Plot Scale Factor Models for Standard Orthographic Views

Plot Scale Factor Models for Standard Orthographic 108 Views s

e Edward E. Osakue i d u t S y g

o Abstract design size, the level of detail information asso- l o

n Geometric modeling provides graphic repre- ciated with the drawing views, and the sheet size h c

e sentations of real or abstract objects. Realistic chosen for plotting the drawing (Madsen et al., T

f representation requires three dimensional (3D) 2002). In design drafting, a plot scale is speci- o l

a attributes since natural objects have three princi- fied by indicating the scale factor value. The n r

u pal dimensions. CAD software gives the user the scale factor value is chosen as an integer that is o J ability to construct realistic 3D models of greater or equal to unity. At full size, the plot e h

T objects, but often prints of these models must be size is equal to the design size and SF is 1. generated on two dimensional (2D) standard- sized sheets. The transformation of 3D objects CAD software can be used to design, visu- into 2D representations on standard-sized sheets alize, and document product ideas clearly and requires one to use a proportional relationship efficiently (Shih, 2004; Shih, 2006). The work called a scale, which is defined by a scale factor environments generally available in CAD soft- (SF). ware are known as model space and paper space (Madsen et al., 2002; Shih, 2004; Shih, 2006). Two mathematical models for a scale factor, CAD model space is a 3D environment with a one for reduction scaling and the other for three-dimensional (X-Y-Z) coordinate system. It enlargement scaling, are presented for standard is used to construct 2D and 3D graphic models orthographic views. The models are based on of designs. Solid 3D models are the most realis- the sizes of standard drawing sheets and the tic, and the applications can be used in design, principal dimensions of the object. The applica- visualization, analysis, manufacturing, assembly, tion of the models is demonstrated with two and marketing (Bertoline & Wiebe, 2003). The illustrative examples, one for reduction scaling 2D model space has a two-dimensional coordi- and another for enlargement scaling. The scale nate system. It is obtained from the 3D space by factors selected on the basis of the models were grounding one axis of the 3D model space. In used to prepare detail drawings for the exam- CAD model space, objects are constructed at ples. In each case, the scale factor appeared sat- full size (Duggai, 2000; Madsen et al., 2002; isfactory. Shih, 2004; Shih, 2006), thus, in this case, choosing a scale is not required. In board draft- It is shown that the models are tolerant of ing, a scale is chosen before the drawing work is error in the only parameter that is assumed when started because of the physical restriction applying them, suggesting that they are robust. imposed by standard drawing sheet. This physi- This robust feature is an advantage, because in cal restriction does not exsist in the electronic or real design drafting situations, one must often virtual space in CAD software. As a result, solid make assumptions about sizes. The models can object in model space can be viewed from dif- thus accommodate some erroneous assumptions. ferent points in space. This makes it possible to generate any desired view of the solid object in Introduction either 3D or 2D representations. In a drawing context, scale refers to the proportional relationship between an image size CAD paper space is limited to a 2D coordi- on a drawing media (or plot size) and the design nate system. This is an electronic planar surface size. A design size may be the intended size of where 3D models can be transformed into an object in a design project or the actual size equivalent 2D representations using projection of a manufactured object. A proportion is techniques. A 2D view of a 3D model can be expressed as a ratio, and a drawing scale factor either a pictorial view or an orthographic view, (Duggai, 2000; Madsen et al., 2002) is the ratio and one can generate as many views as desired of proportion between a design size and the plot of the model object by changing the viewing size. The plot size is the actual size of an image direction. When the model space object is modi- on a standard drawing sheet at printing or plot- fied, the view in paper space can be updated. ting time. A scale factor will depend on the These 2D views can be annotated with dimen- The Journal of Technology Studies 109 aluat- v of the ) igure 1a, D W, H and D W, thographic thographic views or shape of a component in e ws space requirement. In F full size width of views space requirement W W full size height of views space requirement m = = le on the chosen standard sheet when the o o W H Projection techniques are used to create 2D ailab v the principal dimensions ( object are These indicated. are the limits of dimensions measured along the coordinate axes of the full size object in 3D model space. Let: model with a box defining its volume require- This ment. box is as known the bounding box When (B-box). one plots or prints the model in the projected size of the multiview, B-box to a 2D space must be accommodated by the space a scale factor is Therefore, applied. the B-box dimensions completely determine the views space This requirement. is important because there is no need to worry about the complexity of the for ing the vie and applications of scale factors in design drafting. In addition to these benefits, a mathematical model for plot scale factor can be a great teaching tool for training design drafters, archi- tects, and engineers; it also can be a vital plan- ning aid in design drafting practice. Formulation Model images of 3D Standard objects. or In third- U.S. angle projection, the standard draw- multiview ings require three views of top, front and right side. Consider Figure 1a, a which shows 3D standard standard orthographic or drawings. multiview Using a model to select a scale factor brings order to the Also, selection a process. mathematical model can help one to understand the nature out of standard or y D HH - (b) La it into ixed sizes, ixed f D e v (a) Object made the selection process eas ve ve of this article is to a develop e v . W Multiview layout and principal dimensions principal and layout Multiview raphic models must be scaled to f 1 actor e The objecti Because standard sheets ha This article is concerned only with standard H mathematical model for a plot scale factor for scale f ier and butfaster, the trial-and-error approach still This persists. seems due largely to the absence of a mathematical model to select the (Madsen et al., 2002). In practice, selecting a scale factor is done by trial largely and error. Computers ha them at plotting or printing The time. selection of a plot scale factor is therefore one of the important skills design drafters must acquire design g views. Though standard views. orthographic drawings three show views, often an isometric insert is added when 3D models are available. layout sketches and layout In drawings. complex drawings, standard orthographic be views may sup- plemented with auxiliary views and section bly. Detail can drawings be prepared from bly. sketches or generated from 3D CAD models. Orthographic views also are used in outline and orthographic view scaling. Orthographic views are in used detail which extensively drawings, are required for nonstandard parts in an assem- graphic model fit into a selected sheet. drawing space when the views of a model are being placed on a chosen electronic A standard sheet. suitable scale factor will make any design sions sions and notes on electronic standard sheets, which are the of equivalent standard physical A scale sheets. factor is selected in CAD paper Figur 1

