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Home , AD 1000, Inquisition

SupplementSUPPLEMENT PLAN Plan

Materials ӹӹ Christ Pantokrator ӹӹ Gothic Cathedrals ӹӹ Note-Taking Aid ӹӹ East and West ӹӹ Church History AD 1000-1500 ӹӹ Teacher Resource: Timeline Strips AD 1000-1500

Special Note All the lessons in this unit, and especially this lesson, touch on very complicated topics: the Eastern Schism, the , and the . None of the lessons in this unit are intended as a thorough treatment of their subjects.

This lesson also provides a special opportunity to teach historical thinking skills. Historical thinking means making judgments about historical events within their context and not in isolation.

Historical thinking will help young people understand the Crusades and the Inquisition, which are often cited by people trying to attack the legitimacy of the Church. It is important that young people are given the opportunity to explore these events fully so that it will become clear why these attacks are often based on incomplete understanding.

As needed, and without whitewashing the facts, provide historical context for the events in the lesson, and encourage students to think historically. This way of studying history encourages critical thinking and helps guard against the temptation to condemn people in the past based purely on our own position in history. The goal is not to pretend the events did not happen, but rather to view them within their historical context.

Historical thinking is always good. Questions one might ask to encourage historical thinking include:

ӹӹ During the time of the bubonic plague, what did people know about sanitary practices? What were the common treatments doctors offered?

ӹӹ What had been going on in the Holy Land for hundreds of years leading up to the ’s call for a Crusade?

ӹӹ How was the life of a Christian in Syria different from the life of a Christian in ?

ӹӹ If the government charged you with a crime during the , what could you expect to happen to you?

ӹӹ How did the Church known as the Inquisition compare with government ? Were its sentences lighter or harsher?

UNIT 2, LESSON 8 SUPPLEMENT PLAN

DAYS ONE AND TWO

Christ Pantokrator Warm-Up I BY DIANELOS GEORGOUDIS (C. 1260-1261) Christ Pantokator A. Project the image Christ Pantokrator and have Christ Pantokrator, by Dianelos Georgoudis (c. 1260-1261)

students turn to Christ Pantokrator in their Directions: Take some time to quietly view and refl ect on the art. Let yourself be inspired in any way that happens naturally. Then think about the questions below, and workbooks. Have students discuss the questions in discuss them with your classmates.

Conversation Questions pairs, then have a few pairs share their responses. 1. This image is of a mosaic. What is a mosaic? Have you ever seen one? Where?

2. This mosaic was completed in around 1260. This way of depicting our Lord, known as “Christ Pantokrator,” is one of the earliest in . Translated from Greek, Pantokrator means “all powerful” or “almighty.” How does this mosaic show Christ as B. Help students locate Istanbul (formerly almighty? 3. What book do you think Christ is holding in His left hand?

4. The position of Christ’s right hand is known as the “teaching position.” Why is Christ ) on a world map. Next, find depicted as a teacher?

5. This mosaic is considered the best mosaic in the Hagia Sophia. What is the Hagia Sophia? Look at our timeline. When was it fi rst built? Where is it? On a map or a globe, fi nd the city the other four patriarchies (, , where it is located.

6. Based on what you know about the fi rst century of Christianity, what is the connection Alexandria, and Antioch). between this location and the ?

C. Compare these locations with Paris, Athens, and Mosaic from Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey. other locations you have been or will be learning about, explaining which cities are in the West and which are in the East.

D. Lead the class discussion to the conclusion that the activities of the next three days will focus on various challenges of East and West during the .

Warm-Up II A. Orient the students in time by going over the events on their timelines up through today’s lesson. Keeping in mind the mission of the Church, have students brainstorm what challenges Christianity was facing at this point in history. Keep a list on the board. For example: Note-Taking Aid

