This article is about the person. For schools and other uses, see St. Xavier (disambiguation).

Francis Xavier, SJ, born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta (7 April 1506 – 3 December 1552), was a Roman born in Xavier, Kingdom of (now part of ), and co-founder of the . He was a study companion of St. Ig- natius of Loyola and one of the first seven Jesuits who took vows of poverty and chastity at Montmartre, () in 1534.[1] He led an extensive mission into , mainly in the of the time. He was influential The castle of the Xavier family was later acquired by the Society in evangelization work most notably in . He also ven- of Jesus. tured into , , the Islands, and other areas which had, until then, not been visited by Christian . In these areas, being a pioneer and strug- self and confirmed by the sociolinguistic environment of gling to learn the local languages in the face of opposi- the time. tion, he had less success than he had enjoyed in India. It In 1512 under Ferdinand the Catholic as King of the was a goal of Xavier to extend his missionary preaching first political unit referred to as Spain, joint Spanish to but he died in shortly before troops from both the and the Crown doing so. of commanded by Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, St. Francis Xavier was beatified by Paul V on 25 Oc- second Duke of Alba, first invaded partially the King- tober 1619, and was canonized by Gregory XV on 12 dom of Navarre. Three years later, Francis’ father died March 1622. In 1624 he was made co-patron of Navarre when Francis was only nine years old. In 1516, Fran- alongside Santiago. He is considered to be one of the cis’ brothers participated in a failed Navarrese-French at- greatest missionaries since St. Paul.[2] He is known as the tempt to expel the Spanish invaders from the kingdom, “Apostle of the Indies,” and the “Apostle of Japan”. In and the Spanish Castilian kingdom’s Governor Cardinal 1927, Pius XI published the decree “Apostolicorum Cisneros ordered to confiscate the family lands, demol- in Missionibus” naming St. Francis Xavier, along with St. ish the outer wall, the gates and two towers of the family Thérèse of Lisieux, co-patron of all foreign missions.[3] castle, and fill in the moat. In addition, the height of the He is now co-patron of Navarre with San . keep was reduced in half.[5] Only the family residence The Day of Navarre (Día de Navarra) in Spain marks the inside the castle was left. In 1522 a of Xavier anniversary of Saint Francis Xavier’s death on December is found along with another 200 Navarrese earls staging 3, 1552. dogged but failed resistance against the Castilian Count of Miranda in Amaiur, , the last Navarrese territorial position south of the Pyrenees. 1 Early life For the following years with his family, till he left for studies in Paris in 1525, Francis’ life in the Kingdom Francis Xavier was born in the , in the of Navarre, then partially occupied by Spain, was sur- , on 7 April 1506 according to a rounded by a war that lasted over 18 years, ending with family register. He was born to an aristocratic family the Kingdom of Navarre being partitioned into two terri- of the Kingdom of Navarre, the youngest son of Juan de tories, and the King of Navarre and some loyalists aban- Jasso, privy counselor to King John III of Navarre (Jean doning the south and moving to the northern part of the d'Albret), and Doña Maria de Azpilcueta y Aznárez, sole Kingdom of Navarre (currently ). heiress of two noble Navarrese families. He was thus re- In 1525, Francis went to study at the Collège Sainte- lated to the great theologian and philosopher Martín de Barbe in Paris. In 1529 a new student, , Azpilcueta. Notwithstanding different interpretations on came to room with Francis and Pierre Favre. By the time his first language,[4] no evidence suggests that Xavier’s they met Ignatius, Peter and Francis were already friends mother tongue was other than Basque, as stated by him- sharing lodgings. At 38, Ignatius was much older than

