DOCSLIB.ORG

8-Bit Single-Byte Graphic Coded Character Set for Ogham I.S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
8-Bit Single-Byte Graphic Coded Character Set for Ogham I.S I.S. 434:1999 IRISH STANDARD CAIGHDEÁN ÉIREANNACH ICS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – TEICNEOLAÍOCHT EOLAIS – 8-BIT SINGLE-BYTE GRAPHIC TACAR CARACHTAR GRAFACH CODED CHARACTER SET FOR OGHAIM CÓDAITHE GO OGHAM hAONBHEARTACH LE 8 nGIOTÁN This Irish Standard was published, in one official Caighdeán Éireannach é seo a foilsíodh in aon bilingual version in Irish and English, under the eagrán dátheangach amháin, as Gaeilge agus i authority of the National Standards Authority of mBéarla, faoi údarás an Údaráis Náisiúnta um Ireland and comes into effect on: Chaighdeáin na hÉireann, agus a mbeidh feidhm 1999-xx-xx leis ar an: 1999-xx-xx NO COPYING WITHOUT NSAI PERMISSION COSC AR A CHÓIPEÁIL GAN CEAD CHUIGE SIN EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW Ó NSAI, NÓ DE RÉIR MAR A CHEADAÍONN DLÍ AN CHÓIPCHIRT National Standards Údarás Náisiúnta Authority of Ireland um Chaighdeáin na hÉireann Dublin 9 Baile Átha Cliath 9 Telephone/Guthán: +353 1 807-3800 Telefax/Facsa: +353 1 807-3838 © NSAI 1999 Price code/Cód luacha: E Page/Lch. 2 Information technology — 8-bit single-byte graphic coded character set for Ogham I.S. 434:1999 Teicneolaíocht eolais — Tacar carachtar grafach Oghaim códaithe go haonbheartach le 8 ngiotán DECLARATION FÓGRA OF SONRAÍOCHTA SPECIFICATION DAR ENTITLED TEIDEAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY — TEICNEOLAÍOCHT EOLAIS — 8-BIT SINGLE-BYTE GRAPHIC CODED TACAR CARACHTAR GRAFACH OGHAIM CHARACTER SET FOR OGHAM CÓDAITHE GO hAONBHEARTACH LE 8 nGIOTÁN AS MAR THE IRISH STANDARD SHONRAÍOCHT CHAIGHDEÁNACH SPECIFICATION FOR ÉIREANNACH DO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY — 8-BIT THEICNEOLAÍOCHT EOLAIS — TACAR SINGLE-BYTE GRAPHIC CODED CARACHTAR GRAFACH OGHAIM CHARACTER SET FOR OGHAM CÓDAITHE GO hAONBHEARTACH LE 8 nGIOTÁN NSAI in exercise of the power conferred by Lena chumhacht faoi chuid 16(3) den Acht section 16(3) of the National Standards um Údarás Náisiúnta um Chaighdeáin na Authority of Ireland Act, 1996 (No. 28 of hÉireann, 1996 (Uimh. 28 den bhliain 1996) and with the consent of the Minister 1996) agus le cead an Aire Fiontair, for Enterprise, Trade and Employment, Tráchtala agus Fostaíochta, fógraíonn hereby declares as follows: NSAI: 1. This instrument may be cited as the 1. Is féidir tagairt a dhéanamh don Standard Specification (Information ionstraim seo mar Fhógra Sonraíochta technology — 8-bit single-byte graphic Caighdeánaí (Teicneolaíocht eolais — coded character set for Ogham) Tacar carachtar grafach Oghaim códaithe Declaration, 1999. go haonbheartach le 8 ngiotán), 1999. 2. (1) The Specification set forth in the 2. (1) Fógraítear an tSonraíocht a leagtar schedule to this declaration is hereby síos i sceideal an fhógra seo ina shonraí- declared to be the standard specification ocht chaighdeánach do Theicneolaíocht for Information technology — 8-bit single- eolais — Tacar carachtar grafach Oghaim byte graphic coded character set for códaithe go haonbheartach le 8 ngiotán. Ogham) Declaration. (2) The said standard specification (2) Is féidir an tsonraíocht may be cited as Irish Standard 434:1999 or chaighdeánach seo a lua mar Chaighdeán I.S. 434:1999. Éireannach 434:1999 nó I.S. 434:1999. Information technology — 8-bit single-byte graphic coded character set for Ogham Page/Lch. 3 Teicneolaíocht eolais — Tacar carachtar grafach Oghaim códaithe go haonbheartach le 8 ngiotán I.S. 434:1999 Contents Clár an Ábhair Foreword ........................................................2 Réamhrá .........................................................2 Specification Sonraíocht 1 Scope.........................................................3 1 Scóip .........................................................3 2 Normative references................................4 