Directions: Read the information and then use the questions below to take notes on the history your teacher shares with you. ӹ Will alliances between Church and lead to ӹ esus made the Apostles the fi rst bishops. At fi rst, the fi ve patriarchs were equal in JJesus set St. Peter apart in a special way, authority and infl uence. In time, however, giving him the Keys to the Kingdom of heaven the bishop of Rome — the successor of St. better or worse outcomes? and the authority to make decisions for the Peter — exerted greater authority than the Church. Both Scripture and Tradition point other patriarchs. to Peter as the head of the Church (Matthew In the fourth century, Emperor Constantine 16:18-19). divided the Roman Empire into East and ӹӹ How will the Church respond to near-constant After Jesus’ death and Resurrection, the West, with a new capital at Constantinople. Apostles traveled the ancient world, Constantinople became the seat of the bringing the to cities including empire’s wealth and power. By the year attacks from invading ? Rome, Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria, and 500, the Western Roman Empire — based Constantinople. These fi ve cities came to be in Rome — had collapsed, while the Eastern known as patriarchies, led by bishops of a Roman Empire continued its legacy. The special dignity. emperor of Constantinople saw himself as successor to the Romans, and his city as the St. Peter had traveled to Rome. He became most important one. Further, the emperor ӹӹ Will the tensions between Eastern and Western Rome’s fi rst bishop — and his authority passed did not think he should have to submit to the down to the successors of his offi ce. Christians get better, or will they get worse? pope’s authority. 1. What major event in Church history happened in 1054? ______

2. What is a schism? ______B. Building off the last question, have students turn to 3. What are some reasons for the Eastern Schism? ______

Note-Taking Aid in their workbooks. Give students 4. When Pope St. John Paul II said the Church should “breathe with her two lungs,” what did he mean?

______

time to read the information, and then have them ______take notes as you go over the following content with students about the Eastern Schism:

UNIT 2, LESSON 8 SUPPLEMENT PLAN

In 1054, Eastern Christians separated from the Church. This event is often called the Great Schism or Eastern Schism. A schism is a split or division over differences of opinion or belief. The of the Eastern Christians came to be called Orthodox Christianity. The schism did not happen suddenly. As the last several lessons have shown, its causes had been building for centuries. For example: ӹӹ Language differences led to misunderstandings and suspicion. (Most in the East, including the clergy, spoke only Greek, and almost everyone in the West, including the clergy, spoke only Latin.) ӹӹ The early Church had patriarchs, who were bishops of special dignity, of Rome, Antioch, Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Constantinople. Eastern Catholics believed that the pope was first among equals but did not believe the pope had authority over them. Although there are theological differences between Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy, there is no doctrinal reason for the schism. It is not a . The Catholic Church considers the Sacraments of the Orthodox Church valid. Through the years, many and patriarchs have engaged in dialogue, praying for the Holy Spirit to help reestablish the unity of the first 1,000 years of Christianity. Pope John Paul II urged that the Church should “breathe with her two lungs” — the East and West.

Activity Have students work in pairs and use their textbooks, mini-lecture notes, and other available resources to discover the significance of the persons and events onChurch History AD 1000-1500 (page 118). See the answer key for correct responses.

Note: Because of the greater amount of content in this lesson, you may extend the time you give students to complete Church History AD 1000-1500. Two days are allotted in this lesson plan.