The Journal of Technology Studies 10 are: dimensions space views the views,between the situations. is, that annotations; for needed allo no situations, such In models. dra to added are annotations b influenced and dimensions space view the with v wide to subject However,value. its estimate be to will used it be mayexperience and data historical time. best, At that knownat not is annotations for space actual the because drawingtask a of beginning the at that: Assume Let: annotations. for accommodate to space views the enlarges it space, views the multiply unity,to than used whengreater is it Because multiviewdrawings.and annotations for space necessary the for account to used be will unity) allowance space factor tion ab a be must space some design, a document 2006). Sexton,To 1983; Nee, properly2002; al., et Madsen 1991; drawings[Earle, on notes and tolerances, dimensions, placing in tance impor- prime of are readability and clarity that assemblydrawingsNote (for only). materials of bill (4) and notes, general and local (3) erances, tol- and dimensions (2) gaps, edge and views (1) following:the for used drawing.is space This a in desired details of amount the on depend will allowancespace annotation annotations. The for space the drawingand viewsfor space the space. model the from directly then W model, 3D y H annotations and H W unity) annotations and W le for both annotations and vie and annotations both for le the chosen standard sheet size. Sometimes size. sheet standard chosen the m m = m m From Figure 1b, neglecting the gaps the neglecting 1b, FigureFrom It is not possib not is It of consists requirement space technical The a of instead constructed is model 2D a If annotation space allowance factor (greater than (greater allowance space factor annotation = = = = full size model height requirement for views for requirement height model size full full size model width requirement for vie for requirement width model size full W H H W o o o = = o (4) (3) H W + ariations since it is associated is it since ariations + o D le to accuratel to le D and H and (2) (1) o should be measured be should wing vie wing (greater than (greater ws. ws. y = w specify 1 ance is ance ws An annota An in these in in 2D in v ail ws - - Let: used. be can allowance space factor administrativean administrativeinformation, for needed space sheet. Tothe dard for account stan- a on information technical the for space availablethe reduces administrativeinformation for space space. blockrevisionThe (3) and space, block title (2) space, margin (1) includes administrative information information. The technical the of care take 4 and 3 Equations administrativeinformation. and technical both the model space requirement ( requirement space model the e havedifferentwill situations twoscaling The fields. these in common therefore is scaling Enlargement scale. macro in representation for magnified be must objects of sizes nologies, nano-tech- and micro- In size. design the than g the of size the case, enlargement In design. equipment mechanical heavyand mid-sized civil, architectural, in size. design the than smaller is image graphic the of size the case, reduction the In scaling). (step-up enlargement and (step-downscaling) reduction scaling: that so blocksrevision and title create to used drawings.ing maybe Also guidelines ANSI generall companies reevaluated.Because be have to will changed,is then blockrevision or block title the of size the If format. sheet chosen the on based sheet standard each for evaluatedonce only is It sheet. standard a of workingablespace that: Assume sheets, it is possible to evaluateto possible is it sheets, xpressions for the scale factor.scale the for xpressions can be evaluated.be can W unity) sheet standard H sheet standard H W H W z p z = z p z In general, engineering documents conveydocuments engineering general, In The condition for scaling drawings is that drawingsis scaling for condition The of twotypes are there mentioned. As f The ======administrative space allowance factor (less than (less allowanceadministrative space factor vertical dimension of availablein of space dimension vertical vertical dimension of standard sheet standard of dimension vertical horizontal dimension of availablein of space dimension horizontal horizontal dimension of standard sheet standard of dimension horizontal y H decide on the for the on decide actor W p p (6) (5) is used to estimate the a the estimate to used is This situation is common is situation This raphic image is lar is image raphic mat of standard of mat W m , before creat- before H m ) should ger vail- The Journal of Technology Studies 111 ). p ere and H p 162 mm. = 216 mm z igure 3 Roller pin H = F etches that w p aluated in the iles. The iles. profiles H v 0.75. The 0.75. estimated = 209 mm and = The main steps in the solid z W 279 mm; actor has been e are. = Select drawing Select sheet drawing size (W Administrative space Administrative factor allowance p W This f Solid models of Figure 2 and Figure 3 A3 A- Appendix, in English the Table From The application of the scale factor model Appendix and is space working (Equations 5 available & 6) is defined by Selection of Scale Factor Scale of Selection Step 1: size sheet has dimensions 8.5” x 11” (279 mm x Assuming 216 a mm). landscape format (larger dimension is horizontal in then: layout), Step 2: Component Modeling Component created were in model space using Solid Edge v17 softw modeling task are to create sk constrained to become prof extrudedwere or to revolved obtain the solids. profilesFive used were for the Figure 2 component, but profilesonly two used were for the Figure 3 component. Holes and slots were created with the cutout tool. on an A-size on electronic an sheet. (European). (European). Application Model three main involved tasks of modeling com- two ponents, selecting a scale factor for each component, and preparing a detail for drawing each component using the selected scale factor. Figure 2 the shows component used for reduction scaling, while Figure 3 the shows component used for The enlargement scaling. front view direction (FVD) is indicated in each case. The detail prepared were drawings and plotted drawing. In drawing. addition, the top, front and right views must be placed in their positions relative required by the third- angle projection standard (USA) or first-angle projection standard Figure Figure 2 Cutting frame a) b) ). (7b) (7a) a) b) (9 (9 z z m (9 (9 z H m z z m , m H H W W z actor H z W z (12) (11) H W m m (7b) (7a) H W H W ≥ ≥ ) ) z m ≤ z ≤ m o is close to an p H H p ≤ W W ≤ o (8) H H H H SF ≥ ≥ ) ; ; z e. SF m 10) e. SF o e. SF p i. ( p e. SF o H (8) H i. i. 10) i. W W e. SF ( ) e. SF W W ; i. i. ) z ) m z m z e. SF m H z e. SF m H i. W W for both reduction and H is greater than the area of H i. H ; H es the desire scale f ) max ( min ( ; v z ; m m SF z x m x W z W max( m H W W , W W β α β ≥ α m z z z z smaller than the area of (W H from Equations 11 and 12 should be min( mally mally the same scale factor is used W W z ≤ H ≥ max( z is SF ≤ min(