2 Tagairtí normadacha..................................4 3 The 8-bit Ogham coded character set .......4 3 Tacar carachtar Oghaim 8 ngiotán ............4 3.1 Character names........................................5 3.1 Ainmneacha na gcarachtar........................5 Table Tábla 1 The 8-bit Ogham code table .....................7 1 Tábla códála 8 ngiotán Oghaim ................7 Annex (Informative) Aguisín (Mar Eolas) Guide to Ogham font implementors .........8 Treoir do lucht déanta clófhoirne Oghaim8 References.....................................................11 Tagairtí..........................................................11 Foreword Réamhrá This Irish Standard has been prepared by Caighdeán Éireannach é seo a cruthaíodh ag NSAI/AGITS/WG6. It is based on and, by NSAI/AGITS/WG6. Baineadh leas as roghanna exercising the options permitted, is fully in ceadaithe ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998 Information conformity with ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998 technology — ISO 8-bit coded character set for Information technology — ISO 8-bit coded information interchange, agus tá sé ag teacht go character set for information interchange. huile is go hiomlán leis an gcaighdeán sin. Page/Lch. 4 Information technology — 8-bit single-byte graphic coded character set for Ogham I.S. 434:1999 Teicneolaíocht eolais — Tacar carachtar grafach Oghaim códaithe go haonbheartach le 8 ngiotán Specification Sonraíocht 1 Scope 1 Scóip This Irish Standard specifies an 8-bit Ogham Sonraítear sa Chaighdeán Éireanneach seo tacar coded character set which is derived from the carachtar Oghaim, códaithe le 8 ngiotán, ISO 8-bit coded character set as described in bunaithe ar an tacar códála carachtar códaithe ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998. le 8 ngiotán a leagtar síos faoi ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998. This standard specifies a character set for the Sonraítear sa chaighdeán seo tacar carachtar do Ogham script, which will satisfy the needs of script Oghaim, a shásóidh riachtanais daoine professionals and amateurs interested in Ogham gairmiúla agus daoine amaitéaracha a bhfuil by providing a standard encoding for Ogham spéis acu san Ogham, agus chun códú texts. The left-hand part of this character set is caighdeánach do théacsanna Oghaim a chur ar identical to that of ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998. The fáil. Is ionann an taobh chlé den tacar carachtar right-hand part of this character set conforms to seo agus an taobh chlé de ISO/IEC 8859- that of the repertoire accepted for inclusion in 1:1998. Is ionann stór an tacar 8 ngiotán ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993 (the Universal carachtar seo agus an stór a glacadh isteach in Character Set or UCS). In any 8-bit implement- ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993 (Olltacar Carachtar nó ation of the Ogham script, the code table UCS). I ngach comhlíonadh 8 ngiotán an specified here should be used, whether the Oghaim, úsáidtear an tábla códála atá sonraithe implementation environment be Macintosh, anseo, cé acu atá an suíomh comhlíonaithe, .i. DOS, Windows, UNIX, or any other platform. Macintosh, DOS, Windows, UNIX, nó suíomh When transferring text from platform to ar bith eile atá i gceist. Ba cheart gach carachtar platform, no character transformation should be a thabhairt slán gan aon athrú le linn téacs a performed. aistriú ó thimpeallacht ríomhaireachta amháin go timpealleacht eile. This set of coded graphic characters is intended Lena úsáid i bhfeidhmchláir próiseála téacs for use, both nationally and internationally, in agus sonraí a chuirtear an tacar códaithe data and text processing applications and may carachtar grafach seo ar fáil. Is féidir é a úsáid i also be used for information interchange. malartú eolais chomh maith, i gcomhthéacs naisiúnta agus idirnáisiúnta. This set of coded graphic characters may