1 2 2 MISSIONARY WORK

Peter and Francis, who were both 23 at the time. Peter was won over by Ignatius to become a priest and work for the of souls but Francis proved more diffi- as he had aspirations of worldly advancement. Only after Peter left their lodgings to visit his family, when Ig- natius was alone with the proud Navarro, was he was able to slowly break down Xavier’s stubborn resistance.[6] Ig- natius is said to have posed the question: “What will it profit a man to gain the whole world, and lose his own soul?"[7] In 1530 Francis received the degree of Master of Arts, and afterwards taught Aristotelian philosophy at Beauvais Francisco Xavier asking John III of for an expedition. College. On 15 August 1534, in a small chapel in Montmartre, together with Loyola and five others,[8] he made private information about new places indicated to him that he vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience to the Pope, and had to go to what he understood were centers of influ- also vowed going to the Holy Land to convert infidels.[9] ence for the whole region. China loomed large from his Francis began his study of theology in 1534 and was or- days in India. Japan was particularly attractive because dained on June 24, 1537. He celebrated his first Mass in of its culture. For him, these areas were interconnected; Vicenza after forty days in prayers. they could not be evangelized separately.[15] In 1539, after long discussions, Ignatius drew a For- [6] mula for a new order. Ignatius’s plan of the order’s 2.1 and India organization was approved by Pope Paul III in 1540 by the bull containing the "Formula of the Institute".[10] He left on 7 April 1541, Xavier’s thirty-fifth It was in 1540 that the King of Portugal, John III, had, birthday, along with two other Jesuits and the new , the Portuguese ambassador at the , on board the San- Vatican, ask the Pope for Jesuit missionaries to spread tiago. As he departed, Francis was given a brief the in his new Indian possessions. Loyola promptly from the pope appointing him apostolic to the appointed Nicholas Bobadilla and Simão . At East.[13] From August until March 1542 he remained in the last moment, however, Bobadilla became seriously ill. , and arrived in Goa, then capi- With some hesitance and uneasiness, Ignatius asked Fran- tal of on 6 May 1542, thirteen months cis to go in Bobadilla’s place. Thus, Xavier accidentally after leaving Lisbon. began his life as an apostle to the East.[11] Following quickly on the great voyages of discovery, the Leaving in 1540, Francis took with him a , Portuguese had established themselves at Goa thirty years a , and a book (De Institutione bene vi- earlier. Francis’ primary mission, as ordered by King vendi) written by the Croatian humanist Marko Marulić John III, was to restore among the Portuguese that had become popular in the counter-. Ac- settlers. The Christian population had churches, , cording to a 1549 letters of F. Balthasar Gago in Goa, it and a bishop, but many of the Portuguese were ruled by was the only book that Francis read or studied.[12] ambition, avarice, revenge, and debauchery. There were a few preachers but no priests beyond the walls of Goa. To meet this challenging situation Xavier decided that he must begin by instructing the Portuguese themselves in 2 Missionary work the principles of faith, and gave much of his time to the teaching of children. His mornings were usually spent Francis Xavier was the first Jesuit missionary.[13] Francis in tending and comforting the distressed in hospital and devoted much of his life to missions in Asia, after be- prison; after that, he walked through the streets ringing a ing requested by King John III of Portugal to travel to bell to summon the children and servants to catechism.[16] Portuguese India, where the king believed that Christian He was invited to head Saint Paul’s College, a pioneer values were eroding among the Portuguese. After succes- seminary for the education of secular priests that became sive appeals to the Pope asking for missionaries for the the first Jesuit headquarters in Asia.[17] under the agreement, John III was Xavier soon learned that along the , encouraged by Diogo de Gouveia, rector of the Collège which extends from Cape Comorin on the southern tip of Sainte-Barbe, to recruit the newly graduated youngsters [14] India to the island of Manaar, off Ceylon, there was a Jati that would establish the Society of Jesus. of people called Paravas, many of whom had been bap- Francis Xavier moved mainly in four centers: , tized ten years before, merely to please the Portuguese, Amboina and , Japan, and China. His growing who had helped them against the , but remained 2.2 3

Voyages of St. Francis Xavier

2.2 Indonesia

In the spring of 1545 Xavier started for Portuguese Malacca. He laboured there for the last months of that year. About January 1546, Xavier left Malacca and went to the , where the Portuguese had some settlements, and for a year and a half he preached the to the inhabitants of where he stayed until mid-June. he then visited other Maluku Islands including Ternate, Baranura, and Morotai.[18] Conversion of the by Francis Xavier in , in Shortly after Easter 1546, he returned to Ambon Island a 19th-century colored lithograph. and later Malacca.