≤ W

H on a standard sheet, after the scale ≤ ≤ ) SF as the scale factor for a task, drawing ≤ ≥ ≤ z Nor

le when the estimate of ), and in enlargement scaling the area of ) m z m ≤ SF SF SF ≤ z z m . H SF H H W SF gement Scaling: SF SF H H W gement scaling. Some judgment is SF Combining Equations 9a and 9b, the smaller ratio gi value: factor the gives desired value: One can combine Equations 7a and 7b by noting that the larger ratio of the scale The , ≤ xSF xSF , , ger ≤ vitab z m z m m xSF xSF

nd m H m m m a W F

inte enlar ine With With (W for all standard of multiviews a model in a detail preferred value of rounded up The to integer the nearest integer. should then be compared with preferred values. The inequality sign guides the choice of the defined by (W (W be at most equal to the space working available (W factor is applied. In reduction scaling the area Enlar Reduction Scaling: Substituting Equations 3, 4, 5,and 6 into Equations 8 and 10, have we Enlargement Enlargement Scaling: Reduction Scaling: then for: SF H H S W W nd a 1

The Journal of Technology Studies 12 Step 4: Step pal dimensions (W,dimensions pal model. of D) H, 3: Step Component 1 (Figure 2) (front and right) detail dra detail right) and (front two-viewa component, the on features few the with Hence redundant. be will one and identical, tw dimensions principal the 3, Figure (W,dimensions principal model. of D) H, 3: Step Component 2 (Figur Scales; (Table factor scale Metric preferred A2: a also 7: Step Scaling: Reduction situation. scaling reduction a is this Therefore, of space = 6: Step W dimensions principal the 2, Figure Step 5: Step 188 mm are larger than the availablethe workingthan larger are mm 188 o = SF SF of the standard orthographic views will be will views orthographic standard the of B Because this component is cylindrical, is component this Because in 1.0 = D in; 1.377 = H in; 1.377 W= front-vie the on Based is it and 2, aboveis integer next1.72 The SF SF SF SF for values model The Assume H W SF SF SF 160 mm; H = 92 mm; D = 96 mm 96 = D mm; 92 = H mm; 160 ased on the front-view direction chosen in chosen direction front-view the on ased o o Appendix). Therefore, SF = 2. 2. = SF Appendix). Therefore,

