monroe, Liam Neelson, Florence Nightingale, Sir Lawrence Olivier, Brooke Shields and Queen Victoria

Gemstone: The Hawthorn gemstone is the Topaz, a common, semi-precious, transparent gemstone that has been used in jewelry making for centuries. It has a hardness just below the Diamond and the Ruby. Valued since ancient times as a powerful healing agent, the Topaz is said to aid in affairs of the heart and lend a gentle nature to its owner, as well as possessing magical and occult powers. The golden-brown to yellow color is classic but often confused with the less valuable Citrine. The Blue Topaz (frequently confused with Aquamarine) is rarely a natural stone, instead being produced by irradiating and then heating clear crystals. The name may have derived from the Sanskrit word "tapas," which means "fire," but it is more likely that its name originated from the Island of Topazos in the Red Sea where the gem was originally found. ("Topazios" means "to seek.") In ancient times, the figure of a Falcon was carved upon a Topaz in order to ensure the goodwill of kings, princes and magnates. The Egyptians believed that the yellow (or tawny) Topaz gleaned its golden glow from the mighty Sun God, Ra, which made it a very powerful amulet offering protection from harm to the faithful. The Romans associated the Topaz with Jupiter, their own God of the Sun. Legend states that the Topaz could dispel enchantment and improve eyesight, while the Greeks, who called it the "Stone of Strength," believed it had the ability to increase stamina and bestow invisibility upon its wearer in times of emergency. The gem was also thought to strengthen intellect, bestow courage and drive away sadness. It has been called the "Stone of Fruitfulness, Faithfulness and Good Cheer." It was once thought that the Topaz could change color in the presence of poisoned food or drink and its mystical medicinal powers (which included curing asthma, hemorrhages and insomnia, among a multitude of other ailments) waxed and waned with the phases of the Moon. Perhaps the most famous Topaz is a giant specimen, first thought to be a Diamond, which is set in the Braganza Crown of Portugal.

Flower: The flower of the Hawthorn is the Wood Sorrel, a small perennial plant with heart- shaped, three-part leaves (akin to those of the Shamrock or Clover) which often fold together. Thus, it is sometimes called the "prayer plant" and may be the "true Shamrock" by which Saint Patrick demonstrated the Trinity to the Ancient Irish. The white flowers are bell-shaped with a dash of blue. Despite its name, the plant is not related to Sorrel but is closely related to the Geranium family. Wood Sorrel grows in moist, shady spots within woodland areas or beside hedges, and flowers from mid to late Spring. Its medicinal qualities include strengthening a weak stomach, staying vomiting and reduction of fever. The juice of the plant may be used as a gargle for mouth ulcers and infusion of the leaves (somewhat sour in taste) used to make a lotion which is beneficial for relief of skin infections. Excessive or prolonged administration of Wood Sorrel as a medication, however, is not recommended and can be injurious if prescribed injudiciously. During the time of King Henry VIII, the Wood Sorrel was held in great repute as a pot-herb and salad green. Its name probably derived from the Old French surele and earlier from sur, which means "sour."

Celestial Body: The celestial body associated with the Hawthorn is the planet Vulcan. Claimed to have been observed by a French medical doctor and amateur astronomer named Lescarbault on March 26, 1859, Vulcan may be the closest planet to the Sun, being nearer to that star than Mercury. In 1878, two American astronomers claimed to have also seen Vulcan which, for the most part, would be lost in the glare of the Sun given its position. However, since that time, the planet has not been observed and its actual existence remains the subject of speculation. Vulcan was the lame Roman God of Smiths and Metal-Workers.

Deity: The Hawthorn deity is Govanna (also known as Govannan or Goibnui). Equated to the Roman God Vulcan, Govanna was the Blacksmith God...custodian of celestial fire and higher powers of the mind. The weapons made by Govanna were deadly in their aim and his armor unfailing in its protection. It was said that those who drank from his sacred cup need never fear old age or infirmity. To the Irish Gaels, Govanna was known as "Goibniu" or "Great Smith." In this capacity, he belonged to the triad of craftsmen with Luchtaine the Write (God of Carpenters) and Credne the Brazier (God of Bronzesmiths). Goibniu forged all weapons for the Tuatha De Danaan and his ale bestowed the Tuatha with invulnerability. He was also known as the provider of the Fled Goibnenn, a sacred feast associated with brew- crafting and the designated God of Jewelry-Making, Fire, Metalwork and, not surprisingly, the art of Brewing.

Also associated with the Hawthorn is the Summer Flower Maiden named Olwen (also known as Olwyn). A daughter of the King of Giants, Ysbadadden Penkawr, her name means "the golden wheel." She was also called the "Lady of the White Tracks" or "White Footprint" due to the legend that wherever she walked, the trefoil plants commonly called Shamrocks would spring from the ground. The hero Culhwch (first cousin to King Arthur) was one of Olwen's suitors. He engaged in a mythic journey to find Olwen's father, who knew he was doomed if the marriage between Olwen and Culhwch took place. In this portion of the myth, Olwen represents the May Queen...a partner to the new sacrificial God who usurps the old one. Olwen was also said to have had adventures in faeryland after she was captured by horse-riding faeries. She was rescued by her father after a year and a day of captivity. In lore, May Queens are often linked to the Kingdom of the Fae.

Animals:

The Bee - Usually mentioned in connection with honey and mead (which was made from honey), the Bee is an industrious, single-minded creature when performing a task and fearless in defense of its home.

The Owl - These birds were most often associated with the Crone aspect of the Goddess. The word "cailleach" in Scottish-Gaelic means "owl." Often a guide to and through the Underworld, the Owl is a creature of keen sight in darkness, as well as being a swift and silent hunter. The Owl aids in unmasking those who would deceive or take advantage. Being a symbol of wisdom and patience, Hawthorn individuals need to be guided by the Owl since they are often short on patience and tend to engage in hasty actions which can sabotage their best efforts.

The symbol of the Chalice is also associated with the Hawthorn, being representative of divine secrets and everlasting life.

May 13-May 14: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Poplar, whose motto is "Overcome Doubt" or "The Uncertainty." Poplar individuals have a decorative appearance but tend lack self-confidence. They are prone to mature very quickly and assimilate things equally as quickly. Displaying courage only when absolutely necessary and hostile only toward extremists, the narrow-minded or hotheads, Poplar people prefer the goodwill of others and pleasant surroundings. This individual can be somewhat choosy, is often lonely and may harbor great animosity toward others. Artistic by nature, they are good organizers who lean toward philosophy. Reliable in almost any given situation, Poplar people cherish their friends and surround them with love. They take partnerships very seriously but are inclined to be generous only toward those who are generous in return. The life of a Poplar individual is made of judicious transactions and all manner of exchanges. If the Poplar perceives a warm and friendly atmosphere, then the heart and spirit opens...if not, then he or she will withdraw.

May 15-May 24: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Chestnut, whose motto is "In Quest of the Truth" or "The Honesty." Chestnut individuals usually possess unusual beauty and a tendency to be overly- critical of themselves. With no desire to impress and with an inherent distaste for falsehoods, Chestnuts are blessed with a well-developed sense of justice. They are vivacious by nature and very diplomatic, but tend to be sensitive in company and easily driven to irritation...which can be indicative of a lack of self-confidence. Chestnut people will sometimes act superior but basically feel as though they are misunderstood. They are prone to love only once in their lives and often experience great difficulty in finding a partner.

May 25-June 3: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Ash, whose motto is "Always Aiming Higher" or "The Ambition." Ash individuals are uncommonly attractive, vivacious, impulsive and demanding. They do not care for criticism, can be egosistic and love to "play with fire." Ambitious, intelligent and talented, Ash people are prone to allow the brain to rule the head, but they do take partnerships very seriously. It is important to an Ash individual that he or she maintain personal identity, freedom and independence. Nonetheless, Ashes make for trustworthy mates who are faithful, prudent and reliable. Ash people probably care more about the future than those born under any other jurisdiction and are concerned about making progress. If they set themselves a target which requires committment, then they are willing to give up many things in order to reach that goal. At the peak of glory, Ash individuals often prove to possess a genuine greatness and they will undertake tremendous efforts in order to help others.

June 4-June 9: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Hornbeam, whose motto is "Monument of Loyalty" or "The Good Taste." Hornbeam individuals possess a cool beauty and exquisite taste. Although Hornbeams are concerned about their appearance, they are far from egotistical. They like their reasonable and disciplined lives to be as comfortable as possible. Hornbeam people look for kindess and acknowledgment in an emotional partner, though they are seldom happy with their own personal feelings. They are prone to mistrust and are never sure about the decisions they make, although they are the most conscientious characters. There is a tendency for Hornbeams to shoulder the responsibility for mistakes of others, it being more important in their eyes to promote tolerance and maintain harmony rather than respect rigid rules which demand a scapegoat. The Oak(June10-July 7)

The Oak was the principal sacred tree of the Druids, symbolizing truth and steadfast knowledge as well as the turning of the year. During this time, Druids would carve a circle in the tree for protection against lightning. The Oak was representative of the trials that individuals experience in life while changing and becoming who they were meant to be. This tree represented the soul which, in Celtic terms, was the "Eye of God." Doors made of Oak were believed to keep out evil. The word "door" derives from the Sanskrit "duir," Ogham for Oak and a word which symbolizes solidity and protection. In the realm of the forest, the Oak is the King of Trees, standing mightily solid with great branches, matched only be even greater roots. Often struck by lightning, the force of the strike and the heat bursts the sap and stem of the Oak apart, leaving the trunk gnarled and withered...yet, the Oak still manages to survive for decades or even centuries. The growth of this tree is slow but sure and it is the forest's marker point, cornerstone and refuge. The Druids often taught lessons beneath the shade of the Oak.

The Oak was long considered by the wise to be a guardian which opened doorways to self spirituality and granted the strength to progress onward which, in time, drew the individual closer to the self. The Oak provided the courage to overcome any obstacles which had to be resolved during the travels of an individual and, in time perhaps, to learn the ways of the wise. In Celtic mythology, it is said that the first tree was an Oak, known by the name of Bile, from which two acorns fell to the ground. These seeds rooted deep within the Earth and gave birth to the God Dagda and the Goddess Brighid...both famed for their patience and goodness. Folklore suggests that if the Oak blooms before the Ash, then there will be a good harvest and its acorns were said to offer protection from lightning...thus, carvings of acorns are often found on staircases in medieval buildings. Medicinally, the Oak was believed to heal gout and cure bleeding gums. The tree has always protected Britain by providing wood for the building of ships and as boundaries between one area and another. The bark of the Oak produces tannin, once used extensively in the leather industry for tanning raw hides. Its acorns may be used to make a powerful antiseptic and the juice from crushed Oak leaves can be applied directly to wounds for the same purpose. A gargle made from the inner bark is said to be useful in relieving sore throats and a decotion of the outer bark is believed to aid in the relief of sever fever symptoms.

In Christian legend, it is said that when the announcement was made of Christ's cruxifixion, all the trees met and agreed that none of them wished to be a part of the event. When the time came for the wood to be selected, each piece began to split and break, making it impossible to use. Only the "Evergreen Oak" or "Ilex" did not split and allowed itself to be used...thus seen by the other trees as a traitor or another Judas. In Greece, by virtue of this legend, the tree is eternally condemned and no part of the Oak may be brought into the house. According to the Bible, when Cain murdered Abel, Cain was obliged to carry the dead body of his brother for seven hundred years before Abel could be buried. To mark the burial place, Cain stuck his staff into the ground, whereupon Seven Oaks (now known as the Seven Oaks of Palestine) immediately sprang forth in a row. The "Holy Groves of the Druids," located in Anglesea on Mona's Isle in Wales, is said to contain the ancient remnants of Oak trees. The Acorn has long been associated with couples and love divination. Dropping two Acorns into the same bowl of water is said to predict the romantic future...should the Acorns float together, then the couple will marry...the reverse being the case should the Acorns drift apart. The Ancient Druids believed that to carry an Acorn at all times would ensure prevention from aging, a ritual said to be most successful for women.

The Oak of myth and legend is the Common Oak, its name derived from the Latin robur which is the root of the English word "robust." The Oak is often found growing with Ash and Beech in lowland forests. It can reach a height of 150 feet and live for 800 years. Along with the Ash, the Oak has been heavily logged in recent millennia and remaining giant Oaks in many parts of Europe are merely remnants of past forests. The Common Oak is a deciduous tree which loses its leaves before Samhain but is fully-clothed again by Beltane. It is a member of the Beech family.

There are two distinct types of Oak individuals (a division which relates to all Celtic Tree Signs). The "new moon" character is associated with the first two weeks of a sign and the "full moon" character is associated with the last two weeks.

The "new moon" Oak individual is more inclined to take financial risks than his or her "full moon" counterpart and makes personal committments which cannot be easily consolidated. On a more positive note, these people possess strong natural powers of leadership and the ability to rise above the human vices of greed or avarice. There is an element of self- sacrifice inherent in both the "new moon" and the "full moon" Oak, but those who fall under the jurisdiction of the "full moon" are less inclined to make financial losses. These individuals are generally more flamboyant by nature and can be somewhat glory-seeking in character. Nonetheless, the "full moon" Oak is a creative individual who is generous of spirit with an instinctive sense of survival.

In general, Oak individuals are enterprising people with a refreshing breadth of vision. They are determined, self-motivated, enthusiastic and responsible. Possessed with a high degree of personal magnetism, Oaks make for natural leaders with a great deal of integrity and find it easy to attract and inspire others. They remain calm during a crisis and are not easily swayed by opposition. Although serious-minded, Oak people are cheerful and optimistic by nature, with a keen sense of humor that can make the best of a difficult situation. Being optimists (sometimes blindly so), they do not give up easily and are unafraid to speak the truth in any given situation, regardless of the consequences. However, Oaks do sometimes tend to lack discretion and often take financial risks. Deeply philosophical, they are generous friends but are prone to exagerrate and are inclined toward vanity. It is important that Oak individuals learn to temper pride with humor or they may become pompus and overbearing. Oak individuals are drawn toward demanding professions. They frequently hold positions of power but have an innate sense of fair play. They enjoy life's confrontations and make for formidable enemies, but can be naive in the manner in which they place trust in others, especially concerning affairs of the heart. Often, Oak people set standards in love that are too difficult for partners to attain and they place great importance in moral issues. Physical Goal: To learn that a hands-on approach will nuture desired skills...that one learns by doing.

Mental Goal: To accumulate the acorns of wisdom and, having done so, to share that wisdom.

Spiritual Goal: To become tough and resilient, despite the unpredictable nature of life...to be strong and wise.

Amergin Verse: "I am a God who sets the Head afire with Smoke"

Ogham Association: Duir

Polarity: Masculine

Color: Black and Dark Brown

Class: Chieftain

Letter Character: "D"

Month: May...the seventh month in the Celtic Ogham. The Oak is thus central of the thirteen months, standing between Hawthorn and Holly and presiding over the celebration of Beltrane...Spring Fire Festival of Fertility and Renewed Growth. Its name probably comes from Maia, the Roman Spring Goddess, whose divine powers encouraged the growth of crops.