uninstructed in the faith. Accompanied by several na- tive clerics from the seminary at Goa, he set sail for 2.3 Japan Cape Comorin in October 1542. First he set himself to learn the language of the Paravas; he taught those who Main article: History of Roman Catholicism in Japan had already been baptized, and preached to those who weren't. His efforts with the high-caste Brahmins re- In Malacca in December 1547, Francis Xavier met a mained unavailing.[16] Japanese man named Anjirō.[18] Anjirō had heard of He devoted almost three years to the work of preaching Francis in 1545 and had traveled from to to the people of southern India, converting many, and Malacca with the purpose of meeting with him. Having reaching in his journeys even the Island of Ceylon (Sri been charged with murder, Anjirō had fled Japan. He Lanka). Many were the difficulties and hardships which told Francis extensively about his former life and the cus- Xavier had to encounter at this time, sometimes because toms and culture of his beloved homeland. Anjiro helped the Portuguese soldiers, far from seconding his work, Xavier as a mediator and translator for the mission to hampered it by their bad example and vicious habits.[18] Japan that now seemed much more possible. Anjirō be- He built nearly 40 churches along the coast, including St. came the first Japanese Christian and adopted the name Stephen’s Church, Kombuthurai, mentioned in his letters of 'Paulo de Santa Fe'. dated 1544. In January 1548 Francis returned to Goa to attend to his [20] During this time, he was able to visit the tomb of St. responsibilities as of the mission there. The in Mylapore, (now part of Madras next 15 months were occupied with various journeys and () then in Portuguese India).[13] He set his sights administrative measures. He left Goa on 15 April 1549, eastward in 1545 and planned a missionary journey to stopped at Malacca and visited Canton. He was accom- on the island of Celebes (today’s Indonesia). panied by Anjiro, two other Japanese men, the father Cosme de Torrès and Brother João Fernandes. He had As the first Jesuit in India, Francis had difficulty achiev- taken with him presents for the "King of Japan" since he ing much success in his missionary trips. His successors, was intending to introduce himself as the Apostolic - such as de Nobili, , and Beschi, attempted to cio. convert the noblemen first as a means to influence more people, while Francis had initially interacted most with Europeans had already come to Japan: the Portuguese had landed in 1543 on the island of Tanegashima, where the lower classes (later though, in Japan, Francis changed [21] tack by paying tribute to the Emperor and seeking an au- they introduced the first firearms to Japan. dience with him).[19] From Amboina, he wrote to his companions in : “I 4 2 MISSIONARY WORK asked a Portuguese merchant, … who had been for many a pair of velvet slippers, these not gifts for the prince, days in Anjirô’s country of Japan, to give me … some but solemn offerings to Xavier, to impress the onlookers information on that land and its people from what he had with his eminence. Handsomely dressed, with his com- seen and heard …. All the Portuguese merchants coming panions acting as attendants, he presented himself before from Japan tell me that if I go there I shall do great service Oshindono, the ruler of Nagate, and as a representative of for our Lord, more than with the pagans of India, for the great kingdom of Portugal offered him the letters and they are a very reasonable people. (To His Companions presents, a musical instrument, a watch, and other attrac- Residing in Rome, From Cochin, 20 January 1548, no. tive objects which had been given him by the authorities 18, p. 178).[15] in India for the emperor.[16] Francis Xavier reached Japan on 27 July 1549, with An- For forty-five years the Jesuits were the only missionaries jiro and three other Jesuits, but he was not permitted in Asia, but the also began proselytizing in to enter any port his ship arrived at[21] until 15 August, Asia as well. Christian missionaries were later forced into when he went ashore at Kagoshima, the principal port of exile, along with their assistants. Some were able to stay the province of Satsuma on the island of Kyūshū. As a behind, however Christianity was then kept underground representative of the Portuguese king, he was received as to not be persecuted.[23] in a friendly manner. (1514–1571), The Japanese people were not easily converted; many of daimyo of Satsuma, gave a friendly reception to Francis the people were already Buddhist or . Francis tried on 29 September 1549, but in the following year he for- to combat the disposition of some of the Japanese that bade the conversion of his subjects to Christianity un- a God who had created everything, including evil, could der penalty of death; Christians in Kagoshima could not not be good. The concept of Hell was also a struggle; be given any catechism in the following years. The Por- the Japanese were bothered by the idea of their ancestors tuguese missionary Pedro de Alcáçova would later write living in Hell. Despite Francis’ different , he felt in 1554: that they were good people, much like Europeans, and could be converted.[24][25][26] In Cangoxima, the first place Father Master Francisco stopped at, there were a good num- Xavier was welcomed by the Shingon since he ber of Christians, although there was no one used the word Dainichi for the Christian God; attempt- there to teach them; the shortage of laborers ing to adapt the concept to local traditions. As Xavier prevented the whole kingdom from becoming learned more about the religious nuances of the word, he [7] Christian.[21] changed to Deusu from the Latin and Portuguese Deus. The monks later realized that Xavier was preaching a rival religion and grew more aggressive towards his attempts at He was hosted by Anjiro’s family[7] until October conversion. 1550. From October to December 1550, he resided in . Shortly before Christmas, he left for but failed to meet with the Emperor. He returned to Yam- aguchi in March 1551, where he was permitted to preach by the daimyo of the province. However, lacking fluency in the Japanese language, he had to limit himself to read- ing aloud the translation of a catechism. Francis was the first Jesuit to go to Japan as a missionary.[22] He brought with him paintings of the Madonna and the Madonna and Child. These paintings were used to help teach the Japanese about Christianity. There was a huge language barrier as Japanese was un- like other languages the missionaries had previously en- countered. For a long time Francis struggled to learn the language. Having learned that evangelical poverty had not the ap- The Altar of St. Francis Xavier in , , peal in Japan that it had in Europe and in India, he de- . St. Francis is the principal patron of the town, to- cided to change his method of approach. Hearing af- gether with Our Lady of Escalera. ter a time that a Portuguese ship had arrived at a port in the province of Bungo in Kyushu and that the prince With the passage of time, his sojourn in Japan could be there would like to see him, Xavier now set out south- considered somewhat fruitful as attested by congregations ward. The Jesuit, in a fine , , and , established in Hirado, Yamaguchi and Bungo. Xavier was attended by thirty gentlemen and as many servants, worked for more than two years in Japan and saw his all in their best clothes. Five of them bore on cushions successor-Jesuits established. He then decided to return valuable articles, including a portrait of Our Lady and to India. Historians debate the exact path he returned by, 5