Choose FVD and determine the princi- the determine and FVD Choose Choose SF based on pr on based SF Choose 11 Equation using SF Estimate Specify Evaluate W Choose FVD and determine the determine and FVD Choose > = > = > > > > ≥ W ≤ H W 1 0 z 1 0 1.72 0.92 x 1.87 0.87) max(0.92; x 1.87 .4 .75 α .4 β .75 α = + β + 209 mm and mm 209 D = x D x x x m x x m x = 1.4 i ( min a ( max = max o 92 + 96 = 188 mm 188 = 96 + 92 160 + 96 = 256 mm 256 = 96 + 160 ax ax and H and ( ( W W W W e o 279 p 256 wing will be prepared. be will wing 279 p o W 256 w o 3) H ; o ; (Equations 3 & 4) & 3 (Equations direction chosen in chosen direction z = H H H eferredvalues. = H o 256 mm and mm 256 ; p p ; o 162 mm. 162 ) W,D H, W,D H, ) 1 2 1 2 8 16 8 16 (11) (12) 8 8 ) ) are: are: H o enlargement scaling situation. scaling enlargement ( of area availablesheet workingthan smaller are in) 2.57 Step 6: Estimate SF using Equation 12. Equation using SF Estimate 6: Step low a so features, few very 4: Step followingsteps: Detail Drawing Cr Therefore, (Table factor scale preferred A1 Appendix). an However,value. preferred a not is it and sheet, the on crowdedarrangement a likelymean will v candidate 7: Step S tep 5: tep SF SF SF H Enlargement Scaling: Enlargement The model values for ( for values model The Assume with relativelycomponent a simple is This W 5. Checking and printing dra printing and Checking 5. 4. 3. template views orthographic an Creating 2. dra a Creating 1. dra detail The are 3) to close is (2.8 3 and 2 integers The SF SF SF o nly) o of 2 will give more free space, and it is a is it and space, free givemore will 2 of o Adding an isometric vie isometric an Adding notes. and dimensions Adding model. f scale selected using sheet, S 5) Evaluate & Wo4 (Equations Ho and Choose SF based on pr on based SF Choose = ≤ = W ≤ < < < pecify H z W 0 ; SF 1 2.8 0.60 6.66) (4.63; min x 0.60 alues for the scale f scale the for alues α .75 β .25 H = + z = 1.377 in (for front and right views right and front (for in 1.377 = ) D x x x x min 2 = 1.25 min = wing task in task wing 4.63 is selected. is (8.3 in; 6.4 in). 6.4 in; (8.3 1.377 + 1.0 = 2.377 in 2.377 = 1.0 + 1.377 wing sheet template. sheet wing eation ( ( W W 2. o p 11 W 3 ; 7 o is attractive.is 7 ; v w actor ef H olv H H err ; o wings. insert. o p This is an is This ) actor from actor ed the ed ) 1. ed values. ed . = 8 An SF of 3 of SF An 3 ( .5 (2.377 in; (2.377 7 12) 7 ) The Journal of Technology Studies 113 . SF . SF SF for different for SF on scale factor scale on Publishing. y 1.61.71.8 2.2 2.0 1.9 esle ery to sensitive the value of (3rd edition). Boston: McGraw Missions: SDC Publications. ferent from the calculated estimate. for Example 2. The value of value The 2. Example for Addison-W Missions: SDC Publications, . Missions: SDC Publications. 