be Is féidir caitheamh leis an tacar códaithe regarded as a version of an 8-bit code carachtar grafach seo mar leagan de chódú 8 according to ISO/IEC 2022:1994 or ISO/IEC ngiotán faoi réir ag ISO/IEC 2022:1994 nó 4873:1991 at level 1. ISO/IEC 4873:1991 ag leibhéal 1. The font design of characters is not specified in Ní shonraítear sa chaighdeán seo dearadh this standard. A guide to implementors of chruth na gcarachtar i gclófhoirne, ach tá treoir Ogham fonts, is, however, provided in the do lucht déanta clófhoirne, ar fáil mar eolas san informative Annex. Aguisín. Information technology — 8-bit single-byte graphic coded character set for Ogham Page/Lch. 5 Teicneolaíocht eolais — Tacar carachtar grafach Oghaim códaithe go haonbheartach le 8 ngiotán I.S. 434:1999 2 Normative references 2 Tagairtí normadacha I.S. 434:1999 incorporates, by reference, Glacann I.S. 434:1999 isteach, i bhfoirm provisions from specific editions of other tagairtí, sonraí in eagráin áirithe de fhoilsea- publications. These normative references are cháin áirithe. Luaitear na tagairtí sin tríd síos cited at the appropriate points in the text and tríd an téacs seo, de réir mar is cuí, agus tugtar the publications are listed in the References liosta de na foilseacháin sin sa Tagairtí thíos. below. Subsequent amendments to, or revisions Má leasaítear ceann ar bith do na foilseacháin of, any of these publications apply to I.S. seo amach anseo, ní bheidh éifeacht ag an leasú 434:1999 only when incorporated in it by sin ar an gcaighdeán I.S. 434:1999 mura updating or revision. ndéantar é sin a leasú dá réir. 3 The 8-bit Ogham coded character set 3 Tacar carachtar Oghaim 8 ngiotán The 8-bit Ogham coded character set shall be Tá tacar carachtar Oghaim códaithe le 8 given as in Table 1. The positions 8/0 to 13/15 ngiotán de réir mar atá leagtha síos faoi Thábla (80 to DF) shall not be used. 1 anseo. Ná húsáidtear suímh 8/0 go 13/15 (80 go DF). Page/Lch. 6 Information technology — 8-bit single-byte graphic coded character set for Ogham I.S. 434:1999 Teicneolaíocht eolais — Tacar carachtar grafach Oghaim códaithe go haonbheartach le 8 ngiotán 3.1 Character names 3.1 Ainmneacha na gcarachtar
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iso/Iec Jtc1/Sc22/Wg20 N809r
    ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG20 N809R 2001-01-09 Internationalization International Organization for Standardization Organisation internationale de normalisation еждународнаяорганизацияпостандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Ordering the Runic script Source: Michael Everson Status: Expert Contribution Date: 2001-01-09 On 2000-12-24 Olle Järnefors published on behalf of the ISORUNES Project in Sweden a proposal for ordering the Runes in the Common Tailorable Template (CTT) of ISO/IEC 14651. In my view this ordering is unsuitable for the CTT for a number of reasons. Runic ordering in ISO/IEC 10646. The Runes are encoded at U+16A0–U+16FF, in a unified set of characters encompassing the four major traditions of Runic use: Germanic, Anglo-Frisian, Danish, and Swedish-Norwegian, and Medieval. The Runes are arranged in the code table agreed by ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 in an order based on the the traditional positions of the Runes in abecedaries, namely, the fuþark order. This order is known from hundreds of primary sources which list the Runes in sequence, often with no other text. Most scholarly texts refer to the fuþark in one way or another. Nearly all secondary texts, whether popular introductions to the Runes or New-Age esoterica, give primacy to the traditional fuþark sequence. Runic names in ISO/IEC 10646. The names given to the Runes in the UCS may be a bit clumsy, but they are intended to serve the needs of scholars and amateurs alike; not everyone is familiar with Runic transliteration practices, and not everyone is conversant with the traditional names in Germanic, English, and Scandinavian usage.