but from evidence attributed to the captain of his ship, Ferreira, a Chinese man called António and a Malabar he may have traveled through Tanegeshima and Minato, servant called Christopher. Around mid-November he and avoided Kagoshima because of the hostility of the sent a letter saying that a man had agreed to take him to Daimyo.[21] During his trip, a tempest forced him to stop the mainland in exchange for a large sum of money. Hav- on an island near , China where he saw the ing sent back Álvaro Ferreira, he remained alone with rich merchant Diogo Pereira, an old friend from Cochin, António. He died at Shangchuan from a fever on 3 De- who showed him a letter from Portuguese being held pris- cember 1552, while he was waiting for a boat that would oners in Guangzhou asking for a Portuguese ambassador agree to take him to mainland China. to talk to the Chinese Emperor in their favor. Later dur- ing the voyage, he stopped at Malacca on 27 December 1551, and was back in Goa by January 1552. 3 Burials and On 17 April he set sail with Diogo Pereira, leaving Goa on board the Santa Cruz for China. He introduced himself as Apostolic Nuncio and Pereira as ambassador of the King He was first buried on a beach at Shangchuan Island, of Portugal. Shortly thereafter, he realized that he had Taishan, . His incorrupt body was taken from forgotten his testimonial letters as an Apostolic Nuncio. the island in February 1553 and was temporarily buried Back in Malacca, he was confronted by the capitão Ál- in St. Paul’s church in Portuguese Malacca on 22 March varo de Ataíde da Gama who now had total control over 1553. An open grave in the church now marks the place the harbor. The capitão refused to recognize his title of of Xavier’s burial. Pereira came back from Goa, removed Nuncio, asked Pereira to resign from his title of ambas- the corpse shortly after 15 April 1553, and moved it to sador, named a new crew for the ship and demanded the his house. On 11 December 1553, Xavier’s body was gifts for the Chinese Emperor be left in Malacca. shipped to Goa. The body is now in the in Goa, where it was placed in a glass container en- cased in a silver casket on 2 December 1637.

St. Francis Xavier’s humerus. St. ’s Church, Macao

Casket of Saint Francis Xavier in the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Goa Sign accompanying St. Francis Xavier’s humerus In late August 1552, the Santa Cruz reached the Chinese island of Shangchuan, 14 km away from the southern The right forearm, which Xavier used to bless and baptize coast of mainland China, near Taishan, Guangdong, 200 his converts, was detached by Superior General Claudio km south-west of what later became . At this Acquaviva in 1614. It has been displayed since in a silver time, he was only accompanied by a Jesuit student, Álvaro at the main Jesuit church in Rome, Il Gesù.[27] 6 4

Another of Xavier’s arm bones was brought to where it was kept in a silver reliquary. The was des- tined for Japan but there persuaded the church to keep it in Macau’s Cathedral of St. Paul. It was subsequently moved to St. Joseph’s and in 1978 to the Chapel of St. Francis Xavier on Island. More recently the relic was moved to St. Joseph’s Semi- nary and the Sacred Art Museum.[28] In 2006, on the 500th anniversary of his birth, the Xavier Tomb Monument and Chapel on the Shangchuan Island, in ruins after years of neglect under communist rule in China was restored with the support from the alumni of Wah Yan College, a Jesuit high school in Hong Kong.

4 Veneration

4.1 Beatification and

Francis Xavier was beatified by Paul V on 25 October 1619, and was canonized by Gregory XV on 12 March (12 April[29]) 1622, at the same time as Ignatius Loy- ola.[30] Pius XI proclaimed him the “Patron of ”.[31] His feast day is 3 December.[32]

4.2 Pilgrimage Centres

4.2.1 Goa church window in Béthanie, Hong Kong of St Fran- Saint Francis Xavier’s relics are kept in a silver casket, cis Xavier baptizing a Chinese man. elevated inside the Bom Jesus Basilica and are exposed (being brought to ground level) generally every ten years, but this is discretionary. The last exposition was held in statue is said to be miraculous and is the object of pil- 2004 from 21 November 2004, till 2 January 2005. It was grimage for many of the region. the 16th exposition to be held in succession. The XVII Solemn Exposition of the sacred relics will be held this year in 2014, beginning from 22 November and conclud- 4.3 ing on January 4th, 2015. Relics of Saint Francis Xavier are also found in the Espir- ito Santo (Holy Spirit) Church, Margão, in Sanv Fransiku Xavierachi Igorz (Church of St. Francis Xavier), Batpal, Canacona, Goa and at St. Francis Xavier Chapel, Portais, Panjim.

4.2.2 Other places

Other pilgrimage centres include Saint Francis Xavier’s birthplace in Navarra, Church of Il Gesu, Rome, Malacca (where he was buried for 2 years, before being brought to Goa), Sancian (Place of death) etc. In in , Mexico in the Tem- Fumaroles at Mt. Unzen, Japan ple of Santa María Magdalena, there is a statue of Xavier, an important historical figure for both Further information: Novena of grace Sonora and the neighboring U.S. of . The 5.1 Namesake 7

