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Home , Catholic (term), Inquisition, Martin Luther, Reformation

Toward A Modern

The , 30 Years War & Language Standardization The Splintering

Friedrich II, , dies in 1250

Subsequent attempts by various emperors to pull things back together fail miserably

This lack of political unity retards the development of a single, unified, national The Splintering - HRE 1400 Written Standard(s)

Legal usage, commerce & the spread of printing leads to regional “standards”

Cities become more important - 1100 small cities by 1400 - Köln largest city (pop. 30,000), Straßburg, Nürnberg, , a.M., &

5 before 1400, 8 more after 1500

90% of population remains illiterate Written “Standards”

Dutch/Flemish

Kölsch

East Middle German - colonization done by 1315

Southeastern - Bavarian/Schwäbisch

Southwestern - Alemanisch (Swiss) The Reformation

Up until the early 1500’s, there are only the and Orthodox churches

Each controls its territory with a firm grip

Catholic - selling & generally swanky lifestyle of leadership The Reformation

In 1517, a German named Martin publishes 95 theses (critical of nepotism, , , etc.)

Along with & (Jean Calvin) this launches the protestant reformation The Reformation

Printing fuels the fire - both Reformation and Counter-Reformation books, pamphlets, posters, etc. abound.

Aids in the development of supra-regional standards The Reformation

Luther set out to translate the into German

Luther invents his own philosophy of which is not wholly unsound linguistically speaking

This promotion of German fuels & distance from Luther’s Translation den man mus nicht die buchstaben inn der lateinischen sprachen fragen / one must not the letters in the language ask wie man sol Deutsch reden / wie diese esen thun / sondern / man mus die how one should German speak like these asses do but rather one must the mutter jhm hause / die kinder auff der gassen / den gemeinen man auff the mother in the home the children in the streets the common man in dem marckt drumb fragen / vnd darnach dolmetzschen / so verstehen sie the market about this ask and accordingly translate so understand they es den / vnd merken / das man Deutsch mit jn redet it then and notice that one German with him speaks Reformation Consequences

While Luther did not standardize German, he got the ball rolling in many ways

The , however, fought back

The split between Catholic and Protestant came to a head in the 30 Years War

By the end (1648) ’s population dropped from 26 million to 15 million! The Counter-Reformation

Catholic lands had support of Rome

Habsburg dynasty (Austria, ) plus Catholic lands of the HRE on the one side

Danes, , Dutch, , Bohemians on the other side The Thirty Years War

Mainly fought on the territory of the Holy (i.e. Germany, )

Armies didn’t have supply lines - they foraged

Not one war but a series of different ones:

Bohemian - Pfälzisch (1618-1623)

Danish - Niedersächsisch (1623 - 1629)

The Swedish War (1630 - 1635)

The Swedish - French War (1635 - 1648)

Ran concurrently with the Eighty Years War between Spain and the The Thirty Years War

Step by step description

Ended by the of (1648), at which time all parties, in their war exhaustion, agreed that:

Each prince would decide the of his own (Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist)

Minority religious groups could practice their in public during allotted hours and privately at

Each party was sovereign over its people

Independent Netherlands recognized - NOT part of HRE! Europe in 1648 The Eighty Years War

Protracted war (1568 - 1648) between Calvinist Dutch Protestants and Spanish Catholics

Up to this point, modern NL, Luxemburg and parts of northern belonged to the HRE, and were ruled by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs

Begins as Spanish is opposed by Dutch Protestants under the leadership of Willem van Oranje The Eighty Years War

Protestants “” by storming churches

In 1588 the protestant Dutch provinces unite as the Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden

Southern provinces remain Spanish / Catholic Linguistic Fallout

German remains a collection of dialects, although as nationalism progresses, so does standardization (slowly) - not really resolved until German independence in 1871

Dutch now exists in two places: the Dutch & the

The Dutch of the becomes a national language, with all the trappings. Dutch in the Spanish Netherlands remains more dialectal Linguistic Fallout

The exit of the Dutch Republic from the HRE also signals the beginning of the need to define what language they speak

First Dutch grammar appears in 1584