123 4 5 1.2 1.4 2.9 2.5 for Example 2. An An error in of 50% 2. Example for Trial – alue dif Dr. Edward Osakue Assistant Edward is an Dr. Table 2 shows estimates of estimates 2 shows Table 1 and 2, Tables the scale From factor model SF ork: Thomson Delmar Learning. This is certainly a good thing as it suggests a Y Houston, Texas. Houston, appears not to be v very robust model. It is worth noting that the inequality sign helps in choosing an appropriate scale No factor. doubt, there will be occasions where the design drafter choose may a scale factor v Good judgment will be necessary in such cases. at the Professor Department of Industrial Southern University, Texas at Technologies values of values before to 1.8 1.2 from 50% by changed selected value is the 2, which integer the crossed for about conclusion the changed have not would Table 2: Influence of of Influence 2: Table 2 component of w SF (2nd edition). Reading: SF SF 1.47 1.72 would not would gy (3rd edition). Ne for different New York: Mailmax Publishing. York: New Technical graphics communication graphics Technical . SF hnolo alue selected for AutoCAD AutoCAD 2005 tutorial- 3D modeling modeling with UGS NX4. Parametric – 1.2 1.4 afting tec Engineering graphics: Engineering theory graphics: and problems. en Publications. Dr CADD Primer Mechanical Mechanical engineering Design technology: Product and Problems Drafting awing and design ger 2, the v A., Folkestad, J., Schertz, K. A., Shumaker, T. M., Stark, C., & Turpin, J. L. M., (2000). Stark, J. C., Turpin, T. & Schertz, A., J., Shumaker, K. A., Folkestad, for Example The 1. value of . H. (1991). . Arbor: Prakk 2 34 1.6 1.7 1.96 2.09 1 rial T Table 1 estimates shows of Table Using Using the chosen scale factors, detail draw- Missions. Hill. Engineering dr Ann and 5 the show detail for drawings the compo- able 1: Influence of on scale factor of factor scale on of Influence 1: able Shih, Randy H. (2004). Shih, Randy H. (2006). Duggai, V. (2000). V. Duggai, Earle, J Madsen, D Bertoline, G. R. E. Wiebe, and N. References Nee, J. G. Nee, (1983). J. Sexton, T. J. (2006). J. T. Sexton, have changed have the selected value of the scale factor in this case. changed by 42% from 1.2 to 1.7 before crossed the inte for An Example error1. of 42% in Influence of ‚ on Scale Factor Model Model Factor Scale on ‚ of Influence models presented in this article offer some alter- natives. the present common trial-and-error approach to plot scale factor selection needs to be replaced with systematic and consistent methods, and the Therefore, the mathematical developed models appear to be realistic for reduction scaling and enlargement scaling. It can be concluded that modated in the sheets, drawing respectively. Thus the selected scale factors based on the estimates of the mathematic models are satisfactory. nents of Example 1 and Example 2 respectively. As can be observed from Figures 4 and 5, the views and drawing annotations are accom- well ings with isometric inserts prepared. were Figure 4 values values of T 1 component 1