    [Show full text]
  • The Faerie Faith and the Beth-Luis-Nion Celtic Lunar Tree
    The Faerie Faith and the Beth-Luis-Nion Celtic Lunar Tree Calendar James Clifford Landis Certificate of Approval: ________________________ ________________________ Richard Penaskovic Jack W. Rogers, Jr. Professor Director Religious Studies University Honors College The Faerie Faith and the Beth-Luis-Nion Celtic Lunar Tree Calendar James Clifford Landis A Thesis Submitted to The Honors College of Auburn University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Title of University Honors Scholar Auburn, Alabama May 11, 2002 The Faerie Faith and the Beth-Luis-Nion Celtic Lunar Tree Calendar James Clifford Landis Permission is granted to Auburn University to make copies of this thesis at its discretion, upon the request of individuals or institutions and at their expense. The author reserves all publication rights. __________________________ Signature of Author __________________________ Date Copy sent to: Name Date iii Vita James Clifford (Cliff) Landis, son of William Ronald and Mary Lou Landis, was born March 11, 1980, in Somerset, New Jersey. He graduated from Lowndes High School in 1998. He entered Auburn University in August, 1998, and graduated University Honors Scholar with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy with a concentration in Religious Studies in May, 2002. He obtained his Second Solar degree in the Faerie Faith in November, 2001. He maintains an interest in New Religious Movements, Mysticism, Feminist Religion, Psychology, and Library Science. iv Thesis Abstract The Faerie Faith and the Beth-Luis-Nion Celtic Lunar Tree Calendar James Clifford Landis Bachelor of Arts, May 11, 2002 57 Typed Pages Directed by Richard Penaskovic The following thesis is presented in two parts.
    [Show full text]
  • ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2664 L2/03-393 A. Administrative B. Technical -- General
    ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2664 L2/03-393 2003-11-02 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation internationale de normalisation еждународная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Preliminary proposal to encode the Cuneiform script in the SMP of the UCS Source: Michael Everson, Karljürgen Feuerherm, Steve Tinney Status: Individual Contribution Date: 2003-11-02 A. Administrative 1. Title Preliminary proposal to encode the Cuneiform script in the SMP of the UCS. 2. Requester’s name Michael Everson, Karljürgen Feuerherm, Steve Tinney 3. Requester type (Member body/Liaison/Individual contribution) Individual contribution. 4. Submission date 2003-11-02 5. Requester’s reference (if applicable) 6. Choose one of the following: 6a. This is a complete proposal No. This is a preliminary proposal 6b. More information will be provided later Yes. B. Technical -- General 1. Choose one of the following: 1a. This proposal is for a new script (set of characters) Yes. Proposed name of script Cuneiform and Cuneiform Numbers. 1b. The proposal is for addition of character(s) to an existing block No. 1b. Name of the existing block 2. Number of characters in proposal 952. 3. Proposed category (see section II, Character Categories) Category B. 4a. Proposed Level of Implementation (1, 2 or 3) (see clause 14, ISO/IEC 10646-1: 2000) Level 1. 4b. Is a rationale provided for the choice? Yes. 4c. If YES, reference Characters are ordinary spacing characters. 5a. Is a repertoire including character names provided? Yes. 5b. If YES, are the names in accordance with the character naming guidelines in Annex L of ISO/IEC 10646-1: 2000? Yes.