The Novena of Grace is a popular devotion to Francis — moved and sustained them through different human Xavier, typically prayed either on the nine days before events: the passion to give to God- a glory always 3 December, or on 4 March through 12 March (the an- greater and to work for the proclamation of the Gospel of niversary of Pope Gregory XV’s canonization of Xavier Christ to the peoples who had been ignored.”[31] By con- in 1622). It began with the Italian Jesuit missionary sulting with the earlier ancient Christians of St. Thomas Marcello Mastrilli. Before he could travel to the , in India, Xavier developed Jesuit missionary methods. Mastrilli was gravely injured in a freak accident after a His success also spurred many Europeans to join the or- festive celebration dedicated to the Immaculate Concep- der, as well as become missionaries throughout the world. tion in Naples. Delirious and on the verge of death, Mas- His personal efforts most affected Christians in India trilli saw Xavier, who he later said asked him to choose and the East Indies (Indonesia, , ). In- between traveling or death by holding the respective sym- dia still has numerous Jesuit missions, and many more bols, to which Mastrilli answered, “I choose that which schools. Xavier also worked to propagate Christianity in God wills.” [33] Upon regaining his health, Mastrilli made China and Japan. However, following the persecutions his way via Goa and the Philippines to Satsuma, Japan. of Daimyo and the subsequent clos- The beheaded the missionary in ing of the Japanese Empire to foreigners, the Christians October 1637, after undergoing three days of in- of Japan were forced to go underground to develop an volving the volcanic sulfurous fumes from Mt. Unzen, independent Christian culture. Likewise, while Xavier known as the Hell mouth or “pit” that had supposedly inspired many missionaries to the Empire of China, Chi- caused an earlier missionary to renounce his faith.[34] nese Christians also were forced underground and devel- oped their own Christian culture. Francis Xavier is the of his native Navarre, 5 Legacy which celebrates his feast day on 3 December as a gov- ernment holiday. In addition to masses remembering Xavier on that day (now known as the Day of Navarra), celebrations in the surrounding weeks honor the region’s cultural heritage. Furthermore, in the 1940s, devoted Catholics instituted the Javierada, an an- nual day-long pilgrimage (often on foot) from the capital at to Xavier, where his order has built a basilica and museum and restored his family’s castle.

5.1 Namesake

As the foremost saint from Navarre and one of the main Jesuit , he is much venerated in Spain and the His- panic countries where Francisco Javier or Javier are com- mon male given names.[35] The alternative spelling Xavier is also popular in Portugal, , , France, , and southern . In India, the spelling Xavier is almost always used, and the name is quite common among Christians, especially in Goa and the southern states of , , . The names Francisco Xavier, António Xavier, João Xavier, Caetano Xavier, Domingos Xavier et cetera, were very common till quite recently in Goa. In and the name is spelled as Xaver (pronounced [ˈksaːfɐ])͡ and often used in addition to Francis as Franz-Xaver [frantsˈk͡ saːfɐ].͡ Many Catalan men are named for him, often using the two- name combination Francesc Xavier. In English speak- “The Vision of St. Francis Xavier”, by . ing countries, “Xavier” until recently was likely to follow St. Francis Xavier is noteworthy for his missionary work, “Francis"; in the 2000s, however, “Xavier” by itself has both as organizer and as pioneer, reputed to have con- become more popular than “Francis”, and since 2001 is now one of the hundred most common male baby names verted more people than anyone else has done since Saint [36] Paul. Pope Benedict XVI said of both Ignatius of Loy- in the U.S.A. Furthermore, the Sevier family name, ola and Francis Xavier: “not only their history which possibly most famous in the for John Se- was interwoven for many years from Paris and Rome, vier originated from the name Xavier. but a unique desire — a unique passion, it could be said Many churches all over the world, often founded by 8 5 LEGACY

Jesuits, have been named in honor of Xavier. Those ered that approx. 100,000 Christians still practiced in the in the United States include the historic St. Francis area.[38] Xavier Shrine at Warwick, Maryland, (founded 1720, Francis Xavier’s work initiated permanent change in east- and at which American founding father, Charles Car- ern Indonesia, and he was known as the 'Apostle of the roll of Carrollton, (1737–1832), (longest living signer Indies’ where in 1546–1547 he worked in the Maluku Is- and only Catholic at the Continental Congress to sign the lands among the people of Ambon, Ternate, and Morotai Declaration of Independence, 1776) and cousin to the (or Moro), and laid the foundations for a permanent mis- first American-born Bishop John Carroll, (1735–1815), sion. After he left the Maluku Islands, others carried Bishop and later of Baltimore, 1790–1815, on his work and by the 1560s there were 10,000 Roman (at the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore) began Catholics in the area, mostly on Ambon. By the 1590s their education), also the American educational teach- there were 50,000 to 60,000.[39] ing order , the Basilica of St. Francis Xavier in Dyersville, Iowa, and the Mission San Xavier del Bac in Tucson, Arizona (founded in 1692, and known for its Spanish Colonial architecture). 5.4 Role in the Goa