The Journal of Technology Studies 14 technical infor technical availablenot for is administrativeinformation the for space 2006). Sexton,The 1983; Nee, 2002; al., et Madsen 1991; Earle, & Wiebe,2003; (Bertoline approval and information date, request change, for reason change, of description request, change the making person of name mayinclude tion informa- block.revisionchange the The in approveddocumented to drawingsare Changes checker). lik (e.g., information pertinent contains blockdrawing title sheet. the The binding or filing for room vide la conceptual the mar (1) includes sheet Table A3 Standard drawing sheets. dimensions. height and width with surface planar Estimating Administrative Information Space Table A2 Common civil and metric scales. Table A1 Common mechanical and architectural scales. be chosen at plotting time. plotting at chosen be should box list scale setup However,plotter disciplines. a some in in available 2006) factors the scale S APPENDIX: Administrative Space and Standard Scale Factors tandard Scale FactorsScale tandard e compan As mentioned previously, the space needed for administrative information on a standard drawingstandard a on previously,administrativeinformation mentioned for As needed space the a has sheet size dimensions. standard sheet A Tablestandard Metric and English showsboth A3 T ables A1 and A2 give some commonly used scales (Duggai, 2000; Madsen et al., 2002; Sexton, 2002; al., et Madsen 2000; (Duggai, scales ablesused commonly and give some A1 A2 1” = 100’ = 1” 1/10” = 1” Tenth size 1/16” = 1’ - 0” 192th size 192th 0” - 1’ = 1/16” Tenthsize 1” = 1/10” 1” = 60’ 720th size 1:20 20th size 20th size 10th size 5th size Half size Full 1:20 1:10 1:5 1:2 1:1 size 720th size 600th size 360th size 240th 60’ = 1” size 120th 50’ = 1” 30’ = 1” 20’ = 1” 10’ = 1” 1/8” = 1” Eighth size 1/8” = 1’ - 0” 96th size 96th 0” - 1’ = 1/8” size Eighth 1” = 1/8” 1” = 1” Full size 1” = 1’ - 0” 12th size 12th 0” - 1’ = 1” size Full 1” = 1” Scale cl nepeainSaeInterpretation Scale Interpretation Scale ” ” y A0 841 x 1189 E 34 x 44 x 34 22 x 17 E C 1189 x 841 594 x 420 A0 A1 A2 A4 210 x 297 A 8.5 x 11 x 8.5 A 297 x 210 A3 A4 = = name and address, dra address, and name mation. Referring to Figure to A1: Referring mation. 1” Quarter size Quarter size Half 1” 1” Metric Sizes (mm) English Sizes (Inches) Sizes English (mm) Sizes Metric Mechanical Scales Architectural Scales Architectural Scales Mechanical y out of standard sheet. standard of out Civil Scales Metric Scales Metric Scales Civil gin space, (2) title block space, and (3) revision block space. Figure showsspace. blockrevisionA1 (3) and space, block title (2) space, gin Inter 1200th size 1200th 594 x 841 x 594 297 x 420 x 297 wing title, dra title, wing pretation The left or top margin is usually larger than the others to pro- to others the than largerusually is margin top or left The wing record number record wing ” ” cl Interpretation Scale = = 1:50 D 22 x 34 x 22 D B 1’ - 0” 48th size 48th size 24th 0” - 1’ 0” - 1’ , names of design drafter and drafter design of names 50th size 50th 11 x 17 x 11 The Journal of Technology Studies 115 can be z z and H z W are used in Equation 7 to z act and H z vertical size of standard sheet adjusted sheet height size = = p z H ysical dimensions. In f z p W W ance as: w z and H z space allo e A4 are based on ph v A3 and TB (A2) (A7) z (A4) p (A3) H H z p A (A6) A W TM + W (A5) H W p - p - H p = p W However, Equations A5 and A6 A5 are and Equations abstract representations, but these However, ensure that the ratio H LM + RM + RB (A1) width of space administrative allowance _ adjusted sheet width size H BM + height of administrati horizontal horizontal size of standard sheet . W = = = = administrative space allowance factorspace administrative allowance ======z z z A A p = z z A A W W Note that Equations H Then: H H W W H W RB = revision block width TB = title block height LM = left margin space TM = top margin space RM = right margin space BM = bottom margin space W z p H measured The directly from values physical W of existing drawings. Conceptually, we can we also W express Conceptually, From Figure A1: From Figure Let: Figure A1 Drawing sheet and administrative space. administrative and sheet Drawing A1 Figure evaluate evaluate H 1

The Journal of Technology Studies 16 Evaluating Administrative Space Allowance Factor. utilization. paper of measure indirect an is it information. Thus, availabletechnical sheet for standard of space fractional squared,givesthat it When preserved. is area surface sheet standard the to availablearea the working of surface are: (Figure dimensions administrativeA2) each. space The mm were7.5 BM) RM, (LM, margins other as chosen was height block title the drawings.example,For detail this the and Use H W follows:as obtained is allowanceadministrative space factor The H W the and mm, 12.5 as takenwas (TB) margin top mm. The 80 as width blockrevision and mm 25 presenting for chosen was English sheet the A-size article, this in illustrativeForexamples the z A A z = = = = _ W BM + TM + TB = 7.5 + 12.5 + 25 = 45 mm from (A2) from mm 45 = 25 + 12.5 + 7.5 = + + TB TM BM LM + RM + RB = 7. 5 + 7.5 + 80 = 95 mm from (A1) from mm 95 = 80 + 7.5 + 5 7. = RB + RM + LM H = = p p 0.75 - - W H A A = = 216 – 45 = 171 from (A4) from 171 = 45 – 216 279 – 95 = 184 from (A3) from 184 = 95 – 279 = = .2 rm(A7) from 0.722 is