    [Show full text]
  • Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2 N3427 L2/08-132
    JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3427 L2/08-132 2008-04-08 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Proposal to encode 39 Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics in the UCS Source: Michael Everson and Chris Harvey Status: Individual Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2008-04-08 1. Summary. This document requests 39 additional characters to be added to the UCS and contains the proposal summary form. 1. Syllabics hyphen (U+1400). Many Aboriginal Canadian languages use the character U+1428 CANADIAN SYLLABICS FINAL SHORT HORIZONTAL STROKE, which looks like the Latin script hyphen. Algonquian languages like western dialects of Cree, Oji-Cree, western and northern dialects of Ojibway employ this character to represent /tʃ/, /c/, or /j/, as in Plains Cree ᐊᓄᐦᐨ /anohc/ ‘today’. In Athabaskan languages, like Chipewyan, the sound is /d/ or an alveolar onset, as in Sayisi Dene ᐨᕦᐣᐨᕤ /t’ąt’ú/ ‘how’. To avoid ambiguity between this character and a line-breaking hyphen, a SYLLABICS HYPHEN was developed which resembles an equals sign. Depending on the typeface, the width of the syllabics hyphen can range from a short ᐀ to a much longer ᐀. This hyphen is line-breaking punctuation, and should not be confused with the Blackfoot syllable internal-w final proposed for U+167F. See Figures 1 and 2. 2. DHW- additions for Woods Cree (U+1677..U+167D). ᙷᙸᙹᙺᙻᙼᙽ/ðwē/ /ðwi/ /ðwī/ /ðwo/ /ðwō/ /ðwa/ /ðwā/. The basic syllable structure in Cree is (C)(w)V(C)(C).
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient and Other Scripts
    The Unicode® Standard Version 13.0 – Core Specification To learn about the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trade- mark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc., in the United States and other countries. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this specification, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The Unicode Character Database and other files are provided as-is by Unicode, Inc. No claims are made as to fitness for any particular purpose. No warranties of any kind are expressed or implied. The recipient agrees to determine applicability of information provided. © 2020 Unicode, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission must be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction. For information regarding permissions, inquire at http://www.unicode.org/reporting.html. For information about the Unicode terms of use, please see http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html. The Unicode Standard / the Unicode Consortium; edited by the Unicode Consortium. — Version 13.0. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-936213-26-9 (http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode13.0.0/) 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Native Plants Ogam
    Florida Native Plants Ogam OBOD Ovate Gift Dana Wiyninger Starke, Florida USA July 29, 2012 Introduction Moving to a new region with completely different plants and climate, and having to manage a neglected forest meant I had to really learn about and examine the trees and plants on our property. (No relying on my previous knowledge of plants on the west coast.) Even with the subtropical climate, we paradoxically have many temperate east coast trees in north Florida. To make sense of it all in context of the Ogam, I had to seriously study and search to find the plants in my Florida Ogam. I often had to make more intuitive associations when an Ogam plant species wasn‟t found here. I had vivid impressions from the Ogam (and other) plants- I later used these to find my path through the many interpretations authors have offered. Personally, I use my own Florida correspondences when I see many of these plants every day; the impressions and messages are just part of my perceptions of the plants now. Since using my correspondences I‟m more aware of the varying time streams the plants experience and the spirits associated with them. I feel a conduit with the plants, and the resulting insights are particularly useful to me and relevant to changes going on in my life. Not quite formal divination, I receive guidance none the less. I feel there may be a healing practice in my future that will incorporate the Ogam, but that is yet to come. So, as enjoyable as it was, learning the basics of the Ogam wasn‟t easy for me.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (1MB)
    Quaintmere, Max (2018) Aspects of memory in medieval Irish literature. PhD thesis. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/9026/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Aspects of Memory in Medieval Irish Literature Max Quaintmere MA, MSt (Oxon.) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Humanities College of Arts University of Glasgow September 2017 Abstract This thesis explores a number of topics centred around the theme of memory in relation to medieval Irish literature roughly covering the period 600—1200 AD but considering, where necessary, material later than this date. Firstly, based on the current scholarship in memory studies focused on the Middle Ages, the relationship between medieval thought on memory in Ireland is compared with its broader European context. From this it becomes clear that Ireland, whilst sharing many parallels with European thought during the early Middle Ages based on a shared literary inheritance from the Christian and late-classical worlds, does not experience the same renaissance in memory theory that occurred in European universities from the thirteenth century onwards.