It was in that Saint Francis had his first contact 5.2 In art with . Although Saint Francis was extremely tol- erant of sinners, he, as the majority of Christians of that Rubens painted “St Francis Xavier Raising the Dead”, time, was not tolerant of other , which he consid- for a Jesuit church in Antwerp, and in which he de- ered to be Devil’s instruments. Deeply imbued with the picted one of St Francis’ many (in this case a theology of the later Augustine, he was fiercely jealous resurrection).[37] of God’s greater glory and deeply suspicious of the untu- tored efforts of man to scale the heights of the spirit.[40] This worldview led him to missionary tactics that even the 5.3 Missionary Jesuit Fr. James Brodrick, writing an admiring biography of, condemns Xavier’s “woefully inadequate views about Shortly before leaving he had issued a famous instruction Indian religion and civilization.” to Father Gaspar Barazeuz who was leaving to go to Or- The role of Francis Xavier in the is con- muz (a kingdom on an island in the , formerly troversial. He had written to King João III of Portugal in attached to the Empire of Persia, now part of ), that 1546, encouraging him to dispatch the Inquisition to Goa, he should mix with sinners: which he did many years later in 1560.[41] Francis Xavier passed away in 1552 without living to see the horrors of And if you wish to bring forth much fruit, the Goa Inquisition, but some historians believe that he both for yourselves and for your neighbors, and was aware of the Portuguese Inquisition’s brutality. In an to live consoled, converse with sinners, mak- interview to an Indian newspaper, historian Teotónio de ing them unburden themselves to you. These Souza stated that Francis Xavier and Simão Rodrigues, are the living books by which you are to study, another founder-member of the Society of Jesus, were to- both for your preaching and for your own con- gether in Lisbon before Francis left for India. Both were solation. I do not say that you should not on asked to assist spiritually the prisoners of the Inquisition occasion read written books.. . to support what and were present at the very first Auto-da-fé celebrated in you say against vices with authorities from the Portugal in September 1540, at which 23 were absolved Holy Scriptures and examples from the lives of and two were condemned to be burnt, including a French the saints.[12] cleric. Hence he believes that Francis Xavier could not have been unaware of the brutality of the Inquisition.[42] Modern scholars place the number of people converted Some of Francis Xavier’s quotes have been used to argue to Christianity by Francis Xavier around 30,000. And for this stance. In particular the following two quotes are while some of Xavier’s methods have been since criti- used: cized (he forced converts to take Portuguese names and dress in Western clothes, approved the persecution of the “When I have finished baptizing the people, I order them Eastern Church, and used the Goa government as a mis- to destroy the huts in which they keep their idols; and I sionary tool), he has also earned praise. He insisted that have them break the statues of their idols into tiny pieces, missionaries adapt to many of the customs, and most cer- since they are now Christians. I could never come to an tainly the language, of the culture they wish to evangelize. end describing to you the great consolation which fills my soul when I see idols being destroyed by the hands And unlike later missionaries, Xavier supported an ed- [43][44] ucated native clergy. Though for a time, it seemed his of those who had been idolaters.”, work in Japan was subsequently destroyed by persecu- On Baptising and inducting children into Christianity, he tion, Protestant missionaries three centuries later discov- wrote in 1543 to the Society of Jesus in Rome: 9

" These children, I trust heartily, by the grace of God, [4] euskara.euskadi.net (French) François Xavier naquit au will be much better than their fathers. They show an ar- sud de cette démarcation à la limite de l'Aragon (1506) dent love for the Divine law, and an extraordinary zeal et vécut dans son château natal de Xavier jusqu'à l'âge de for learning our holy religion and imparting it to others. 19 ans. C'est là qu'il apprit ses deux premières langues: Their hatred for idolatry is marvellous. They get into d'une part le basque dans sa famille bascophone (de la feuds with the heathen about it, and whenever their own région du Baztan et de la Basse-Navarre) et avec ceux qui arrivaient des provinces voisines encore bascophones parents practise it, they reproach them and come off to au château et d'autre part la langue romane de son en- tell me at once. Whenever I hear of any act of idolatrous tourage géographique immédiat. Ce qui explique pourquoi worship, I go to the place with a large band of these chil- le missionraire navarrais désignera l'euskara comme “sa dren, who very soon load the devil with a greater amount langue naturelle bizcayenne” (1544), terme très étendu à of insult and abuse than he has lately received of honor cette époque. and worship from their parents, relations, and acquain- tances. The children run at the idols, upset them, dash [5] Sagredo Garde, Iñaki. “Navarra. Castillos que de- fendieron el Reino”. Pamiela, 2006. ISBN 84-7681-477- them down, break them to pieces, spit on them, trample 1 on them, kick them about, and in short heap on them ev- ery possible outrage.”[45][46] [6] De Rosa 2006, p. 93.

[7] Butler, Rev. Alban, “St Francis Xavier, Confessor, Apos- tle Of The Indies”, The Lives or the Fathers, and 6 Fictional Other Principal Saints, Vol. III

• [8] Servetus Research Website that includes graph- The Route to the Orient is a book and CD collec- ical documents in the of: Ignations tion, telling the story of Xavier' missionary travels of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Alfonso Salmerón, Nicholas to China. Bobadilla, and Simao Rodrigues, as well as Michael de Villanueva (“Servetus”) 7 See also [9] De Rosa 2006, p. 95. [10] De Rosa 2006, p. 37. • [11] De Rosa 2006, p. 96.