Alias: "Moon of Strength," "Moon of Security" and "Bear Moon"

Magickal Properties: All Positive Purposes, Fidelity and Masculine Magick

Some Famous Oak People: Tim Allen, Courtney Cox, Tom Cruise, Helen Hunt and Princess Diana

Gemstone: The Oak gemstone is the Diamond, a sparkling precious stone, white or blue in color, also known as the "King of Crystals" and "Stone of Invulnerability." The Diamond is the hardest substance known in nature. Traditionally, it is the symbol of purity and innocence and is considered luckiest when worn on the left side of the body. It is a crystalline form of carbon and its name is derived from Ademas, which means "indomitable." It represents strength, virtue, bravery and insight, bringing these fine attributes to its wearers. The Hebrews believed that the Diamond lost its sparkle if touched or worn by a traitor and in ancient times, it was thought to drive away the Devil. The Diamond is considered to be the greatest of all gem stones, revered throughout the ages not only for its great beauty and strength, but also for its powerful positive spiritual and physical influences. This stone is said to enhance the wearer with charm and beauty. Physically, it strengthens the kidneys and reproductive organs and gives protection against severe disease. The ancient Romans believed that the Diamond, when worn on the left side next to the skin, bestowed upon the wearer bravery and daring. During the Middle Ages Queen Elizabeth I was made a gift of a Diamond to ward off the plague and Napoleon carried a sword with a Diamond in the hilt to assure victory in battle. Ancient writings tell of a Diamond which hung about the neck of Abraham which could cure the illness of any man who gazed upon it. It is said that when Abraham died, the Lord sealed the gem within the Sun. Even today, the Diamond engagement ring remains the accepted token of promised love and loyalty. It is thought that this tradition may have begun in 1477 when Maximilian I of Austria presented a Diamond ring to Mary, daughter of the Duke of Burgundy, as a bethrothal gift. To dream of Diamonds was once thought to be a sure sign of success, wealth and happiness.

A history of tragedy and misfortune has often accompanied the more highly-prized examples of this gem. Stones such as the Hope Diamond were so unfortunate and brought such ill-luck that the very mention of its name once struck terror into peoples' hearts. However, the gem itself is not unlucky...the bad luck being mainly brought about by the greed and lust with which humankind has fought and thieved and connived in order to obtain such great wealth. A Diamond purchased out of greed, or one that is stolen or won from another, will not bring good luck to the wearer...a Diamond given as a gift or which is representative as a token of trust and affection between sweethearts can never bring ill- luck. According to legend, the Diamond came into existence when the God of Mines called together all his noblemen and instructed them to bring him one of every variety and color of gemstone in existence. Once he had received the collection, he crushed them, forming one magnificent jewel of rare beauty, purity and indestructibility...the Diamond. The Diamond is also known as the "King-Stone" (the Pearl being the "Queen-Stone").

Flower: The flower of the Oak is the Coltsfoot, also known as Hallfoot, Horsehoof, Foalsworth, Ass' Foot and Coughwort, among others. This plant, a member of the Birthwort family, is a perennial weed, native to Europe, North African and parts of Asia. It bears deep green leaves (resembling the shape of a horse's hoof) and leaf stems which are distinctly purple in color. The top leaf surface is smooth and almost waxy in appearance, while the underside is covered with white, wool-like hairs. The bright yellow flowers (similar to Dandelions but slightly smaller) appear early in the Spring, prior to the emergence of any leaves. This plant is unusual in that the flowers bloom and die before the appareance of any leaves, which earned Coltsfoot the name of "son before the father" in earlier times. It can be seen in abundance throughout England, particularly along the sides of railway banks and in wasteland areas and can grow in stiff soils, thriving equally as well in wet ground as in dry locations. Before the introduction of matches, the felt-like covering of the plant, wrapped in a rag and dipped in a solution of saltpetre, was considered to be an excellent tinder after being dried in the sun. The name of the Coltsfoot is derived from Farfarus, an ancient name of the White Poplar, the leaves of which bear some resemblance in form and color to those of the plant. The tufts of silky hairs which adorn the seeds of the Coltsfoot are often used by Goldfinches to line their nests and legend states that in former days, this material was often employed by the Highlanders to stuff mattresses and pillows. In gardens and pastures, the Coltsfoot is considered a troublesome weed, very difficult to extirpate. In a medicinal sense, the Coltsfoot has been used in cough remedies and as an aid in the relief of asthma and bronchitis. Indeed, its botanical name, Tussilago, means "cough dispeller." The herb is now restricted in Australia and New Zealand due to its alkaloid content which has been shown to cause liver damage in laboratory rats. In Paris, Coltsfoot flowers were once painted as signs on the doorposts of apothecaries' shops and it is a favored food of Guinea Pigs.

Celestial Body: The celestial body associated with the Oak is Jupiter ("Jovyn"), Roman Ruler of the Gods and Defender of the State.

Deity: The Oak deity is Dagda, the Father of All Gods, also known as the "Good God" and the Irish Lord of the Land. Ancient with grey hair, Dagda was grounded and simple in every way. He is usually depicted as wearing a brown, low-necked tunic, a short hooded cloak and horse-hide boots with the hairy side outward. Dagda possessed a cauldron known as the "Undry," which came from Murias...one of the four mythical cities of the Tuatha De Danaan...and which provided food to all according to the merits of the individual. According to legend, nobody ever left the "Undry" unsatisfied. Believed to be very fond of porridge, the Dagda was said to consume large bowls of it. As "Lord of the Land," the Dagda was a valiant defender who performed great deeds in the battle between his family, the Tuatha and the Fomors...native Gods of Ireland. He was said pull after him a giant wheel on which rested his eight-pronged war club...a weapon so huge that it would take eight mortal men to lift, while the wheel itself would leave a deep furrow in the ground. During times of peace, the Dagda would play his living harp, also known as the "Oak of the Two Cities" or "Hand of Fourfold Music." As he played, the music would cause the seasons to process in order...Spring to Summer...Summer to Autumn...Autumn to Winter...and Winter again to Spring. The wife of the Dagda was Boann, Goddess of the River Boyne, and their son, Angus mac Og, was the Irish God of Love. Eventually driven underground following the conquest of Ireland by mortal humanity, the Dagda became the new King of the Tuatha De Danaan. His final resting place is said to be a small barrow near the River Boyne. This barrow has never been excavated.

Animals:

The Wren - Celtic King of the Birds, the Wren symbolized wit and sublety. Sacred to the Druids, the musical notes of the cunning Wren were used for divination. As with many other birds, the Wren was considered to be a messenger from the deities. Legend states that the Wren once competed with the other birds for supremacy and answered the challenge of the Eagle to race toward the Sun. When the Eagle could fly no higher, the Wren, which has been nestling within the Eagle's feathers jumped upon the back of the Eagle and flew a few inches higher prior to proclaiming himself King of the Birds, and thus humiliating the Eagle. The Wren fell under the particular protection of Taranis, Celtic God of Thunder.

The Otter - Considered by the Celts to be extremely magickal creatures, travelers were often aided in their journeys by helpful Otters. It was believed to be strong protector who helped in the gaining of wisdom, finding inner treasures or valuable talents. The Otter was associated with faithfulness and the power to recover from any crisis. It symbolized the ability to enjoy rather than simply endure life.

The Hawk - Celtic tradition lists the oldest animal as the Hawk of Achill. As with many other birds, the Hawk is a messenger of the various worlds. However, it is noted as being more skillful and stronger than most others of its species. The Hawk symbolizes clear- sightedness and far-memory. To hear the cry of a Hawk during a journey is an indication that it would be wise to be alert to upcoming situations that require boldness and decisiveness in order to keep from being thrown off-balance. A noble bird that brought the Sun within his feathers and enabled recollection with the ability to progress. Merlin was said to have often transformed himself into a small Hawk...perhaps the reason why today, the smaller family member of the Hawk is known as a Merlin. Two knights who sat at Arthur's Round Table carried the name of the Hawk: Gwalchmai the "Hawk of May" and Gwalch-Y-Had the "Hawk of Summer," better known respectively as Sir Gawain and Sir Galahad.

The White Horse - A popular totem animal of the Celts, the Horse was considered to be a faithful guide to the Otherworld. It symbolized stamina, endurance and faithfulness and was sacred to the Goddess Epona. Even today, the White Horse is regarded as sacred and protected by gleaming brasses which ward off the "evil eye." In Scotland, Kelpies would transform themselves into Horses in order to lure the traveler into their realm. Although predominantly connected with Goddess figures, the Horse is also a solar creature which suggests the finding of balance between the male and female. Both the Oak and the Holly were symbolic of the Summer Solstice when the White Horse of the Oak became the Unicorn of the Holly in transformation.

June 10-June 13: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Hornbeam, whose motto is "Monument of Loyalty" or "The Good Taste." Hornbeam individuals possess a cool beauty and exquisite taste. Although Hornbeams are concerned about their appearance, they are far from egotistical. They like their reasonable and disciplined lives to be as comfortable as possible. Hornbeam people look for kindess and acknowledgment in an emotional partner, though they are seldom happy with their own personal feelings. They are prone to mistrust and are never sure about the decisions they make, although they are the most conscientious characters. There is a tendency for Hornbeams to shoulder the responsibility for mistakes of others, it being more important in their eyes to promote tolerance and maintain harmony rather than respect rigid rules which demand a scapegoat.

June 14-June 23: Those born on this date also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Fig, whose motto is "Soul of Kindess" or "The Sensibility." Fig individuals are very strong, independent and somewhat self-willed. They love life, their family and animals but cannot bear to be contradicted. Something of a social butterfly, Figs possess a good sense of humor, practical talent and intelligence. However, there is a tendency toward idleness and laziness. The sensitivity of Fig people can make them find life rather bitter, but they have the necesssary strength to preserve a human susceptibility. Born on one of the shortest or longest days of the year, it may be more difficult for Fig individuals to find the right balance between spontaneity and reason...quietness and restlessness...sweetness and bitterness...than it is for others. It is in the Fig nature to switch back-and-forth between the two sides of this flexible personality, along with a tendency to exaggerate from time-to-time.

June 24: Those born on this date also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Birch, whose motto is "Light of the Initiates" or "The Inspiration." Birch individuals are vivacious, attractive, elegant and friendly. They are unpretentious characters, modest with little ambition, who dislike anything in excess. With a distaste for what they perceive to be vulgar, Birch people love life in nature and are calm individuals. While not very passionate in character, Birches are nonetheless full of imagination and tend to create a content atmosphere. They are helpful and devoted people but often experience personal disappointments. There is a great tendency for the Birch individual to lapse into excessive tyranny or selfishness if he or she suffered any type of abuse as a child.

June 25-July 4: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Apple, whose motto is "Fulfilled In Love." The Apple Tree is the tree of perfection, the love link that unites nature with mankind, life with death and the beyond with the here and now. It is one of the seven sacred Celtic trees. The Celtic calendar has only two fruit trees...one is the Apple and the other is the Fig. Apple individuals are usually slight of build and blessed with an abundance of charm, appeal and attraction. They exude a pleasant aura and are flirtatious, adventurous and sensitive. Always in love, Apple people seek to be loved and make for faithful and tender partners. They are generous, stable and possessed with scientific talents. A person who "lives for today," the Apple individual is a carefree philosopher endowed with imagination who dreams about an untroubled life with no division. Apples are excellent mediators, their moral tolerance being beyond reproach and they like to be in contact with people they can help, for by helping others, they can often help themselves out of a bad patch.

July 5-July 7: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Fir, whose motto is "To Watch Over Every Birth" or "The Mysterious." Fir individuals have extraordinary taste, dignity and sophistication. They love anything that is beautiful, but tend to be somewhat moody and stubborn. Though somewhat egotistic, Fir individuals nonetheless care deeply for those close to them. They are usually quite modest, very ambitious, talented and industrious. Fir people tend to make many friends...and equally as many foes...but are very reliable in character. Reserved about everything that affects them closely, Fir individuals tend to take refuge beneath the facade of prosperity, with a paradoxical need to feel free and protected at the same time. The Holy(July 8-August 4)

In the Ogham, it was stated that the Holly was "best in the fight," since it helped balance both the positive and negative aspects of the self, thus revealing a new direction. It was believed to restore lost energy, bestowing the strength needed to continue toward a resolution. Despite its prickly leaves (which afford protection to the tree during Winter), the Holly offered empathy and understanding within its branches and was often associated with goodwill and love...virtues of certain Gods and Godesses. For this reason, it was frequently planted near homes for protection and to ward off evil, psychic attacks and demons. When Celtic chieftains chose a successor, that successor was crowned with a Holly wreath and branches of the tree were carried by Celtic men for good luck. The Holly was said to ease thoughts of jealousy and mistrust while providing protection from evil spirits. Also reputed to tame wild beasts, babies were bathed in water from the leaves in order to protect them from harm.

The Holly (also known as "Bat's Wings" and "Christ's Thorn" among others) was thought to repel enemies and warriors would carry cudgels and fashion spear shafts made of its wood. As a symbol of good luck and good fortune, the Holly was the evergreen twin of the Oak in Celtic mythology and was often referred to by the name "Kerm-Oak." As the Oak ruled the light part of the year, thus did the Holly rule the dark. The Holly also represented the eternal, ever-green aspects of Mother Earth. With Ivy and Mistletoe, the Holly was regarded as a potent life symbol by virtue of its year-long foliage and Winter fruits. Holly wood was also formerly one of the three timbers used in the construction of chariot wheel shafts. The ancient name for the Holly was "Holm" and, with the coming of Christianity, it became known as the Holy Tree...symbolic of the Crown of Thorns.

The Holly was particularly sacred to the Druids who instructed folk to take it into their homes during Winter in order to provide shelter for the Elves and Faeries during cold weather. It was said that to keep even one leaf inside after Imbolc (a MidWinter celebration also known as Candlemas) would bring about misfortune. In Ancient Rome, gifts of Holly were given during the Saturnalia celebration and the use of its branches as Yule decorations was common to many cultures. The image of the Holly King is familiar to most people and has been personified as the Ghost of Christmas Present in several celluloid versions of Charles Dickens' "A Christmas Carol." By tradition, a Holly branch should never be cut from the tree but instead, must be pulled off. It is considered unlucky to cut or burn Holly, but it is thought to be lucky to hang a small branch remaining from the Yule celebrations outside the house. This is said to protect against lightning and ensure good fortune.

To the Druids, the Holly was regarded as a strong and protective herb, guarding against evil spirits, short-tempered Elementals, poisons, thunder and lightning. The notion of protection against lightning is based upon the fact that the spikes of Holly leaves act as miniature conductors, granting immunity to the tree. It was also believed to be especially favored by the Sun. As a magickal herb, the Holly bestowed wisdom and courage and was considered to be useful in dream magick. According to lore, if a young girl gathered nine leaves from the "she-holly" at midnight on a Friday and then tied them into a three-cornered handkerchief using nine knots, she might dream of her future husband by placing the handkerchief beneath her pillow. A variation of this spell dictated that the leaves had to be collected in silence and bound in a white cloth...again using nine knots. This, when placed under the pillow, was said to make dreams come true. It was once thought that if the smooth leaves of the "she-holly" were brought into the house first during Yule, then the wife would rule the household during the approaching year. If the "he-holly" with its prickly leaves were brought in first, then the husband would rule. It was also once believed that if a man carried a Holly leaf or berry upon his person, he would become attractive to women. One old custom associated with the Holly was to place pieces of candle on the leaves, light the candles and then float them in a tub of water. Each person would then make a wish upon their leaf. If the candle remained lit, then the wish was said to come true. According to Pliny, Holly wood when thrown in the direction of any animal would compel that animal to obey. Medicinally, the Holly was used during meditation to calm the mind and body.

In Christian lore, the Holly miraculously grew its leaves out of season one Winter night in order to hide the Holy Family from Herod's soldiers. One variation on an ancient legend also states that it was the tree from which Christ's crucifix was made, all of the trees of the forests refusing the defilement of the cross by splintering into tiny fragments at the touch of the axe, the Holly alone behaved as an ordinary tree, allowing itself to be cut and formed into a cross.