UNIT 2, LESSON 8 SUPPLEMENT PLAN

DAY THREE Church History AD 1000-1500

Directions: InRead the wake the essay, of the then schism, use thethe Romaninformation you learnbeen to promised.complete theEast chart and Westthat became even Warm-Up Catholicfollows. Church faced a need for reform. more divided from each other. Pope Gregory VII took up this task, Though the Crusades were called in order to aggressively working to end bad practices he second millennium of Christianity liberate the Holy Land from Muslim invaders within the Churchwith fl and ying extending buttresses, the vaulted pope’s ceilings, pointed plague, or bubonic plague, the disease arrived began with division. The next fi ve and rule, many of the crusaders were sinful T authority overarches, secular and rulers. other Born beautiful in 1020 features. in They were in in 1347; it had previously struck centuries saw war, plague, and much and sought only personal gain. Since the , he tookmeant the name to create Gregory a holy in honorspace ofand to remind , , and Egypt. It was spread by fl eas Have pairs stand and present information for one suffering, yet also brought forth great Crusades, the Church has never again gone to Pope St. Gregorythe faithful the Great. that Hethe worked Mass is toour end participation on rodents, although this was not known at learning with the dawn of the university, new war over territory, even the Holy Land. simony (the sellingin one ofHoly religious Mass in offi Heaven. ces, and the time. In fact, no one knew how to prevent religious orders dedicated to spreading the a violation of the First Commandment). He or treat it. The bubonic plagueWrite a killed summary 20 statement Gospel, and the beauty andReligious culture Ordersof the also saw a revival. Spanish excommunicated the Holy Roman Emperor List key informationmillion people, about or one-thirdexplaining of the populationthe signifi cance of . priest St. Dominic de Guzman foundedThe Inquisition Henry IV and demonstratedIndividual/thing the pope’s this individual/thingof Europe. In many cities,this the individual/thing death toll was event/individual on Church History AD 1000- the in 1216. Called theSince the beginning of the Church it had been independence from and supremacy over the 50 percent. The disease especially affected Order of Preachers,Eastern St. SchismDominic and hisimportant to stop the spread of false teachings The Great secularSchism government. the clergy and religious who cared forWrite the a summary statement followers blended intellectual life with(). To combat superstition and heresy, sick.List It key challenged information families’ about ability toexplaining bury the the signifi cance of In 1054, Eastern Christiansspiritual separated life. from Many who were alsothe greatChurch established a permanent Church Individual/thing dead.this Itindividual/thing was a factor in the Council ofthis Ferrara- individual/thing the Roman Catholic Church.thinkers This event were isDominicans, including court,St. called the Inquisition, in 1229. The Crusades Florence (1438-1445) which had to be moved 1500. Continue until all the content has been often called the Great SchismThomas or Eastern Aquinas and St. Catherine of andSiena. the death penalty were common in the Though East and West had formally Crusades to Florence when plague struck Ferrara. Write a summary statement Schism. A schism is a splitDominican or division religious over men and womenMiddle today Ages for major and even some minor split, the bonds of brotherhood among Pope Urban II at the CouncilThis of council, Clermont, attendedList where key byinformation 700 Greek about bishops explaining the signifi cance of differences of opinion or belief.preach The the faith gospel throughout the world.crimes; The executions were often carried out Christians remained. In 1094, the emperor Individual/thinghe calledincluding for the First the Crusade. Patriarchthis individual/thing of Constantinople and this individual/thing of the Eastern Christians cameFranciscan to be calledOrder was founded by St.publicly. Francis The attempts of the Inquisition in Constantinople asked the West for aid the Emperor of Byzantium, was an attempt Orthodox Christianity. As ofwe Assisi have inbeen 1209. The largest Althoughreligiousto thereorder reform arein hereticaltheological ideas and practices led against Muslim armies. Pope Urban II wanted Dominicanto Order reunite the Latin and Greek Churches. Write a summary statement covered. Throughout the discussion, prompt learning, the schism did notthe happen world today, suddenly; its members differences are committedto unjustbetween punishments Roman Catholicism — although these to restore the right of Christians to visit the The bishops present discussedList purgatorykey information about explaining the signifi cance of its causes had been buildingto St.for Francis’s centuries. ideals For of preaching,and Orthodoxy, ,punishments there iswere no doctrinalsimilar to or even lighter Holy Land (Christians were then barred by the as Individual/thingwell as the doctrine of Fliioque,this individual/thing (that the this individual/thing example: and poverty. reason forthan the penalties schism. It given is not at a the heresy. time by government Islamic government) and called for a Crusade. Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the The Catholiccourts Church for secular considers crimes. the Approximately 3,000 LanguageThousands differences answered Aled period to theof cultural call and fl Christians ourishing based on a Son).Bubonic Sadly, plague the council was not successful in Sacramentsto 5,000 of the people Orthodox were Church killed in valid. the Inquisition misunderstandingscaptured Jerusalem, andrediscovery suspicion. but only ofMost classical temporarily. in philosophy It began reuniting East and West. students with historical thinking questions. Pope St. Gregory VI over 300 years. the East, wasincluding soon recapturedthein clergy, Italy around spokeby Muslims. only1300. This movement Through spreadthe years, many popes and While the Holy Spirit always guides the Greek, and almost everyonethroughout in the Western West, Europe.patriarchs Centuries have later, engaged in dialogue, As a result of the reconquering of the region Church, the Church is made up of human including the clergy, spokehistorians only Latin.would look back onpraying this period forRevivals the and Holy Spiritof learning, to help religious by Muslim armies, French and German Kingsreestablish the unity ofbeings the fi whorst 1,000 can make mistakes and are The early Church had callpatriarchs, it the Renaissance, who which means “rebirth” promoted the Second and Third Crusades to orders, andcapable culture of sinning. Therefore, confl icts, were bishops of specialin dignity,French. of Great works completedGothicyears cathedralof during Christianity. this Pope St. John Paul retake Jerusalem. Under the Treaty of Jaffa, a Through all thecontroversies, strife, Europe corruption, saw a revival and even wars Rome, Antioch, Jerusalem,time Alexandria,include Dante’s InfernoII (1314) urged Chaucer’s that the Church should “breathe three-year truce guaranteed safe passage for and fl ourishingare foundof scholarship throughout and religiousthe history of the and Constantinople. EasternCanterbury Catholics Tales (1395), Da Vinci’swith her Last two Supper lungs” — the East and West. Muslim and Christian pilgrims through the orders from 1000-1300,Church. This a period period known in history as teaches us that believed that the popefresco was fi (1495), rst among and many others.The Eastern and Western Churches split Holy Land, but the Muslims kept control of the High Middlereligious Ages. beliefThe fi cannotrst universities be forced, and it may equals, but did not believe the pope had over long brewingFranciscan circumstances Order and remain Jerusalem. were foundedbe in easier the late to eleventhbreak a people century: apart in than it is authority over them. separated today, despite efforts from both. Bologna (Italy, 1088), Paris (France, 1096), and In I202 the FourthThe bubonicCrusade was plague launched to to reunite them. This fi nal lesson is one the Oxford (, 1096). The twelfth century try to captureBeginning Egypt from in 1347,the Muslims. the Black But Death in killed a Church was about to confront in a brand new saw the fi rstGothic cathedrals completed. Activity 1204, crusadersthird from of Europe’s the West population. instead sacked Also called the andThe tragic Inquisition way. Medieval architects developed techniques that Constantinople to collect money they had made it possible to build much taller buildings A. Before class, copy and cut out Teacher Resource: Timeline Strips AD 1000-1500 (page 31 in this guide) B. Go over the events on the strips. As you discuss each event, have students write in each date and event on their timelines and add each strip to the large class timeline. Note: To aid in class discussion, some explanatory notes are included