• Christianity in Indonesia [12] Ante Kadič. St. Francis Xavier and Marko Marulić. The • Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring, Catholicism in Indonesia 1961), pp. 12–18

• [13] Wintz O.F.M., Jack, “St. Francis Xavier: Great Mission- ary to the Orient”, Franciscan Media, November 29, 2006 • Catholicism in China [14] Lach, Donald Frederick (1994). Asia in the making of Eu- • rope: A century of wonder. The literary arts. The scholarly disciplines (University of Chicago Press, 1994 ed.). ISBN • Xaverian Brothers religious order in America 0-226-46733-3. Retrieved 6 December 2010. • – Manila, Philippines [15] Zuloaga SJ, Ismael G., “Francis Xavier, Founder of the Jesuit Mission in Asia”, Jesuit Asia Pacific Conference • - Ateneo de Cagayan. Cagayan de Oro, Philippines [16] “Saint Francis Xavier Apostle Of The Indies And Japan”, Lives of Saints, John J. Crawley & Co., Inc. • History of Roman Catholicism in Japan [17] Goa and Daman, Archdiocese of. “St Paul’s College & • Goa Inquisition - Goa Inquisition Seminary”. website. Archdiocese of Goa and Daman. Retrieved 3 May 2011. • List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868 [18] Astrain, Antonio. “St. Francis Xavier.” The Catholic En- cyclopedia. Vol. 6. : Robert Appleton Com- 8 Footnotes pany, 1909. 7 Mar. 2013 [19] Duignan, Peter. “Early Jesuit Missionaries: A Suggestion [1] Attwater (1965), p. 141. for Further Study.” American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 60, No. 4 (August 1958). pp. 725–732. Black- [2] De Rosa 2006, pp. 90. well Publishing on behalf of the American Anthropolog- ical Association. Retrieved 30 November 2008. [3] Pope Pius XI (December 14, 1927). “Apostolicorum in Missionibus”. Papal Encyclicals Online. Retrieved 1 [20] Wintz O.F.M., Jack, “Four Great Spanish Saints”, Fran- November 2014. ciscan Media 10 10 EXTERNAL LINKS

[21] Diego Pacheco. Xavier and Tanegashima. Monumenta [40] De Rosa 2006, p. 99. Nipponica, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Winter, 1974), pp. 477–480 [41] Abram, D. (2003). Goa. Rough Guides. p. 94. ISBN [22] (1969), , p. vii, Translator’s Preface, 9781843530817. Retrieved 27 October 2014. William Johnston, Taplinger Publishing Company, New York [42] "'Xavier was aware of the brutality of the Inquisition'". deccanherald.com. Retrieved 27 October 2014. [23] Vlam, Grace A. H. The Portrait of Francis Xavier in Kobe. Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte, 42 Bd., H. 1, pp. [43] Stephen Knapp, 'Crimes Against India: And the Need to 48–60 Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag GmbH Munchen, Protect Its Ancient Vedic Tradition', pp 13 1979. 30 November 2008 jstor [44] The letters and instructions of Francis Xavier, 1993, pp [24] Ellis, Robert Richmond. “The Best Thus Far Discovered": 117 The Japanese in the Letters of St. Francisco Xavier. His- panic Review, Vol. 71 No. 2 (Spring 2003), pp. 155–169 [45] Coleridge 1872, p. 151-163. jstor [46] “Internet History Sourcebooks”. fordham.edu. Retrieved [25] Xavier, Francis. The Letters and Instructions of Francis 3 November 2014. Xavier. Translated by M. Joseph Costellos, S.J. St Louis: The Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1992 9 References [26] St. Francis Xavier: Letter from Japan, to the Society of Jesus in Europe, 1552 • This article incorporates material from the Schaff- [27] Cappella di san Francesco Saverio, at the official website Herzog Encyclopedia of Religion of Il Gesù. (Italian) • Attwater, Donald. (1965) A Dictionary of Saints. [28] Chapel of St. Francis Xavier, at the official website of the Penguin Books, Middlesex, . Reprint: Macau Government Tourist Office. 1981. [29] Jesuit prayer-book “Srce Isusovo Spasenje naše” (“Heart • of Jesus our Salvation”), , 1946, p. 425 Jou, Albert. (1984) The Saint on a Mission. Anand Press, Anand, India. [30] For the most recent study of Francis Xavier’s canoniza- tion process, see , “The Making of the • Pinch, William R., “The Corpse and Cult of Second Jesuit Saint: The Campaign for the Canonization St. Francis Xavier, 1552–1623,” in Mathew N. of Francis Xavier, 1555–1622” in Francis Xavier and the Schmalz and Peter Gottschalk ed. Engaging South Jesuit Missions in the Far East, ed. F. Mormando, Chest- Asian Religions: Boundaries, Appropriations, and nut Hill, MA: The Jesuit Institute, , 2006, Resistances (New York, State University of New pp. 9–22. York Press, 2011)

[31] Address Of Benedic XVI To The Fathers And Brothers • De Rosa, Giuseppe (2006). Gesuiti (in Italian). Of The Society Of Jesus, April 22, 2006 Elledici. p. 148. ISBN 9788801034400. [32] Attwater (1965), pp. 141–142. • Brodrick, James. Saint Francis Xavier (1506-1552). [33] Japanese Sketches in The Month, Volume 11 (1869) p.241 Burns, Oates. p. 558.