The Holly tree (of which there are well over 150 species) can grow (albeit very slowly) to be as high as fifty feet and is native to most of Central and Southern Europe. Its white, star- shaped flowers bloom in the Spring and it bears shiny red berries in Autumn which last throughout the Winter season. The leaves of the Holly are shiny, dark green in color, elliptical in shape and have spiny points. In order to produce berries, both a male and a female tree are required. Only the female tree produces berries which, although lovely to look at, are poisonous. Given its evergreen nature, the Holly represented immortality and was one of the Nine Sacred Woods used in Need-Fires (the others being Oak, Pine, Hazel, Juniper, Cedar, Poplar, Apple and Ash). In ancient Irish lore, it was also listed as one of the Noble Trees of the Grove (along with Birch, Alder, Willow, Oak, Hazel and Apple). The Holly tree has a fine white wood which was once used in the making of inlays and for walking sticks as well as riding crops. Its leaves are a favorite food among deer and sheep during the Winter months. The wood of the Holly is hard, compact and beautifully white in color, being susceptible of a very high polish.

There are two distinct types of Holly individuals (a division which relates to all Celtic Tree Signs). The "new moon" character is associated with the first two weeks of a sign and the "full moon" character is associated with the last two weeks. The "new moon" Holly individual is more inclined to become involved with the dreams and ambitions of others by providing both financial and emotional support. While this is indicative of an unselfish and sympathetic nature, it can lead to a blind optimism which may be personally damaging. The "full moon" Holly individual is more committed to his or her own dreams and amibitions. Such people are likely to become the founding members of societies or business corporations while still retaining a sense of history and tradition. The "full moon" Holly individual, however, is frequently hypersenstive to personal criticism and may be forced to retreat periodically from the world.

In general, Holly individuals are practical, capable and steadfast in the face of adversity. Being cautious, logical and efficient, they possess a good business sense, but prefer to assist rather than lead. In relationships, Holly people are supportive, protective and possessive. Holly individuals have a tendency to strive for perfection, which often leads to loss of confidence and direction. They exhibit a large amount of personal integrity and tend to influence things a great deal, but usually behind the scenes. Their word is literally their bond and honor is their guiding principle. The weak point of the Holly individual is sensitivity to personal criticism...his or her need for constant affection and attention can make the Holly demanding in a close relationship. There may also be a tendency to exhibit a miserly attitude. Not known to be risk-takers until all the facts have been gathered, the Holly individual possesses the ability to solve difficult problems through the use of simple logic.

Holly individuals are attracted to banking and insurance. They are strong-willed and make for trustworthy friends with a great reserve of physical endurance. Down-to-earth people, they usually possess much spiritual contentment. The Holly individual tends to be a collector of artifacts and has an excellent eye for a "good deal." As a mate, the Holly person is affectionate...although often overly-protective...not inclined to wander and frequently marries a childhood sweetheart. Hollies also make for tolerant and very supportive spouses and tend to have a number of close friends of both sexes. Although sometimes appearing to lack a sense of humor, this is chiefly due to the dislike of the Holly individual to laugh at the expense of another. Holly people can be reclusive and all require a quiet place of their own in which to take respite from the huge responsibilities they usually place upon themselves.

Physical Goal: To learn that challenges may be overcome with unity and concerted effort, provided the cause is just.

Mental Goal: To train and learn daily.

Spiritual Goal: To cultivate dynamic and instinctive intuition in order to respond to fast- moving situations...to accept the reality of "here and now."

Amergin Verse: "I am a Battle-Waging Spear"

Ogham Association: Tinne

Polarity: Feminine Color: Dark Grey

Class: Peasant

Letter Character: "T"

Month: June...the eighth month in the Celtic Ogham. The original name for this month was Junonius in honor of the Great Mother Goddess, Juno who presided over Marriages and Childbirth. Thus, June is considered a lucky month in which to be wed.

Alias: "Moon of Encirclement" and "Moon of Polarity"

Magickal Properties: Protection, Prophecy, Animal Magick and Sexual Magick

Some Famous Holly People: Sandra Bullock, Harrison Ford, Henry Ford, Tom Hanks, Arnold Schwartzeneggar, Martha Stewart and Patrick Stewart

Gemstone: The Holly gemstone is the Red Carnelian, a translucent form of Chalcedony Quartz with a uniform red, reddish-orange to reddish-brown color. Its hue comes from iron impurities in the quartz structure. To change the color of a Carnelian from brownish to red, the stone may be left in sunlight. The name of the gem is derived from the Latin word cornum which means "berry" or "cherry." In ancient times, this stone was sometimes referred to as "Sardius" and in the Bible, it was the first stone designated for the Breastplate of the High Priest. The most perfect forms of this gem are said to come from India, but it can be found worldwide. The Carnelian has a long history of being a stone which offers protection from negative emotions (such as anger, jealousy, envy and rage) to the wearer, as well as helping to remove sorrow. It was worn by Mohammed, Napoleon I and Napolean III for this very reason. Traditionally carved into insignias, the gem was once said to bring good fortune, protection and comfort. It is still worn in the Near East today for luck. Medicinally, the Carnelian is believed to aid those suffering from asthma, to lower blood pressure, ease menstrual cramps and arthritish. It is also thought to aid ailments of the kidneys, gall bladder and pancreas while lowering fevers and stimulating the appetite. The Carnelian is believed to bring an awareness that love is all one can offer and that offering love will bring many benefits in return. It is also thought to stimulate analytical abilities and attention to detail, as well as awakening inherent talents. Said to help in the flow of creative energies, the Carnelian is considered helpful to those in the arts and entertainment industry. The Carnelian is also believed to help calm the fear of death, granting serenity and acceptance of the Great Circle of Life.

Some of the oldest examples of human jewelry contained Carnelian. The greatest myths associated with the Carnelian originate from Egyptian culture, where its power was so revered that it was one of three (the other two being the Turquoise and the Lapis Lazuli) used most often in Egyptian jewelry. The Goddess Isis is said to protect the dead with a Carnelian Amulet named "Thet." After being soaked in Aknhami flower water on a Sycamore plinth and placed on the body of the deceased, Isis would grant the person protection from harm while moving through the AfterLife. The gem also appears in Hebrew mythology...Aaron's breastplate included a Carnelian stone. Buddhists in both China and India created amulets inlaid with Carnelian and other semi-precious stones, ascribing to them powers of protection and employing them in many rituals. In some parts of the Middle Eat, Carnelian is said to represent the Hebrew Tribe of Reuben and Phillip the Apostle. To some Muslims, it is known as "The Mecca Stone," belief being that Allah would grant all the desires of the wearers of the stone. One famous historical Carnelian was the octagonal- shaped seal worn by Napoleon I, Napoleon III and the Prince Imperial. When the Prince was killed in South Africa by the Zulus, the seal was taken from his body and has never been recovered.

Flower: The flower of the Holly is the Meadow-Sweet (also known as Bridewort, Queen of the Meadow, Pride of the Meadow and Meadsweet), a late Summer flowering perennial plant with fern-like foliage and delicate creamy-white flowers which blossom from June until almost September. It grows profusely along streams, pond edges and wet meadowlands. The blossoms have a delightful sweet fragrance and make an ideal base for pot pourri. It is one of the best known wild flowers and, together with the Water-Mint and Vervain, was one of the three herbs held most sacred by the Druids. Medicinally, Meadow-Sweet is valuable as an astringent and diuretic, frequently used in affections of the blood. However, it should not be taken by persons sensitive to aspirin (salicylate). It is said to be particularly effective in the treatment of heartburn and stomach ulcers, as well as an aid in the relief of sore joints and muscles. The name of the plant has its origin not in the word "meadow," but in "mead-wort" due to the flowers of a similar species once being used to flavor mead or honey-wine. The nectar of the Meadow-Sweet is a particular favorite of Bumblebees and Spring Azure Butterfly caterpillars. White-tailed Deer often feed on the twigs. Its leaves were once used as a tea and to make a tonic treatment for intestinal ailments. The plant itself was formerly strewn across the floors of homes. Meadow-Sweet belongs to the genus Spiraea of the Rose family. In Celtic mythology, Meadow-Sweet was used (together with Oak and Broom) by Gwydion and Math in the creation of Bloddeuedd as a wife for Llew Llaw Gyffes, a story which is found in The Mabinogion.

Celestial Body: The celestial body associated with the Holly is the planet Earth ("Abred"), named for the ancient Greek Earth Goddess, Gaea. She was called Terra Mater or "Earth Mother" by the Romans.

Deity: The Holly deity is Danu (also known as Dana or Anu), the Goddess after whom the Tuatha De Danaan were named and the Mother Goddess of Irish mythology. Her divine children (which included the Dagda, Dian Cecht, Ogma, Llyr and many others) were the Gods and Goddesses who ruled Ireland prior to the arrival of the Milesians. Danu was also usually considered to be the equivalent of the Welsh Goddess, Don. Despite her preeminent position, Danu remains a vague figure and does not otherwise play a prominent part in either Irish or Welsh folklore, due to the possibility that monks from the Fifth Century onward greatly underplayed the original role of this Goddess in their compilations. Danu is often associated with universal wisdom, magic, the creation of the cosmos and world, the seasons, life-giving rain, the primordial essence of nature and sacred groves, and nature's fertility and bounty. Danu was remembered in Celtic tradition on Beltane (May 1) when worshippers carried torches up hills as part of a ritual that included the purification of cattle and sheep and the blessing of the Earth for new crops. Danu's totem animal was the Mare, which appears to equate her with the Gallo-Roman Goddess Epona and many other female Celtic deities. The "Cult of Anu" was particularly associated with Munster and two hills in County Kerry are, even to this day, still known as Da Chich Anann ("The Paps of Anu").

The Holly is also sacred to Lugh, Irish God of Medicine, and to Habondia, the Celtic Goddess of Abundance, Plenty and Prosperity, who was demoted to a "mere witch" in medieval English folklore.

Animals:

The Cat - Many Celtic legends pictured the Cat as a ferocious and evil creature. However, that may have been because Cats were untamed during the time of the Druids. It was a potent totem animal of several clans and Caithness, named after the Clan of the Catti, is one example. In Irish lore, Finn mac Cumhail was said to have fought a clan of "cat-headed" people...most probably Celts who wore cat skins on their helmets. The Cat was thought to be a strong protector, especially when facing a confrontational situation.

The Unicorn - A mythic animal with the body of a white horse, the legs of an antelope and the tail of a lion which sported a single horn upon its forhead, the Unicorn was a symbol of purity, strength and supreme magickal power. It taught that every action is creation. Thus, every day should be made to count. It also aided in understanding the relationship between physical and spiritual realities. In Celtic lore, the Unicorn represented a Horse sporting a horn that resembled a Flaming Spear...another of the symbols associated with the Holly. The symbol of the Flaming Spear was connected to the month of Tanist because the Celtic "T" was shaped like a barbed spear. Both the Holly and the Oak were symbolic of the Summer Solstice when the White Horse of the Oak became the Unicorn of the Holly in transformation.

July 8-July 14: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Fir, whose motto is "To Watch Over Every Birth" or "The Mysterious." Fir individuals have extraordinary taste, dignity and sophistication. They love anything that is beautiful, but tend to be somewhat moody and stubborn. Though somewhat egotistic, Fir individuals nonetheless care deeply for those close to them. They are usually quite modest, very ambitious, talented and industrious. Fir people tend to make many friends...and equally as many foes...but are very reliable in character. Reserved about everything that affects them closely, Fir individuals tend to take refuge beneath the facade of prosperity, with a paradoxical need to feel free and protected at the same time.

July 15-July 25: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Elm, whose motto is "Noble Attitude." Elm individuals are usually pleasantly built and are fond of tasteful clothes. Their demands are modest and they are practical by nature. There is a tendency to be unforgiving of those who make mistakes, but they are otherwise cheerful. With a desire to lead, the unconventional Elm individual dislikes being given orders, but does make for an honest and faithful partner. With an inherent dislike of selfish people and those who "follow the pack," the ideals of Elm people lean strongly toward justice and tolerance. Although Elm individuals are prone to make decisions on behalf of others, they are nonetheless noble-minded and generous with a good sense of humor. Those who fall under the jurisdiction of the Elm detest being labeled...even if that label be a flattering one.

July 26-August 4: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Cypress, whose motto is "Song of Resurrection" or "The Faithfulness." Cypress individuals are strong, muscular and adaptable, taking what life has to offer. Content and optimistic, Cypress people crave money and acknowledgement and hate to be lonely, although they are prone to pursue independence. They are passionate individuals, with a love which is difficult to satisfy, but are nonetheless faithful. Cypress individuals have a tendency to be quick-tempered, unruly, pedantic and careless. They often possess a biting irony and a certain taste for sarcasm, acquired by virtue of their tendency to bravely undergo the hardest of blows and thereby learn how to free themselves from the burdens of life.

The Hazel(August 5-September 1)

The Hazel was considered to be the Tree of Wisdom and to fell one was once a crime punishable by death. It was believed that magickal skills and knowledge could be gained from eating Hazel nuts, which are the emblems of concentrated wisdom. In Irish folklore, the Hazel tree was the home of Bile Ratha, the poetic fairy. The Hazel is also strongly associated with mediation and meditation. The Druids were the inheritors of the knowledge of measurement and calculation, skills of the earlier "dodmen" who were the prehistoric surveyors of the key lines and trackways portrayed in the ancient chalk-cut figure of the Long Man of Wilmington who is shown holding staves or rods. Also skilled in the law, the Druids were often called upon to mediate in disputes concerning property and land boundaries, in much the same way as the surveyors of modern times. Twigs of Hazel are favored by water-diviners and for other methods of divination due to the sensitive nature of the tree and its close affinity with the element of water. It was once believed that the Mushrooms which grow on a Hazel could provide an individual with the ability to relocate what he or she may have lost.

The Hazel was a favored tree of the Druids, some of whom preferred its wood over that of the Oak for their staffs, given its conductive nature. This was, however, purely a matter of preference. Staffs made of Hazel were once considered as a sign of authority among the Druids. Pins made of Hazel were once used to protect houses from fire and the trees planted as shade from the Sun. Ground Hazel nuts were often employed in the curing of coughs, the soothing of sore throats and the relief of head cold symptoms. The dry skin covering the nut was once ground into a powder and used to relieve heavy menstrual flows. The Hazel was said to be a reminder to trust and listen to intuition which, in essence, is trust in the self. It was believed to promote thought processes and the flow of inspiration while accepting responsibility for actions.

Ancient legend tells that after the banishment from Eden, God gave Adam the power to create any animal he wanted. In order to do this, Adam had to strike the sea with a rod made of Hazel. The first animal Adam created in this fashion was the Sheep, but Eve saw this and created a Wolf, which immediately attacked the Sheep. Thus, in order to control the Wolf, Adam created the Dog. The Dog overcame the Wolf and harmony was thereby restored.