below that are not on the strips. Students may Gothic Cathedrals also wish to decorate the large class timeline Directions: Look at the images, then think about the questions that follow. with artwork. C. For each event, students should write two or three sentences and/or draw a picture explaining the significance of the event to decorate their timelines. They should use Church History AD 1000-1500 as a reference. Interior of Matthias Church, Budapest, . Built from the mid- to late-13th century. Frog Dares / Shutterstock.com. Vitus Cathedral, Prague, Czech Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France. Republic. Built from 1344-1929. Built from 1163-1345. TTstudio / Shutterstock.com. TTstudio / Shutterstock.com. D. Have students view images of Gothic cathedrals Questions to Ponder

1. What do you think it would feel like to go to Mass every Sunday — or even every Gothic Cathedrals in thier workbooks. You may day — in a place like this? 2. Cathedrals sometimes took more than 100 years to build. The architects who designed them would sometimes not live to see the structures fi nished. What do also wish to locate additional pictures by doing these buildings tell us about how important religion was to Christians in the Middle Ages? a Google Image search. 3. What can you tell about what is important to people today by looking at the structures we build? 1000 Muslims control two-thirds of the ancient Christian world.

1054 Eastern Schism.

1073 St. Gregory VII elected pope.

1088 First universities founded. In Bologna (Italy, 1088), Paris (France, 1096), and Oxford (England, 1096)

1094 The Byzantine emperor in Constantinople asks the West for aid against Muslim armies.

UNIT 2, LESSON 8 SUPPLEMENT PLAN

1095 Pope Urban II calls for a Crusade, and Christians temporarily capture Jerusalem. “For your brethren who live in the east are in urgent need of your help, and you must hasten to give them the aid which has often been promised them.”

1144 First Gothic cathedral completed. The Basilica of St. Denis is completed near Paris.

1147, 1192 Second and Third Crusades. As a result of the reconquering of the region by Muslim armies, French and German Kings promoted a series of campaigns to retake Jerusalem. Most crusaders returned after just a year. King Richard the Lionhearted of England battled the Muslim sultan Saladin. Under the Treaty of Jaffa, a three-year truce guaranteed the safe passage of Muslim and Christian pilgrims through the Holy Land, but the real prize — territorial control itself — went to Saladin, who kept control of Jerusalem.

1204 Crusaders from the Fourth Crusade (1202) sack Constantinople. The Fourth Crusade was launched with the intent to capture Egypt from the Muslims. But crusaders from the West instead sacked Constantinople to collect money they had been promised. East and West became even more divided from each other.

1229 The Inquisition founded.

1300 The Renaissance begins. A period of cultural flourishing based on a rediscovery of classical philosophy begins in Italy and spreads throughout Western Europe. Centuries later, historians would look back on this period and call it the Renaissance, which means “rebirth” in French.