[34] isbn = 978-0-674-02448-9 • Coleridge, Henry James (1872) [1876]. The life and [35] The most frequent names, simple and exact for the national letters of St. Francis Xavier 1. London: Burns and total and exact for the province of residence, Instituto Na- Oates. Archived from the original on 2008. Re- cional de Estadística. Excel spreadsheet format. Javier trieved 4 November 2014. is the 10th most popular complete name for males, Fran- • cisco Javier, the 18th. Together, Javier becomes the 8th Coleridge, Henry James (1872) [1876]. The life and most frequent name for males. letters of St. Francis Xavier 2. London: Burns and Oates. Archived from the original on 2008. Re- [36] Popular Baby Names trieved 4 November 2014. [37] Rubens, William Unger, S. R. K. St. Francis Xavier Rais- ing the Dead. The American Art Review, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Dec. 1879), p. 66 10 External links [38] “Francis Xavier”, Christian History & Biography, Chris- • tianity Today Official website of Basilica of Bom Jesus, The Shrine of Saint Francis Xavier [39] Ricklefs, M.C. (1993). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, 2nd Edition. London: MacMillan. p. 25. • Basilica of Bom Jesus, Old Goa The Shrine of Saint ISBN 0-333-57689-6. Francis Xavier 11

• The Life of St. Francis Xavier

• The life and letters of St. Francis Xavier Francis Xavier, Saint, 1506–1552 Coleridge, Henry James, 1822–1893 London: Burns and Oates, (1872) • Saint François Xavier (French)

• Picture of Shangchuan island. The chapel marks the location of his death

• The Miracles of St Francis Xavier by , SJ

• Brief History of St Francis Xavier 12 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text

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11.2 Images

• File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg License: CC-BY-SA- 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MarkusMark • File:Blessing_message.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Blessing_message.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Applysense • File:Casket_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Casket_of_Saint_Francis_ 11.3 Content license 13

Xavier.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is (was) here * 17:08, 26 July 2005 2374×3552 (660,560 bytes) (Body of Saint Francis Xavier in a silver casket of Basilica of Bom Jésus in Goa. ) Original artist: User Gaius Cornelius on en.wikipedia • File:Castillo_javier.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Castillo_javier.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Spanish Wikipedia, uploaded there by user Jsanchezes on 2004-31-08 Original artist: es:Usuario:Jsanchezes • File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Holy_See.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Coat_of_arms_Holy_See.svg License: Public domain Contributors: • Bernhard Heim, Heraldry in the : Its Origin, Customs and Laws (Van Duren 1978 ISBN 9780391008731), p. 54; Original artist: F l a n k e r • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Conversion_of_Paravas_by_Francis_Xavier_in_1542.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/ Conversion_of_Paravas_by_Francis_Xavier_in_1542.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is (was) here Original artist: User Rxasgomez on en.wikipedia • File:Copy_of_Humerus_of_St._Francis_Xavier_sign.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Copy_of_ Humerus_of_St._Francis_Xavier_sign.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: John Hill • File:Gloriole_blur.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg License: Public domain Contrib- utors: Own work Original artist: Eubulides • File:JHS-IHS-Monogram-Name-Jesus.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/ JHS-IHS-Monogram-Name-Jesus.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: user:AnonMoos • File:Joao_III_Francisco_Xavier.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Joao_III_Francisco_Xavier.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Igreja Sao Roque Original artist: Unknown • File:Kruis_san_damiano.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Kruis_san_damiano.gif License: Public do- main Contributors: http://www.hyvinkaanseurakunta.fi/filebank/376-Risti_6_B.jpg Original artist: Unknown • File:Nasugbu_31_(New_Church_Altar).JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/34/Nasugbu_31_%28New_ Church_Altar%29.JPG License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Nicaea_icon.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Nicaea_icon.jpg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: [1],[2] Original artist: Unknown • File:Reliquary_of_St._Francis_Xavier’{}s_humerus.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Reliquary_ of_St._Francis_Xavier%27s_humerus.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: John Hill • File:Stain_glass_window_of_St_Francis_of_Xavier_in_Béthanie.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/ 9c/Stain_glass_window_of_St_Francis_of_Xavier_in_B%C3%A9thanie.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Wong () Original artist: Isaac Wong () • File:Thomas_Aquinas_in_Stained_Glass.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Thomas_Aquinas_in_ Stained_Glass.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: e3000 • File:Unbalanced_scales.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Unzenhell3.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Unzenhell3.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: STA3816 • File:VisionStFrancisBoccacio.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/VisionStFrancisBoccacio.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Web Gallery of Art: Image icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/40px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='620' data-file-height='620' /> Info about artwork Original artist: Giovanni Battista Gaulli • File:Xavier_f_map_of_voyages_asia.PNG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Xavier_f_map_of_ voyages_asia.PNG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

11.3 Content license

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