A member of the Birch family, the Hazel is a small deciduous tree, hardy, moderately shade-tolerant and grows best on heavy but well-drained soil. It forms a shrub which can grow to be 20 feet tall. Native to almost all of Europe, the Hazel is found everywhere in the British Isles, inhabiting open woodlands, scrubs, hedgerows and the edges of forests. Both male and female flowers grow on the same tree, the male catkins opening with the first warm day of Spring forming bright yellow, drooping "lamb tails." The female flowers on the same branch appear as tiny pink tufts on plump buds. The flowers develop into the well- known clusters of nuts which turn brown around the month of October. The tree's Latin name, Corylus avellana comes from the Greek word korys which means "helmet" (a reference to the calyx which covers the nut) and avellana which commemorates the town of Avella in Italy where the nuts were cultivated. "Hazel" is probably derived from the Anglo-Saxon haesel or "bonnet," which itself came from the Greek korys. Poles of Hazel were once woven into panels called "wattles" which were used to construct the walls of houses and used to build hurdles with which to pen sheep. The nuts (also known as Filberts) are a particular favorite of the Dormouse and Grey Squirrel and were once burned by priests in order to enhance clairvoyance.

There are two distinct types of Hazel individuals (a division which relates to all Celtic Tree Signs). The "new moon" character is associated with the first two weeks of a sign and the "full moon" character is associated with the last two weeks.

The "new moon" Hazel individual is more inclined to seek out knowledge than his or her "full moon" counterpart. These people possess an inquisitive nature which can, at times, become prying or underhand. The "full moon" Hazel individual is more outgoing in nature and temperament. These people are also more inclined to become public figures who seek to educate or instruct people in the arts. The "full moon" Hazel sets a high regard on honesty and has well-defined principles. Such people can, however, be very critical in attitude...usually stemming from an inbuilt hypersensitivity. Hazel individuals need to express their creativity or they could easily become morbid and introspective.

In general, Hazel individuals are perceptive and clever people, endowed with good reasoning powers. This sharpness of intellect makes for excellent debaters and writers. They are also wonderful planners and organizers...even down to the smallest detail. The desire to acquire knowledge often leads to Hazel individuals becoming adept scholars and they are frequently experts in their chosen fields. They have lively and analytical minds, possess a great deal of imagination and are radical and idealistic thinkers. Their artistic abilities often lead them to create beautiful things which have very practical uses. Sometimes known as the mediators of society, Hazels are keen observers of the truth around them and able to judge an entire situation in a very short period of time. There is, however, a tendency for Hazel people to sometimes become paranoid and lack self-worth. Their abundance of nervous energy (more mental and emotional rather than physical) needs to be constantly channeled or they may become prone to sudden headaches and migraines. Hazel individuals dislike pretense, false values and waste of any kind. They are probably the most rational of all the Celtic signs and always appear to be cool and reserved, which enables them to remain outside of life's emotional sphere. Such personal emotional surface control, however, may simply be a cover for a highly sensitive nature and they are prone to suffer from nervous tension. Physicially, the Hazel is not necessarily robust, but is possessed with a strong mental stamina. Hazels individuals are blessed with agile minds able to cope with any extremes, but they have a tendency to be most critical of their own shortcomings and may suffer from low self-esteem. At times, Hazels have been known to become argumentative or even cynical and may resort to underhanded means (such as prying) in order to attain the knowledge they are always constantly seeking. As mates, Hazel individuals are honest and caring, but may be inclined to overindulge their children and spouses. Though not particuarly demonstrative people, they are sincere and inspire great loyalty from others.

Physical Goal: To inspire others to increase their capacity in the arts of poetry, divination and mediation...and to be aware that example is the best teacher.

Mental Goal: To allow the prompting of intuition to bring ideas to the surface.

Spiritual Goal: To follow intuition to the source, where the reward will be wisdom and the soul will ring with poetry.

Amergin Verse: "I am a Salmon in a Pool"

Ogham Association: Coll

Polarity: Feminine

Color: Brown

Class: Chieftain

Letter Character: "K" and "C"

Month: July...ninth month in the Celtic Ogham and the mid-point between the Summer Solstice and Lughnasadh. It is named for Julius Caesar but was formerly known as Quintilis, the fifth month of the ancient Roman calendar. Due to the heat associated with July, it is believed to be an unhealthy month when dogs go mad (with fleas) and snakes go blind. It was also once considered unlucky to swim during the month of July.

Alias: "Moon of the Wise" and "Crone Moon"

Magickal Properties: Manifestation, Spirit Contact, Protection and Fertility

Some Famous Hazel People: Tori Amos, Lawrence of Arabia, Antonio Banderas, Bill Clinton, Robert DeNiro, Madonna, Napoleon and Lord Tennyson

Gemstone: The Hazel gemstone is the Amethyst (sometimes known as "Rose d'France" or the "Stone of the Seventh Ray"), a transparent stone and the most valuable (and probably best known) of the Quartz family. Its color varies from pale lilac to a deep rich purple. Amethyst is found in many countries and has been used in China for over 8,000 years. Thought to increase spirituality, it was a symbol of sincerity, security and peace of mind. Accoridng to ancient belief, wearing Amethyst or drinking from an Amethyst chalice would prevent intoxication. Its name is derived from the Greek Amethustos, which means "not drunken." According to Roman myth, Bacchus, God of Wine, created this gem. In order to avenge an insult he suffered at the hands of a mortal, he had vowed to have a Tiger devour the next mortal to cross his path, which happened to be a beautiful young maiden named Amethyst. The maiden cried out to the Goddess Diana to save her and was transformed into brilliant white crystal. When Bacchus saw what he had done, he was filled with remorse. Pouring wine over the stone maiden, he turned the color to a lovely violet. However, he left the feet and legs of the maiden colorless...which is said to be the reason why Amethyst crystals are usually uneven in color and have a colorless base at the bottom. In its deep purple variety, the Amethyst is symbolic of royalty and is featured in the British Crown Jewels as well as being a favored gem of Catherine the Great. In Judeo-Christian tradition, it was one of the stones in the breastplate of the High Priest and has long been considered the stone of Bishops, since a ring with an Amethyst setting is worn by all Bishops of the Catholic Church to symbolize their moral victory over all worldly indulgences. It is sacred to Buddha and prayer beads are ofted fashioned from the stone. When heated to 550-560 C, the color of the Amethyst changes to a dark yellow or reddish-brown. It is then known as a Citrine. If exposed to strong sunlight for any great length of time, an Amethyst will lighten in color. The Amethyst is said to promote pleasant dreams, improve memory and provide immunity to poison (when placed under the pillow). The wearers of an Amethyst are said to become gentle and amiable people and it remains one of the world's most popular gems. Tradition dictates that it should be set in gold or silver for the strongest effect.

Flower: The flower of the Hazel is the Vervain, also known as "Enchanter's Plant," "Herb of the Cross," "Juno's Tears," "Dragon's Claw," "Columbine" and "Pigeonweed," among others. Its name is derived from the Celtic ferfaen, meaning "to drive away a stone." Ancient priests used Vervain in sacrificial rites and it was also used extensively by Druid magicians and sorcerers. Vervain is a perennial herb native to the Mediterranean region with a woody stalk and several stiffly-erect stems. It flourishes best in waysides and waste areas. Its flowers come in a variety of colors...white, pink, purple, scarlet, blue and lavender...and grow in slender spikes, blooming from June to October. The European Vervain was sacred to the Greeks and Romans, as well as to the Druids. It is associated in Christian tradition with the Crucifixion, being believed to have staunched the blood of Jesus Christ while on the cross and is said to have first been found on the Mount of Calvary. Because of this association, it was thought to have been an effective charm against incubi, demons and evil spells. Its bright flowers were once belived to be an indication that the plant could cure eye problems. The Vervain was formerly used for many medicinal purposes...as an astringent and diuretic...as well as being employed for relief of whooping cough, dropsy, jaundice and problems associated with the kidneys and the liver. An infusion or decoction was said to help heal wounds and it was once thought to be a powerful aphrodisiac which could secure the favor of ladies. Until relatively recently, it was hung around the necks of children to avert infection.

Celestial Body: The celestial body associated with the Hazel is the planet Mercury ("Mugher"), named for the Messenger of the Roman Gods.

Deity: The Hazel deity is Oghma (also known as Ogma), son of Boann and The Dagda. The God of Communication and Writing, as well as Literature and Eloquence, Oghma is said to have invented the Ogham Alphabet and made a gift of it to the Druids. He is often considered the Patron Deity of Poets. Oghma was also the champion or designated warrior representative of the Tuatha De Danaan and fought with Llugh against the Fomorians (ancient Irish Sea Gods). In myth, he assumed the role of helping to escort the recently- dead to the OtherWorld. Credited with more personality than many of the old Irish deities, Oghma was given two nicknames. The first was "Cermait" which means "honey-mouthed" and is related to the Irish gift of the gab also known as blarney. The other was "Grianainech," which means "the sunny-faced," believed to come from Oghma's great wisdom. Oghma was married to Etan, daughter of Diancecht the Irish God of Medicine, and three of his sons eventually became co-rulers of the Tuatha. In the final battle at Mag Tuireadh, Oghma managed to wrestle the sword from the King of the Fomorians, but was obliged to pay for this mighty accomplishment with his life. He is often equated with Heracles, Greek hero and son of Zeus.

The Hazel is also sacred to Manannan mac Lir, a chameleon-like Sea-God who was a shape- shifer and master of disguise. Son of the Sea-God Llyr, Manannan dressed in a green cloak and wore a gold headband. The Isle of Arran (also known as the "Land of Promise") in the Firth of Clyde and the Isle of Man (which was so named in Manannan's honor) once fell under his particular protection. His palace at Arran (called Emhain of the Apple Trees) housed Manannan's swine which constantly renewed themselves and were the chief food of the Tuatha De Danann, preventing them from aging. Manannan possessed many famous weapons, as well as a self-propelled ship and magickal armor which staved off wounds and had the power to make the Tuatha invisible. Manannan was not a popular God until the Celts (chiefly a herding people) took to the sea. There are many legends associated with Manannan in mythology (several of which are contradictory). It is believed that Manannan was the one who decreed that the world of faery and world of humans should forever remain separated when Fand, one of his many wives, fell in love with Cuchulain the Hero of Ulster.

Animals:

The Stalking Crane - At one time, the Crane was a common animal in the British Isles. According to one late Celtic tradition (apparently originated after the arrival of Christianity), Cranes were people paying a penance for wrong-doing. The Crane was associated with the Cailleach and Manannan mac Lir, who made his crane bag from the skin of this bird. The Crane, with its colors of black, white and red, was a bird of the Moon and sacred to the Triple Goddess. It symbolized magick, shaminic travel, learning and the keeping of secrets, as well as being associated with deep mysteries and truths.

The Rainbow Salmon - Considered by the Celts to be the one of the most ancient and most wise of animals, the Salmon symbolized inspiration. In Irish myth, Salmon swam in the River Boyne under the overhanging Hazel tree from which the nine nuts of poetic wisdom fell. These nuts were consumed by the Salmon who absorbed the inspiration encapsulated therein. The Salmon were then eaten by Fionn mac Cumhal who subsequently acquired the knowledge of all things and later became leader of the Fianna, an Irish warband of immense strength. According to Celtic legend, Fintan the "White Ancient" was able to assume the form of animals, one of which was the Salmon. Salmon would also be the animals which would lead Gwrhyr to the Mabon and eventually toward wisdom and rebirth.

August 5-August 13: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Poplar, whose motto is "Overcome Doubt" or "The Uncertainty." Poplar individuals have a decorative appearance but tend lack self-confidence. They are prone to mature very quickly and assimilate things equally as quickly. Displaying courage only when absolutely necessary and hostile only toward extremists, the narrow- minded or hotheads, Poplar people prefer the goodwill of others and pleasant surroundings. This individual can be somewhat choosy, is often lonely and may harbor great animosity toward others. Artistic by nature, they are good organizers who lean toward philosophy. Reliable in almost any given situation, Poplar people cherish their friends and surround them with love. They take partnerships very seriously but are inclined to be generous only toward those who are generous in return. The life of a Poplar individual is made of judicious transactions and all manner of exchanges. If the Poplar perceives a warm and friendly atmosphere, then the heart and spirit opens...if not, then he or she will withdraw.

August 14-August 23: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Cedar, whose motto is "Moral Greatness" or "The Confidence." Cedar individuals are often possessed of rare beauty. They know how to adapt, have a love of luxury and are usually blessed with good health. Not in the least shy, Cedar people are prone to sometimes look down on others, they themselves brimming with self- confidence. Determined and often impatient, Cedar individuals like to impress. They have many talents, are industrious and possess a healthy optimism and inner strength. Alert and usually thoughtful, the Cedar lives in enlightenment, responding to precise self-imposed requirements. Neither success nor failure can erode the serenity or the determination of a Cedar individual. Otherwise able to make quick decisions, Cedar people seem to constantly be waiting for their one true love.

August 24-September 1: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Pine, whose motto is "Father of Wisdom" or "The Particular." Pine individuals are very robust and active, and also tend to be cautious, provident and hard-working people. They are idealists, being trustworthy and practical by nature. They love agreeable company and know how to make life comfortable without being selfish...if Pine individuals have a benefit, it will almost always reflect on those around them. They make for good companions, though not always overly-friendly to those they do not know. Pine people fall in love easily, but with a passion which is prone to burn out quickly. They have a tendency to give up without much struggle and may suffer many disappointments in life. The Vine(September 2- September 29)

In the cool Celtic climate, the GrapeVine required much care in order to bear fruit and became symbolic of sacred knowledge and spiritual initiation, as well as a symbol of sensuality and emotions. The Vine of the Ogham Alphabet is the GrapeVine. Sacred to the deities, grapes were (and are still) used in the making of wine, allowing those who indulge to speak with truth...at least as they perceive it to be...and to release inhibitions. Wine was also once used to stimulate prophecy in the seers by allowing such sages to reach deep within their inner selves, with intuition acting as their guide.

Unlike the other Ogham trees and shrubs, the Vine is a more cultivated species. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that the Vine has been known and propagated in the British Isles for a very long time. The distinctive fruits and foliage of this hardy and long-living plant appear frequently on Bronze Age artifacts. Within the Ogham, the Vine is known as the "Weaver," given its tendency to entwine around others, often linking two together. To the Celts, this was indicative of the need to understand the importance of respect toward the options and actions of others. A determined shrub, the Vine is often found in hard-to- reach areas, leaving a delicate and beautiful path in its wake. The fruit of the Vine has long been known to release inhibitions and loosen tongues, thus allowing those who partake of its harvest to speak more freely. It is, however, easy to fall victim to the Vine's intoxicating nature. Noah, the biblical patriarch, is said to have planted a vineyard on Mount Ararat after the flood, later becoming intoxicated when he partook of the fermented beverage. Evidence suggests that the Vine existed prior to the appearance of man and the first traces of the cultivation of Vines for winemaking purposes would appear to be around 2000 B.C. in Sicily.

The GrapeVine is a very ancient plant which can grow to be as long as 115 feet. Its name is derived from viere, which means "to twist" and it has been recorded to have lived for as long as 600 years. This climbing shrub, with its simple leaves and greenish flowers, was once found in open woodlands and along the edges of forests, but is most commonly seen today in cultivation, with an industry and agricultural discipline devoted solely to the care of the Vine and production of its wine. The wild GrapeVine has unisexual flowers on separate plants which must be pollinated by insects. Only the female plant produces fruit which, when ripened and dried, is commonly referred to as the Raisin. Grape sugar is chemically different from other sugars since it enters the circulatory system without any action of the saliva. The seeds and leaves of the Vine have been used for astringent purposes and were once employed to cure dysentery in Cattle.

There are two distinct types of Vine individuals (a division which relates to all Celtic Tree Signs). The "new moon" character is associated with the first two weeks of a sign and the "full moon" character is associated with the last two weeks.