1347 Bubonic plague arrives in Europe.

1438 Council of Ferrara-Florence begins This council was an attempt by the Latin and Greek churches to resolve doctrinal differences.

1453 Muslims conquer Constantinople and turn Hagia Sophia into a mosque. Remind students of the mosaic from Day I, Christ Pantokrator, which is located in Hagia Sophia. Its construction in 537 is on their timelines. Hagia Sophia is now a museum.

E. For homework, have students, together with their parents, find and read Church documents and/or news coverage about efforts within the Catholic and Orthodox churches to reestablish the unity they shared for the first 1,000 years of Christianity. Students should bring the article(s) they read to class next time.

UNIT 2, LESSON 8 SUPPLEMENT PLAN

DAY FOUR East and West

Look at the photo, then answer the questions that follow. Warm-Up Directions: 4. Around the time this photograph was taken, Pope St John Paul II asked, “How can we not share, at a distance of eight centuries, the pain and disgust?” How long is eight centuries? What event eight centuries before was Pope St. John Paul II referring to? A. Spend some time discussing the articles ______

5. Three years before this meeting, Pope St. John Paul II wrote to the of Athens, saying, “It is tragic that the assailants, who set out to secure free access for Christians to the students brought in. Holy Land, turned against their brothers in the faith.” Why did he call Orthodox Christians “their brothers in the faith”?

______B. Have students turn to East and West and ______6. Bartholomew I said in 2004, “The spirit of reconciliation of the Resurrection...incites us toward reconciliation of our churches.” What hope is he expressing? In what does he base discuss the conversation questions as a large this hope? ______group. ______

______

______Getty Images, PATRICK HERTZOG / Staff.

Pope St. John Paul II and Ecumenical of Constantinople Bartholomew I in St. Peter's Basilica at the Vatican, November 27, 2004. The ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople is the Activity and Assessment “fi rst among equals” of the patriarchs of the Orthodox Christians. A. Discuss how it is important to remember that, 1. Who are the people in this photograph? ______2. Where was this picture taken? ______while the Holy Spirit always guides the Church, 3. In what year was it taken? ______the Church is made up of human beings who can make mistakes and are capable of sinning. Therefore, conflicts, controversies, corruption, and even wars are found throughout the history of the Church. By studying history, we can learn from it. What are the lesson(s) we can learn from this period in Church history? In addition to the ideas students generate, you may add: ӹӹ Western civilization was preserved through the Dark Ages, and Christianity especially flourished in the eleventh through thirteenth centuries, as seen by the founding of universities, the completion of the first Gothic cathedrals, and the founding of the Franciscan and Dominican Orders. ӹӹ The Church is made up of people who are sinners. Christ and St. Paul warned us that there would be false prophets and power-hungry people among Church leaders (Matthew 7:15; Acts 20:29). ӹӹ The ends do not justify the means. Torture is not acceptable even if it produces “confessions” of wrongdoing. ӹӹ Religious belief cannot be forced. ӹӹ It may be easier to break a people apart than it is to reunite them. ӹӹ What unites East and West is greater than what divides us. B. To close, lead the students in the following prayer from the Mass for the Unity of Christians:

Lord, lover of all, fill us with the love your Spirit gives. May we live in a manner worthy of our calling; make us witnesses of your truth to all and help us work to bring all believers together in the unity of faith and the fellowship of peace. Grant this through our Lord, Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God forever and ever. Amen.

UNIT 2, LESSON 8 Timeline Strips AD 1000-1500

TEACHER RESOURCE

AD 1000 AD 1094 Muslims control The Byzantine two-thirds of emperor in the ancient Constantinople Christian world. asks the West for aid against Muslim armies.

AD 1054 Eastern Schism AD 1095 Pope Urban II calls

AD 1073 for a Crusade, St. Gregory VII and Christians elected pope. temporarily capture Jerusalem.

AD 1088 First universities founded.

UNIT 2, LESSON 8 AD 1144 AD 1347 First Gothic Bubonic plague cathedral completed arrives in Europe.

AD 1147, 1192 1438-1445 Second and Third Council of Crusades. Ferrara-Florence

AD 1204 AD 1453 Crusaders from the Muslims conquer Fourth Crusade Constantinople and (1202) sack turn Hagia Sophia Constantinople. into a mosque.

AD 1229 AD 1492 The Inquisition Christopher founded. Columbus reaches the .

UNIT 2, LESSON 8