    [Show full text]
  • Ogham-The-Druidic-Play
    Ogham (A Druidic Play1) by Susa Morgan Black, Druid (OBOD) Characters: Celtic Deities: Name Description Suggested Prop or tool Nemetona NEH-MEH- Celtic Goddess of Sacred Robed in the colors of the TONA Groves and forests forest – greens and browns Duine Glas DOON-YEH - The Green Man Green foliage, Celtic torque GLAS Druid Fellowship: Name Description Suggested Prop or tool Druid Master of Ceremonies, Druid staff or shepherd’s dressed in white robe and crook; or scythe and gold tabard (or plain white mistletoe robe with no tabard) Ovate Seer; dressed in white robe Ogham cards in ogham and green tabard bowl, Druid wand Bards Poets, Musicians; dressed Harp or Zither; in white robe and blue Drum tabard Nymphs Dressed as fairies Fairy wands, flowers, etc. The Ogham Trees (in one of the traditional ogham orders, Beth Luis Fearn). Each tree should have a sign with their tree name printed in Gaelic and English, so that they can be easily found at the time of divination Name Description Suggested Prop or tool Beith (Birch) BEHTH A young, energetic maiden white shawl Luis (Rowan) LOOSH A witchy, sexy woman sheer red veil Fearn (Alder) FARN A strong determined man, a Building tools (perhaps a “bridge builder” hammer) Saille (Willow) SALL-YEH A mysterious lunar female Luminescent shimmering veil Nunn (Ash) NOON A stalwart guardian tree Spear Huathe (Hawthorn) HOO- The playful May Queen Green and white finery with AH a floral wreath Duir (Oak) DOO-OR Regal Male, Druid King of Oak staff, scepter, acorns the Woods Tinne (Holly) TCHEEN- Young male warrior
    [Show full text]
  • Rune-Names: the Irish Connexion
    Rune-names: the Irish connexion Alan Griffiths Introduction Runologists are justifiably sceptical when it comes to comparing anything ogamic with anything runic. Moltke was also justifiably sceptical when he said of attempts to explain rune-names that “We may safely relegate them to the world of fantasy” (1985: 37). While acknowledging such scepticism, this paper nonetheless dares not only to venture into the world of rune-names, but also to compare them with ogam- names. In so doing it risks confrontation with the long-nurtured view crystal- lized in Polomé’s contention concerning the rune-names recorded in manu- scripts that “It is fairly undeniable that the names they transmit to us appear to derive from a common source, which has enabled Wolfgang Krause to recon- struct a plausible early Germanic list...” (1991: 422). In the paper from which this sentence is taken Polomé reviews what might be called the pagan-cult thesis of rune-names, which he summarizes in the commonly accepted hypothesis that the names “are imbedded in the German concepts about the world of the gods, nature and man” (1991: 434). He also reiterates the idea, based on classical references to the Germans’ use of notae, that runes were employed for divi- nation and “in this context, they were ideographic, i.e. we deal with the so-called Begriffsrunen...” (1991: 435).1 But then he reminds us, albeit in a valedictory footnote: “It should be remembered that these names of runes do not occur in any document of pagan origin, nor in any source (either alphabetic listings [runica manuscripta] or runic poems) prior to the Carolingian Renaissance” (1991: 435, fn.
    [Show full text]
  • Trees and Woodland Names in Irish Placenames John Mc Loughlina*
    IRISH FORESTRY 2016, VOL. 73 Trees and woodland names in Irish placenames John Mc Loughlina* The names of a land show the heart of the race, They move on the tongue like the lilt of a song. You say the name and I see the place Drumbo, Dungannon, Annalong. John Hewitt Since trees are very visible in the landscape, it is not surprising that so many of our placenames have derived from trees and woods. Today, if a forest was to spring up everywhere there is a tree-associated name in a townland, the country would once more be clothed with an almost uninterrupted succession of forests. There are more than 60,000 townlands in Ireland and it is estimated that 13,000 or 20% are named after trees, collections of trees (e.g. grove) and the uses of trees. Prior to road signs, with which we are so familiar today, natural and manmade features were the only directional sources. Placenames have been evolving since the dawn of Irish civilisation when most of the country was heavily forested and trees had a prominent role in the economy. Trees provided raw materials, medicine, weapons, tools, charcoal, food (in the form of berries, nuts, fungi, fruit, wild animals, etc.), geographical markers as well as the basis for spirituality and wisdom. It is difficult for us today to interpret the origins of some of our placenames; they are derived from old Irish interspersed with Viking, Norman, and Medieval English influences, and in the north of the country Scots Gaelic also adds its influence.