The "new moon" Vine individual is more inclined to openly express his or her emotions but often has trouble in coming to terms with certain aspects of life. Such a person is, however, enthusiastic by nature and very supportive of any partner. The "full moon" Vine individual is possesed with a wonderful ability to forgive with true compassion, but somewhat more difficult to comprehend than his or her "new moon" counterpart and is more prone to over- indulge the sensuous Vine nature.

In general, Vine individuals are discriminating, authoritative and set high personal standards. They appear cool and detached but are secret romantics who can be sensitive, vulnerable and self-critical. Keenly perceptive, they have an eye for detail and possess a refined aestetic taste. With an oddly dual personality, Vine people can be joyful and exuberant one moment and driven to tears the next. Their emotions tend to run on high, despite their outward appearnce of calm when facing danger or opposition. Instinctive organizers, Vine individuals are drawn to public service careers. They are kind, gentle, creative and good socializers...people who adore both theater and music. However, they have a propensity at times toward over-indulgence. Simple people who require a great deal of mental and emotional security in order to feel content, Vine individuals are not usually highly ambitious in their pursuits but do have a strong sense for survival. It is important that Vine people learn to balance both sides of life...the sowing and the reaping.

Vine individuals have a tendency to procrastinate, which must be overcome in order to avoid becoming lost in worry and negativity. Although their emotions run at a high level and they are, by nature, very sensual, Vines tend to display a reserved exterior and are possessed of a serenity in spirit. While Vines generally help to create harmony and stability, they can become rather parasitical...or even totally dependant...on the good nature of others. As sweethearts, Vine people are passionate in character, but their dual nature often makes a marriage difficult to sustain. They possess an earthy quality which some people find extremely attractive while others will find them to be aloof. Refined individuals with a good sense of humor (provided such humor is not too coarse), Vine people can be easily hurt by lack of consideration from others. Always ahead of the field when it comes to contingency plans and one of the Celtic Zodiac's instinctive organizers of life, it is a great mistake to underestimate the character of a Vine individual.

Physical Goal: To sense at a deep level that it is necessary to act in a certain way at any given moment in order to deal with an issue...to allow intuition to be the guide.

Mental Goal: To allow the senses to open in order to speed inner development...to learn how to place trust in the senses when they are acting strongly instead of constantly using reason.

Spiritual Goal: To open the inner self in order that all signs and omens may be harvested and gathered...or at least as many as is capable of understanding.

Amergin Verse: "I am a Hill of Poetry"

Ogham Association: Muin Polarity: Androgynous

Color: Variegated or Multi-Hued

Class: Chieftain

Letter Character: "M"

Month: August...tenth month in the Celtic Ogham. August was the month in which the Lughnassadh Festival was held...a time when the Celts began to bid farewell to the Sun God and welcome the Lunar Goddess. Named for the Roman Emperior Augustus Ceasar and originally called August Sextilis, August was also a time when thanks were given for the start of the harvest.

Alias: "Moon of Celebration"

Magickal Properties: Dependent upon the type of Vine:

Blackberry: Prosperity and Protection Blueberry: Spirituality and Dream Magick Grape: Fertility, Inspiration, Prosperity and Binding Thistle: Courage, Protection and Strength Some Famous Vine People: Queen Elizabeth I, Greta Garbo, Stephen King, Heather Locklear, Gwyneth Paltrow, Adam Sandler and Will Smith

Gemstone: The Vine gemstone is the Emerald, a sparkling-green precious stone of the Beryl group, its color caused by small amounts of chromium and enhanced by traces of iron. One of the most expensive jewels, the Emerald is, in some instances, more valued than the Diamond, with the highest quality stones being a transparent grass-green. The first Emeralds came from the Egyptian desert near the Red Sea and it is believed that Cleopatra made gifts of this gem to her favorite ambassadors...while Julius Caesar collected Emeralds for their great curative powers. The Emerald is a symbol of constancy and true affection, as well as signifying immortality and faith. It was once believed that serpents would be blinded if they looked upon an Emerald, while the Incas and the Aztecs worshipped it as a sacred stone. Its name is derived from the Greek word Smaragdos, which means "green stone" and it was highly prized by the Ancients as the gemstone of love and rebirth. It is said to give its owner the gift of eloquence.

Many ancient races considered the Emerald as a stone of the Gods. The Mohammedians also thought it possessed godly powers and a rough Emerald inscribed with a verse of the Koran was a talisman of immortality. A highly-polished Emerald was once believed to have the power of restoring failing eyesight and Nero, while watching the gladiators in the arena, would use an Emerald to lengthen his vision. It was formerly used in the treatment of inflamed eyes...made into a lotion by being steeped in water or sometimes crushed and powdered first. In Greek mythology, Hermes composed a tablet carved from a giant Emerald as a gift for Aphrodite. It was one of the sacred stones used in the Breastplate of the High Priest and, in the Book of Revelations, Emerald is said to compose the throne of God. The Holy Grail is reputed to have been carved from a huge Emerald which fell from Satan's crown upon his banishment from Heaven and it has also been suggested that Jesus Christ used an Emerald bowl at the Last Supper. In Hebrew lore, Emeralds were one of the four precious stones given to Solomon. Legend states that if an Emerald is given by one lover to another, it will pale and grow dull when the love between them fades.

Flower: The flower of the Vine is the Valerian, also known as the common or garden Heliotrope and often referred to in modern times as an "herbal valium." Its other aliases include "Phew" (due to its rather offensive odor), "All-Heal," "Stink Root" and "Capon's Tail." Its name derives from the Latin valere which means "to be well." Extracts from the root system of the Valerian have been used for centuries in order to help people relax and get to sleep. Traditionally, extracts from the root have been used as a sedative to aid in the relief of insomnia, anxiety and some types of pain and nervous conditions. It has an opposite effect on felines (and rats), causing drunk or wild behavior similar to the effects of Catnip. Valerian thrives best in wet soil and may be found growing along marshy thickets, ditches or streams. It is a hardy perennial, sometimes reaching as high as five feet, with a single stem which is covered with hairs. The flower clusters (which range in color from white to pale pink, blue or lavender) bloom in umbrella-like formation from June to September and the medicinal root is best harvested in the Fall. According to early German folklore, the Pied Piper of Hamlin charmed both rats and children with the hypnotic Valerian root in addition to his entrancing music. In the Middle Ages, Valerian root was used as a spice and even as a perfume, in addition to being a medicine, and during the Second World War, shell-shock and "bombing neurosis" were treated with Valerian.

Celestial Body: The celestial body associated with the Vine is the planet Venus ("Gwena"), named for the Roman Goddess of Love, Beauty, Springtime and Flowers.

Deity: The Vine deity is Branwen, also known as "Fair Bosom," sister of Bran the Blessed and wife of the Irish King Mathowch. Branwen was the daughter of Llyr, Lord of the Sea and literary ancestor of Shakespeare's King Lear. Otherwise called "Venus of the Northern Seas," Branwen was one of the three matriarchs of Britain and the Welsh Goddess of Love, Sexuality and the Sea. Not surprisingly, she is often equated with the Greek Goddess Aphrodite. Branwen encompassed the doom of both the Irish and the Britons when her brother Bran invaded Ireland in order to rescue her from the degradation she experienced at the hands of a vengeful court. Branwen is said to have died of a broken heart during the war between Wales and England, which began with an insult delivered at Branwen's wedding feast which Branwen believed had been her fault. The insult had, in fact, been the deliberate act of Evnissyn, a jealous courtier who thrived on malicious mischief.

The Vine is also sacred to Etain, wife of Midir, Irish Lord of the UnderWorld, and to the Tuatha De Danaan, Gods of Light and Goodness.

Animals:

The Lizard - One of the few reptiles recognized as being helpful to the shaman, the Lizard symbolized the shadowy plane of manifestation where events were constantly changing in shape and pattern. It was believed that to see a Lizard during a journey warned travelers to be alert to all below-the-surface activities which might be taking place around them.

The Hound - Always held in high esteem as a friend and protector, this loyal animal which offers guidance, is also known as the "Fearsome Battle Hound" and features in many Celtic myths. The Ogham poem "Cad Goddeu" was said to have been recorded in part by the Whelp, a name which refers to the Dog or Hound. The UnderWorld Hounds, such as the Welsh Cwn Annwn which belonged to Arawn, were always portrayed as being white with red ears. It was the job of the UnderWorld Hounds to run down and punish the guilty. In general, Hounds were representative of tracking skills, the ability to scent a trail and companionship.

The White Swan - A symbol of grace and beauty, representing the radiant divinity of the Gods who were believed to retreat to their underground citadels during the Autumn Equinox. The White Swan is also associated with the White Ghost or the White Phantom known as Gwenhwyvar. To the Celts, the Autumn Equinox was a time when the light eventually relinquished its hold to the darkness, representative of balance between the mundane and the supernatural...the mortal and the immortal. A mystical bird who figures in several Celtic folktales, the feathers of Swans were often used in the ritual cloaks of the Bards. Connected chiefly with music and song, the Swan also aided in the interpretation of dream symbols, transitions and spiritual evolution.

September 2: Those born on this date also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Pine, whose motto is "Father of Wisdom" or "The Particular." Pine individuals are very robust and active, and also tend to be cautious, provident and hard-working people. They are idealists, being trustworthy and practical by nature. They love agreeable company and know how to make life comfortable without being selfish...if Pine individuals have a benefit, it will almost always reflect on those around them. They make for good companions, though not always overly-friendly to those they do not know. Pine people fall in love easily, but with a passion which is prone to burn out quickly. They have a tendency to give up without much struggle and may suffer many disappointments in life.

September 3-September 12: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Weeping Willow, whose motto is "Nothing Unknown" or "The Melancholy." Willow individuals are extraordinarily attractive and very empathetic...but filled with melancholy. They adore anything beautiful and tasteful and possess an inherent desire to travel. Both psychologically and intelluctually, Willows are flexible and adaptable, blessed with a tolerance which allows them to identify with the most diverse of people. Practical-minded, Willow individuals are able to remain calm during "hustle and bustle." Being restless and capricious dreamers, Willow people are not always easy to live with, often demanding by nature. Honest with good intuition, Willows nonetheless frequently suffer greatly in matters of the heart before they find an anchoring partner.

September 13-September 22: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Lime (whose motto is "The Doubt") or the Linden (whose motto is "Protector of the Oak Trees")...dependent upon the source. Lime individuals are said to be inclined to accept in a composed fashion whatever life hands to them. They detest fighting, stress, laziness and idleness. Limes are relenting people who will often make sacrifices for their friends. They possess many talents but lack the tenacity to make those talents blossom. Lime people can be somewhat jealous and complaining by nature, but are very loyal individuals. Linden individuals are said to love life. No matter how much such people may try to convince themselves that everything is perfect, they cannot help but wonder why their ideas and dreams are more beautiful than reality. Extremely imaginative, Linden people tend to look at the world through "rose-colored glasses." This is an ideal that they are often able to convey to those around them who may then also view life in a more beautiful manner.

September 23: Those born on this date also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Olive, whose motto is "Friend of Wisdom." Olive individuals love the Sun, warmth and kind feelings. They are reasonable, well-balanced individuals who tend to avoid aggression and violence. Tolerant and cheeful characters, Olives possess a sense of justice and are calm, sensitive people who are empathetic, free from jealousy and strive to ensure that harmony prevails. Olive individuals love to read and enjoy the company of sophisticated people. However, the accommodating attitude of Olive people can jeopardize them in a cruel world and they are liable to easily follow any current fashion.

September 24-September 29: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Hazel, whose motto is "To Be The First" or "The Extraordinary." Hazel individuals are charming, undemanding and often extremely understanding...they know how to make a good impression. Hazels are also active fighters for social causes. They are akin to pioneers, but with a competitive mind which can consume much of the Hazel energy. It is important that Hazels do not tire themselves out by trying to remedy too many faulty situations. Being honest and tolerant, with a precise sense of judgment, they are usually popular people, but can make for moody and capricious partners. Those born under the jurisdiction of this tree are said to have been conceived during the shortest or longest nights of the year and the number 9 is said to be particularly lucky for such individuals. The Ivy(September 30- October 27)

The power of the Ivy lies in its ability to cling and bind, making it a potent symbol of determination and strength to the Druids. Ivy has been known to strangle trees and was once a portent of death and spiritual growth. Being evergreen in nature, the Ivy represented the perennial aspects of the human psyche. The Celts associated Ivy with their Lunar Goddess, Arianrhod, and their ritual to this deity marked the opening of the portal to the OtherWorld...or the Dark Side of the Moon. This door symbolized an entrance to the Realm of Faery and thus, the Ivy was representative of the mysterious and the mystical. Ivy was once carried by women for good luck and used to aid in fertility. When used correctly, it was said to heal headaches, muscle cramps and assist in the art of prophecy. Ivy was symbolic of the journey of the soul and the spiral toward to the self. It encouraged assistance toward others in their search so that they, in turn, might offer assistance. Considered to be powerful indeed by the Celts because of its ability to kill even the mightiest Oak, the Ivy has a tendency to create dense, inpenetrable thickets in the forest. It was regarded to be much more powerful than the Vine and rather sinister in nature.

Ivy can grow, spread and flourish under many conditions...cultivated land and wasteland...light or near darkness...fertile soil or upon rubble and stones. It will push its way through tiny cracks and crevices to reach the light and is strong and difficult to destroy. Since ancient times, the Vine and the Ivy have been regarded as enemies. If the Vine, through intoxication, released prophetic powers, then the Ivy, in contrast, was a means of communicating with inner resources, bestowing upon an individual the ability to see through the eyes of the soul and beyond the everyday world. The ancients held the Ivy in high esteem. Its leaves formed the poet's crown as well as the wreath of Bacchus (Roman God of Wine), to whom the plant was dedicated...possibly because it was once believed that to bind the brow with Ivy leaves prevented intoxication.

Not botanically considered to be a tree but rather a form of Vine, the Ivy must depend upon a host for support. The plant is an evergreen and bears leaves which are dark green and somewhat waxy in texture. It can grow to be 100 feet long in Beech woods and around human habitations, where it is widely planted as ground cover. The Ivy has thin tendrils that attach themselves to surfaces and are strong enough to penetrate bricks and plaster. Its greenish flowers appear on short, vertical, shrubby branches. A member of the Ginseng family, the Ivy can grow in such profusion upon its host that the host tree smothers and dies. The berries of the Ivy can be used for medicinal purposes, but are poisonous if taken in large quantities. A powder made from the dried leaves and berries can be used to clear a stuffy head and was once believed to be a curative for a hangover. Roman agriculturists once recommended Ivy leaves as cattle food, but they are not relished by Cows...although Sheep and Deer will sometimes eat them during the Winter. The broad evergreen leaves of this plant afford shelter to Birds during the cold months and many species choose to build their nests in Ivy, preferring it to other shrubs. Ivy is extremely hardy and can live to be a great age. Its one-time medicinal virtues are not very highly regarded today, but it is much valued in the modern world as an ornamental covering for unsightly buildings. Ivy is said to be the only plant which will not make walls damp. There are two distinct types of Ivy individuals (a division which relates to all Celtic Tree Signs). The "new moon" character is associated with the first two weeks of a sign and the "full moon" character is associated with the last two weeks.

The "new moon" Ivy individual is a rather radical thinker...something akin to the Rowan individual...but with a more artistic temperament. Such people, however, do have a tendency to be somewhat indecisive and their success rate has a propensity to swing between two extremes which will set the pattern of life accordingly. The "full moon" Ivy individual radiates a successful image all the time, even while suffering a reverse of fortune. These people are generous providers, but can be shrewd when it comes to their financial resources and income. The "full moon" Ivy individual can also be extremely manipulative and liable to use any position of power in a ruthless manner. As a result, this individual often becomes involved in disputes and litigations.

