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The Counter- The Counter- • Church did not give Reformation up without a fight • Those protecting the Church The Responds acted with passion and became less tolerant of

• Strategy: reform, propaganda (information used to publicize or promote a viewpoint), and the Inquisition Leo X

Attempt at Reform Control of the Message

• Ignatius Loyola: Spanish soldier • met from 1545-1563 • When wounded, he had a religious reawakening • Council members tried to • reform, but change (end of To stop the spread Protestantism, founded the corruption) was not easy Society of Jesuits (known as the Jesuits) • Continued to approve selling , and said only the • Group active in spreading the Church— and not the message and worked hard to individual— could properly convert people back understand the Bible • Became missionaries Control of the Message The

• The Church had already been using • banned books they thought the Inquisition for hundreds of years might cause people to question the dogma of the • Now given more power to question, Church and kill the “enemies” of the Church

• Works by Luther and Galileo • The Spanish Inquisition was were forbidden particularly enthusiastic in pursuing heretics • Church hired artists and set • had absolute powers: could strict rules for them to follow: arrest and imprison anyone on the emphasize the glory and good slightest suspicion deeds of the Church and its • Officers tortured people to get confessions

The Spanish Inquisition Warring

• had been in Spain since the 8th century, • Reformation NOT an age of and their last city fell in 1492. But there were still lots of Muslims there and the pope wanted to tolerance make Spain a completely Christian country. • • Spain also had a large Jewish population. Say no Wars fought over differences of more. You know how that ends. (Think plague opinions, and people committed blame.) horrible atrocities (something • In 1496, Pope Alexander VI gave King Ferdinand wicked and cruel) in the name of and Queen Isabella of Spain title of “Catholic God Monarchs” (Fun Fact! They financed Christopher Columbus’ exploration.) • Peace of Augsburg in 1555 brought • They decided to use force (the Spanish some relief to German states; treaty: Inquisition) ruler of each could choose the • People put on trial to test their : if people did religion of that state not confess that they were not Christian, they were tortured until they did. Maximum pain! • Huge victory for Protestants • Tortured tens of thousands of people, and up to because Protestantism could now 5000 people were burned at the stake after being sentenced to death. become St. Bartholomew’s Day St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Massacre

• In the 16th century, many French • At a wedding on St. business families became Bartholomew’s Day in 1572, Calvinists, but was Catherine urged the murder of Protestant guests officially Catholic and Protestantism was against the law • Within hours, Protestants throughout France were being • They were known as hunted down and killed • They worked hard and were an • Result: a that lasted important part of the French 26 years economy • Ended in 1598 when King Henry • But they had many enemies, IV issued the : including the French queen, allowed Protestants to practice Catherine of Medici their religion in France