    [Show full text]
  • Language in Ancient Europe: an Introduction Roger D
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-68495-8 - The Ancient Languages of Europe Edited by Roger D. Woodard Excerpt More information chapter 1 Language in ancient Europe: an introduction roger d. woodard The Sanscrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and in the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong, indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists: there is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gothik and the Celtick, though blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanscrit; and the old Persian might be added to the same family. Asiatick Researches 1:442–443 In recent years, these words of an English jurist, Sir William Jones, have been frequently quoted (at times in truncated form) in works dealing with Indo-European linguistic origins. And appropriately so. They are words of historic proportion, spoken in Calcutta, 2 February 1786, at a meeting of the Asiatick Society, an organization that Jones had founded soon after his arrival in India in 1783 (on Jones, see, inter alia, Edgerton 1967). If Jones was not the first scholar to recognize the genetic relatedness of languages (see, inter alia, the discussion in Mallory 1989:9–11) and if history has treated Jones with greater kindness than other pioneers of comparative linguistic investigation, the foundational remarks were his that produced sufficient awareness, garnered sufficient attention – sustained or recollected – to mark an identifiable beginning of the study of comparative linguistics and the study of that great language family of which Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, Gothic, Celtic, and Old Persian are members – and are but a few of its members.
    [Show full text]
  • Answers and Solutions
    191 ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS ~ds a column POEMS IN PRAISE OF ENGLISH PHONOLOGY Charles F. Hockett ment on arti­ lough need for 1. stop 2. spirant 3. labial, laminal, dorsal 4. lateral, retroflex, nasal 5. voiceless 6. voiceless 7. voiceless, obstruent 8. nasal but let I s 9. voicele s s 10. labial rench-Ian­ AN OLYMPIC QUIZ Darryl Francis ure Potenti­ Horrors of myopical, diplomacy, cephalodymia, polydemoniac, polysemantic, ecita1 of the polymicrobic, mycoplasmic, compliancy, cytoplasmic, microphysi­ cle on OuLiPo cal, polyschematic Lge example polymicroscope, cosmopolicy, lycopersicum, lycopodium/polycod­ ~y, hate-shy ium, polygamistic, cryptoglioma, hypokalemic, polypharmic, poly­ you ex-wise mathie, myelopathic, polyhemic, lipothymic polychromia, polychromin, polytrichum, polystichum, impolicy, lms, Profes­ mispolicy, compliably, myopically, pyromellitic, symptomical, :h Phonologyll cryptonemiales, polyatomic : a princess in .ins no bilabials polysomatic, polynomic, cypselomorphic, polymicrian, policymak­ er, microtypal, pyrometrical, polymeric, microcephal y /pyrochem­ ical, polycormic, polydromic, polymastic es of the is sue ge as this can spatilomancy, cyps eliform, compre s sively, myeloplastic, polysomic, , and I try to polycrotism, polycentrism, polymetameric, polymythic, complicity, ~ar in rough compositely, polyonymic llC e of printing , to the problem. PRIMER TIME Ralph G. Beaman the se copie s however, if 'two letter s, T and A, are used in this alphabet primer to form the ed. (Don't tliree-Ietter words TAA, TAB, TAC, etc. Two imperfect words are TAFe and TAQlid. -- Adventuret! KlCKSHAWS Philip M. Cohen mprehensive Heful study. Jabberwocky: The vicar Bwigs chilled bubbly in the parish too. litd in defining If you try this with II Jabberwocky" you'll find it much less ::annot stomach; amenable, but some changes are possible.
    [Show full text]