In general, Ivy individuals have great personal stamina and a wealth of talents that can bring personal honors and public recognition. Such people are generally colorful characters with a unique style which is all their own. Restless by inclination, Ivy people are nonetheless sociable and good-natured. Cheeful, expansive and magnetic, they easily win friends and dislike offending others. Although frequently indecisive, Ivy individuals are far from weak- willed and will tackle difficult tasks with infectious optimism. They also possess a sharp intellect which is matched only by their sense of humor...however, their personal doubts and fears can manifest into strange dreams and personal encounters. Blessed with profound artistic flair, Ivy people tend to be greatly valued as friends.

On the more serious side, Ivy people have a quiet type of faith and a belief in the natural balance of things. Extremely loyal, they are capable of accepting responsibility for their own actions. They tend to attract people who have little or no morals and should keep that in mind when making new friends. Ivy individuals usually make for poor students...they simply are not "book learners" and garner knowledge better by way of experience. They also have a propensity to not be very lucky people. Romantically, the Ivy person is very sensitive but seems to fall in and out of love at the drop of a hat. When in love, Ivy individuals lean strongly toward being the "clingy" type, but they make generous and caring parents. It is important that Ivy individuals not get too caught up in the problems of others or they are prone to suffer disappointment and betrayal.

Physical Goal: To link with others.

Mental Goal: To recognize that the group unconscious does have an influence...to absorb, go inward and learn about the self.

Spiritual Goal: To enter into the group mind with joy and assist others in their spiritual journey so that they will, in turn, offer assistance...to learn that all is intertwined.

Amergin Verse: "I am a Ruthless Boar"

Ogham Association: Gort Polarity: Masculine

Color: Sky Blue

Class: Chieftain

Letter Character: "G"

Month: September...eleventh month in the Celtic Ogham. September is said to have originated from the word "Septem," which means "seven," being the seventh month in the oldest Roman calendar. It is the first month of Autumn's rule and a time when the Druids celebrated their Festival of Alban Elued...bidding the Sun God farewell, while thanking him for the harvest.

Alias: "Moon of Buoyancy" and "Moon of Resilience"

Magickal Properties: Healing, Protection, Cooperation and Exorcism

Some Famous Ivy People: Hilary Clinton, Mahatma Gandhi, Margaret Thatcher, Sigourney Weaver, Oscar Wilde and Kate Winslett

Gemstone: The Ivy gemstone is the semi-precious Opal, also known as the "Queen of Gems" and "Gem of Hope." A member of the Quartz family with a very high water content, it is a brittle, heat-sensitive, silicon oxide stone which often shatters or cracks when it is cut or polished. If given as a lucky or love stone, such shattering was once considered to be a sign of extreme bad fortune. The flashes of color come from natural silica spheres which create light interference. Due to its delicate nature, Opals are usually worn only as pendants and earrings. The modern name of the gem is derived from three ancient sources: the Sanskrit upala (which means "precious stone"); the Latin opalus; and the Greek opallios (which means "to see a color change"). It is unique in the world of jewels, having little color of its own, yet shining with the radiance of all the other gems. In the Nineteenth Century, the Opal became to be considered a stone of bad luck...especially if worn by those not born in the month of October. The only exception to this was the Black Opal, which has always been believed to bring its owner good fortune. The origin of the unlucky superstition is unknown. Early races credited the Opal with magical qualities and traditionally, the Opal was said to aid its wearer in seeing possibilities. It was believed to clarify by amplifying and mirroring feelings, buried emotions and desires. It was also thought to lessen inhibitions and promote spontaneity.

The Opal is an historically treasured gem and 6,000 year old Opal artifacts have been found in Kenyan caves. However, most are believed to be approximately 60 million years old (or more) and generally date back to the Cretaceous period when dinosaurs roamed the earth. The early Greeks believed the Opal bestowed powers of foresight and prophecy upon its owner while in Arabian folklore, it is said that the stone fell from heaven in flashes of lightning. To the Romans, it was considered to be a token of hope and purity. Legend states that one Roman Emperor offered to trade one-third of his vast kingdom for a single Opal and that the Roman Senator Nonius chose exile rather than surrender a large Opal to Marc Antony. It has been said that the beauty of the Opal is the combination of the beauty of all other gems. In the Middle Ages, the Opal was known as the "eye stone" due to a belief that it was beneficial to eyesight and blonde women were known to wear necklaces of Opal in order to protect their hair from losing its color. Some cultures thought the effect of the Opal on sight could render the wearer invisible. Needless to say, it was thus a popular item among thieves. Opals were set into the crown jewels of France and Napoleon gave Josephine a beautiful example of this stone containing brilliant red flashes which was called "The Burning of Troy." It was a favored gem of Queen Victoria who often gave them as wedding presents. The Opal is the Patron Stone of actors and performers.

Flower: The flower of the Ivy is the Woody Nightshade, a vine-like plant also known as Bittersweet, Felonwort (meaning "The Felon's Plant"), Scarlet Berry, Violet Bloom, Mad Dog's Berries, Blue Aversion and Blue Hate. It belongs to the Solanaceae, an immense family of plants which includes Belladonna, Hensbane, Potato, Tomato, Peppers and Tobacco. Its generic name Solanum is derived from Solor which means "I ease." The leaves of the Woody Nightshade bear a certain resemblance to those of the Belladonna, being purple...but its berries are red instead of black (as are those of the Belladonna). This perennial, shrubby plant with its woody base is native to Europe and Asia, being commonly found in almost every English hedgerow. The flowers, usually bluish-purple in color, bloom all Summer in loose, drooping clusters on short stalks. The plant was so named by the ancient herbalists in order to distinguish it from the Deadly Nightshade. Shepherds once hung Woody Nighshade around the necks of their flocks as a charm against the "evil eye" and a necklace of its berries was found in the tomb of Tutenkahmun, the Boy-King. Tradition dictated that if placed on the body, Woody Nightshade would dispel the memories of old loves and former sweethearts. There are few ailments for which Woody Nighshade has not been recommended at one time or another, including a remedy for rheumatism, fever and inflammatory diseases of every nature. To a certain degree, its berries have proven to be poisonous to children but seem to be thoroughly enjoyed by birds with no ill effects.

Celestial Body: The celestial body associated with the Ivy is the "Moon Veiling Persephone" or the planet Persephone itself, which is believed by some astronomers to exist just beyond Pluto. In Greek mythology, Persephone was the wife of Hades, Lord of the UnderWorld.

Deity: The Ivy deity is Arianrhod whose name means "Silver Circle." She is also known as "Star Goddess," "Full Moon Goddess" and "Virgin Goddess of Reincarnation," among others. Her palace was called "Caer Arianrhod," otherwise known as the Aurora Borealis. She was Keeper of the Silver Wheel of Stars...a symbol of time and/or karma. This wheel was also known as the "Oar Wheel," a ship which carried dead warriors to Emania, the Moon Land. Arianrhod is sometime depicted as a weaver, linking her to lost myths of creation and magickal practices. Daughter of the great Welsh Goddess Don, Arianrhod is said to be useful in helping females find their own feminine power.

A second deity associated with the Ivy is Rhiannon, the "Great Queen" who was Goddess of Birds and Horses, as well as Enchantments, Fertility and the UnderWorld. Unjustly accused of destroying her newborn son (who had been kidnapped by a nameless Fiend), Rhiannon is compelled to assume the shape of a Horse until her son is unexpectedly returned to her. In her role as a Death Goddess, Rhiannon would sing sweetly enough to lure all those within hearing to their doom. Another legend suggests that Rhiannon was the mistress of three marvellous Birds whose song could wake the dead and lull the living to sleep. Because of her association with Horses (she first appears in myth mounted upon a White Horse), Rhiannon is often equated to Epona, the Roman-Gaulish Horse-Goddess.

Animals:

The Boar - Important to the art and myths of the Celts, the Boar (once common throughout the British Isles) was known to be cunning and ferocious. The battle horn of the Celts sported the figure of a Boar's head, their shields were decorated with engravings of the Boar in warfare, and figures of this animal were mounted upon their helmets. The Boar was said to lead the Celts in battle and show direction for their warriors. The skin of the Boar was also believed to heal wounds. One legendary Boar was Orc Triath owned by the Goddess Brigit. In Arthurian tales, the Boar known as "Twrch Trwyth" was one of Arthur's most terrible foes. The White Boar of Marvan was said to inspire its master with the ability to write music and poetry.

The Goose - As with most birds in Celtic lore, the Goose represented prophetic knowledge, bloodshed and skill. Traditionally symbolic as messengers and servants of the Gods, they could be portents of either good or evil, bringers of luck, omens of death or sacrificial animals. The interpretation of the flight patterns, habits and songs of birds were all methods by which knowledge of future events might be told or unfortunate circumstances avoided. Celtic monks used the Wild Goose as a symbol of the God Spirit and, in Roman times, it was noted that Britons would not eat the flesh of the Goose. Bones of Geese have been found buried in the graves of Iron Age Celtic warriors.

The Butterfly - Symbol of faery faith, the Butterfly was believed by many cultures to be the souls of the dead and the keepers of power. Traditionally, no negative energies were said to be experienced in any area of the Otherworld where Butterflies could be found. They were symbolic of the freedom from self-imposed restrictions and the ability to regard problems with greater clarity.

September 30-October 3: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Hazel, whose motto is "To Be The First" or "The Extraordinary." Hazel individuals are charming, undemanding and often extremely understanding...they know how to make a good impression. Hazels are also active fighters for social causes. They are akin to pioneers, but with a competitive mind which can consume much of the Hazel energy. It is important that Hazels do not tire themselves out by trying to remedy too many faulty situations. Being honest and tolerant, with a precise sense of judgment, they are usually popular people, but can make for moody and capricious partners. Those born under the jurisdiction of this tree are said to have been conceived during the shortest or longest nights of the year and the number 9 is said to be particularly lucky for such individuals.

October 4-October 13: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Rowan, also known as "The Service Tree," whose motto is "A Delight for Birds" or "The Sensitivity." Rowan individuals are full of charm, cheerful and talented without being egotistical. They like to draw attention and basically love life...even its complications. Somewhat restless, Rowans are both dependent and independent. They constantly strive for approval from others and detest loneliness. Rowans possess excellent taste, are artistic, passionate and emotional, with a burning desire to create a better and more beautiful world. Rowan people make for good company but find it hard to forgive what they perceive to be transgressions.

October 14-October 23: Those born on this date also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Maple, whose motto is "Combative Angel" or "Independence of Mind." Maple individuals are far from ordinary and never completely satisfied with standard replies. They admire those who clearly assert themselves and rise eagerly to any challenge. Maple people are full of imagination and originality, inclined to stand out in a crowd due to their willpower and sense of committment. Though appearing shy and somewhat reserved, they are truly ambitious, proud and self-confident. Maples hunger for new experiences and have a desire to impress. They enjoy what is unknown, strange and even hostile. The inherent Maple need for independence often clashes with the need to be surrounded by a community. With a tendency to be nervous, Maple people have many complexities. They possess excellent memories and easily learn new things. The love relationships of Maple individuals tend to be complicated affairs.

October 24-October 27: Those born on this date also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Walnut, whose motto is "Looking for a Homeland" or "The Passion." Walnut individuals are unrelenting, considered somewhat strange by many and full of contrasts. Often egotistical, Walnuts are aggressive and noble with a broad horizon. They are unexpected and sponteneous in their reactions with little or no flexibility. Walnut people possess unlimited ambition and can make for difficult and uncommon partners. Not always liked but often admired, the Walnut individual is an ingenious stategist, who is very jealous and passionate by nature and rarely given to compromise. Walnuts will accept and endure a multitude of troubles in order to satisfy the desire for pleasure. An uncompromising character, the Walnut individual will undertake a project with inexhaustible perseverance and once in love, tends to love until death. The Reed(October 28-November 24)

The Druids believed the Reed to be a tree because of its dense system of roots. Cut reeds were used as pens and symbolized wisdom and scholarship. Identified with the submerged or hidden Dryad, the Reed was representative of the mysteries of death. It was associated with being both a saviour and a custodian as well as a symbol of royalty. It was used in the making of instruments such as flutes and pipes. Pan, the Greek God of Herds, Fertility and Male Sexuality (whose name is the root word of "panic"), is often depicted playing a syrinx...a pipe comprised of seven reeds. Traditionally a nomadic people, the Celts camped in one area throughout the Winter months and would break camp in the Spring when the first yellow blooms appeared on the Reed. The Reed was once believed to bring order out of chaos and legend holds that a Reed was thrust into Christ's hand when he was mockingly robed in purple.

The Reed grows in silence, thin and slender, by watersides and marshlands, standing in clumps at the edge of rivers. It is representative of arrows that fly up into the unknown air to land at the very source of that which is being sought, symbolic of the direct approach required when confronting a dilemma...whether that dilemma comes from within or without. The Reed expressed the desire to search out basic truths and was also symbolic of music. Within many woodwind instruments, the Reed will create a balance. Even in today's world, the Reed is often used to thatch the roofs of houses, once being representative of the protection it offered to all of Nature's creatures, whether domestic or wild. Weavers often used the Reed to separate the threads they once spun and its leaves were frequently used to fashion baskets and floor mats. Some cultures (such as the Marsh Arabs of the Rivers Tigris and Euphrates) built entire houses and even mosques from Reeds. Natives of the American SouthWest once made arrow shafts from the Reed's woody culms and, in more modern times, small beds of Reeds are sometimes planted to purify domestic sewage.

Though often used with great imprecision, the term "Reed" as it applies to the Ogham is the Common Reed or Broom, a giant grass with stems which can grow to be 12 feet tall. It is found in abundance in the British Isles, usually in marshy areas where it often forms dense stands and blooms with yellow pod-shaped flowers. As with most other grasses, the vertical stems of the Reed (which can be very thick and strong) live only for a single year, dying in the Autumn to be replaced with new green shoots in the Spring. The dead stems have a tendency to rattle and whisper in late Autumn winds. The Common Reed has spread in weed- like fashion throughout most of the world but is more widespread in cooler climates. As its alternative name suggests, the branches of the Reed are often dried and used as brooms. A decoction of young branches and seeds was once used to treat malaria, gout and painful joints. Oil drawn from the stems by heating them over an open fire was formerly employed to treat toothache and for the removal of parasites (such as lice). The genus name of the Common Reed (Phragmites) is derived from the Greek meaning "growing in hedges." A member of the Grass family, the Reed offers protection for Ducks during their flightless molting period of late Summer and also serves as a Winter cover for resident wildlife species such as Deer, Pheasants, Foxes, Coyotes and Raccoons. In addition, it creates an excellent nesting site for several non-game marsh birds including the yellow-headed and red-winged Blackbird. The shoots of the Reed are a favored food of Muskrats. There are two distinct types of Reed individuals (a division which relates to all Celtic Tree Signs). The "new moon" character is associated with the first two weeks of a sign and the "full moon" character is associated with the last two weeks.

The "new moon" Reed individual make both powerful friends and powerful enemies, given his or her initial response of impatience and impulsiveness. Even so, such people will usually maintain their positions of power and achieve a great deal of respect, particularly from their adversaries. The "full moon" Reed individual plans his or her moves with more sublety and will probably achieve more public recognition. However, such people are inclined to want to move onto other things...an action which can often undermine their true sense of purpose.

In general, Reed individuals are imaginative with a clear view of complex matters. They make for powerful friends but can also be powerfully jealous...a jealousy which is prone to turn to violence if not held in careful check. Reed people constantly strive for complete power, both within as well as without. They are wonderful leaders but often fall victim to the "Peter Pan" syndrome. They make for immensely caring and passionate mates as long as their jealous streak can be kept under control. Reed people are usually the catalysts of life rather than the competitors, being more concerned with changing the entire formula of life instead of simply certain aspects. They are known as the great survivors of life but often meet with the hostility of others rather than the offer of a helping hand. It is necessary for Reed individuals to unite a sense of purpose with their strong will in order to prevent a path toward self-destruction.

Sometimes referred to as the "Duality of the Ivy," Reed individuals are complex, tenacious and fearless. Proud and independent, they have great strength of character and will rarely compromise, believing they have a role to play which excludes any signs of weakness or the luxury of "sitting on the fence." Reed people are forceful and thrive on challenges, holding an innate belief in their own destiny. Possessed with a powerful presence and a great deal of personal magnetism, Reed individuals attract most people but tend to repel the overly- sensitive. They are never found lacking in the ability to surmount even the most overwhelming odds. Due to their power, however, they must follow a narrow line of virtuous morals. If that line is strayed from, then they can become very dangerous people.

Physical Goal: To find order where others find and create only chaos...to put this skill to work and take charge.

Mental Goal: To keep any given target in sight and not be distracted...results are only as sure as the intentions with which they are begun.

Spiritual Goal: To expect surprise encounters and upsets...the skills which will overcome such obstacles are as valuable teaching tools as the journey itself.

Amergin Verse: "I am a Threatening Noise from the Sea"

Ogham Association: Ngetal Polarity: Feminine

Color: Grass Green

Class: Shrub

Letter Character: "NG"

Month: October...twelfth month in the Celtic Ogham. Between October and November, Druids would celebrate their thirteenth month known as Samhain, a period for welcoming the ancestors and spirits who would walk between the Realms at this time. October comes from the word Octo (Roman for "eight"). Octo or Octem was the eighth month in the oldest Roman calendar. It was a time for Druids to embrace the Goddess.

Alias: "Moon of the Home," "Hearth Moon," Winter Moon" and "Moon Which Manifests Truth"

Magickal Properties: Fertility, Protection, Love and Family Concerns

Some Famous Reed People: Cleopatra, Marie Curie, Jaime Lee Curtis, Leonardo DiCaprio, King Edward VII, Bill Gates, Tonya Harding and Demi Moore

Gemstone: The Reed gemstone is the Jasper, also known as the "Supreme Nurturer." The stone is an opaque, impure Chalcedony, usually red in color but may also be found in brown, green, greyish-blue and yellow. It is also often multi-colored. A very pretty and inexpensive earth stone, Jasper is usually worn in the form of beads or cabochons. The gem was once believed to drive away evil spirits and offer protection from the bites of Snakes and Spiders. Jasper has been a valued stone since the earliest days of mankind, particularly since it lent itself so suitably for carving. Seals were often fashioned from Jasper and it was the chosen jewel for the Emperor of China's personal such emblem. To the Assyrians, the red Jasper was especially treasured since it was said to bring everlasting protection and offer medicinal properties. In the Fourth Century, Jasper was known as the great "Rain- Bringer." It served as a reminder that an individual was not on the physical plane merely for himself or herself, but to also bring joy and substance to others and assist in releasing the bonds of constraint. Jasper was used by Native American shamans to provide protection during their journeys into the Spirit Worlds, being believed to protect against negativity and aid in grounding an individual to the stabilizing energy of the Earth. Red Jasper was once engraved with images of Lions or Archers and carried to guard against poison and to cure fever. Many carvings of Jasper have been found in Egyptian tombs and parts of the Book of the Dead were inscribed on tablets made from this stone. There are many references to Jasper in the Bible and it was one of the twelve sacred stones in the Breastplate of the High Priest. Saint Peter is believed by some cultures to have derived his name from the Jasper, since it was the rock on which Christ said, "I will build my Church." One of history's most exceptional Jaspers was etched with a profile of Louis XVI of France and displayed a blood-red steak across his throat. This symbolizm (King Louis eventually meeting his death by execution at the guillotine during the French Revolution) made it a gemstone of rare worth. Traditionally, the Jasper was employed in defensive magick because it was said to return negativity to the original sender.

Flower: The flower of the Reed is the Water Mint, a low-growing, rather coarse perennial, also known as Wild Mint or Marsh Mint. It belongs to a group known as marginal, bog or shallow water plants and is common in the British Isles and Northern Europe. Typically, marginals like to have their roots constantly wet, but most of the plant is held above water level. The Water Mint, which can grow to be a little over three feet tall, bears a perfume similar to that of the Bergamot Orange. When crushed, it produces a highly aromatic and minty scent. Its pinkish-lilac flowers, which bloom from July to October, attract many species of Butterflies. Medicinally, the Water Mint was considered to have emetic, stimulant and astringent qualities. It was closely linked to the Celtic guardians of sacred springs and streams and was used in the Middle Ages as a strewing herb.

Celestial Body: The celestial body associated with the Reed is the planet Pluto ("Pwyll"), Roman God and Ruler of the Dark UnderWorld.

Deity: The Reed deity is Arawen (or Arawn), King of the UnderWorld, also known as "King of Hell" and "God of Annwn." His name means "silver-tongued." Arawen fought alongside Bran in the Battle of the Trees against Amathaon and Gwyddion. Like most Gods of the OtherWorld, Arawen was a master hunter who rode a pale Horse, followed by a pack of white, red-eared Hounds. The traditional purpose of this hunt was to gather souls for the OtherWorld...assuming the quarry did not prove to be clever enough to evade the chase. According to legend, domestic Pigs did not arrive in Britain until they were presented as a gift to Pryderi by Arawen. Arawen was said to have possessed a magickal cauldron of regeneration, later captured by King Arthur. In other Arthurian tales, Arawen is featured as one of Arthur's "Three Counselling Knights." His name was later changed to "Anguish" or "Anguissance" and he was made King of Ireland or Scotland.

Also associated with the Reed is Pwyll, Prince of Dyfed (in what is today known as Wales). His chief court was said to have been at Arbeth. Strongly associated with the OtherWorld, he was the occasional ruler of that Realm (an honor he shared with Arawen), at which times he was bestowed with the title "Lord of Beyond." Pwyll was given "The Stone" (one of four treasures) for safekeeping. "The Stone" symbolized the right of monarchs to possess divine power.

Animals:

The Owl - These birds were most often associated with the Crone aspect of the Goddess. The Owl was often considered a guide to and through the UnderWorld, being a creature of keen sight in darkness and a swiftly-silent hunter. The Owl could help unmask those bent on deception or seeking to take advantage. In the tale of Culhwch and Olwen, Gwrhyr encountered an Owl as one of the oldest creatures in his search for the Mabon (Divine Child). In another Celtic legend, Blodeuwedd, Maiden of Flowers, was transformed into an Owl after plotting to kill her husband Lleu. An Owl before a gateway was once said to be representative of the transformation of the soul.

The White Hound - A title of honor for Celtic chieftains and representative of the Dogs which guarded the lunar mysteries. Hounds in general symbolized enduring loyalty.

October 28-November 11: Those born on this date also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Walnut, whose motto is "Looking for a Homeland" or "The Passion." Walnut individuals are unrelenting, considered somewhat strange by many and full of contrasts. Often egotistical, Walnuts are aggressive and noble with a broad horizon. They are unexpected and sponteneous in their reactions with little or no flexibility. Walnut people possess unlimited ambition and can make for difficult and uncommon partners. Not always liked but often admired, the Walnut individual is an ingenious stategist, who is very jealous and passionate by nature and rarely given to compromise. Walnuts will accept and endure a multitude of troubles in order to satisfy the desire for pleasure. An uncompromising character, the Walnut individual will undertake a project with inexhaustible perseverance and once in love, tends to love until death.

November 12-November 21: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Chestnut, whose motto is "In Quest of the Truth" or "The Honesty." Chestnut individuals usually possess unusual beauty and a tendency to be overly-critical of themselves. With no desire to impress and with an inherent distaste for falsehoods, Chestnuts are blessed with a well-developed sense of justice. They are vivacious by nature and very diplomatic, but tend to be sensitive in company and easily driven to irritation...which can be indicative of a lack of self-confidence. Chestnut people will sometimes act superior but basically feel as though they are misunderstood. They are prone to love only once in their lives and often experience great difficulty in finding a partner.

November 22-November 24: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Ash, whose motto is "Always Aiming Higher" or "The Ambition." Ash individuals are uncommonly attractive, vivacious, impulsive and demanding. They do not care for criticism, can be egosistic and love to "play with fire." Ambitious, intelligent and talented, Ash people are prone to allow the brain to rule the head, but they do take partnerships very seriously. It is important to an Ash individual that he or she maintain personal identity, freedom and independence. Nonetheless, Ashes make for trustworthy mates who are faithful, prudent and reliable. Ash people probably care more about the future than those born under any other jurisdiction and are concerned about making progress. If they set themselves a target which requires committment, then they are willing to give up many things in order to reach that goal. At the peak of glory, Ash individuals often prove to possess a genuine greatness and they will undertake tremendous efforts in order to help others. The Elder(November 25-December 23)

To the Celts, the Elder (also known as the "Tree of Faeries," "Old Gal," "Pipe Tree" and "Lady Ellhorn," among others) was the symbol of both death and rebirth. Its twigs were said to enable the wearer to see spirits and experience visions. Justice was dispensed by the Druids beneath this tree. Much like the Winter Solstice itself, it highlighted a time of evolution. The Druids believed that it was during this period that their Sun or Solar Spirit was being held prisoner. It was also considered a time of trouble and indicative of the struggle for supremacy. By virtue of being considered sacred to the faeries, Elder branches were once hung above stables in order to protect horses from evil spirits. Paradoxically, in some parts of Europe, this tree was once generally regarded as an ally of witches. For many generations, it was thought to be unlucky to burn Elder and an omen of death to bring it indoors. In addition, it was also believed that anyone who cut the wood of this tree risked being turned into stone. In one Christian legend, it was from the branches of an Elder that Judas hanged himself after the betrayal of Christ...at which point the Elder forever lost its ability to grow straight and strong. In another, it is said that the cross upon which Christ was crucified was made of Elder...and the reason why the tree has stood in stooped remorse ever since. Some Irish legends claim that Saint Patrick used a branch of Elder in the form of a sacred rod in order to drive out all the serpents from Ireland. Often planted close to the home, the Elder was thought to offer protection against evil influences and lightning...based on the fact that the tree itself never seemed to get struck and it was hoped such immunity would extend to the nearly dwellings. In ancient times, it was believed that negative forces would be attracted by someone who fell asleep beneath an Elder tree. While slumbering, it was thought such a person would suffer horrific nightmares and become delirious upon waking.

The Elder, a a common member of the Honeysuckle family, frequently displays a sprawling habit and can grow to 30 feet in damp clearings or along the edge of woods. In general, many liberally-branching stems emerge from the ground. In essence, it is considered too small and feeble to be a true tree, while being too large and airy to be categorized as a bush...essentially falling somewhere inbetween the two. The light-gray bark of the Elder is rough and covered with wart-like breathing pores. The branches are flexible and can be broken without much trouble. The inner pith of the twigs is akin to cork and may be easily transformed into instant popguns and pipes...thus endearing this tree to countless generations of children. The wood of the Elder has never been put to many uses, being too weak for building material, but it was once believed that flutes made from Elder held the power to enchant spirits. The leaves are feathery and emit a foul smell which is apparently useful for warding off flies. Often planted as a hedgerow tree, cows appear to be particularly appreciative of the shade offered by the Elder, especially on days when swarms of insects can be irritatingly bothersome. The tiny white flowers of the Elder bloom in bunches and exude a sweet and heavy scent, which is slightly narcotic and distinctly heady. The Elder's flowers, though difficult to dry, are the most medicinally useful part of the plant, having been used as a cure for eilepsy, warts, toothache and cleansing of the blood. By the end of Summer, the Elder's blossoms have developed into drooping bunches of small purplish-black berries, which are a welcome source of food for the birds in the area. Elderberries are a rich source of vitamins and in Britain and much of Europe, still count among the most popular of the wild-foods. A plant which loves nitrogen, the Elder thrives on organic wastes, and since its damaged branches regrow, it has long been a symbol of the circle of life and rebirth...a new beginning from the old. Pregnant women would often kiss the Elder to ensure good fortune and health for their unborn child.

There are two distinct types of Elder individuals (a division which relates to all Celtic Tree Signs). The "new moon" character is associated with the first two weeks of a sign and the "full moon" character is associated with the last two weeks.

The "new moon" Elder individual is usually more outspoken and impulsive than his or her "full moon" counterpart. Such people are extremely persuasive orators who constantly challenge injustices or what they perceive to be corrupt powers. The "full moon" Elder individual possesses great vision and inclined to operate more successfully in the background rather than pursuing a confrontational approach.

The Elder individual evolves gradually during his or her lifetime. In youth, such people are inclined to waste much time and energy on worthless ventures or projects. They are often fortunate individuals who frequently benefit at an early age from inheritances. However, this usually only encourages their extravagant tastes and indulgences. With a basic restlessness and/or insatiable curiosity, Elder individuals are drawn into the study of profound subjects and are prone to travel great distances in order to further their knowledge. Elder individuals are self-sufficient, lively and outspoken. They dislike routine and refuse to be pressured by others. Highly energetic with a great deal of stamina, they thrive on change and crave constant mental and physical challenge.

In later life, the Elder individual commands respect and possesses a great deal of patience. However, Elders can sometimes be heartless and cruel, and have a tendency to lack good judgment in their choice of friends. Ambitious, with a driving force to win at all costs, Elder characters are often outspoken and prone to speak without first thinking, but they possess a constructive approach to life and are frequently drawn to careers in the military or journalism. The true strength of Elders lie in the instinctive knowledge of when they are right and others are wrong, coupled with their inherent inclination toward self-discipline. The Elder individual is open in his or her relationships, but tends not to fall in love very deeply, seemingly able to remove their emotions from most situations. While finding it difficult to tame their restless natures enough to take on parenthood, Elders do make wonderful uncles and aunts. It is important that Elder indiviudals learn to use change as a positive force in their lives in order to avoid becoming reckless and confused.

Physical Goal: To learn that although one aspect of life may be over, another begins anew.

Mental Goal: To learn that changes from the old will bring creativity...will usher in new ideas and thoughts.

Spiritual Goal: To learn that links are continually formed as new phases of life and experience repeat themselves in different forms that lead to renewal. Amergin Verse: "I am a Wave of the Sea"

Ogham Association: Ruis

Polarity: Masculine

Color: Red

Class: Shrub

Letter Character: "R"

Month: Makeup days of the Thirteenth month in the Celtic Ogham, which was only three days long and ended at Samhain.

Alias: "Moon of Completeness"

Magickal Properties: Exorcism, Prosperity, Banishment and Healing

Some Famous Elder People: Woody Allen, Tyra Banks, Kim Basinger, Beethoven, Sir Winston Churchill, Jimi Hendrix, Mary Queen of Scots, Jim Morrison and Frank Sinatra

Gemstone: The Elder gemstone is the Jet, sometimes called "Black Amber." It is an organic jewel rather than a gemstone, being a variety of Lignite, formed from the wood of cone- bearing plants which have fossilized...a type of coal intermediate between peat and anthracite which is so hard and uniform that it may be carved and polished to look like black glass, even though it radiates no light. The word "Jet" originates from Gagas in Asia Minor where it was first discovered. A grounding and balancing stone said to carry a negative electrical charge, Jet was believed to be excellent in the drawing of power and in providing knowledge to the wearer. When combined with Amber, Jet was one of the traditional stones of the High Priestess who, in some cultures, was the only person allowed to wear both stones together. In ancient times, Jet was often burned and the fumes inhaled in order to alleviate various conditions, including edema, colds, female disorders and hysteria. Jet fumes were once also used to detect the loss of virginity...although the exact method of this practice has been lost over the passage of time. The consumption of water into which a piece of Jet had been dipped was believed at one time to cure the pangs of childbirth, and powdered Jet mixed with wax to form a salve was used for dental problems. A mixture of Jet in wine was formerly used to relieve toothache and also served as a fixative for loose teeth.

Traditionally known to be a "one person" stone, Jet was thought to ward off evil (especially magickal evil), lift fear and cure depression. These stones were considered a link between the physical and the spiritual and employed to balance the emtions, as well as to repel plague, fever and negativity and offer protection from thunderstorms. In Ancient Greece, Jet was a sacred substance and in Assyria, it was considered to be the Gods' favored jewel. Widely used as a talisman or amulet, medieval legend credits these medallions with supernatural powers...the ability to gain complete control over the natural elements (fire, air, earth and water), for example. Given as a gift, the amulet could allegedly place a person under the power of the giver's mental control. In Ancient Britain and Ireland, Jet was considered an extremely lucky stone and housewives burned it to ensure the safe return of their sailor husbands. Jet was one of the first materials to be carved into crosses and made into rosaries during the early days of the Christian Church. In the Victorian Era, Jet beads became very fashionable as trimming for women's clothing and the stone itself worn as mourning jewelry. Wearers also carried the stone to ease arthritis of the knee and to prevent baldness. The use of Jet for amulets and ornaments was once world-wide and small figurines carved from Jet have been found in the tombs of Ancient Egypt, Japan and in the Pueblos of the American Indians. Jet in its natural form is found most abundantly in England, France, Germany and Spain and is used today chiefly in the manufacture of buttons and costume jewelry.

Flower: The flower of the Elder is the Dandelion, also known as "Priest's Crown" and "Swine's Snout." The Dandelion does not grow in the Southern Hemisphere, but is found in all parts of the North Temperate Zone...in pastures, meadows and on waste ground. Farmers consider it to be a troublesome weed, given its prolifically dispersing seeds. The flowers of the Dandelion are a bright golden-yellow and its leaves are shiny and hairless, each cut into great jagged teeth which resemble the canine teeth of a lion, thus giving this plant its familiar name...a corruption of the French Dent de Lion. The Dandelion holds an important place among the honey-producing plants, furnishing a plentiful quantity of both pollen and nectar in the early Spring. With the withering of the petals, the seeds, crowned with their tufts of hair, appear and are soon mature enough to be blown from the stalk by the slightest breeze. This is the "Dandelion Clock" long loved by children, who will blow upon it until all the seeds are released...telling the time of day by the number of puffs necessary to disperse every seed. Small birds are extremely fond of Dandelion seeds and Pigs will devour the entire plant with much gluttony. Goats will also eat the Dandelion, but it does not appear to be palatable to either Sheep or Cattle. Horses also refuse to touch the plant but it is a valuable food for Rabbits and makes an excellent meal for this furry creature during Spring and particularly during breeding seasons. The young leaves were once consumed by the French in Spring salads and may still feature in salad dishes and sandwiches today in some parts of the Continent. Full-grown leaves, however, are far too bitter to be eaten. Dried Dandelion leaves are often employed as an ingredient in many digestive or diet drinks and herb beers...Dandelion Stout being a particular favorite among the workers in the industrial towns of the Midlands Area in England. Dandelion coffee is said to help keep the liver, kidneys and bowels in healthy working order. The first mention of the Dandelion in a medicinal sense was during the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries when it was employed by Arabian physicians. Since it is a non-poisonous plant, rather large doses of its preparations may be taken with no ill effects. Celestial Body: The celestial body associated with the Elder is Saturn ("Sadorn"), an ancient Italian God of Reaping, Fertility and Agriculture. He is also credited with being the God of Time.

Deity: The Elder deity is Pryderi, son of Pwyll Penn Annwn and the Goddess Rhiannon. According to legend, Pryderi was stolen away as a newborn infant by a nameless fiend who, upon a horse-thieving expedition, dropped the babe once more into the world when it was struck by a blow from the Guardian of the Horses. Though not one of the official number among the Children of Llyr (one of the families of Gods found in Welsh Mythology associated with the Sea), Pryderi does appear to have been an honorary member by virtue of close association. Pryderi took the side of Bran in the conflict with Matholwch and was one of the seven survivors of that battle. Traditionally, Pryderi represented the dark forces in opposition to (and as part of) the light. He was defeated in the Battle of the Trees and is equated with King Pelles who lost the Grail to the archetypal forces of light. According to legend, Pyderi met his death at the hands of Gwydion, son of Don, in a single combat. He is said to be buried at Maen Tyriawg, above Y Felenrhyd.

Also associated with the Elder is The Cailleach, also known as Cailleach Beara and the Crone of Beare. In some parts of Ancient Britain, this deity was the Goddess of Winter, depicted as a blue-faced hag who was reborn every October 31 (Samhain). She brought the snow until the Goddess Brigit annually deposed her and she eventually turned to stone every April 30 (Beltaine). In later times, the mythical witch-like figure of "Black Annis" is believed to have derived from The Cailleach. An ancient Goddess of the pre-Celtic people, The Cailleach was thought to control the Seasons and the Weather, as well as being the Goddess of Earth, Sky, Moon and Sun. In Scotland, The Cailleach was also known as Scota (from which the name Scotland originates) and said to be the earliest known ancestor of the Scots. Initially, Scotland was called Caledonia or the "Land Given By Cailleach." Scota was probably once a Mother Goddess in Egypt, but her myth and origins have become shadowy with the passage of time. She was generally thought to be the daughter of the Pharaoh Cingris, but from that point, her history seems to diverge...even merging with Christian biblical figures. In many tales, she was the mother of Amergin the Bard; in others, she was the mother of Goidel, who gave his name to the Gaels. She is said to have died fighting the Tuatha de Danaan in the Milesian invasion and thought to be buried near a dolmen (a primitive stone altar) in County Kerry, Ireland.

Animals:

The Black Horse - A popular Celtic totem animal, the Horse was sacred to the Goddesses Epona and Rhiannon. Thought to be a faithful guide to the Otherworlds, it symbolized stamina, endurance and faithfulness.

The Badger - An animal said to possess unyielding courage in the face of danger, the Badger was noted for its tenacity. In the Welsh tale of Pwyll's courting of Rhiannon, a Badger was mentioned as a guide during dreaming. The Badger was symbolic of the fight for individual rights and the defense of personal spiritual ideas.

The Raven - A symbol of healing and protection, it was cautioned that great care should be taken when dealing with this important totem animal of the Celts. In Ireland, the Raven was associated with the battlefield and such Goddesses as the Morrigu or later Welsh Morrigan (as was the Crow). This bird was also connected to Bran the Blessed...in Welsh, "Bran" means "Raven." Although its reputation was sometimes dubious, the Raven was considered an oracular Bird, often representing the upsets and crises of life which were deemed necessary for anything new to be created.

November 25-December 1: Those born between these two dates also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Ash, whose motto is "Always Aiming Higher" or "The Ambition." Ash individuals are uncommonly attractive, vivacious, impulsive and demanding. They do not care for criticism, can be egosistic and love to "play with fire." Ambitious, intelligent and talented, Ash people are prone to allow the brain to rule the head, but they do take partnerships very seriously. It is important to an Ash individual that he or she maintain personal identity, freedom and independence. Nonetheless, Ashes make for trustworthy mates who are faithful, prudent and reliable. Ash people probably care more about the future than those born under any other jurisdiction and are concerned about making progress. If they set themselves a target which requires committment, then they are willing to give up many things in order to reach that goal. At the peak of glory, Ash individuals often prove to possess a genuine greatness and they will undertake tremendous efforts in order to help others.

December 2-December 11: Those born on this date also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Hornbeam, whose motto is "Monument of Loyalty" or "The Good Taste." Hornbeam individuals possess a cool beauty and exquisite taste. Although Hornbeams are concerned about their appearance, they are far from egotistical. They like their reasonable and disciplined lives to be as comfortable as possible. Hornbeam people look for kindess and acknowledgment in an emotional partner, though they are seldom happy with their own personal feelings. They are prone to mistrust and are never sure about the decisions they make, although they are the most conscientious characters. There is a tendency for Hornbeams to shoulder the responsibility for mistakes of others, it being more important in their eyes to promote tolerance and maintain harmony rather than respect rigid rules which demand a scapegoat. December 12-December 21: Those born on this date also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Fig, whose motto is "Soul of Kindess" or "The Sensibility." Fig individuals are very strong, independent and somewhat self-willed. They love life, their family and animals but cannot bear to be contradicted. Something of a social butterfly, Figs possess a good sense of humor, practical talent and intelligence. However, there is a tendency toward idleness and laziness. The sensitivity of Fig people can make them find life rather bitter, but they have the necesssary strength to preserve a human susceptibility. Born on one of the shortest or longest days of the year, it may be more difficult for Fig individuals to find the right balance between spontaneity and reason...quietness and restlessness...sweetness and bitterness...than it is for others. It is in the Fig nature to switch back-and-forth between the two sides of this flexible personality, along with a tendency to exaggerate from time-to-time.

December 22: Those born on this date also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Beech, whose motto is "Biding Time" or "The Creative." Beech individuals have good taste and are concerned about personal appearance. They are good organizers of life and career, but tend to be somewhat materialistic. Beech people are good leaders, but ones who are hesitant to take unnecessary risks. They make for splended lifetime companions and are religious about keeping fit and in good health.

Though generally given Elder characteristics for the most part, those born on December 23 are often considered to be somewhat distinctive from that tree's jurisdiction, falling under the influence of the Mistletoe. December 23 is the only day not ruled by a tree and/or its corresponding Ogham letter. It is sometimes referred to as the "blank" or "unnamed" day of the Celtic Tree Calendar. Though credited with no particular month, the color of the Mistletoe is purple, its letter is "U," its Class is Chieftain and it is associated with healing and development on the spiritual level. This day was also known as "The Secret of the Unhewn Stone" and denoted the quality of potential in all things.

Mistletoe people are said to be solid achievers, as well as being extremely charismatic. Though capable of incredible personal success, they often prefer to spend their lives helping others. The Mistletoe individual is mysterious by nature and often reluctant to became too intimate with others. Such people have a great fear of failure and are seldom keen to take on the role of parenting. They tend to give much thought to a relationship prior to making any committment. However, when Mistletoe individuals do fall in love, it is usually forever and they are totally devoted to their own parents. Mistletoe people view life as a great challenge and often distrust those who choose to take the easy path.

The gemstone associated with the Mistletoe is the Black Pearl, a rare version of the traditional White Pearl, which is not a true gemstone but a product of the sea. The Pearl is an organic gem, formed within the interior of certain mollusks as a natural defense to an irritant. A Pearl may be any shape, but those which are round or pear-shaped are the most valuable. Irregular-shaped Pearls are called Baroque Pearls. Pearls are said to aid in inner vision and help improve self-worth. It is believed that the wearer of Pearls is able to see the love of the person from whom the gift was given. Once believed by some cultures to be the tears of God, the Pearl is sometimes referred to as the "Queen Gem" (Diamond being the "King Gem"). Also, according to some legends, Pearls were the first creation of God. The Ancient Hindus included Pearls among the five precious gems in the magickal necklace of Vishnu. Traditionally, the Pearl is an emblem of chastity and purity, symbolizing love, success and happiness. These gems were once credited with possessing the ability to reproduce themselves. This quality was attributed to every ninth Pearl, each of which would be placed in a bottle with two grains of rice and left to breed. In very early medical treatments, Pearls were crushed and taken internally in honey or wine to cure a variety of ailments. They were also sometimes dissolved in acid and swallowed to honor a famous personage...Cleopatra did this to honor Marc Antony and Sir Thomas Gresham to honor Queen Elizabeth I of England. Pearls were considered a powerful protective amulet and particularly treasured by divers and fishermen who wore them as protection from the perils of the sea. The Angel Gabriel is said to protect all those who wear Pearls.

The relative plant (not surprisingly) is the Mistletoe itself. Considered to be in the Chieftain Class, the Mistletoe is the Druid symbol of life through death and used at the Festival of Winter Solstice because it was considered sacred to the Sun. Mistletoe, also known in some cultures as the "Golden Bough," is an aerial parasitic plant which grows high in the boughs of trees. It has no roots and is dependent upon its host for survival. In Celtic mythology, the Mistletoe is chiefly associated with the Oak and is propagated by birds who deposit the berries during flight. In the Celtic language, Mistletoe means "All Heal" and it was once believed to possess all manner of miraculous curative powers...an aid in the treatment of toothache, measles and dog bites, for example. Sprigs were once placed in the cradles of babies in order to protect the infants from faerie abduction and giving a sprig to the first cow calving after the New Year was believed to protect the entire herd. Mistletoe was also thought to have held the soul of its host tree. With the advent of Christianity, Mistletoe was considered purely a Pagan plant and its display on Christian altars was forbidden for centuries.

Those born on this date also fall under the lesser influence of a secondary tree...the Apple, whose motto is "Fulfilled In Love." The Apple Tree is the tree of perfection, the love link that unites nature with mankind, life with death and the beyond with the here and now. It is one of the seven sacred Celtic trees. The Celtic calendar has only two fruit trees...one is the Apple and the other is the Fig. Apple individuals are usually slight of build and blessed with an abundance of charm, appeal and attraction. They exude a pleasant aura and are flirtatious, adventurous and sensitive. Always in love, Apple people seek to be loved and make for faithful and tender partners. They are generous, stable and possessed with scientific talents. A person who "lives for today," the Apple individual is a carefree philosopher endowed with imagination who dreams about an untroubled life with no division. Apples are excellent mediators, their moral tolerance being beyond reproach and they like to be in contact with people they can help, for by helping others, they can often help themselves out of a bad patch.

The Triads

The Druids passed their knowledge down by way of the Triads. The Triads were three lined passages that contained meaning.

- Druids learned about druidism in secret forested areas called groves. The only times they were not in the groves were when their help was needed, celebrating the holidays during the winter months, or when performing handfastings, Requiems or Sunday Mass. This is what is meant by the Triad to know to dare to be silent.

- Mastery of the self or authority was important because druids believed if you kept in control of your self then you kept a clear head and you were in balance with your environment and your magical workings were less likely to backfire.

- If you are aware of your environment and yet removed from it then you can better prepare for whatever hardships come your way because you can see what the outside cause of the hardship is and you can fix it or maybe even avoid it all together.

- Sometimes the best thing for a druid to do is nothing and let things go and work themselves out.

- The Truth against the World is an old Druid saying which means societal truths means nothing it is individual truth that is important.

- If a druid cannot keep a secret told to him by a friend then how can he keep Druidic teachings a secret from non-druids.

- To druids wars are based on fallacy and no one given the title of druid should honor fallacy and those that do should be stripped of the title and all rights associated with the title of druid.

- Druids love nature and all things that are born from nature.

- Druids keep their emotions in check.